On this page you will learn about the memorable dates of the autumn day October 19, what famous people were born on this October day, events took place, we will also talk about folk signs and Orthodox holidays of this day, public holidays different countries from all over the world.

Today, as on any day, as you will see, events have taken place over the centuries, each of them was remembered for something, October 19 was no exception, which was also remembered for its own dates and birthdays famous people, as well as holidays and folk signs. You and I should always remember and know about those who left their indelible mark on culture, science, sports, politics, medicine and all other areas of human and social development.

The day of the nineteenth of October left its indelible mark on history, events and memorable dates, as well as those who were born on this autumn day, once again confirm this. Find out what happened on the nineteenth October day, October 19, what events and dates it was marked by, what you remember, who was born, folk signs characterizing the day and much more that you should know about, it’s just interesting to know.

Who was born on October 19 (nineteenth)

Veronica Castro (Spanish: Verónica Castro). Born October 19, 1952 in Mexico City. Mexican actress, singer and TV presenter.

Zhanna Andreevna Bolotova. Born on October 19, 1941 at the Lake Karachi resort in the Novosibirsk region. Soviet and Russian theater and film actress. People's Artist of the RSFSR (1985).

Ruslan Chagaev (White Tyson) (10/19/1978 [Andijan]) - Uzbek boxer, Honored Master of Sports;

Alexander Galich (10/19/1918 [Ekaterinoslav] - 12/15/1977 [Paris]) - Soviet poet, screenwriter, playwright, author and performer of his own songs;

Vyacheslav Klykov (10/19/1939 - 06/02/2006) - Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Union of the Russian People;

Mikhail Simonov (10/19/1929 [Rostov-on-Don] - 03/04/2011 [Moscow]) - Hero Russian Federation, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes, general designer of the Sukhoi Design Bureau;

Jean Dosset (10/19/1916 [Toulouse] - 06/06/2009 [Palma de Mallorca]) - French immunologist, laureate Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1980;

Arthur Miller (10/19/1915 [New York] - 02/11/2005 [Roxbury]) - American playwright;

Harald Bode (10/19/1909 [Hamburg] - 01/15/1987) - German engineer, inventor, one of the first creators of electronic musical instruments;

Mikhail Tomsky (10/19/1880 [Kolpino] - 08/22/1936) - Soviet party and trade union leader;

Fyodor Dan (10/19/1871 [St. Petersburg] - 01/22/1947 [New York]) - Russian revolutionary and political figure, one of the leaders and theoreticians of Menshevism.

Dates October 19

Rocket and Artillery Forces Day is celebrated in Armenia

In Kazakhstan - Rescuer Day

Albania celebrates Mother Teresa's Day

In the island state of Niue - Constitution Day

According to the folk calendar, this is Fomin's Day

On this day:

in 1216, King John the Landless of England died, giving the country the Magna Carta

in 1453, one of the longest wars in Europe - the Hundred Years - ended, on this day the British army surrendered the city of Bordeaux

in 1745, Jonathan Swift, one of the first science fiction writers in the world, died, the author who told readers about extraordinary adventures Samuel Gulliver

in 1812, Napoleon left Moscow without waiting for surrender

in 1867, Russian inventor Teleshov received a patent for the world's first jet aircraft with a pulsating engine

in 1875, Dmitry Mendeleev proposed using balloons with a sealed gondola - stratospheric balloons - to study the upper layers of the atmosphere

in 1920, John Reed, an admirer of Soviet Russia, died, telling us about ten days that shook the world

in 1937, Ernest Rutherford, an English physicist who laid the foundation for the possibility of creating atomic bomb, Nobel Prize Laureate

in 1944, people conquered another eight-thousander of the Himalayas - Mount Chogori

in 1960, an economic blockade of socialist Cuba began, which showed the futility of such measures to put pressure on undesirable states

in 1987 the first modern history"Black Monday" almost did not affect the then socialist economy of the USSR

in 1988, flight tests of the future famous “Black Shark” Ka 126 helicopter began

In 2002, a chess match between world champion Vladimir Kramnik and the computer program Deep Fritz ended in a 4:4 draw.

Events of October 19

Napoleon's small army was forced to leave Moscow. There is only one garrison left in the city, tasked with destroying the Kremlin. The French emperor decided to take such a step in order to save the prestige of his state.

As soon as the army left Moscow, the planned explosions followed. Many houses, buildings, and structures were completely burned down, including the Simonov Monastery, which miraculously survived the entire war, but fell under the onslaught of Bonaparte’s last army.

The discovery in the field of medicine was made by Selman Waxmann, but the “new level” medicine had a number of toxic properties, and therefore did not attract widespread attention from buyers.

Over time, based on streptomycin, scientists managed to develop a group of valuable broad-spectrum antibiotics and reduce all side effects from the active substance to a minimum.

“Black Monday” was the name of the event, which on this day went down in history as the biggest stock market crash in its history. There were no prerequisites for such a trend, no news, but, nevertheless, it happened.

The collapse did not only affect the United States; it spread throughout the world with lightning speed. The crash largely limited trading in global stock markets as crippled computers were unable to cope with the sheer volume of incoming orders.

The Federal Reserve System and central banks had to take serious measures to curb the growth of the global crisis.

In the winter of 1959, a revolutionary government is created in Cuba. In the spring of the same year, a decree was issued on agrarian reform, according to which the island was deprived of the right to private land ownership, as well as land ownership by foreigners. About half of the land was confiscated by the state, the rest was given to the peasants.

On October 19, 1960, the US government announced an economic blockade of Cuba, stopping oil supply operations. The law was in effect until 2000, when President Clinton began to liberalize the blockade. According to the new act, Cuba is allowed to sell a wide range of goods Agriculture.

They said that on Denis Pozimsky on October 19, cumulus clouds could be seen in the sky for the last time this year - it was believed that from that moment winter would come and the cold would begin. On October 19, peasants summed up the results of the economic year.

We prayed to the Apostle Thomas. It was noted that from October 19, the days become shorter and the nights become longer. On October 19, the barns were filled with a variety of supplies: vegetables, bread, jam, preserves, marshmallows, pickled mushrooms.

They believed that the more you stored by October 19, the easier it would be to survive the winter - there would be enough food until the onset of warm days. According to peasant beliefs, Thomas is very fond of thrifty and thrifty people. But wastefulness is not welcomed.

On October 19, they usually summed up the results of the year and determined whether they managed to generate income from their activities. Be sure to go to church on the morning of October 19 and light a candle to St. Thomas. In particularly fruitful years, it was possible to set a rich table and eat well on this day, celebrating successful work.

In Russian folklore, the personality of Thomas is associated with Erema. Saint Thomas was one of the 12 apostles, but it so happened that he also became a character in many legends. And it so happened that Foma and Erema began to act as a comical couple.

These were accomplices doing all sorts of stupid things. Subsequently, proverbs, sayings, folk stories, fairy tales, songs and even pictures on this topic arose. The vast majority of such works were based on playing with a similar technique: the parallelism of different sentences.

If we talk about church canons, then, according to the Holy Scriptures, Thomas was one of the 12 apostles who did not believe in the resurrection of Jesus Christ. He lived in Galilee and was engaged in fishing just like the apostles James, John and Peter.

It is interesting that Thomas was often called “twin” by his disciples, because in appearance he was very similar to Christ. When Thomas did not believe in the resurrection of Jesus, he himself appeared to Thomas and showed him his wounds.

Subsequently, Thomas continued to preach Christianity in Persia and India. He died a martyr's death in the 1st century, dying at the hands of the pagans. By the way, there is a popular saying “Doubting Thomas,” the origin of which is precisely connected with the personality of the saint.

Folk signs on October 19

Crows gather in flocks - according to signs, expect inclement weather

We hope you were interested in reading the material on this page and were satisfied with what you read? Agree, it is useful to know the history of events and dates, as well as those who famous people was born today, on the nineteenth day of October, October 19, what a mark this man left with his actions and deeds in the history of mankind, our world.

We are also confident that the folk signs of this day helped you understand some of the subtleties and nuances. By the way, with their help, you can check in practice the reliability and truthfulness of folk signs.

Good luck to all of you in life, love and business, read more of what is necessary, important, useful, interesting and educational - reading broadens your horizons and develops your imagination, learn about everything, develop diversified!

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A lot happened on this day significant events.

On October 19, many significant events took place that went down in history. About the most interesting of them - in the material "360 Moscow Region".

On October 19, 202 BC, the decisive battle of the Second Punic War took place between Rome and Carthage, which determined who would own the Mediterranean. The region at that time, in fact, was practically the entire civilized inhabited world. The battle took place in northern Africa. The small Roman army of Publius Cornelius Scipio landed on the African coast two years before the battle and received reinforcements from the defeated peoples of northern Africa. The army created a real threat to the capital of Carthage.

To protect the country, the Carthaginian Senate was forced to call back the army of the commander Hannibal, who quite successfully fought against the Romans in Italy. Hannibal, the famous winner of the Battle of Cannae, met Scipio's army at Zama. The Romans had superiority in cavalry, Hannibal - in infantry. In addition, his army included African elephants, which inspired terror with their power and ferocity.

At the beginning of the battle, the Carthaginians attacked the Romans with cavalry, which the Roman cavalry repelled and immediately rushed in pursuit of the enemy. This is what the cunning Hannibal sought - now, in the absence of cavalry, he had superiority on the battlefield. The Carthaginians attacked the center of the Roman army with elephants, but the Romans, parting, allowed them to go deeper into the formation, where the elephants came under volleys of archers and blows from javelins. Enraged with pain, the giants turned back and crushed the first ranks of their own advancing troops. A battle ensued in which Hannibal wanted, as at Cannae, to capture the flanks of the Romans and encircle them. But Scipio was already familiar with such tactics, and the Romans responded with flank counterattacks. And yet, even without surrounding the enemy, the Carthaginians gained the upper hand.

But then the Roman cavalry returned, which successfully attacked the Carthaginians, carried away by the battle, from the rear. It was this blow that decided the fate of the battle and the entire war as a whole. Hannibal was defeated, and Carthage had to agree to difficult peace terms. He lost all his possessions in Europe, his fleet and had to pay a huge tribute to Rome for 50 years. In the Battle of Zama, according to historians of that time, 20 thousand Carthaginians and five thousand Romans died.

On October 19, 1811, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was opened, founded by decree of Emperor Alexander the First for the education of noble children. Subsequently, this day became known as “Lyceum Day,” on which its graduates gathered for a festive dinner. The lyceum accepted children from 10 to 14 years old once every three years. Lyceum students studied the Law of God, ethics, logic, jurisprudence, political economy, as well as Russian, Latin, French, German literature and languages, rhetoric, history, geography, mathematics, physics, statistics. The program included penmanship, drawing, dancing, fencing, horse riding and swimming.

Lyceum education was equal to university education and was distinguished by the prohibition of corporal punishment, according to the charter of the institution. The Lyceum gave Russia a whole galaxy of political and public figures, writers and poets, including Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Today in Russia Lyceum Student Day is officially celebrated - the holiday date appeared in the calendar in the 90s of the last century, when Russian system education returned lyceums.

On October 19, 1812, Napoleon left Moscow, realizing the futility of wintering in a cold, plundered city, which was abandoned by the population. In addition, a skirmish with Russian troops in the Tarutino area showed Bonaparte that the Russian army had not lost strength at all, but rather had accumulated it, being located not far from Moscow. Napoleon understood that with an army tired and demoralized by robberies and drunkenness, he would not be able to take the capital of Russia, St. Petersburg, and, most likely, would not defeat the Russian army in a decisive battle. It was decided to set fire to all food and weapons warehouses, administrative buildings in the city, blow up the Kremlin and retreat from Moscow towards the border along the Old Kaluga Road.

At first, Napoleon wanted to give Kutuzov another decisive battle, but, being at his headquarters already near Troitsk, he finally decided to retreat to France, despite the failure in this case of the entire company in Russia. Moscow was a terrible sight - burning ruins littered with the bodies of the dead, looters from neighboring villages and crows. This is how the advancing Russian troops saw the city. But most of the Kremlin towers survived - the enemy managed to completely destroy only Vodovzvodnaya, and the bell tower of Ivan the Great, surviving even after the explosion, threw off all the ugly later additions, which caused delight and surprise among the returning Muscovites. The city began to heal its wounds, and Patriotic War 1812 entered the final stage of expelling the invaders.

On October 19, 1941, a resolution was adopted to declare a state of siege in Moscow. It began to operate in the capital and region within 24 hours. It was the first year of the Great Patriotic War, the Germans stubbornly rushed into the city. General Georgy Zhukov was entrusted with maintaining the defense of Moscow. Any movement on the streets was prohibited from midnight until five o'clock in the morning. NKVD officers, police and work detachments were brought in to maintain order. Hundreds of thousands of Muscovites participated in the construction of fortifications. Barricades blocked the streets and entrances to the capital.

On October 19, 2000, a branch of the famous Madame Tussauds London Wax Museum opened in New York. The exhibition occupies 10 floors and is located in a building in Times Square. There are four hundred wax figures of celebrities on display here, including Brad Pitt, Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley and even Mikhail Gorbachev. Unlike its London counterpart, the American one has no shop windows or fences; visitors can freely take pictures with their favorite celebrities. In one of the halls there is also a figure of Marie Tussaud, the founder of the legendary museum.

On October 19, 1862, the founder of cinema and French cinematography, Auguste Lumière, was born. Together with his brother, he literally turned the history of mankind upside down. An asteroid discovered at the beginning of the last century was even named in their honor. By the way, that’s exactly what “cinema” was called, which was the name of the device that Auguste invented together with his brother Louis. The first public session took place in the Parisian salon "Grand Café" on the Boulevard des Capucines. The inventors demonstrated scenes filmed mainly on location. For example, "Baby's Breakfast" or "Catching Red Fish."

On October 19, 1918, Soviet poet and playwright Alexander Galich was born. After the ninth grade, he entered both the Literary Institute and the Stanislavsky Opera and Drama Studio, but soon dropped out of school and moved to another studio, where he made his debut as a co-author of one of the performances. He became the author of dozens of poems and songs. Galich also wrote scripts - for example, “Give me a book of complaints”, “On the seven winds”, “Running on the waves”. In the post-war years, he became one of the brightest bards along with Vysotsky and Okudzhava.

Mexican actress, singer and TV presenter Veronica Castro was born on October 19, 1952. She grew up in a large family and since childhood dreamed of becoming an actress. She performed her first role at the age of sixteen. Deafening fame came after the release of the series “The Rich Also Cry.” Her heroine Marianna is well known in Russia. Castro not only starred in many serial films, but also released several music albums. Today, the actress hosts various shows on television and has two sons, Christian and Michel.

Today, October 19, 2017, we also celebrate All-Russian Lyceum Student Day, International Credit Union Day and other events.

On October 19, 2017, the national holiday Fomin Day is celebrated. The Russian Orthodox Church today remembers the Apostle Thomas, one of the 12 disciples of Jesus Christ. It is believed that if you feel unsure of faith in your soul, then you need to pray to this saint, and doubts will be released.

According to legend, Thomas was a simple fisherman in the city of Galilee. One day he heard one of Christ's sermons. She sank into his soul so much that he quit intkbbee his home, activities and went after him. Thomas followed Jesus on all his journeys, and for this he was honored to be numbered among the Lord. He was called "twin" because of his external resemblance to the Savior.

Thomas was absent when Christ appeared before his disciples after the resurrection. Not believing their words, he expressed his disbelief. All his doubts were dispelled when Jesus appeared before him 8 days later and allowed him to touch his wounds.

Having repented, the apostle began to travel and preach Christianity in many parts of the world. A person who began to doubt something began to be called “Thomas the Unbeliever.”

In Rus', on this day they baked bread, the edges of which were given to birthday people and people with poor health.

If a child is born on Fomin’s Day, then a loaf of wheat flour is also baked. The broken edge is sprinkled with salt and brought to the baby.

From St. Fomin's Day, girls who are already 7 years old begin to learn weaving.

According to signs, if the weather is windless on Foma, expect a cold snap. If the smoke trails, then there will soon be bad weather, and a windy, warm and humid autumn promises a long winter.

Northern birds have arrived in anticipation of the early cold weather.

On October 19, 1811, the first Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was opened, which marked the beginning of this celebration. For six years, children from noble families had to study literacy, morality, aesthetics, master physical, historical and mathematical disciplines, and attend gymnastics and fine arts classes. According to the plan of Alexander I, after graduating from such an institution, not only a high-ranking official should appear, but also a competent politician. A lyceum student could choose military or civil service and receive a certain rank or title.

International Credit Union Day

Since 1948, International Credit Union Day has been celebrated every third Thursday in October. This year the holiday falls on October 19th.

Officially, the first celebration of shareholders and workers of credit unions took place in the USA (Massachusetts) on January 17, 1927. The event was timed to coincide with the birthday of Benjamin Franklin, beloved by many in America. But after a short time, the custom of celebration came to an end for unknown reasons. Presumably, people of that time did not consider this type activities were important and did not want to specifically allocate time for the holiday. Therefore, it existed for a relatively short time.

Letter to the Future Day

October 19 is the Day of Writing a Letter to the Future. Today everyone has the opportunity to convey their message. Many people write letters to themselves in order to remind them of some event or to fantasize about how fate will turn out. Unfortunately, nothing is known about who became the author of the idea of ​​this holiday.

Armenian Missile and Artillery Forces Day

In Armenia, October 19 is celebrated as the Day of Rocket and Artillery Forces. In 1992, on October 19, the formation of missile and artillery units of the Armed Forces of Armenia was completed. This holiday has been celebrated in the Republic since then. When the USSR existed, well-known military-industrial complex enterprises in the Armenian SSR operated widely.

Lawyer's Day in Moldova

Traditionally, Lawyer's Day is celebrated in Moldova on October 19. All legal professionals can celebrate this event. It is today that congratulations are accepted by all legal professionals who are entrusted with great responsibility - protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens, respect for the Law, and the formation of a legal culture. In the calendar of professional celebrations, the presence of the holiday indicates that the role of justice is highly valued in Moldova.

Arkhip, Ivan, Makar, Nikanor.

• 1097 - at the council of princes in Lyubech, the division of Rus' into appanage principalities was legalized.
• 1941 - Great Patriotic War - a state of siege is declared in Moscow.
• 1943 - the antibiotic streptomycin was discovered.
• 1956 - The Joint Soviet-Japanese Declaration on ending the war and restoring diplomatic relations was signed.
• 1960 - the beginning of the economic blockade of Cuba - the US government imposed an embargo on trade with Cuba.

• John Adams 1735 - 2nd President of the United States.
• Umberto Boccioni 1882 - Italian artist.
• Alexander Galich 1918 - Soviet poet.
• Boris Frolov 1932 - Russian architect.
• Vyacheslav Klykov 1939 - Russian artist.
• Zhanna Bolotova 1941 - Russian actress.
• Veronica Castro 1952 - Mexican actress.
• Evander Holyfield 1962 - American boxer.

Events of October 19.

1453 - British surrender in Bordeaux. The end of the Hundred Years' War.
1466 - The Peace of Torun was concluded between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland.
1653 - the embassy of the Russian Tsar, headed by V. Buturlin, went to Pereyaslavl to take the oath from the Zaporozhye Cossacks.
1812 - Napoleon leaves Moscow.
- Second battle of Polotsk.
1845 - in the large conference hall of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, under the chairmanship of Vice Admiral Fyodor Petrovich Litke, the first meeting of the Russian Geographical Society, established in August.
1860 - The first company producing internal combustion engines was founded in Florence.
1867 - N. A. Teleshov was issued a patent in France for the design of an aircraft with a pulsating engine. This was one of the world's first jet aircraft projects.
1875 - in a report at a meeting of the Physical Society at St. Petersburg University, D. I. Mendeleev put forward the idea of ​​​​a balloon with a sealed gondola for studying the high-altitude layers of the atmosphere.
1878 - The German Reichstag passed an exceptional law against socialists.
1901 - Brazilian Alberto Santos Dumont circled the Eiffel Tower in his 33-meter airship, thereby demonstrating controlled flight on a lighter-than-air craft and winning the first prize of 100,000 francs.
1917 - in Chihyryn, the congress of the Ukrainian Free Cossacks proclaimed General Pavel Skoropadsky as its hetman.
1918 - The Labor Commune of the Volga Germans was formed, five years later it became the Autonomous Republic of the Volga Germans and was liquidated in 1941.
1944 - Marlon Brando makes his Broadway debut.
- The first ascent of Cho Oyu, made by members of the Austrian expedition Herbert Tichy, Joseph Joechler and Sherpa Pasang Dawa Lama.
1956 - The USSR and Japan adopted a Joint Declaration, which ended the state of war and restored diplomatic relations between the two countries, and also recorded the USSR’s consent to the transfer to Japan after the conclusion of a peace treaty on the Kuril Islands of Habomai and Shikotan (the treaty was never signed).
- During the visit to Warsaw, the leadership of the CPSU recognized the special “Polish path to socialism.”
1957 - The German government breaks off diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia in connection with the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia and the GDR.
1960 - the beginning of the economic blockade of Cuba - the US government imposed an embargo on trade with Cuba.
1961 - at the CPSU Congress, China publicly condemned the USSR's policy towards Albania.
1964 - Il-18 plane crash in Belgrade
1984 - popular Catholic preacher Jerzy Popieluszko was killed in Poland (Polish state security agents are accused of his murder).
1987 - Black Monday - 1987 stock market crash.
1988 - first flight of the Ka-126 multi-purpose helicopter, G. S. Isaev.
1999 - Day of formation of JSC Tupolev, among the shareholders along with the state - JSC ANTK im. Tupolev" and JSC "Aviastar".
- A decision has been made to build a second tunnel under the English Channel. It will be intended exclusively for road transport.
2000 - An unknown patron gave France a valuable collection of 109 works of art, including paintings, drawings, pastels and sculptures from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. For France, this is one of the largest donations of the century.
- A branch of the famous Madame Tussauds museum opened in New York. The decoration of the museum cost its creators 50 million dollars. The new exhibition consists of 200 wax figures.
2002 - Residents of Ireland voted in a referendum for 10 countries to join the European Union. Thus, none of the EU states exercised their veto power on EU enlargement. According to preliminary data, 60 percent of voters in Ireland were in favor.
- The eighth decisive game between Russian Vladimir Kramnik and the computer program “Deep Fritz”, held in Manama, Bahrain, ended in a draw on move 21. Thus, the match itself ended in a draw.
- Turkmenistan celebrated the anniversary of the adoption of the sacred book of the Turkmen people “Rukhnama” (“The Tale of the Spirit”), which was written by President Saparmurat Niyazov (Saparmyrat Nyyazov).
2011 - Alexander Yee and Shigeru Kondo calculated the value of Pi to an accuracy of 10 trillion decimal places.

October 19, 202 BC The last battle of the Second Punic War took place. In the battle of Zama, Scipio defeated Hannibal - this was the only defeat in the latter’s record. Now everything is clear: the peak of Carthage has been passed, further only downhill.

This was the case in the Hundred Years' War between England and France, after the turning point achieved by Joan of Arc. The defeat of the British was only a matter of time. And on October 19, 1453, with the surrender of the Bordeaux garrison, this, strictly speaking, not a war, but a series of wars that lasted not even 100, but 116 years, ended.

On October 19, 1097, at the council of princes in Lyubech under the leadership of Vladimir Monomakh, the division of Rus' into appanage principalities was legalized. And in 1466, the Peace of Torun was concluded, concluding the Thirteen Years' War (1454-66) between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland. The western part of the order's possessions went to Poland, which recognized itself as a vassal of the Polish king, and Konigsberg became the new capital of the order after the loss of Malbork.

On this day in 1533, the German Lutheran preacher and scientist Michael Stiefel, producing mathematical analysis books of the prophet Daniel, declared the day of the end of the world. Shortly before its onset, Stiefel walked around the surrounding villages, calling on residents to pray for atonement for their sins. Those, horrified, began to sell livestock and property for next to nothing. And when the “judgment” day ended without any consequences, he barely escaped the wrath of the angry peasants. Michael was wrong...

On October 19, 1645, on this day in Russia, a Decree on a population census was issued, which was carried out the following year. The census of the times of Alexei Mikhailovich, being aimed at facilitating the search and return of runaway peasants, had not statistical, but police tasks. Therefore, it is natural that they were afraid of her. But it is interesting that even when the census was undertaken solely to collect and clarify data on the country’s population, they were still afraid of it. Thus, during the 1897 census, there were known cases of self-immolation among Old Believers who feared questions about their religion. The government had to constantly explain that the census would not be a source of persecution and oppression, “and would not serve as a reason for any new taxes or duties.” What can we say about antiquity? Even in the 21st century, some are for some reason wary of this government initiative. Or, on the contrary, they consider it so frivolous that they ask to write themselves down as hobbits or elves. And this is not fiction - that’s how it was written.

On this day in 1796, the Gazette of the United States published an essay under the pseudonym Phocion former minister finances of Alexander Hamilton. In his publication, the author hinted at the love affair of presidential candidate Thomas Jefferson with his slave Sally.

On October 19, 1811, a privileged school for boys, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, was opened near St. Petersburg. The most famous graduate Alexander Pushkin became the Lyceum. Tsarskoe Selo, the summer residence of the royal family, was at that time a quiet green town. In a vast park stood the Catherine Palace, shining with blue trim and gilding. A huge four-story house was allocated for the lyceum. The lower floor housed the economic department and the apartments of the inspector, tutors and some other officials; on the second floor there is a dining room, a hospital with a pharmacy and a conference room with an office; on the third there is a hall, classrooms, a physical office, a room for newspapers and magazines and a library... And finally, on the top - fourth floor - there are 50 rooms for lyceum students. Each such room had an iron bed, a chest of drawers, a desk (a small high table for standing work), a mirror, a chair and a table for washing. There was an inkwell and a candlestick on the desk.
Later, Pushkin wrote about the opening day of the Lyceum:
"Do you remember: when the Lyceum arose,
How the king opened the palace of the Tsaritsyn for us.
And we came. And Kunitsyn met us
Greetings among the royal guests...”
Of all the lyceum professors, Pushkin, like other lyceum students, singled out professor of moral sciences Kunitsyn. The professor argued that by nature all people are equal and born free. This led to the conclusion: “No one can acquire property rights over another person.” The lyceum students were impressed by such views. The duration of study at the lyceum was six years and was divided into two courses - initial and final. In the lyceum - the only one educational institutions In those years there was no corporal punishment. The history of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum ended in 1918, when it was closed by the Bolsheviks.

The year is 1812. It got colder in Moscow and the first snow fell. On October 19 (7th old style), Napoleon's army, which had abandoned the city, went out to meet its death. It was an escape, but Napoleon consoled himself with the thought that he would return in the spring. The indomitable anger that tormented the soul of the French emperor found a way out in the order to blow up the Kremlin and set fire to all public buildings and barracks. Part of the Kremlin walls and some towers were blown into the air. The Palace of Facets was destroyed, the palace burned down, but the cathedrals survived. Bonaparte's departure from the Russian capital, which was burned by its inhabitants, was the beginning of the end of the once invincible army. The French, forced to return along the devastated Smolensk road, died in their thousands from frost and hunger and littered the road with their corpses. By November, only 60 thousand people remained of Napoleon's half-million army.

On October 19, 1835 (October 7, old style), Nikolai Gogol sat down at the table and wrote a letter to Pushkin. Having reported on the progress of work on “ Dead souls", Nikolai Vasilyevich moved on to the main thing: “Do me a favor, give me at least some plot, at least some funny or not funny, but purely Russian joke. My hand is trembling to write a comedy in the meantime... Do me a favor, give me a plot; In spirit there will be a comedy of five acts, and I swear, it will be funnier than the devil...” The great writer, who in Ukraine is not recognized as one of his own and is generously given to Russia, did not become an oathbreaker: indeed, “the devil has become funnier.” This will be confirmed by anyone who has read the comedy “The Inspector General”.

On this day in 1901, twenty-eight-year-old Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont flew around the Eiffel Tower in an airship of his own design. A few years earlier, one of the wealthy founders of the French Aero Club offered a reward of 100 thousand francs to anyone who could fly around the symbol of Paris in half an hour, starting from Saint-Cloud, and return back. The Brazilian circled the tower in just 9 minutes and headed back, but due to bad weather and headwinds, he landed 29 seconds later than expected. The Parisians, who saw the heroic efforts this flyby took, vigorously advocated recognition of the achievement. The aeronaut ordered the cash prize to be divided among his assistants.

On October 19, 1918, the Labor Commune of the Volga Germans was formed, which five years later became the Autonomous Republic of the Volga Germans and was liquidated in 1941.

On this day in 1919, in the Pravda newspaper, in the “Red Army Soldier’s Page” section, a letter from the front “We have seen the light!” was published. signed by the head of the political department of the Turkestan Front D. Furmanov. The whole country learned for the first time the name of the future author of Chapaev.

On October 19, 1921, an evening of the literary group “Serapion Brothers” took place in the House of Arts in Petrograd. Speakers included Viktor Shklovsky, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Veniamin Kaverin, Vsevolod Ivanov, Lev Lunts and others. “The Serapions” immediately stood out from the general literary background and attracted the fire of official criticism. They went against the tide, against ideological dominance, and their connections with the formal school of literary criticism are indicative and natural.

On this day in 1941 State Committee The Defense Ministry adopted a resolution that declared a state of siege in Moscow and the areas adjacent to the city from October 20, 1941. The resolution, in particular, ordered that “violators of order should be immediately brought to justice and referred to a military tribunal, and provocateurs, spies and other agents of the enemy calling for violation of order should be shot on the spot.”

On October 19, 1943, streptomycin was discovered by scientists Albert Schatz and Selman Waksmann. This is the first antibiotic successfully used to treat tuberculosis. Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic (these antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis). It is known that streptomycin binds to the S12 protein (rpsL gene) as part of the 30S ribosomal subunit, which leads to a significant disruption of the translation process.

On this day in 1956, the USSR and Japan adopted a Joint Declaration, which ended the state of war and restored diplomatic relations between the two countries, and also recorded the USSR’s consent to the transfer to Japan after the conclusion of a peace treaty on the Kuril Islands of Habomai and Shikotan (the agreement was never signed) . In conditions " Cold War“The question hung in the air and was returned to only in 1991.

On October 19, 1960, the US government imposed an embargo on trade with Cuba. A complete economic blockade of Cuba was announced, and all operations under contracts for the supply of oil and the export of sugar were stopped. The failure of these long-term agreements brought huge losses to both sides. In February 1959, a revolutionary government was created in Cuba led by Fidel Castro. In May 1959, a decree on agrarian reform was issued. In accordance with it, private latifundia and land ownership by foreigners were eliminated in Cuba. More than 40 percent of the land was transferred to the state agricultural sector, the rest was distributed among peasants. On July 22, 1960, the Cuban government announced the final nationalization of all sugar factories and plantations owned by American companies. In August 1960, telephone and electricity companies and oil refineries were nationalized. At the same time, the United States stopped supplying Cuba with oil and buying its sugar, although a long-term purchase agreement was in effect. In September 1960, the Cuban government nationalized all branches of North American banks. The total value of confiscated American property was one billion dollars. However, US President Eisenhower was not going to give up his country's economic and political interests so easily. On October 19, 1960, the American government announced a complete economic blockade of Cuba, ceasing all operations on futures contracts for the supply of oil to the new communist system and the export of sugar. Each subsequent US president added his own decrees or laws to tighten the embargo. The liberalization of the economic blockade of Cuba began with a law signed in 2000 by President Clinton - the Trade Sanctions Reform Act. This law allowed the sale of a wide range of agricultural products to Cuba, from food to fertilizers and timber. From 2001 to 2004, Cuba purchased nearly a billion dollars worth of food from the United States. At negotiations between the leadership of the Cuban company Alimport and American businessmen held in Havana in April 2004 (more than 400 American entrepreneurs from 170 US companies took part in the economic forum), the president of the Cuban company, Pedro Alvarez, told American businessmen that Havana is ready to expand the list of imported goods . In particular, Cuba is ready to purchase engineering products, cars, and fertilizers from the United States. Russia, like the overwhelming majority of UN members, condemns the blockade against Cuba and advocates its early lifting.

On this day in 1982, renowned automobile designer John Delores was arrested in Los Angeles, California. Cops found $24 million worth of cocaine in his briefcase. The designer was going to make a big deal in order to save his company, whose affairs were getting worse and worse.

On October 19, 1984, in Poland, state security agents killed the popular Catholic preacher Jerzy Popieluszko.

October 19, 1987 - Black Monday - 1987 stock market crash. the day that saw the biggest drop in the Dow Jones Industrial Average in its history—22.6%. This event affected not only the United States, but quickly spread throughout the world. Thus, the stock exchanges of Australia lost 41.8% by the end of October, Canada - 22.5%, Hong Kong - 45.8%, Great Britain - 26.4%. The collapse of 1987 smacks of some mysticism - the disaster was not preceded by any important news or events, there were no visible reasons for the collapse. This event called into question many important assumptions underlying modern economic science: theory of rational human behavior, theory of market equilibrium and efficient market hypothesis. For some time after the crash, trading on world stock markets was limited because the computer technology of the time could not cope with the huge number of incoming orders. This trade restriction allowed the Federal Reserve and other central banks to take action to contain the spread of the global financial crisis.

On this day in 1997, in Bilbao (the capital of Vizcaya, one of the Basque provinces of Spain), the Guggenheim Museum of American and European Art of the 20th Century, opened the day before by King Juan Carlos I, welcomed its first visitors. The museum was the fruit of the joint efforts of the Basque authorities and the American Solomon Guggenheim Foundation, founded in 1937. Made of glass, titanium and limestone, the modernist building was designed by Pritzker Prize winner Frank Gehry, and the subway line leading directly to the museum was designed by Englishman Norman Foster, one of the most fashionable architects in the world. The foundation provided 242 works by major avant-garde artists - Kandinsky, Malevich, Miro and others. The opening of the museum with the accompanying infrastructure transformed the city and revitalized cultural life. You could say that in 1997 a new era began in Bilbao.

On October 19, 1999, development of a project for another tunnel under the English Channel began, this time for a road tunnel. The 50-kilometer tunnel project was ready in 2000.

On this day in 2000, an unknown patron gave France a valuable collection of 109 works of art, including paintings, drawings, pastels and sculptures from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. For France, this is one of the largest donations of the century. And at the same time, a branch of the famous Madame Tussauds opened in New York. The decoration of the museum cost its creators 50 million dollars. The new exhibition consists of 200 wax figures.

On October 19, 2005, a block of 4 1918 stamps was sold at auction in New York. The first airmail stamp in US history was printed with an error - it showed an airplane turned upside down. The lot went for $2.7 million.

October 19, 2005 - the three-month period allotted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs to liquidate the State Traffic Inspectorate expired. However, since the release of the presidential decree, the number of road accidents has increased significantly and Ukrainian traffic inspectors, citing the lack of a legislative framework, have again taken to the roads.