2nd declension of Latin nouns. Basic rules of the Latin language. Declension in Latin. declension of nouns

Renaissance (i.e. Rebirth), in the XIV-XVI centuries, when there was, as it were, a new discovery of a great civilization that seemed an unattainable example. It was then that the concept of “ancient” (antiquus) began to be attached to the history of Ancient Greece and Rome. At this time, Renaissance figures found and saved from destruction a large number of Latin and Greek manuscripts that preserved the works of ancient writers. They turned out to be masterpieces, works of the highest class,

first class, classic. This word is also attached to concepts associated with antiquity - classical languages, classical sculpture, classical archaeology.

MORPHOLOGY

Lesson 3

Noun. (Nomen substantivum) First declension

The Latin noun has 3 grammatical genders: genus masculinum (m) - masculine;

genus femininum (f) – feminine gender; genus neutrum (n) – neuter gender;

(genus commune (g.c.) – the common genus of the names of some animals).

It should be remembered that the gender of a noun in different languages ​​does not always coincide: the Russian word “muscle” is feminine, and the Latin “musculus” is masculine.

The gender of a Latin noun is determined by the ending of the nominative singular, or by meaning, for example, femǐna is feminine (woman), but nauta is masculine (sailor).

(Cf.: Russian voivode a - masculine gender in meaning).

By meaning, masculine names, in addition to male persons and animals, include the names of winds, months and rivers: Augustus (August), Boreas (Boreas - north wind), Rhodanus (Rhone River).

Feminine names, in addition to the names of female persons and animals, include the names of cities, countries, islands, and trees. Roma (Rome), betǔla (birch), Creta (Crete), Graecia (Greece).

The Latin noun has 2 numbers:

– numĕrus singularis (sing.) – singular;

– numĕrus pluralis (pl.) – plural.

Sometimes the meaning of a Latin word in the plural differs from its meaning in the singular: copia (sing.) - abundance, supply, copiae (pl.) - army, (cf.: hour - hours, dirt - dirt).

Some words are used only in the plural: arma (pl.) – weapon, castra (pl.) – camp, (cf.: scissors, sleigh, darkness).

§ 14. Cases

The Latin noun has six cases (casus):

treatment (See father, elder) Veterinary medical terms are used almost

always in the form of the nominative and genitive cases.

§ 15. Declension of nouns

Declension is very important in Latin. The Latin noun has five of them. Since a noun of different declensions sometimes has the same nominative singular ending, declension is determined by the ending of the genitive singular.

IN Latin dictionaries list nouns

V two forms: next to the nominative case form

singular is the ending of the genitive singular or the full form of the genitive case

(planta, ae; ocǔlus, i; os, ossis).

Table 1 Genitive singular endings

The stem of a Latin noun is the unchangeable part of the word, which is determined by the genitive singular by dropping the ending:

Table 2 Endings of the nominative and genitive cases of all declensions

Declension
			Us, -er, -um, -on

§ 16. First declension of nouns and adjectives

TO I declension includes nouns and

feminine adjectives ending in the nominative singular -a and in the genitive singular -ae, for example aqua, aquae; fractura, fracturae; alba, albae.

Some nouns of the first declension are masculine in meaning: nauta, nautae m – sailor; collega, collegae m – colleague; poēta, potae m – poet; agricǒla, agricǒlae m –

farmer

In the term, adjectives, unlike the Russian language, come after the noun. For example: medicinal plant

– planta (noun) medicata (adj.). When declension by cases in such

nouns and adjectives only the ending changes, for example:

		lingua latina – Latin language
				Plur.
				linguārum latinārum

Exercises

1) Read and determine the declension of nouns.

Derma, dermatis; fascia, fasciae; cutis, cutis; carpus, carpi; venter, ventris; rabies, rabies; genu, genus; sepsis, sepsis; squama, squamae; corpus, corporis; ocǔlus, oculi; cartilago, cartilaginis; cornu, cornus; manus, manus.

2) Identify and write down the stem of the following Latin nouns.

Stoma, stomatis; scapula, scapulae; dorsum, dorsi; frons, frontis; ungula, ungulae; iris, iridis; caput, capitis; inflammatio, inflammation; vulnus, vulneris; tetǎnus, tetani; ren, renis; femur, femoris; processus, processus; species, species.

3) Try to guess the meaning of the following Latin words and determine their gender.

Majus, Hispania, Troja, olīva, Februarius, Sicilia, Nilus, Finnia, Januaris, Syria, laurus, Eurus, nympha, Danubius, Polonia, Genua, imperator, poēta, rosa, December, Romania, Aprilis, Hungaria, Styx, Lithuania, Petropǒlis, Creta.

4) Determine number and case of Latin nouns

I declension.

Vertebrārum, herbas, fracturam, costae, lamǐnis, scapula, ungulārum.

5) Find a phrase with a grammatical error. Vita longa, fasciae latae, fracturis compositis, plantārum

amaris, linguam latinam, orbitas dextras.

6) Write down and translate the nouns of the first declension. Gingiva, a.e.; cranium, i; vacca, ae ; res, ei; juba, ae; quercus

us ; glandula, ae; ocǔlus, i ; ala, ae; spina, ae; cornu, us; scabies, ei;

homo, ĭnis; fibra, ae; mucilago, ĭnis; sutura, ae; abomasum, i; incisura, ae.

7) Make up phrases from a noun and an adjective, translate the resulting phrases.

Pattern: fascia lata (fascia lata).

8) Decline.

Scapula dextra; fractura composita; costa vera.

9) Select Russian sayings that correspond to Latin ones; find in them words related to the first declension.

Mala gallina, malum ovum. Bad chicken, bad egg. Aquǐla non captat muscas. The eagle doesn't catch flies.

Mala herba cito crescit. Bad grass grows quickly. Luscinia parva, sed vox magna. The nightingale is small, but

§ 17. Greek doublets

Pay attention to the Greek roots corresponding to the Latin nouns of the first declension. (The suffix – itis forms terms meaning “inflammation”)

			Table 3
Greek doublets of Latin terms
Latin	Greek
noun I	alternate roots	Meaning	suffix
declination
		cornea	keratitis
			adenitis
			glossitis glossitis
		breast	mastitis
		spinal cord	myelitis myelitis
			blepharitis blepharitis
			phlebitis phlebitis
			cystitis cystitis
		(uric)

Terminological minimum

1st declension nouns

ala, ae f wing				cardia, ae f	heart, entrance
	ae f entrance, hole			esophagus to stomach
aqua, ae f				fibra, ae f fiber
сара, ае f				fissura, ae f	gap, crack
fovea, ae f				planta, ae f	plant
fractura, ae f				plica, ae f fold
gingiva, ae f				ruptura, ae f rupture
glándula, ae f gland				spina, ae f spine, ridge
glossa, ae f		(Greek) language		squama, ae f scales
herba, ae f				sutura, ae f
incisura, ae f				úngula, ae f
juba, ae f				vagina, ae f	vagina
lámina, ae f			plate	vacca, ae f cow
medulla, ae f			bone marrow,	vesica, ae f
dorsal, oblong				vita, ae f life
orbita, ae f		eye socket

Adjectives of the 1st declension

alba - white compósita - complex magna - large parva - small plana - flat profunda - deep

proxima - closest

flava (lútea) - yellow longa - long

pura - pure rubra - red spúria - false vera - true

Questions for self-control

1. What grammatical categories does a Latin noun have?

2. How to determine the declension of a noun?

3. How to find the stem of a Latin noun?

4. What nouns belong to the 1st declension?

5. What exceptions in the first declension can you name?

§18. Regional studies

Read the following text and answer the questions:

1. What parts did the name of a Roman citizen consist of?

2. What names did Roman women get? What were the names of the daughters of Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Tullius Cicero, and Mark Antony?

3. What name did a freedman receive?

4. How can you explain the meaning of the Latin names: Gennady, Victor, Konstantin, Valery, Nona?

5. Remember the following Latin expressions:

Nomen est omen. The name is already a sign.

Magni nominis umbra. The shadow of a great name.

Venerable nomen. A respectable name.

Nomina obscura. Dark names.

Roman names

The Romans usually had three names, just like we do - first name, patronymic and last name.

The first name - praenomen - was personal, like Peter or Mary. There were few such names, there were no more than 30 of them. In writing they were abbreviated with one, two or three letters. Such abbreviations were very common, and therefore it is necessary

be able to reveal them; Here are the most common ones:

The second name - nomen - was the name of the clan and corresponded approximately to our surname.

The third name - cognomen - was a nickname that was assigned to everyone according to some characteristics: the red-haired one - Rufus, the trickster - Cato, the big-nosed one - Nazon.

A cognomen distinguished a family or a separate branch of a given genus. For example, the families of the Scipios, Rufini, Lentuli and some others belonged to the Cornelian family.

Sometimes, for some special merit, a Roman received a fourth name or second nickname - agnomen. Publius Cornelius Scipio, in honor of the victory he won over Hannibal in Africa in 202 BC, began to be called

solemnly African (Africanus, cf.: nicknames of Russian commanders - Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Suvorov Rymniksky, Potemkin Tauride).

Women were called by their father's generic name in the feminine form. The daughter of Publius Cornelius Scipio was called Cornelia, the daughter of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo was called Domitia. When another daughter appeared in the family, a prenomen was added to the name of both: Elder (Major) and Younger (Minor), other sisters were nicknamed Third (Tertia), Fifth (Quintilla), etc. A married woman kept her name, but her husband's cognomen was added to it: Cornelia, daughter of Cornelia, (wife) of Gracchus (Cornelia, filia Cornelii, Gracchi).

Slaves were named by their origin: Sir (a native of Syria), Gall (a native of Gaul), Phrixus (from Phrygia); by the names of mythical heroes: Achilles, Hector; by the names of plants or stones: Adamant, Sardonicus, etc. Sometimes slaves, who were often called "boy" (puer), were given the owner's name in the genitive case: Marcipor (from Marcipuer), that is, the slave of Mark.

Freedmen (that is, slaves who received freedom) acquired the clan and personal name of the former master, their own name was placed in third place as a cognomen. Thus, Cicero’s secretary Tiron, freed from slavery, was called: Marcus Tullius Marci libertus Tiro.

Lesson 4 Second declension of nouns and adjectives

§ 19. Second declension of nouns

The II declension includes masculine nouns starting with -us, -er in Nom. sing., and neuter on - um. In Gen. sing.

they all end in - i (nervus, nervi m; aper, apri m; unguentum, unguenti m).

In addition, the 2nd declension includes masculine and neuter adjectives with the same endings:

The II declension also includes incompletely Latinized terms of Greek origin with the ending -os (ophthalmós, i m - eye); and with the ending – on

(órganon, i n – organ).

Exceptions to the rules are words of the second declension related to the feminine gender:

alvus, i – belly;

bolus, i – clay, large pill; popǔlus, i – poplar;

junipĕrus, i – juniper; periŏdus, i – period;

humus, i – soil and some others,

and also one neuter word: virus, i – poison.

						Table 4
	Endings of the II declension of nouns

Table 5

Sample noun declension

musculus, i m – muscle, aper, i m – boar, remedium, i n – medicine

The noun of the 2nd declension ends in Dat. and Abl. coincide in singular and plural.

§20. Second declension of adjectives

Adjectives of the second declension fully agree in declension with the corresponding noun

The Latin language, despite the fact that it is dead, is still of keen interest in various spheres of human activity, including for linguists.

About Latin

Latin belongs to the Italic branch of Indo-European languages. Despite the fact that Latin is a dead language, interest in its history and study does not fade in our time.

The languages ​​of the Italic branch included Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian and Latin, but over time the latter supplanted the others. People who spoke Latin were called Latins, and their region of residence was called Latium. Its center was in 753 BC. e. was Rome. Therefore, the Latins called themselves Romans, the founders of the great Roman Empire and its culture, which later influenced all spheres of life in Europe and the world.

Characteristics of grammar

All parts of speech in Latin are divided into changeable and unchangeable. Modifiers include noun, adjective, verb, participle, pronoun, gerund, gerund. The unchangeable ones include adverbs, particles, conjunctions and prepositions. For variable parts of speech there is a declension system in Latin.

Unchangeable parts of speech

The unchangeable parts of speech include conjunction, particle, preposition and interjection.

Variable parts of speech

Variable parts of speech are inflected by gender, number and case and conjugated by person, number, tense, voice and mood.

Language learners should know that Latin has three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), two numbers (singular and plural), six cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, and vocative), and five declensions.

Let's take a closer look at the declension system in Latin. When declined, the form of the word changes, that is, the ending changes.

Cases and declension

Why is the declension system in Latin interesting? There are five declension forms for nouns, and three for adjectives.

The first declension includes feminine nouns and adjectives that end in -a in the nominative case and -ae in the genitive case. For example, agua - aguae (water).

The second declension includes masculine nouns and adjectives with the ending -us and the neuter gender with -um in the nominative case and the ending -i in the genitive. For example, albus-albi (white), oleum-olei (oil).

The third declension includes nouns and adjectives whose endings are not listed above or below. This is the largest group of words, since it includes nouns and adjectives of all three genders.

So, in the nominative case the endings in the words y:

• masculine - -er, -os. oe, or.
• feminine - -x, -io, -is;
• neuter --ur, -n, -ma, -i, -c, -e.

In the genitive case they all have the endings -ips, -icis, -tis, -cis, -inis, -is, -eris, -oris, onis.

The fourth declension includes masculine nouns that end in -us and do not change in the genitive case. For example, spiritus (spirit).

The fifth declension includes feminine nouns ending -es in the nominative case and ending -ei in the genitive. For example, species-speciei (collection).

Adjectives, pronouns and nouns in Latin vary in 6 cases:

• nominative (who? what?) - in a sentence takes the role of the subject or the nominal part of the predicate;
• genitive (whom? what?) - in a sentence is an inconsistent definition, complement or logical subject;
• dative (to whom? what?) - in a sentence it takes the role of an indirect object, an object or a person promoting an action;
• accusative (who? what?) - in a sentence is an object;
• instrumental and prepositional (by whom? with what?) - in the sentence they take on the role of adverbial circumstances;
• vocative - has no question, does not take on the role of any member of the sentence in the sentence.

Conjugation and tenses

The verb in Latin has the following characteristics:

• Mood - imperative, subjunctive and conditional.
• Time - pre-past, past (perfect and imperfect forms), present, pre-future and future.
• Voice - active (active) and passive (passive).
• The number is singular and plural.
• Face - first, second and third.
• Conjugation determined by the final sound of the stem. There are 4 conjugations in total - I - -ā, II - -ē, III - -ĭ, -ŭ, consonant, IV - -ī. The exception is the verbs esse, velle, ferre, edere, nolle, which have their own conjugation features.

The pre-past tense tells about an event that happened before an action that happened in the past. For example, Graeci loco, quo hostem superaverant, trophaea statuebant. - The Greeks erected trophies (monuments) in the place where they defeated the enemy.

The pre-future tense tells about an event that will happen earlier than the one the person is talking about. For example, Veniam, quōcumque vocāveris. - I’ll go wherever you call me.

When determining the conjugation of a verb, the infinitive form in the present tense of the active voice is used, which has the ending -re and the letter that comes before the specified ending determines the conjugation of the verb. For example, laborare is a first conjugation because the -re is preceded by the letter a.

Numeral

Numerals in Latin can be ordinal, quantitative, disjunctive and adverbial. The endings of ordinal adjectives are the same as those of adjectives and agree with nouns in gender, number and case.

The Latin language has its own system of numbers, which are designated by letters of the alphabet.

Pronouns

In Latin, pronouns are divided into:

• personal;
• returnable;
• possessive;
• index;
• relative;
• interrogative;
• uncertain;
• negative;
• definitive;
• pronominal adjectives.

Adverbs

Adverbs in Latin are divided into independent and derivative and show the characteristics of a process or action.

Latin in medicine

Latin is a mandatory language to study at any medical university, as it is the basic language of medicine throughout the world. Why? The fact is that in Greece, before its conquest by the Romans, there was a developed medical system with its own terminology, the foundation of which was laid by Hippocrates. These terms have survived unchanged to this day. The words derma, gaster, bronchus, dispnoe, diabetes are familiar to any Greek person. But over time, the Latinization of medical terminology occurred and today it is pure Latin, but a mixture with Greek. There are several objective reasons why Latin is not losing ground:

There are 5 cases in Latin:

1. Nominative case - who? What? Nominatīvus (Nom.)

2. Genitive case - whom? what? Genetivus (Gen.)

3. Dative case - to whom? what? Datīvus (Dat.)

4. Accusative case - whom? What? Accusatīvus (Acc.)

5. Positive case, “ablative” Ablatīvus (Abl.)

The first 4 cases correspond exactly to Russian. 5th case – Ablativus combines the functions of the Russian instrumental and prepositional cases, i.e. without pretext answers questions - by whom? what?, and with prepositions it usually corresponds to the Russian prepositional case.

In Latin there are 2 numbers: singular (Singulāris) and plural

NOUN DECLINATION

Exercise. 1. Repeat the definition of nouns of the 1st declension.

2. Repeat the nouns of the 1st declension of the introductory course.

Case endings

GREEK NOUNS 1st declension

In Greek there is 1 declension, similar to Latin.

It includes feminine nouns ending in - A and on - e. When these nouns were borrowed into Latin, they usually received the ending - A. These are, for example, words of Greek origin arteria, trachea, concha (shell), trochlea (block) etc.

Some words, however, retain the Greek ending - e, and their declension is different from Latin. In medical terminology, in addition to the nominative singular case, there is a genitive case form with the ending - es. Therefore, the endings of these two cases must be remembered.

Example: Aloe, Aloe f – aloe

Exercise. Learn words on the topic: “Nouns of the 1st declension” in the “Manual”.

NB! The names of medicinal plants and their products, as well as the names of chemical elements, are written with capital letters.

Exercise 25. Translate into Latin:

1. Cutting of the lower jaw. 2. Vertebral fracture. 3. Fascia of the orbit. 4. Arteries of the septum. 5. Veins of the knee.

1. Bubble surface. 2. Lingual tonsil. 3. Intermaxillary suture.

1. Visceral fascia. 2. Parietal pleura. 3. Sagittal suture.

The concept of prepositions

Prepositions in Latin are used with only two cases: Accusatīvus And Ablatīvus.

NB! Remember the following prepositions:

in - in (c Abl.): in capsules - in capsulis,

c - cum (c Abl): with tincture - cum tinctūra.

Exercise 26. Translate the following prescription expressions: in paper, in ampoules, in tablets, with camphor.

The concept of the Latin part of the recipe

A prescription is a written request from a doctor to a pharmacy, drawn up in the prescribed form, for the preparation and dispensing of a medicine to a patient, indicating the method of its use.

The structure of the recipe consists of the following 9 parts:

1. The name of the medical institution is Inscriptio (“inscription”).

2. Date of prescription - Datum.

3. Last name and initials of the patient - Nomen aegroti.

4. Age of the patient - Aetas aegroti.

5. Last name and initials of the doctor - Nomen medici.

6. Designation of medicinal substances and their quantities – Designatio materiārum.

7. Name of the dosage form (ointment, powder, etc.) or others

instructions to the pharmacist - Subscriptio (“signature”).

8. Method of use of drugs - Signatūra (“designation”).

9. Signature and personal seal of the doctor.

Parts 6 and 7 are written in Latin.

Part 6 begins with a verb Recipe:(Take this:). This is followed by a list of names of medicinal substances indicating their quantities. In this case, you must be guided by the following rules:

1. The name of each product is written on a new line and with a capital letter.

2. The name of each drug is written in the genitive case, because it depends grammatically on the indication of dose.

Let's look at the grammatical structure of this part of the recipe using an example.

What? How many?

Take: Valerian tincture 25 ml

Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae 25 ml

3. It is possible to prescribe finished medications (tablets, suppositories, etc.). Then in the recipe the name of the dosage form is in the accusative plural.

Ankofen tablets number 20

Recipe: Tabulettas “Ancophenum” number 20

Take: (what? accusative case)

Suppositories with glycerin 2.75 number 10

Recipe: Suppositoria cum Glycerino 2.75 numero 10

4. Medicines are dosed in grams or fractions of a gram. Fractions of a gram are separated from the whole number of grams by a comma. If fractions of a gram are missing, then a zero is put in their place.

150 grams – 150.0

5 tenths of a gram (5 decigrams) – 0.5

5 hundredths of a gram (5 centigrams) – 0.05

5 thousandths of a gram (5 milligrams) – 0.005

Liquid medications are dosed in volume units - milliliters, drops, and sometimes grams.

If the amount of liquid medicine is less than 1 ml, it is dosed in drops. The number of drops is indicated by Roman numerals, which are placed after the word “drop” (in the accusative case).

Take: Peppermint oil 15 drops

Recipe: Olei Menthae guttas XV

5. If two or more drugs are prescribed in the same dose, then the quantity is indicated only once - after the name of the last drug, and the Greek word is placed before the dose designation ana – By .

Take: Valerian Tincture

Lily of the valley tinctures 10 ml

Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae

Tincturae Convallariae ana 10 ml

Exercise 27. Translate recipes into Latin:

1. Take: Schisandra tincture 30 ml

Give. Label.

2. Take: Lily of the valley tincture

Valerian tinctures 10 ml

Belladonna tincture 5 ml

Mix it up. Give. Label.

NOUN DECLINATION

Exercise. 1. Repeat the definition of nouns of the 2nd declension.

2. Repeat the words of the 2nd declension of the introductory course.

Note. In the 2nd declension there are Greek neuter nouns with the ending -on in Nom. and Acc. Sing. In other cases they have the same endings as Latin nouns in -um.

Case endings

	Singularis	Pluralis
	m	n	m	n
No.	-us, -er	-um, -on	-i	-a
Gen.	-i	-ōrum
Dat.	-o	-is
Acc.	-um	= Nom.	-os	= Nom.
Abl.	-o	-is

For endings of the 2nd declension the characteristic vowel is - O.

NB! A special feature of the neuter gender is the coincidence of endings in the nominative and accusative cases of the singular and plural.

Declension sample

	Singularis	Pluralis
	m	n	m	n
No.	muscle	ligamentum	muscle –i	ligament –a
Gen.	muscle -i	ligament –i	muscul–ōrum	ligament – ​​ōrum
Dat.	muscle-o	ligament –o	muscle –is	ligament –is
Acc.	muscle-um	ligament –um	muscle-os	ligament –a
Abl.	muscle-o	ligament -o	muscle –is	ligament –is

Exercise. Learn words

Nulla regula sine exceptione.
There is no rule without exception.

Nouns in Latin are divided into five declensions depending on the final sounds of the stem. In accordance with their belonging to one or another declension, they take different case endings.

For those who accidentally came across the site: the Latin alphabet and reading rules are presented in the previous lesson.

First declension, -a, singularis

The first declension includes nouns and adjectives whose stem ends in - a; therefore it can also be called declension - a. It includes feminine nouns, which in nom. sing. have an ending - a, in gen. sing. - ae eg: schol a, school ae - school, schools; vill a,will ae - villa, villas. This also includes a small group of masculine nouns, denoting a male profession or belonging to a particular nationality (the natural attribute associated with the meaning of the word is decisive); eg: poēt a, poēt ae - poet; agricŏl a, agricŏl ae - farmer; Pers a,Pers ae - Persian.

To correctly determine which declension a noun belongs to, it is necessary to write it out and memorize it in two cases - nominative and genitive, eg: schola, scholae; toga, togae; Roma, Romae

We give an example of the declension of a noun with an adjective of the 1st declension in the singular. Pay attention to the word order characteristic of Latin, where the adjective usually appears after noun:

Singularis
No.	puell ă pulchr ă beautiful girl	amīc ă bon ă good friend
Gen.	puell ae pulchr ae	amīc ae bon ae
Dat.	puell ae pulchr ae	amīc ae bon ae
Asc.	puell am pulchr am	amīc am bon am
Abl.	puell ā pulchr ā	amīc ā bon ā
Voc.	puell ă pulchr ă	amīc ă bon ă

N.B. (nota bene! - pay attention, remember well!)

1. Ablatīvus has an ending -A (A long), nominativus and vocativus - -ă (a short).

2. Before you start translating sentences, you should remember that the subject always appears in nominative case:

Mother praises the maid. - Mater ancillam laudat.
Girl(is) at school. - Puella in scholā est.

In these sentences, the Russian and Latin constructions completely coincide: the subject is in the nominative case.

Now compare the following phrases:

genitive

Girls not at school.
There are many slaves.

Puella in scholā non est.
Multae ancillae sunt.

Here, when translated into Russian, Latin personal constructions are replaced by impersonal ones, Latin nominativus is replaced by the genitive case; literal translation: “the girl is not at school”, “there are many slaves” - does not correspond to the norms of the Russian language.

3. If the predicate in a sentence is nominally compound, that is, it consists of the auxiliary verb esse and the nominal part expressed by a noun or adjective, then the nominal part in Latin always stands in nominative case, i.e. agrees with the subject:

Puella bona est.
Syra ancilla est.

Girl - good.
Syrah - maid.

When translating, the Latin nominativus is preserved if the auxiliary verb is in the present tense: “Slave unhappy", "Tullia (is) girlfriend Julia." If the auxiliary verb is in the past or future tense, the nominal part of the predicate is translated instrumental case: “Tullia was (will be) girlfriend Julia."

4. The predicate in most cases comes at the end of the sentence; When starting a translation, you must first find the predicate, then the subject, and only after that add the rest of the sentence to them. For example: Terentia ancillam vocat. Predicate - vocat calling; we ask: who is calling? - and look for nominativus - Terentia: Terence is calling. Next question: who is he calling? ancillam (acc.) slave. Translation of the entire sentence: “Terence calls the slave.” Note the differences in word order:

Terentia Tulliam vocat.

Terence is calling Tullia.

Puella Syram laudat.

The girl praises Siru.

Dictionary(for translate)

puella, ae girl
Romana, ae Roman
est is, is
matrōna, ae woman, madam
mater mother
filia, ae daughter
amīca, ae girlfriend
vocat calling
tunĭca, ae tunic
nova, ae new
da give
quo Where
propĕras you're in a hurry, you're going
rogat asks

silva, ae forest
in(with acc.) in
cum(with abl.) with (with whom, with what)
cum amīcā with a friend
propĕro I'm going, I'm in a hurry
respondet answers
quo propĕras Where are you going?
 (in silvam propĕro I'm going to the forest)
quo-cum propĕras Who are you going with?
 (cum amīca propĕro I'm going with a friend)

Tullia, Iulia, Aemilia, Terentia- names of Roman women; Syra- name of a slave, maid

Translate:

Tullia puella Romana est. Terentia matrōna Romāna est. Terentia mater Tulliae est. Iulia, Aemiliae filia, Tulliae amīca est. Terentia Syram vocat: “Syra! Tulliae tunĭcam novam da!” “Quo propĕras, Tullia?” - Syra rogat. “In silvam cum amīcā propĕro,” respondet Tullia.

First conjugation. Base -a

Infinitivus

Indeterminate form

- call for

Praesens indicativi activi Present indicative active voice
Face	Singularis	Pluralis
1.	voco- I'm calling	vocā- mus - we are calling
2.	voca- s - you're calling	vocā- tis - you're calling
3.	voca- t - he, she is calling	voca- nt - they call
Imperative- imperative mood
	voca! - call!	vocā-te! - call!

In the text we came across several verbs in various forms: propĕras - You're going; rogat - she asks; da- give. Their common feature is the vowel -A, which indicates that the verbs belong to one conjugation group, namely the I conjugation. The first conjugation includes verbs whose stem ends in a vowel -ā. We determine whether a verb belongs to one conjugation or another by the vowel sound that comes before the indefinite suffix. In all four conjugations this suffix is -re; if it is discarded, the stem of the verb remains, for example: vocā-re - call for; rogā-re - ask; properā-re - go, hurry.

The imperative mood has only 2nd person forms. The singularis has a pure stem: voca! propĕra! roga!

Remember personal verb endings. These endings are used for all conjugations in almost all tenses:

	Singularis	Pluralis
1. 2. 3.	-O -s -t	-mus -tis -nt

Latin is (that is, it has a wide range of affixes) which belongs to the Italic group. Its peculiarity is the free order of words when constructing a sentence. Nouns are inflected for number and adjectives (including participles) are inflected for number, case and gender; verbs are inflected according to person, number, tense, voice and mood. Thus, declension in Latin is a frequently used category. The verb inflections (endings and suffixes) of Latin are among the most diverse among the Indo-European languages. Latin is considered a classic in linguistics.

A Brief History of the Latin Language

Latin was originally spoken in Lazio, Italy. Thanks to the power of the Roman Republic, Latin became the dominant language, first in Italy and then throughout the Roman Empire. Vernacular Latin was reborn into Romance languages ​​such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French contributed many words to the English language. Latin and ancient Greek roots and terms are used in theology, biology and medicine. By the end of the Roman Republic (75 BC), Old Latin had developed into a classical language. Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form. It is attested in inscriptions and the works of Roman playwrights such as Plautus and Terence.

Late Latin writing arose and took shape around the third century AD. Medieval Latin was used from the 9th century until the Renaissance. Further, as modern Latin appeared, it began to evolve. Latin was the language of international communication, science, and theology. Latin was the language of science until the 18th century, when other European languages ​​began to supplant it. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Latin Rite of the entire Catholic Church.

Influence of Latin on other languages

The Latin language in its colloquial form, which is called Vulgar Latin (in the understanding - “folk”), became the ancestral language for other national European languages, united into one language branch called Romance. Despite the similarity of origin of these languages, there are currently significant differences between them, which formed as Latin developed in the conquered lands over a number of centuries. Latin, as a primary language, was greatly modified under the influence of local indigenous languages ​​and dialects.

Brief description of Latin grammar

Latin is a synthetic, inflected language in language classification terminology. That is, a language in which word formation using inflections dominates. Inflections represent words or endings. Latin words include a lexical semantic element and endings indicating the grammatical use of the word. The fusion of a root, which carries the meaning of a word, and an ending creates very compact sentence elements: for example, amō, "I love", is derived from the semantic element, am- "to love", and the ending -ō, indicating that it is a first person singular verb , and which is a suffix.

Declension of nouns in Latin

An ordinary Latin noun belongs to one of the five main groups of declensions, that is, having the same ending forms. The declension of a Latin noun is determined by the genitive singular. That is, it is necessary to know the genitive case of the noun. Also, each case has its own endings. Latin noun declension includes the following.

• The first includes feminine nouns, as well as masculine ones, naming a person’s occupation or nationality. The 1st declension of the Latin language is determined in the singular genitive case by the ending -ae. For example: persa - Persian; agricŏla - peasant. Basically, the first declension is -a.
• The 2nd declension in Latin usually ends with the letter - o. Identified in the singular genitive case by ending -i. The second declension includes masculine nouns ending in -us, -er, neuter nouns ending in -um and a small group of feminine lexemes ending in -us.
• The 3rd declension in Latin is a fairly versatile group of nouns. They can be divided into three main categories.
  1. Consonant.
  2. Vowel.
  3. Mixed. Students are advised to thoroughly master the first three categories.
• Fourth declension, predominantly ending with the letter -y in noun cases. It is determined by the genitive singular with the ending -ūs.
• The fifth declension in Latin predominantly ends with the letter -e in cases. It is determined by the genitive singular with the ending -ei. This is a small group of nouns.

Thus, the declensions in the Latin language are quite diverse, since, as mentioned above, Latin is a strongly inflected language. in Latin it is practically no different from nouns. In fact, in many ways it is similar to the Russian language, where their declensions also coincide. The most numerous group of words in Latin are nouns of the 1st declension. Latin also includes a number of words that are not inflected.

Latin noun cases

Classical Latin has seven noun cases. The declension of adjectives in Latin coincides with the declension of nouns. Let's look at all seven cases:

• The nominative case is used when the noun is the subject or predicate. For example, the word amor is love, puella is a girl. That is, the initial form of the noun.
• The genitive case expresses the belonging of a noun to another subject.
• The dative case is used if the noun is an indirect object of a sentence using special verbs, with some prepositions.
• used if the noun is the immediate object of the subject and with a preposition showing place of direction.
• The ablative is used when the noun shows separation or movement from a source, cause, instrument, or when the noun is used as an object with certain prepositions.
• The vocative case is used when a noun expresses an address to the subject. The vocative form of a noun is the same as the nominative form, with the exception of the second declension of the noun, which ends in -us.
• The locative case is used to indicate location (corresponds to the Russian preposition V or on). This case is used only in this context.

We briefly discussed the endings (Latin) of declension above. For example, for 1st declension they will be as follows: -a, -ae, -ae, -am, -a, -a.

The declension of nouns in Latin is manifested in case endings.

Latin verb: conjugation category

A regular verb in Latin belongs to one of the four main ones - this is a class of verbs that have the same endings. The conjugation is determined by the last letter of the root of the present tense verb. The present tense root can be found by omitting the infinitive ending -re (-ri l for negative verbs). The infinitive of the first conjugation ends in --ā-re or --ā-ri (active and passive voice), for example: amāre - "to love", hortārī - "to exhort", the second conjugation - in -ē-re or -ē-rī : monēre - “to warn”, verērī, - “to intimidate”, third conjugation - in -ere, -ī: dūcere - “to lead”, ūtī - “to use”; in the fourth -ī-re, -ī-rī: audīre - “hear”, experīrī - “try”. Thus, the Latin verb is conjugated by person depending on its conjugation.

Latin verb tenses

In Latin there are 6 specific grammatical tenses (tempus), which are only partly available in Russian. These are the following species-temporal forms:

• Present tense.
• Imperfect.
• Past perfect tense.
• Pre-past (long past) tense.
• Future perfect tense.
• Future imperfect tense.

Each time has its own formula and rules of education. Also, the Latin verb has a category of mood and voice.

Latin vocabulary

Since Latin is an Italic language, most of its vocabulary is also Italic, that is, of ancient Proto-Indo-European origin. However, due to close cultural interaction, the Romans not only adapted the Etruscan alphabet into the Latin one, but also borrowed some Etruscan words. Latin also includes vocabulary borrowed from the Osci, another ancient Italic people. Of course, the largest category of borrowings is from Greek.

Romance languages

Romance languages ​​are a group of languages, as well as dialects, belonging to the Italic subgroup of Indo-European and having one common ancestor - Latin. Their name is Romanesque - goes back to the Latin term Romanus (Roman).

The branch of linguistics that studies Romance languages, their origin, development, typology is called Romance studies. Peoples who speak them are called Romance-speaking. Thus, the dead language continues to exist in them. The number of speakers of Romance languages ​​at the moment is about 800 million worldwide. The most common language in the group is Spanish, followed by Portuguese and French. There are more than 50 Romance languages ​​in total.