Human analyzers. Main sense organs and their functions. How many major sense organs does a person have and what are their main functions and significance? Sense organs and brain, nervous system: how are they interconnected? Hygiene rules for the main sense organs Basics

Science shows its primitiveness by treating the human body as a kind of complex mechanism made up of many mechanical units, each of which works automatically and in harmony with all the others. They say that the human body is a big machine, and its various organs are smaller machines, and this whole thing, having received a start from birth, somehow rolls through life by itself. And the only “god ex machina”, that is, human will and reason, they say, lives in her hands.

This is the orthodox view. As for the soul, even if we admit its existence, we perceive it as a kind of emptiness inside a machine, forever eluding an exact definition. Well, if there is something wrong with the car, we completely forget about the soul. We then call the chief car mechanic, that is, the doctor. And this swindler, with the most serious look, is delving into our car, that is, inside us. No, as a mechanic of the human device he is quite good. The only trouble is that while he expertly disassembles and solders our engine, our life is fading away drop by drop. But, in fact, you can’t blame the doctors for this!

It is obvious that, even if we look at the human body as a complex, perfect and perfectly tuned machine, we still cannot make it work even for a minute unless all its functions and mechanisms are most carefully controlled from some center. It is even more difficult to imagine the self-evolution of such a machine. Is it conceivable for a machine, even a simple spinning wheel, to automatically improve itself? Apparently, the “god ex-machine” existed even before the machine itself began to exist.

This is how things are with the human body. Some central “god ex machina” must be constantly present in every living organism. Even a small bug must have its own tiny soul that makes it crawl forward. Well, the soul of homo sapiens, Homo sapiens, allows him to stand firmly on his own two feet. Just don’t ask me to define the concept of “soul.” With the same success, you can demand from the bicycle that it define what its rider is, who, with the grace of a young goddess, directs its mechanical body to no one knows where and why. In fact, the young lady is rushing towards the young gentleman - but how, pray tell, does the bicycle know about this? And, to tell the truth, the bicycle doesn’t care about this young gentleman. However, the bicycle itself could not make the long twenty-kilometer journey from one point to another if it were not driven by a young lady hurrying to a date with her young gentleman.

Apparently, in the same way, our body-machines are each saddled with its own god-rider. This is what we will have to call our individual soul and therefore leave it to remain where it resides. How far will a bicycle go if it tries to “define” the young lady sitting on it? Yet rest assured that he will not deny the fact that this young lady sits confidently in his saddle. Even the Sun would not begin to describe circles in the sky if it did not have its own rider. But since the Sun is far from the only luminary in the starry sky, we will not demand from it that it “define” its rider solely from the standpoint of our solar system. And, nevertheless, there must be some kind of rider - a rider of our multi-wheeled Universe.

But let's leave the Universe alone. This toy is too big for me. Let's talk about me instead. At the very beginning of my life, before anything else, my “I” arose. A mysterious little whole arose (or was already there), a god who built a car and then set off on a long journey on it, about seventy years. But let's talk about the machine itself for now, and not about the “god ex machina.” Imagine for a moment that you are a bicycle, and not a sentient cyclist. So, you see, the only thing you can do when defining the “cyclist” of our body is to try to give it such a definition from the standpoint of our own body. In other words, the “bicycle” would say something like this:

Here, on my leather saddle, there is some strange animate force, which I call the Force of Gravity, and this greatest force controls my entire Universe... However, no, if you think about it carefully, I would rather say that this greatest force does not is always in my saddle. Sometimes it's just not there - and then I stand, leaning against the wall, helpless and motionless. Some even saw me lying upside down, or rather, upside down, left in this position by my mysterious young lady. This makes me think of the theory of relativity. However, for most of the time that I am alive and awake, it, or perhaps "it", - this mysterious force or this mysterious phenomenon - does not leave my saddle. And all the time when “it” is in the saddle, two forces subordinate to it turn my pedals this way and that with incomprehensible and immeasurable force. This mysterious force guides my steering wheel with a confident and firm hand, directs it in a way completely incomprehensible to me, controlling all my movement. It is not a roughly pushing force, but a skillfully guiding force, under whose influence my shining steel body rushes easily and swiftly along the highway. But sometimes there is a sudden click and my racing wheels suddenly stop. Oh, how painful and unpleasant this is! I rush forward cheerfully, completely entrusting myself to the impetuous elan vital, when suddenly a terrible cramp seizes my rear wheel, or the front wheel, or both wheels at once. There comes a sudden cessation of movement, terrifying in its incomprehensibility. It seems as if my soul is rushing forward, ahead of my body, and I myself feel sharply thrown back. Every fiber of my body lets out a painful groan. But then the tension gradually subsides...

In this way, non-stop and enthusiastically, the “bicycle” is ready to rant about itself for an eternity. And as a result of his chatter, an almost philosophical conclusion follows:

Oh, that this great divine power would never leave my saddle! If only the hand of this mysterious will, guiding my path, would forever rest on my steering wheel! Then my pedals could turn by themselves, and my movement would never cease, and no sudden stops could interrupt my eternal and endless movement. Then - just think! - I would become immortal. I would forever rush through the Universe, rush into boundless infinity, merging with the eternal movement of the great stars, the great heavenly bodies!..

Poor old "bike". Just the thought of this wretched machine makes me think of starting a philanthropic society to prevent the abuse of bicycles.

So, we see that our mortal body can be likened to a bicycle, and our individual, incomprehensible “I” can be likened to its rider. Realizing that the Universe is also, in essence, a bicycle rushing at full speed, we think that it must also have its own rider. Although at the same time we understand that guessing who he is is futile and useless. When I see a cockroach running away from me and hiding in a crack, I stand dumbfounded and think: “You must have a wonderful rider!” You have no right to a rider at all, do you hear?..” And when in the June forest I hear a monotonous and dull “cuckoo,” I think: “Who needed to create such a clock?” When I see a popular politician on the podium, briskly rattling out his speech to the cheers of the crowd, I think: “But he, too, has his own rider. Lord, is this how You imagined the crown of Your creation?” That is why - excuse me - I will not once again indulge in all these useless guesses about the creator of the Universe.

Let’s start better with ourselves: after all, wisdom, like mercy, begins from our home. In the saddle, each of us has our own rider - our own soul. But the trouble is that for most of us, this rider does not really know how to either steer or pedal, so humanity as a whole is like a huge team of crazy cyclists, and so that none of us falls, we see only one way out: to steer , pressing shoulder to shoulder, stay in a solid, dense mass, where everyone supports everyone and everyone supports everyone. Oh heaven, what a nightmare!

As for me, I am truly terrified at the prospect of riding in a crowd. That is why, as I pedal diligently, I, as they say, take my feet away from them.

Well, my body is a bicycle, and my “I” is the saddle in which my rider fits. The chest is the front wheel, the solar plexus is the back. The volitional ganglia serve as brakes for me. My head is the steering wheel. The dynamics of the right and left sides of my body, somehow connected with the work of the sympathetic and volitional departments, are, respectively, the right and left pedal.

Imagining myself in this way, I begin to more or less understand how exactly my rider sets me in motion and with the help of which centers he controls this movement. That is, I begin to understand where the points of life-giving contact are located between my rider and my car - my visible and my invisible “I”. I'm not trying to guess who he is, my constant rider. It's impossible to guess. The bicycle might as well, frantically shaking its handlebars and ringing its bell, try to guess who she was, his young lady.

However, let's return to our baby. Having decided on the four initial movements, we can follow its further development. In an infant, the solar and thoracic plexuses with the corresponding ganglia are already awakened and active. Based on these centers, the basic functions of the body develop.

As we have seen, the solar plexus and lumbar ganglion control a large dynamic system, the functioning of the liver and kidneys. Any excess of sympathetic dynamism leads to increased liver function, nervous agitation and constipation. And the breakdown of sympathetic dynamism causes anemia. Sharp stimulation of the volitional center can lead to diarrhea. And so on. But all this depends entirely on the intensity of the polarized flow between the individual and that with whom he is connected, that is, between the child and the mother, the child and the father, the child and his sisters or brothers, the child and his teacher, or the child and the surrounding nature. And this does not lend itself to any general laws, unless a person is left completely to himself. However, the general control of the main organs of the lower body is exercised by the two lower centers, and these organs work either well or poorly depending on the extent to which the true dynamic psychic activity of the two original centers of consciousness manifests itself. By true dynamic mental activity we mean activity that corresponds to the individual himself, the characteristics and inclinations of his soul. And dynamic mental activity as such means a dynamic polarity between the individual himself and other vitally significant individuals for him, that is, between him and his immediate environment - human, physical and geographical.

At the upper level, the thoracic plexus and dorsal ganglion control the lungs and heart. Any excess of sympathetic activity of the upper centers gradually burns the lungs with oxygen, weakens them with stress and causes consumption. So raising a child to be too loving is simply a crime. Never force your child to love too much. This leads to illness and ultimately premature death.

However, in addition to the basic physiological functions (and we will leave the study of the relationship between the functioning of the main organs and the dynamic mental activity of the four centers of primary consciousness to doctors), there is also semi-mental and semi-functional activity.

Four of our five senses are concentrated in the head region. The fifth - touch - is distributed throughout the body. However, they are all rooted in the four great primary centers of consciousness. From the accumulation of our nerve ganglia, from the magnetic fields of our nerve poles, nerves scatter in all directions, ending on the surface of the body. Inside the body, they form a complex system of branches and connections.

Our body functions at different levels, and different levels are controlled by different centers. The sharpness of touch decreases on the back, where the volitional centers resist it. But in the anterior part of the body the chest is the first of two continuous surfaces of sympathetic touch, and the abdomen the second. However, the touch stimuli at each of these two tactile surfaces are significantly different from each other, having different mental quality and mental result. Touching the chest causes a slight tremor of curiosity, touching the stomach - an active surge of anticipatory joy. Accordingly, hands are instruments of gentle, beautiful curiosity and at the same time conscious torment. A dynamic psychic flow flows through the elbows and wrists, so that disturbances in the flow of this flow during communication between two individuals cause unpleasant sensations in the elbows and wrists. At the lower level of the legs there are instruments of satisfaction and rejection. Hips, knees, feet breathe with love desire; in a dark, magnificent languor they blindly reach for a loving touch. But they can also be the main centers of resistance, rejection, and rejection. A sudden flash of irresistible, languid sympathetic desire throughout the body makes one feel weak in the knees. And hatred seizes the knees with iron, turns the feet into clawed paws. Thus, there are four tactile fields: two sympathetic in the front of the body, from the neck to the feet, and two repulsive in the back, from the neck to the toes.

However, there are two more areas of touch - the face and buttocks - that are difficult to characterize by any one type of tactile response.

The face is, of course, the main window for our “I”: through it we see the whole world, and the whole world sees us. However, the lower body also has its own window, or rather, its own gate. Yet the bulk of our communication with the outside world occurs through the face.

Each individual “window” on the face and each individual gate on it has a direct connection with each of the four large centers of primary consciousness. Take, for example, the mouth, to which we owe our taste sensations. The mouth is primarily the entrance to the two main sensory centers. We mean the gate of the belly and the gate of the loins. We eat and drink with our mouth. We taste with our mouths, we kiss with our lips. But a kiss is the first and, perhaps, the most important sensual connection.

In addition, in our mouth we have teeth, which are the instrument of our sensual will. The growth of teeth is entirely controlled by two large sensory centers below the diaphragm; their life and condition during the years allotted to us depend almost entirely on the lumbar ganglion. While the baby is teething, the sympathetic center is blocked. For a baby, this is a time of pain, diarrhea, and suffering.

We, modern people, have a lot of problems with our teeth. The point is that our mouths are too small. For centuries we have suppressed the greedy, dark sensual will in ourselves. We sought to transform ourselves into some kind of ideal beings, whose consciousness is entirely spiritual, into beings who are dynamically active only on one, upper, spiritual level. As a result, our mouths tighten and our teeth become brittle and lifeless. Where have our sharp, living wolf teeth gone, capable of protecting us and tearing food to shreds? If we had more teeth, we would be happier. Where are our white negroid teeth? Where did they go? There simply wouldn't be enough room for them in our small, tight mouth. We are thoroughly imbued with the sympathetic, the spiritual, the ideal. For this we paid with our hot, sensual strength. And false teeth in the mouth. In exactly the same way, under the pressure of the upper will and “ideal” impulses, the lips - this channel of our sensual desires - became thin and inexpressive. So let’s break our conscious, too “mental” ideal of love, and from this we will only become stronger, our teeth will cut through again, and the cutting of the first teeth of our infant will will cease to be for us the hell that it is today.

The time when a baby is teething is precisely the period when the volitional center of the lower level first comes into a state of full activity and gains a temporary victory.

So, the mouth is the main sensual entrance for the lower body. However, we must not forget that this is at the same time a breathing hole, and an opening through which we use the invisible but effective instrument of the word, and a threshold at which our kiss meets another kiss, tender, loving or passionate. Thus, this main sensory input for the lower body also has a direct relationship with the upper body.

Taste, taste sensations, are a tool for direct communication between us and objects from the outside world. Taste sensations contain an element of touch and in this sense belong to the thoracic plexus. But taste, pure taste, belongs entirely to the solar plexus.

Now the sense of smell. The nostrils are the gates of heaven for the lungs, through which the fullness of the heavenly atmosphere enters us. When we lack air, we even grab it with our mouths. But the thin nasal openings are always open to air, which tangibly connects us with the imperceptible, infinite cosmos. And therefore, the nose acquires its first, main function in the thoracic plexus, and this is the function of inhalation. And the function of gentle, unhurried and proud exhalation, the function of rejection, is found in the dorsal ganglion. But the nostrils also have another function - the function of smell. The subtle nerve endings that provide the sense of smell come directly from the lower centers - from the solar plexus and the lumbar ganglion. And even deeper. When the smell is pleasant, a refined sensual inhalation occurs. When the smell is unpleasant, sensory rejection occurs. And just as the fullness of the lips and the shape of the mouth depend on the degree of development of the lower or upper centers, sensual or spiritual, so the shape of the nose depends on the effectiveness of control of the deepest centers of consciousness. The perfect nose is apparently the result of harmony between the four types of nervous response. But who, tell me, has seen a perfect nose and knows what it is? We only know that a small, snub nose is usually characteristic of purely sympathetic natures, natures that are not too proud, but a long nose is somehow connected with the upper volitional center, the dorsal ganglion, our main center of curiosity and benevolent or objective control. A short, thick nose is sensually sympathetic, and a high, hooked nose is sensually volitional, as if frozen in its form is the curve of disgust that we experience when we turn away from a bad smell, the curve of proud arrogance and subjective power. The nose is one of the most important character traits. In other words, its form in almost all cases reflects the dominant type of dynamic consciousness of a given individual and accurately indicates the dominant primary center, which basically determines his life. Savages replace kissing with rubbing their noses, and this is a much more acute, deeply felt and sensual sensation than our touching lips.

The eyes are the third great doors of the soul. It is through them that the soul looks out of the body, enters it and leaves there, like a bird that flies out of the nest and then returns to it again. But the roots of "conscious" vision reside almost entirely in the chest. When through the wide-open windows of my eyes I joyfully look at the world outside of me, then at the same time the world gets the opportunity to look at my inner self, alive and sparkling. The miracle of vision, the miracle of looking eyes gives my soul this amazing opportunity to move into a beloved being, into the world around me, and it, my soul, rushes to them directly from the center of the chest - rushes through the eyes. And my beloved creature rushes towards me, looking deeply through my eyes into the soft darkness of my being, filled to the brim with my incomprehensible presence. But if I am dissatisfied, my “I” rises firmly and coldly from the depths of my eyes, rejecting any communication, any sympathy; it only gazes intently and distrustfully at the world around it. It is an impulse of cold objectivity emanating from the dorsal ganglion. Obeying an impulse from the same will center, my eyes can look with cold but attentive curiosity, like a cat at a bird. My curiosity is at times interspersed with an element of warm admiration for the miracle that I see outside my being. And sometimes my curiosity is completely devoid of warmth, turning into an objective, purely rational interest. This is the soulless curiosity of the upper will, emanating from the brachial ganglion, the sharp, all-seeing, dissecting curiosity of the scientist conducting the experiment.

At the same time, the eyes also have their own sensual root. However, it is difficult to describe it in the words of our poor, meager language, because all of our vision, our modern, northern vision, is limited to the upper level of vision in the narrow sense of the word.

There is a type of possession called possession through the senses alone. Such is the dark, thirsty gaze of a savage, perceiving in the world only that which has a direct relation to himself and that arouses some specific, dark desire in the depths of his lower self. When he sees such an object, his eyes become bottomless black. And sometimes his eyes sparkle with fire, and the darkness that remains in them is devoid of depth. It is a quick, attentive gaze, observing and possessing, but never truly succumbing to the charm of an external object: this is how a cat watches a potential victim. A quick and dark gaze that knows that the object of contemplation is alien, dangerous and must be defeated. This is not that wide-open gaze that wants to know and cognize, but a powerful, proud and cautious gaze that assesses the degree of danger posed by the object being inspected, and at the same time the degree of its desirability. The savage is all in himself. He barely notices everything else, considering it something superfluous, unnecessary and strange, something non-existent. He simply lacks what we call vision.

Look how the horse looks and how the cow looks. Cow look is soft, velvety and absorbent. She stands and looks at us with strangely fixed attention. She is all open to a miracle. The root of her vision is the desire for her breasts. The same can be heard in her moo. The massive weight of passion also lurks in the chest of a bull - passion that rushes out from the depths of the soul through mooing and eyes. The strength of a bull is in the chest. The weapon is on the head. The miracle is always outside the cow or the bull.

But the horse’s gaze is bright and quick. A look of cautious curiosity, filled with fear, at the same time aggressive and frightened. The root of his vision is in his stomach, in his solar plexus. And his weapon is not external, like the horns of a bull, but rather sensual, bodily - hooves and teeth.

However, in both of these animals the sympathetic type of nervous activity dominates. But those animals whose life activity is determined mainly by large volitional centers - cats, wolves, hawks, tigers - are almost deprived of vision in our understanding of the word. Their gaze opens wide or narrows predatorily only at the sight of the target, that is, the intended victim. He is selective. They see nothing but this. And at the same time, they have such excellent, such incomprehensibly sharp vision!

Most animals also smell everything they see: their vision is not very well developed. They learn more through smell, contact with smell, and this contact is more direct compared to vision.

As for us humans, our vision fails us more and more, because we have limited ourselves to only one type of nervous activity. The dark, selective gaze of a savage tense as a string, the narrowed vision of a cat or the gaze of a hawk focused on one point - all this has long been unusual for us. In our lives we are too dependent on the sympathetic centers, without having a counterbalance in the centers of the will. In the same way, the upper sympathetic and volitional centers are disproportionately active in us, so that we are constantly in a state of a kind of detached curiosity. Our gaze has minimal sensuality, in every sense of the word. We constantly look and look, passing everything through our eyes, tuned to eternal detached curiosity, but inside we have an emptiness from which we look at the outside world. That's why our eyes fail us, that's why they cheat on us. We are becoming more and more myopic, and this is something like our self-defense.

Hearing is the last and, apparently, the most important of our senses. Here we simply have no choice, whereas in all other areas we have the power of rejection. Thus, in the field of vision we have a choice of point of view. We can, if we want, tune ourselves to a joyful perception of the outside world, the world of light, into which we rush in search of a miracle, in order to merge with it into something single, to pour our soul into its soul. Or we can configure ourselves in such a way as to see through the eyes of the ancient Egyptians, that is, passing everything through our own dark soul; to see the strangeness of the creatures of the external world, the abyss between them and one’s own soul, which, in the end, lives according to its own laws. The ancient Egyptians saw everything in full accordance with their subjective psychology, they saw it non-objectively, without rushing away from themselves in search of an external miracle.

These are the two main modes of sympathetic vision. Our method should be considered objective, the Egyptian - subjective. However, the terms “objective” and “subjective” themselves also entirely depend on the point of view, the point of reference. Therefore, more precise terms are applicable: “spiritual” and “sensual”.

But there are, of course, two ways of volitional vision. We can view everything in the world with a modern critical, analytical or exaggeratedly pessimistic view. Or we can look at everything as a hawk looks, that is, focus our gaze on that one single point where the heart of our intended victim beats.

One way or another, we can, of course, to a certain extent, choose one or another type from the four types of vision. And we can, when it depends on us, not resort to the organs of taste, smell or touch.

As for hearing, here our choice is reduced to a minimum. Sounds have the ability to directly influence large affective centers. Of our own free will, we can only listen carefully or, conversely, close our ears. But we really have no choice in what we hear. Here our will is limited. Sounds act on the affective centers directly, almost automatically. And our soul cannot rush towards them, nor decisively stand on the threshold, as in the case of vision. In the case of hearing, we are completely deprived of choice.

Nevertheless, the impact of sound on us is quite diverse and corresponds to the four main poles of consciousness. The singing of birds affects the chest area almost entirely. Birds, whose flight is possible thanks to the joint efforts of the chest and shoulders, become for us a symbol of the spirit, the upper type of consciousness. Their legs turned into thin, almost invisible twigs. Well, they wag their tail directly according to a signal from the center of the sensual will.

But their singing acts directly on our upper, or spiritual, level. Our music, which is Christian in its tendency, affects him in exactly the same way. True, modern music is more of an analytical, critical nature; it has revealed the omnipotence of the ugly in our world. Like military music, it is also perceived by the upper level. These are military songs, bravura marches and brass bands. All this acts directly on the dorsal ganglion. There was, however, a time when music acted directly on the sensory centers. The music of savages, the beating of drums, as well as the roar of lions and the cries of cats are a few examples of this kind that we can still hear. Even in some human voices one can sometimes still recognize a deep echo of the sensory field of consciousness. But the general tendency is that everything in our perception continues to be pulled towards the upper level, while the lower level continues to automatically act at the direction of the upper.

Human sense organs: the main organs, what they are responsible for, how they are connected to the brain. Hygiene rules.

Thanks to the presence of sense organs, we can easily adapt to the world around us. What is given from birth and is present to us all our lives is of little value, and if suddenly, due to some accident, we lose one or more feelings, we lose a part of ourselves. Unfortunately, we are not always taught from childhood how important this is, but if you are reading this article, it means that you, like us, have decided to take care of the most important thing in the world - your body!

Let's think about how we feel for a second:

• Close your eyes and imagine how people who do not have such a natural gift live;
• Imagine not hearing the smell of food, the aroma of flowers and the delicious aromas of your beloved family members;
• Think about it, if you could no longer taste your favorite dish or drink;
• Imagine putting your hand in water and it starts to blister, but you don't understand why.

And this is just a small list of the limitations experienced by people whose senses work poorly or do not work at all.

What are human sense organs?

Human senses are the very organs with which a person interacts with the world around him. With the help of the senses, a person can realize what awaits him at one time or another when he comes into contact with the world around him, cognize it and enjoy life.

How many basic sense organs does a person have and how many total sense organs?

Currently, scientists have approved six human senses, but there is constant debate that a person has many more senses and this is only a condensed concept.

The list of human senses includes:

• Ears (thanks to the ears we hear sounds and vibrations);
• Eyes (thanks to the eyes we see);
• Tongue (thanks to this organ we feel the taste and temperature of everything we absorb);
• Nose (the nose helps us hear smells and aromas);
• Skin (they provide tactile sensations, touch, a sense of pain and temperature of the surrounding world);
• Vestibular apparatus (thanks to this sense organ, we are aware of our place in space, maintain balance and feel weight and position).

5 main senses - taste, vision, hearing, touch, smell: their main functions and significance

In this section I would like to pay attention to each of the senses separately and highlight their significance for human life.

Eyes . With the help of vision we receive on average about 90% of information. The pupils, with which we see, are formed in the embryo and continue to develop until birth, directly connected to the brain.

Vision, or rather visual analysis, consists of several functions:

• Eyeballs;
• Optic nerves;
• Subcortical centers;
• Higher visual centers in the occipital areas.

Can you imagine how long a signal travels in an instant so that we can see and process information in real time without delay? How quickly the eyeballs, having recognized the signal, transmit it to the brain, and the brain instantly analyzes and produces a reaction from what it sees.

In addition, eyeballs are an ideal and unique optical device. Thanks to this, we can see at different distances, and we are also able to see both the whole picture (for example, a room) and the smallest detail (for example, a scratch on furniture).

The principle of operation of the eyes is very simple and at the same time very complex: light passing through the cornea of ​​the eye is refracted and the refracted passes through the lens, where it is refracted again and tends to the vitreous body, where it converges in focus on the retina. It sounds complicated, but you need to know this in order to understand that visual acuity directly depends on the cornea and lens, or rather their ability to perfectly refract light.

But that's not all! Thanks to the muscles located in them, the eyes are able to move in different directions, which significantly increases the speed of vision and also relieves the load on the spine.

Organs of taste . This organ is responsible for taste buds, thanks to which a person can evaluate the food he eats. This protects a person from eating spoiled foods, allows him to enjoy new and familiar tastes, and also tells the brain the most acceptable tastes, and therefore, the brain subsequently signals what kind of food he wants to eat.

There is a misconception that the tongue is responsible for taste, but for some reason they forget to tell you that special nipples and bulbs are located not only on the tongue, but also on the palate, epiglottis, and also on the upper part of the esophagus.

Interesting fact: the tongue is divided into several zones that best determine a particular taste. But even if the zone is not responsible for a given taste, this does not mean that it will not feel it, just not so brightly. Example: the lateral arches of the tongue most clearly sense bitterness, but this does not mean that the rest of the tongue, palate and larynx will not taste pepper.

It is worth noting that the organs of taste are closely interconnected with the organs of charm. With colds and viral diseases, taste habits can change significantly and what gave pleasure can cause persistent disgust. After recovery, the situation will stabilize and return to its previous state.

Ears . It is believed that the most difficult people to adapt to in the world are those who have difficulties with vision and hearing. Indeed, in our fast-paced world it is quite difficult to live without acute hearing, and therefore it is important to carefully take care of what nature has given us.

The ear consists of three interconnected parts: outer, inner and middle. The outside is the familiar shell, which is as individual for everyone as fingerprints. It is responsible for sound localization and also clearly identifies the sound source.

In the external passage, which runs from the outer ear to the internal organ, there are sebaceous glands that produce earwax. It is she who, constantly coming out, prevents clogging of the inner ear. This is followed by the eardrum, which responds to sound vibrations. Next comes the tympanic cavity - the basis of the middle ear. In this cavity there is a stapes hammer and anvil connected into a single whole. After them is the cochlea and semicircular canals, which are responsible for balance.

So, auditory waves are caught by the outer ear, move to the eardrum, from there to the three auditory ossicles and then to the cochlea, from the cochlea irritation goes to the auditory nerve and the brain perceives what is heard.

Organs of touch . Most people do not even realize what an important role this function of the body plays. How important it is for us to understand whether we come into contact with hot or cold, smooth, rough, soft or hard. It is tactile sensations that bring endorphins (hormones of joy) when in contact with a loved one. Touching a favorite thing, an animal, and even the outside world can tell us no less than sight! Please note that children who have not yet accumulated enough life experience touch everything and it is through touch that they study the world and gain that very experience.

But it is worth noting that the skin (they are the organs of touch) exclusively “catch” signals and transmit them to the brain, and the brain, having already analyzed it, reports what our fingers felt.

Nose or olfactory organs . In the nasal passages, a small part is occupied by olfactory cells. The shape of the cells resembles many tiny hairs and when moving they capture the subtleties of all kinds of aromas and odors. As with the sense of touch, olfactory cells pick up scents and transmit the signal to the brain, which is already processing the information. Signals are transmitted in this way: olfactory cells capture the aroma and transmit them through olfactory threads and bulbs to the centers of the brain. The sense of smell may be temporarily dulled during viral respiratory diseases and restored within a few days after recovery. Otherwise, the help of doctors is necessary.

The tongue is what sense organ?

The tongue, together with the larynx, palate and other parts of the oral cavity, belongs to the organs of taste. We discussed the taste organs in more detail in the section above.

What sense organs does a person lack?

Many people have a question: what sense organs do humans lack? For science fiction writers, this is simply fertile ground for creating superheroes or, on the contrary, villains. We have identified the most popular sense organs that humans do not have, but if they existed, a person’s life would be much more comfortable.

• The ability to detect ultrasound is a unique gift of bats;
• Clear vision in the dark - the capabilities of cats and more are amazing!
• Electroreceptors with which stingrays and sharks are gifted;
• The lateral line of fish is ideal sensitivity in space, which contributes to both survival and hunting;
• Thermal locators that snakes are gifted with.

This is just a small list of the capabilities of the surrounding world that nature has not endowed us with or that we have lost in the process of evolution.

Sense organs and brain, nervous system: how are they interconnected?

Each sense organ is directly connected by nerve endings to the brain and continuously sends signals. The brain, in turn, analyzes the signals and produces ready-made information. It is worth noting that the brain rarely receives a signal from just one sense organ, and most often in a complex manner. So, for example, a child enters the kitchen and sees food (vision), hears the mother’s voice “Sit down to eat”, feels the aroma of food, sits down at the table and comes into contact with cutlery (a signal that food is about to arrive), and by the time the mother When a child puts a plate on the table, he most likely knows what the dish will taste like.

How do the senses help a person navigate the world?

Have you seen a newborn kitten, how it pokes in different directions, not yet understanding how to navigate in space. Likewise, a person without sense organs would move in space without understanding where he is and how to get to the right place, what needs to be done to avoid getting into trouble.

For example, a sense of balance helps a person understand where the earth is and where the sky is, even in a room without a single window. Also, thanks to this feeling, a person clearly navigates in space, moving in the desired direction without injury.

The hearing organs help to hear not only conversations with family, but also the sound of moving vehicles, running animals, etc. Having analyzed this sound, a person can correctly orient himself even if he does not yet see this object.

Vision in modern life is one of the key senses, because our society is created in such a way that we receive 99% of information visually. According to statistics, people with visual impairments are the most severely limited in the modern world.

Thanks to the sense of touch and charm, a person not only experiences the most vivid and pleasant emotions, but can also protect himself from the dangers of our world. For example, repulsive odors signal to us that food is no longer suitable for consumption until it reaches the tongue. The smell of smoke and burning often saves people from fires and allows them to quickly extinguish or leave the room at the stage of fire.

Hygiene rules for the main sense organs

In order for our senses to serve us faithfully for many years, we must respond to them with care and regular care. Below we provide basic hygiene rules for the organs responsible for the senses.

• Organ of touch: all of our skin needs daily cleaning (shower or bath), moisturizing and nourishing as necessary. Particular attention should be paid to the palms and feet, since it is on their integument that the maximum number of receptors that transmit the most important information to the brain is located;
• Olfactory organ: as necessary, it is necessary to rinse and clean the nasal cavities from pollution and substances secreted by the body. In case of illness, treat according to the doctor’s recommendations;
• Organs of taste: the oral cavity needs daily brushing of the teeth, brushing with dental floss if necessary, as well as rinsing the mouth in the morning and evening, as well as after each meal;
• Hearing organs: if there are no problems in the ears, then cleaning the outer ear should be done after washing with cotton swabs or special swabs. In other cases, as necessary, it is necessary to clean out the wax, but only at the entrance to the ear, deeper, like ear plugs, it should be cleaned exclusively by an ENT doctor;
• Eyes: together with the skin, the eyes must be washed morning and evening; if you wear contact lenses, clean them according to the instructions. If tearing, burning or other unpleasant sensations occur in the eyes, it is recommended to immediately consult a doctor.

Video: What controls our senses: human anatomy?

Humans have five basic senses: touch, sight, hearing, smell and taste. The sensory organs associated with each sense send information to the brain to help us understand the world around us. In addition to the basic five, people also have other senses. Here's how they work.

Touch

Touch is considered the first sense that a person develops. It consists of several different sensations transmitted to the brain through specialized neurons in the skin. Pressure, temperature, light touch, vibration, pain and other sensations are part of the sensory experience and are all attributed to different receptors on the skin.

Touch is not just a sense used to interact with the world; it also appears to be very important for human well-being.

The sense of touch can also influence how people make decisions. Texture can be associated with abstract concepts, and touching something can influence a person's decisions, according to six studies by psychologists from Harvard University and Yale University published in the journal Science on June 24, 2010.

These tactile sensations do not just change the general orientation, but create a mood. They have a certain connection with certain abstract meanings."

Vision

Looking, or perceiving things through the eyes, is a complex process. First, light is reflected from the object to the eye. The transparent outer layer of the eye, called the cornea, bends light passing through the opening of the pupil. The iris (which is the colored part of the eye) acts like a camera shutter, retracting to shut out light or opening wider to let in more light.

The cornea focuses most of the light, and then the light passes through the lens, which continues to focus the light.

The eye's lens then bends the light and focuses it onto the retina, which is full of nerve cells. These cells are shaped like rods and cones and are named after their shapes. Cones translate light into colors, central vision, and details. Rods translate light into peripheral vision and movement. The rods also give people vision when there is limited light, such as at night. Information translated from the light is sent as electrical impulses to the brain through the optic nerve.

Even in cases of profound blindness, the brain works in such a way as to use the information at its disposal so that it can interact more effectively with its environment.

Hearing

This sense works through the complex labyrinth that is the human ear. Sound is directed through the outer ear and into the external auditory canal. The sound waves then reach the eardrum. It is a thin sheet of connective tissue that vibrates when sound waves hit it.

Vibrations move to the middle ear. There, the auditory ossicles vibrate—three tiny bones called the malleus, incus, and stapes. The latter, in turn, pushes a structure called the oval window and sends vibrations to the organ of Corti. This spiral organ is the receptor organ for hearing. Tiny hair cells in it translate vibrations into electrical impulses. The impulses then travel to the brain through sensory nerves.

People maintain their sense of balance because the eustachian tube in the middle ear equalizes the air pressure in the middle ear with the air pressure in the atmosphere. The vestibular complex in the inner ear is also important for balance as it contains receptors that regulate the sense of balance. The inner ear is connected to the vestibulocochlear nerve, which transmits sound and balance information to the brain.

Smell

According to researchers, humans can smell more than 1 trillion aromas. They do this with the olfactory fissure, which is on the roof of the nasal cavity, next to the "olfactory" part of the brain, the olfactory bulb and fossa. Nerve endings in the olfactory cleft transmit odors to the brain.

Dogs are known for their good sense of smell, but research shows that humans are just as good at it as man's best friend. A study published in the journal Science on May 11, 2017, suggests that humans can distinguish 1 trillion different smells; It was once believed that humans could only perceive 10,000 different smells.

Humans have 400 olfactory receptors. It's not as much as some animals, but the much more complex human brain makes up the difference.

In fact, poor smelling ability in humans can be a symptom of illness or aging. For example, a distorted or reduced ability to smell is a symptom of schizophrenia and depression. Old age can also reduce your ability to smell. More than 75% of people over 80 years of age may have severe olfactory impairment.

Taste

This sense is usually divided into the perception of four different tastes: salty, sweet, sour and bitter. There is also a fifth taste, defined as umami. There may be many other flavors that have not yet been discovered. Also, the spicy taste is not what it is.

The sense of taste helped in human evolution because it helped people test the food they ate. A bitter or sour taste indicated that the plant might be poisonous or rotten. Something salty or sweet, however, often means the food is rich in nutrients.

Taste is sensed by taste buds. Adults have between 2,000 and 4,000 taste buds. Most of them are on the tongue, but they also affect the back of the throat, epiglottis, nasal cavity and esophagus. The sensory cells on the kidneys form capsules in the shape of flower buds or oranges. The tips of these capsules have pores that act like funnels containing tiny taste hairs. The proteins on them are associated with cells for tasting.

It is a myth that the tongue has special zones for each taste. The five tastes can be felt on all parts of the tongue, although the sides are more sensitive than the middle. About half of the sensory cells in taste buds respond to several of the five basic tastes. Cells differ in their level of sensitivity. Each of them has a specific palette of tastes with a fixed ranking, so some cells may be more sensitive to sweet, followed by bitter, sour and salty, while others have their own ranking. The full experience of taste is produced only after all the information from the different parts of the tongue has been combined.

The other half of the sensory cells are specialized to respond to only one taste. Their job is to convey information about intensity—like salty or sweet taste.

Other factors help shape the brain's perception of taste. For example, the smell of food greatly influences how the brain perceives taste. Smells are sent to the mouth in a process called olfactory referral. This is why a stuffy nose may have trouble tasting food properly. Texture, translated by the sense of touch, also contributes to taste.

Sense of space

In addition to the traditional big five, there is also a feeling that concerns how your brain understands where your body is. This one is called proprioception.

Proprioception involves the sense of movement and position of our limbs and muscles. For example, proprioception allows a person to touch the tip of their nose with a finger even when their eyes are closed. This allows a person to climb the steps without having to look at each one. People with poor proprioception may be clumsy and uncoordinated.

People who have particularly poor proprioception through mechanosensation—the ability to sense force, such as the feeling of someone pressing on your skin—may have a mutated gene that is passed on from generation to generation.

Additional Senses and Variations

There are more subtle feelings that most people never perceive. For example, there are neural sensors that sense motion to control balance and head tilt. Specific kinesthetic receptors exist to detect stretches in muscles and tendons, helping people monitor their limbs. Other receptors detect oxygen levels in certain arteries of the bloodstream.

Sometimes people don't even process feelings the same way. For example, people with may see sounds as colors or associate certain sights with smells.

Broad thinking has the tenacity to defend its point of view. Only people who are strong in thought and confident in themselves can defend. But you can’t stand your ground unshakably all your life. As in boxing, the more nimble, daring, and sometimes unstable one wins. Everything has its own comparison, I compared it to sports.

5 five human senses

1. The ability to smell - smell
2. The ability to sense food - taste
3. The ability to feel touch - touch
4. The ability to sense sounds - hearing
5. The ability to sense light - vision

Thinking, no matter how nimble it is, is still calibrated and dry. Feelings are not so stable, but they are not understandable, they are simply not acceptable to the mind. Thought bows before emotions - a knockout of spontaneity.

If everyone were aware of this, perhaps there would be less suffering, fewer sad stories. This dispute has not yet been started by the mass of humanity, but if it starts, it will turn out no worse than the emergence of the world.

From dispute to dispute, everyone will receive the correct answer written above, but to understand it takes time, an occasion, a meeting, perhaps one glance or an acquaintance, and maybe business events. You don’t have to feel it yourself, you can simply delve into the story of your interlocutor who has experienced or is experiencing it; it is advisable to delve into someone else’s tragedy. Just a great way to prove that a person is born to love, not just to think.

Incredible facts

How many senses does a person have?

Most people believe that we only have five senses, but others who are in the know know that there are no more, no less, but 21. So when you hear someone say they have a sixth sense, it's likely , this man is right, although this does not mean that he can see the future.

Having a wide range of feelings is an extremely surprising fact for many people until they realize that use them every day without even thinking about it.

Many of the human senses that we take for granted are incredibly important to the smooth functioning of our bodies.

Human sense organs

10. Feeling full

When we eat or drink enough, our body always lets us know. It turns out that this is a separate feeling in our body, which consists of its own set of sensitive receptors that tell us when to stop eating.

Some of them are the so-called “stretch receptors”, thanks to which we understand that the stomach is full.

The stomach, in turn, sends certain signals to the brain during the digestion of food. This means that if you eat your food slowly, you will feel full in the right amount of time and avoid overeating.

The opposite will happen if you eat the same amount of food, but in a short period of time, so our brain needs time to realize that we are full.

Types of human feelings

9. Thermoreception

The presence of this feeling is unlikely to come as a surprise to anyone, but it is important to note that the sensation of hot and cold is not part of our sense of touch, it is actually a separate sense.

Our thermo-receptors separate hot from cold and allow our bodies to adapt to changes in environmental temperature. Thermoreception signals work through the spinal cord, thus reaching the thalamus, to which they communicate the necessary information.

8. Feeling the amount of oxygen

The purpose of "peripheral chemoreceptors" is to monitor the movement of blood in the arteries, as well as monitor oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels. It is they who, if something happens, warn us that carbon dioxide level is too high, Thus, the human body automatically adjusts and breathes according to the “established norm.”

In addition, our body has special receptors that tell us how full of oxygen our lungs are, so our brain knows exactly when to inhale and exhale.

7. Trigger zone chemoreceptors

These receptors primarily interact with medications and hormones that our body carries through the bloodstream, in addition they are the ones that tell our body when it’s time to vomit if we suddenly feel nauseous.

If these receptors are damaged, it can lead to regular vomiting and sometimes a complete loss of the ability to vomit. This type of damage typically occurs after heart attacks.

6. Magnetoreception

Did you know that our body has the potential to determine the direction of movement based on its sense of understanding the Earth's magnetic field?

Although there is still some debate regarding our ability to use this sense, it is clear that for navigation purposes it would be incredibly useful to apply it.

Some people, however, have an uncanny sense of direction and they can use magnetoreception at a higher level than the average person. Therefore, they can easily indicate, without using a compass, where is south and where is north.

This feeling is most pronounced in bees, some birds and cows.

5. Vestibular sense

The vestibular sense is also known as "equibrioception", which is more like the name of some hallucinogenic movie. People know this feeling as the “sense of balance.” Many of us have experienced the hard way, what is a violation of this feeling when drinking large amounts of alcohol.

Our sense of balance is regulated by the inner ear, and although it is part of the hearing system, it is still a separate sense.

4. Itching

In fact, this feeling is much more important than the usual itch you might think of. To begin with, from time to time itching appears completely separate from the sense of touch, and serves extremely important functions.

Although the sensation may initially seem more like a nuisance than a useful tool, itching is just as important as the sense of touch because it sends signals to the brain that There is something wrong with a certain part of the skin.

In some cases, it may simply be dryness; in others, it may be the presence of microscopic microbes hiding in the hair follicles, which are removed during the combing process.

A single itch sends a signal to the brain that you need to look at the affected area and find out what is happening to it.

3. Nociception

Nociception is the sense that helps us perceive pain. Some believe that this sense is part of the sense of touch, but in fact, pain is something completely different.

Moreover, many experts say that the feeling of pain should be broken down into three more “sub-feelings,” each of which is associated with different types of pain:

- pain associated with the skin;

Pain associated with bone tissue;

- pain felt by the organs of the body.

Although these seem more like subcategories than individual feelings, there is actually much more to the experience of pain than meets the eye.

If you do not feel pain, then this is a signal to the brain that there are serious disorders in your body, and that your body is in danger.

2. Chronoception

Chronoception is the sense of time. Most of us have it quite well developed, especially young people.

Part of this sense is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which controls our circadian rhythms. Although a person's ability to perceive the passage of time is generally very useful, this feeling can be easily deceived, like any other.

Each of us has encountered situations when it seems to us that time is passing faster or slower than it really is.

1. Proprioception

Proprioception is the awareness of where our hands and feet are in relation to the rest of the body. This is what police test when they test a driver by making him do things like touch the tip of his nose with his finger.

We all take this feeling for granted, but If he were taken away from us, we would really miss him.

However, there are still rare cases that are a mystery to doctors when a person loses this feeling. If this happens, then the easiest tasks, such as opening a door, picking up a cup, and others, become impossible.

Such people have to carefully monitor their every movement in order to use their limbs correctly.