Arguments from the literature in the direction “Man and Society. Essay-argument on the thematic area “kindness and cruelty”
A person in a totalitarian state. This topic began to appear in literature already in the 1920-1930s, when it became clear that the policies of V.I. Lenin and I.V. Stalin led to the establishment of a far from democratic regime. Of course, these works could not be published at that time. Readers saw them only in the 1980s, during the period of perestroika and glasnost. Many of these works were a real discovery. One of them was E. Zamyatin’s novel “We,” written in 1921. The dystopia depicted by the writer showed what totalitarianism, the silence of people, and blind submission to the regime could lead to. The novel is like a warning that everything depicted in it can happen if society does not resist the terrible system of repression and persecution, when any person’s desire to achieve the truth is literally stifled. The inaction of society in a totalitarian state can lead to the fact that everyone becomes part of a huge state machine, turning into a “faceless WE”, losing individuality and even their name, receiving only a number among a huge crowd of people (D-503, 90, I-330) . "... natural wayfrom insignificance to greatness: forget that you- gram and feel like a millionth of a ton...” The value of a specific individual in such a society is lost. It would seem that people built it to be happy. But did this happen? Can life by the hour in this United State be called happiness, feeling like just a cog in the huge mechanism of the state machine? (“The ideal is where nothing happens anymore...”)? No, not everyone agrees with such a regulated life when others think for them. They want to feel complete joy, happiness, love, suffer - in general, to be a person, not a number. Behind the walls of the state is real life, which so attracts the heroine - I-330.
The benefactor decides everything; it is by his laws that numbers live. And if someone opposes, then there are ways to force people either to comply or die. There is no other way out. The author showed that some of the workers were unable to capture the spaceship, involving one of the builders of the Integral D-503 (it was he who tried to charm I-330 for this purpose). The Benefactor and his system are too strong. He dies in the Gas Bell I-330, the unnecessary memory of number D-503 is erased, which continues to be confident in the fairness of the government system (“ I am sure that we will win, because reason must win!”) Everything in the state continues to go as usual. How terrible the formula of happiness set forth by the Benefactor sounds: “ True algebraic love for man is certainly inhuman, and an indispensable sign of truth is its cruelty.” But it is in the victory of reason that the author believes, when society wakes up and understands that life cannot be lived this way, so that everyone says to themselves: “ I stopped being an addition, as always, and became a unit.” A person must be part of society while continuing to remain an individual. “WE”, consisting of many “I”s, is one of the formulas of happiness that readers of the novel come to understand.
Society is a powerful force. A person cannot live outside of society. However, the huge number of laws written to protect people from society indicates that not everything is normal in the relations between citizens and society. We are afraid to go out in the evening; we are constantly threatened by scammers from social networks. Entering life, we are already frightened by the dangers that this unkind and sometimes downright evil world threatens. How to live your life according to your plan? How not to break under the blows of fate?
In the famous comedy by A.S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit,” the main character Alexander Andreevich Chatsky, endowed with intelligence and free-thinking, an open and honest person, finds himself in the hostile environment of “Famus society.” Having lived away for three years, meeting, obviously, the smartest people of his time, reading many books, he believes that society is moving forward thanks to progress. He expresses his ideas directly, expecting to find like-minded people in an environment familiar from childhood. However, everything is so simple. Progress did not affect representatives of Moscow's high society, who were frozen in their development. They remain adherents of the rules that guided their grandfathers; they believe that “there is honor between father and son” and “he who is poor is... not a couple.” In this world, they make a choice in favor of wealth rather than love: “... be inferior, but if there are three thousand souls, that’s the groom.” Their home is open “to those invited and uninvited, especially those from abroad.” These postulates allow the flattering and narrow-minded Molchalins to make a career, and maybe even enter a rich family, thanks to their flexibility and ability to please!
As a result, society declares Chatsky crazy because it does not want to accept his impartial accusations. Chatsky is being driven out of this circle, although he is right in many ways. Leaving Famusov’s house, permeated with lies and hypocrisy, the hero leaves, carrying away “a million torments,” crushed by arrogance, he remains true to his convictions, although his heart is broken.
The hero of another classic work, Eugene Onegin, despises society. In the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin, three circles of the nobility are shown: local, Moscow and St. Petersburg high society. Onegin is not shown only in Moscow. How are his relationships in these circles? The St. Petersburg society immediately accepted Onegin, thanks to his ability to “bow at ease,” speak perfect French and his ability to dance. “What else? Light decided that he was smart and very nice!” Yes, St. Petersburg society does not tolerate only open flattery and ridiculous imitation. Here Onegin feels quite comfortable. His relationship with the local nobility is completely different. Already at the very beginning, the young rake with all his behavior shows disrespect for the guests who are trying to visit him. On Tatyana’s name day, he draws cartoons of primitive provincials on napkins. He doesn't care about the opinion of this society. But he, afraid of being condemned by these people, accepts Lensky’s challenge to a duel, instead of sobering up his young friend and preventing the murder. Thus, the absurd fear of being condemned by society turns into a tragedy for Onegin.
Society can affect anyone's life. No one is immune from discussions, condemnation and all kinds of gossip. We can all find ourselves in a hopeless situation, and a lot depends on how society behaves. His influence cannot be ignored.
Personally, I believe that it is impossible to abstract ourselves from society while being a human being, that is, a biosocial being. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin himself said this. One way or another, we are all born into society. We are also dying in society. We have no choice, everything is already predetermined before we are born, before we have the opportunity to choose. But in everyone’s hands is their future and, possibly, the future of the people around them.
So can one single person change society?
Personally, I believe that nothing is impossible, that absolutely any person can achieve something and then control the masses, thereby deforming society and the social system. But if you are very poor, unknown, uneducated, then it will be very difficult for you to change anything without making a huge effort. Thinking about the question of this essay, I immediately remembered several works of art in which the problem of the relationship between man and society is raised.
Thus, the main character of Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons,” Evgeny Bazarov, is a vivid example of a person who goes against society, against the established foundations in this very society.
As his comrade Arkady said: “He is a nihilist.” This means that Bazarov rejects everything, i.e. he is a skeptic. Despite this, he is unable to come up with anything new. Evgeny is one of those people who only criticize, attracting more and more people to his views, but without any specific, alternative ideas and views. Thus, as we see throughout the novel, Bazarov only argues with the older generation, without saying anything concrete in return. His job is to deny, but others will “build.” As we see in this example, Bazarov fails to change society - he dies at the end of the novel. Personally, I think that the main character was ahead of his time, born when no one was ready for change.
In addition, let us remember the novel “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky. The main character of this work, Rodion Raskolnikov, develops his own theory about “trembling creatures” and “those who have the right.” According to it, all people in the world are divided into “lower” and “higher”. The former can be killed by the latter without any consequences or punishment. The main character cannot be one hundred percent sure of it, which is why he decides to check it himself. He kills the old pawnbroker, thinking that this will only make things better for everyone. As a result, for a long time after the murder the hero is tormented by mental anguish and conscience, after which Rodion confesses to the crime and receives his second punishment. In this example, we see how the main character had his own idea, a theory that did not spread among people and died in the head of its creator. Rodion could not even overcome himself, so he could not change society in any way.
Reflecting on the problem of this essay, I came to the conclusion that one person cannot change the entire society. And the examples given from the literature helped me with this.
Updated: 2017-10-25
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All arguments for the final essay in the direction of "Man and Society".
Man in a totalitarian society.
A person in a totalitarian society, as a rule, is deprived of even those freedoms that are given to everyone from birth. For example, the heroes of E. Zamyatin’s novel “We” are people devoid of individuality. In the world described by the author, there is no place for freedom, love, true art, or family. The reasons for this arrangement lie in the fact that a totalitarian state implies unquestioning submission, and for this it is necessary to deprive people of everything. Such people are easier to manage; they will not protest and question what the state tells them.
In a totalitarian world, a person is trampled by the machine of the state, grinds all his dreams and desires, and subordinates him to its plans. A person's life is worth nothing. But one of the important levers of control is ideology. All residents of the United State serve one main mission - to send the Integral spaceship to tell about their ideal structure. Mechanically verified art and free love deprive a person of genuine connections with others like him. Such a person can completely calmly betray anyone who is next to him.
The main character of the novel D-503 is horrified to discover a terrible illness: he has developed a soul. It was as if he had woken up from a long sleep, fell in love with a woman, and wanted to change something in the unjust system. After that, he became dangerous for the totalitarian state, because he undermined the usual order and disrupted the plans of the head of state, the Benefactor.
This work shows the tragic fate of an individual in a totalitarian society and warns that a person’s individuality, his soul, his family are the most important things in everyone’s life. If a person is deprived of all this, then he will turn into a soulless machine, submissive, not knowing happiness, ready to die for the sake of the unsightly goals of the state.
Social norms. Why are social norms and orders needed? What does violating social norms lead to?
Norms are rules that exist to maintain order in society. What are they for? The answer is simple: in order to regulate relations between people. There is one very famous saying, it says: the freedom of one person begins where the freedom of another begins. So social norms serve precisely to ensure that no one can encroach on the freedom of another person. If people begin to violate generally accepted rules, then a person will begin to destroy his own kind and the world around him.
Thus, the novel “Lord of the Flies” by W. Golding tells the story of a group of boys who find themselves on a desert island. Since there was not a single adult among them, they had to arrange their own lives. There were two candidates for the leadership position: Jack and Ralph. Ralph was chosen by vote and immediately proposed establishing a set of rules. For example, he wanted to divide responsibilities: half of the guys should look after the fire, half should hunt. However, not everyone was happy about the order: over time, society splits into two camps - those who personify reason, law and order (Piggy, Ralph, Simon), and those who represent the blind force of destruction (Jack, Roger and other hunters).
After some time, most of the guys find themselves in Jack's camp, where there are no norms. A pack of crazy boys shouting “cut your throat” mistake Simon for an animal in the dark and kill him. Piggy becomes the next victim of the atrocities. Children are becoming less and less like people. Even the rescue at the end of the novel looks tragic: the guys were unable to create a full-fledged society and lost two comrades. It's all due to the lack of standards of behavior. The anarchy of Jack and his “tribesmen” led to a terrible result, although everything could have turned out differently.
Is society responsible for every person? Why should society help the disadvantaged? What is equality in society?
Equality in society should concern all people. Unfortunately, in real life this is unattainable. Thus, in M. Gorky’s play “At the Lower Depths” the focus is on people who find themselves “on the sidelines” of life. The company consists of a hereditary thief, a card sharper, a prostitute, a drunken actor and many others. These people are forced to live in a shelter for various reasons. Many of them have already lost hope for a bright future. But are these people pitiable? It seems that they themselves are to blame for their troubles. However, a new hero appears in the shelter - old man Luka, who shows sympathy for them, his speeches have a strong effect on the inhabitants of the shelter. Luke gives people hope that they can choose their own path in life, that all is not lost. Life in the shelter changes: the actor stops drinking and seriously thinks about returning to the stage, Vaska Pepel discovers a desire for honest work, Nastya and Anna dream of a better life. Soon Luka leaves, leaving the unfortunate inhabitants of the shelter with their dreams. His departure is associated with the collapse of their hopes, the fire in their soul goes out again, they cease to believe in their strength. The climax of the moment is the suicide of the Actor, who has lost all faith in a life different from this one. Of course, Luke lied to people out of pity. A lie, even for salvation, cannot solve all problems, but his arrival showed us that these people dream of changing, they did not choose this path. Society should help those who need help. We are responsible for every person. Among those who find themselves on the “day of life” there are many people who want to change their lives, they just need a little help and understanding.
What is tolerance?
Tolerance is a multifaceted concept. Many people do not understand the true meaning of this word, narrowing it down. The basis of tolerance is the right to expression of thoughts and personal freedom of every person: both children and adults. To be tolerant means to be caring, but not to show aggression, but to be tolerant of people with different worldviews, customs and traditions. Conflict in an intolerant society is the basis of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. The story is told on behalf of a nine-year-old girl, the daughter of a lawyer defending a black guy. Tom is accused of a brutal crime that he did not commit. Not only the court, but also local residents are against the young man and want to carry out reprisals against him. Fortunately, lawyer Atticus is able to look at the situation sensibly. He defends the accused to the last, tries to prove his innocence in court, and rejoices at every step that brings him closer to victory. Despite substantial evidence of Tom's innocence, the jury convicts him. This means only one thing: the intolerant attitude of society cannot be changed even with weighty arguments. Faith in justice is completely undermined when Tom is killed while trying to escape. The writer shows us how much the opinion of an individual is influenced by public consciousness.
By his actions, Atticus puts himself and his children in a dangerous position, but still does not give up the truth.
Harper Lee described a small town at the beginning of the 20th century, but, unfortunately, this problem does not depend on geography and time, it is deep inside a person. There will always be people who are different from others, so tolerance must be learned, only then will people be able to live in peace with each other.
What kind of person can be called dangerous to society?
A person is part of society, so he can succumb to its influence or influence it. A person dangerous to society can be called one who, by his actions or words, violates laws, including moral ones. So, in the novel by D.M. Dostoevsky has such heroes. Of course, first of all, everyone remembers Raskolnikov, whose theory led to the death of several people and made his loved ones unhappy. But Rodion paid for his actions, he was sent to Siberia, while Svidrigailov was not accused of crimes. This vicious, dishonest man knew how to pretend and appear decent. Under the mask of decency was a murderer, on whose conscience were the lives of several people. Another character dangerous for people is Luzhin, a fan of the theory of individualism. This theory says: everyone should take care only of themselves, then society will be happy. However, his theory is not as harmless as it seems at first glance. In essence, he justifies any crime in the name of personal benefit. Despite the fact that Luzhin did not kill anyone, he unfairly accused Sonya Marmeladova of theft, thereby putting himself on a par with Rakolnikov and Svidrigailov. His actions can be called dangerous for society. The described characters are a little similar in their theories, because they believe that for the sake of “good” one can commit a bad act. However, crimes cannot be justified by good intentions; evil only gives rise to evil.
Do you agree with the statement of G.K. Lichtenberg: “In every person there is something of all people.”
Of course, everyone is different. Everyone has their own temperament, character, destiny. However, in my opinion, there is something that unites us - the ability to dream. M. Gorky's play “At the Bottom” shows the life of people who have forgotten how to dream; they simply live their lives day after day, not understanding the meaning of their existence. These unfortunate inhabitants of the shelter are at the “bottom” of life, where no ray of hope breaks through. At first glance, it may seem that they have nothing in common with other people; they are all thieves and drunkards, dishonest people who are only capable of meanness. But reading page after page, you can see that everyone’s life was once different, but circumstances drove them to the Kostylevs’ shelter, who themselves were not far from the guests. With the arrival of a new tenant, Luka, everything changes. He feels sorry for them, and this warmth awakens a glimmer of hope. The residents of the shelter remember their dreams and goals: Vaska Pepel wants to move to Siberia and live an honest life, the Actor wants to return to the stage, even stops drinking, the dying Anna, tired of suffering on earth, is encouraged by the thought that after death she will find peace. Unfortunately, the heroes' dreams are crushed when Luka leaves. In reality, they did nothing to change their situation. However, the very fact that they wanted to change cannot but rejoice. The night shelters have not ceased to be people, despite the trials that befell them in life, and somewhere in the depths of their souls live ordinary people who simply want to enjoy life. Thus, the ability to throw unites such different people who, by the will of fate, find themselves in one place.
Onegin's personality was formed in the St. Petersburg secular environment. In the prehistory, Pushkin noted the social factors that influenced the character of Eugene: belonging to the highest stratum of the nobility, the usual upbringing, training for this circle, the first steps in the world, the experience of a “monotonous and motley” life, the life of a “free nobleman” not burdened with service - vain, carefree, full of entertainment and romance novels.
Conflict between man and society. How does society influence a person? What is the conflict between man and society? Is it difficult to maintain individuality in a team? Why is it important to maintain individuality?
Onegin's character and life are shown in motion. Already in the first chapter you can see how a bright, extraordinary personality suddenly emerged from a faceless crowd that demanded unconditional obedience.
Onegin's seclusion - his undeclared conflict with the world and with the society of noble landowners - only at first glance seems to be a quirk caused by “boredom”, disappointment in the “science of tender passion”. Pushkin emphasizes that Onegin’s “inimitable strangeness” is a kind of protest against social and spiritual dogmas that suppress a person’s personality, depriving him of the right to be himself.
The emptiness of the hero’s soul was a consequence of the emptiness and emptiness of secular life. is looking for new spiritual values, a new path: in St. Petersburg and in the countryside, he diligently reads books, communicates with a few like-minded people (the author and Lensky). In the village, he even tries to change the order, replacing corvee with light rent.
Dependence on public opinion. Is it possible to become free from public opinion? Is it possible to live in society and be free from it? Confirm or refute Stahl’s statement: “We cannot be sure of our behavior or our well-being when we make it dependent on people’s opinions.” Why is it important to maintain individuality?
Often a person finds himself deeply dependent on public opinion. Sometimes you have to go a long way to free yourself from the shackles of society.
Onegin's search for new life truths lasted for many years and remained unfinished. frees himself from old ideas about life, but the past does not let him go. It seems that you are the master of your life, but this is only an illusion. All his life he is haunted by mental laziness and cold skepticism, as well as dependence on public opinion. However, it is difficult to call Onegin a victim of society. By changing his lifestyle, he accepted responsibility for his destiny. His further failures in life can no longer be justified by dependence on society.
What is the conflict between man and society? What happens to a person cut off from society?
Do you agree that society shapes a person?
A conflict between a person and society appears when a strong, bright personality cannot obey the rules of society. So, Gregory, the main mountain of the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” is an extraordinary personality who challenges moral laws. He is the “hero” of his generation, having absorbed its worst vices. The young officer, endowed with a sharp mind and attractive appearance, treats the people around him with disdain and boredom; they seem pitiful and funny to him. He feels useless. In vain attempts to find himself, he brings only suffering to people who care about him. At first glance, it may seem that Pechorin is an extremely negative character, but, consistently plunging into the thoughts and feelings of the hero, we see that it is not only he himself who is to blame, but also the society that gave birth to him. In his own way, he is drawn to people, unfortunately, society rejects his best impulses. In the chapter “Princess Mary” you can see several such episodes. The friendly relationship between Pechorin and Grushnitsky turns into rivalry and enmity. Grushnitsky, suffering from wounded pride, acts vilely: he shoots at an unarmed man and wounds him in the leg. However, even after the shot, Pechorin gives Grushnitsky a chance to act with dignity, he is ready to forgive him, he wants an apology, but the latter’s pride turns out to be stronger. Dr. Werner, who plays the role of his second, is almost the only person who understands Pechorin. But even he, having learned about the publicity of the duel, does not support the main character, only advises him to leave the city. Human pettiness and hypocrisy harden Gregory, making him incapable of love and friendship. Thus, Pechorin’s conflict with society was that the main character refused to pretend and hide his vices, like a mirror showing a portrait of the entire generation, for which society rejected him.
Can a person exist outside of society? There is safety in numbers?
A person cannot exist outside of society. Being a social creature, man needs people. Thus, the hero of the novel M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" Grigory Pechorin comes into conflict with society. He does not accept the laws by which society lives, feeling falsehood and pretense. However, he cannot live without people, and, without noticing it, he instinctively reaches out to those around him. Not believing in friendship, he becomes close to Dr. Werner, and while playing with Mary’s feelings, he begins to realize with horror that he is falling in love with the girl. The main character deliberately pushes away people who care about him, justifying his behavior with his love of freedom. Pechorin does not understand that he needs people even more than they need him. Its ending is sad: a young officer dies alone on the road from Persia, having never found the meaning of his existence. In pursuit of satisfying his needs, he lost his vitality.
Man and society (how does society influence a person?) How does fashion influence a person? How do social factors influence the formation of personality?
Society has always dictated its own rules and laws of behavior. Sometimes these laws are simply wild, as we can observe in O. Henry's story "". “A savage of our day, born and raised in the wigwams of the Manhattan tribe,” Mr. Chandler tried to live according to the laws of a society where the main criterion for assessing a person was “meeting by clothes.” In such a society, everyone tried to show others that he was worthy of being in high society, poverty was considered a vice, and wealth was considered an achievement. It didn’t matter how this wealth was achieved, the main thing was to “show off.” Pretense, vanity and hypocrisy reigned around. The ridiculousness of such laws of society is shown by O. Henry, showing the “failure” of the main character. He missed out on the opportunity to be loved by a beautiful girl just because he tried to prove himself to be something he was not.
What is the role of personality in history?Can a personality change history? Does society need leaders?
The higher a person stands on the rungs of the social ladder, the more obvious is the predetermination and inevitability of his fate.
Tolstoy comes to the conclusion that “the tsar is a slave of history.” Tolstoy's contemporary historian Bogdanovich primarily pointed to the decisive role of Alexander the First in the victory over Napoleon, and completely discounted the role of the people and Kutuzov. Tolstoy’s goal was to debunk the role of the kings and show the role of the masses and the people’s commander Kutuzov. The writer reflects in the novel the moments of Kutuzov’s inaction. This is explained by the fact that Kutuzov cannot dispose of historical events at his own will. But he is given the opportunity to understand the actual course of events in which he participates. Kutuzov cannot understand the world-historical meaning of the war of 12, but he is aware of the significance of this event for his people, that is, he can be a conscious guide to the course of history. Kutuzov himself is close to the people, he feels the spirit of the army and can control this great force (Kutuzov’s main task during the Battle of Borodino was to raise the spirit of the army). Napoleon lacks understanding of the events taking place; he is a pawn in the hands of history. The image of Napoleon represents extreme individualism and selfishness. The selfish Napoleon acts like a blind man. He is not a great man; he cannot determine the moral meaning of an event due to his own limitations.
How does society influence the formation of goals?
From the very beginning of the story, all the thoughts of Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya and her son are directed towards one thing - the arrangement of their material well-being. For this sake, Anna Mikhailovna does not disdain either humiliating begging, or the use of brute force (the scene with the mosaic briefcase), or intrigue, etc. At first, Boris tries to resist his mother's will, but over time he realizes that the laws of the society in which they live are subject to only one rule - the one with power and money is right. Boris begins to “make a career.” He is not interested in serving the Fatherland; he prefers serving in those places where he can quickly move up the career ladder with minimal impact. For him there are neither sincere feelings (rejection of Natasha) nor sincere friendship (coldness towards the Rostovs, who did a lot for him). He even subordinates his marriage to this goal (description of his “melancholy service” with Julie Karagina, declaration of love to her through disgust, etc.). In the war of 12, Boris sees only court and staff intrigues and is only concerned with how to turn this to his advantage. Julie and Boris are quite happy with each other: Julie is flattered by the presence of a handsome husband who has made a brilliant career; Boris needs her money.
Can a person influence society?
A person can undoubtedly influence society, especially if he is a strong, strong-willed person. The main character of the novel I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is an excellent example that confirms my position. He denies social foundations, strives to “clear a place” for a future, properly organized life, and believes that the old rules are not needed in the new world. Bazarov comes into conflict with representatives of the “old” society - the Kirsanov brothers, whose main difference is that they both live in the world of feelings. Evgeny denies these feelings and ridicules them in others. Accustomed to struggling with everyday difficulties, he is unable to understand either Pavel Petrovich or Nikolai Petrovich. Bazarov does not obey social laws, he simply denies them. For Evgeniy, the possibility of unlimited personal freedom is indisputable: the “nihilist” is convinced that in his decisions aimed at remaking his life, a person is not morally bound by anything. However, he does not even try to change society, he does not have any plan of action. Despite this, his exceptional energy, strength of character and courage are infectious. His ideas become attractive to many representatives of the younger generation, both the noble class and the class of commoners. At the end of the work, we see how the ideals of the main character are crumbling, but even death is not able to stop the power that he and others like him awakened.
What does inequality in society lead to? Do you agree with the statement: “Inequality humiliates people and creates disagreement and hatred among them”? What kind of person can be called dangerous to society?
Inequality in society leads to a split in that very society. A striking example confirming my position is the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The main character of the work, Bazarov, is a representative of the commoner class. Unlike all nobles, he has the nature of an activist and fighter. Through tireless work he acquired fundamental knowledge in the natural sciences. Accustomed to relying only on his own mind and energy, he despises people who received everything only by birthright. The main character stands for a decisive break in the entire state and economic system of Russia. Bazarov is not alone in his thoughts; these ideas are beginning to dominate the minds of many people, even representatives of the nobility, who are beginning to realize the problems that are brewing in society. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, Evgeniy’s opponent in the dispute between the warring parties, calls people like him ignorant “morons” who do not have popular support; he believes that their number is “four and a half people.” However, at the end of the work, Pavel Petrovich leaves Russia, thereby retreating from public life, admitting his defeat. He is unable to fight the spirit of revolutionary populism, with its hatred of the existing order. Representatives of the “traditional way” of life can no longer deny the existence of a problem, the split has already occurred, and the only question is how the warring parties will coexist in the new world.
In what situations does a person feel lonely in society? Can an individual win a fight against society? Is it difficult to defend your interests before society?
A person may feel lonelier when surrounded by people than when alone. This happens if the feelings, actions and way of thinking of such a person differ from the generally accepted norm. Some people adapt, and their loneliness is not noticeable, while others cannot come to terms with this state of affairs. Such a person is the main character of the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". smart, but he is characterized by excessive ardor and self-confidence. He excitedly defends his position, which turns everyone present against him, they even declare him crazy. It cannot be said that he is surrounded by stupid people. However, Famusov and the characters in his circle represent the ability to adapt to existing living conditions and extract maximum material benefit from them. but he feels lonely in a society of people who live by such laws and are capable of making a deal with their conscience. The caustic remarks of the main character cannot make people think that they may be wrong; on the contrary, they turn everyone against him. Thus, what makes a person lonely is his difference from others, his refusal to live according to the established rules of society.
How does society treat people who are very different from it? Can an individual win a fight against society?
Society rejects people who are different from it in one way or another. This happens to the main character of the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". Unable to put up with the norms of public life, he pours out his indignation at the “rotten society of insignificant people”, boldly expresses his position in relation to serfdom, government, service, education and upbringing. But those around him do not understand or do not want to understand him. It’s easiest to ignore people like this, which is what Famus society does, accusing him of madness. His thoughts are dangerous for their usual way of life. Having agreed with the position in life, those around you will either have to admit that they are scoundrels or change. Neither one nor the other is acceptable to them, so the easiest way is to recognize such a person as insane and continue to enjoy their usual way of life.
How do you understand the phrase “little man”? Do you agree that society shapes a person? Do you agree with the statement: “Inequality degrades people”? Can any person be called a person? Do you agree that “there is nothing more dangerous in society than a person without character?
The main character of the story A.P. Chekhov's "Death of an Official" Chervyakov exposes himself to humiliation and demonstrates a complete rejection of human dignity. Evil is presented in the story not in the form of a general who brought a person to such a state. The general is depicted in the work quite neutrally: he only reacts to the actions of another character. The problem of the little man is not with evil people, it is much deeper. Reverence and servility have become such a habit that people themselves are ready to defend their right to demonstrate respect and their insignificance at the cost of their lives. Chervyakov suffers not from humiliation, but from the fact that he fears an incorrect interpretation of his actions, from the fact that he may be suspected of disrespect for those who are higher in rank. “Do I dare laugh? If we laugh, then there will be no respect for people... there will be..."
How does society influence a person's opinion? Can any person be called a person? Do you agree that “there is nothing more dangerous in society than a person without character?
Society, or rather the structure of society, plays a decisive role in the behavior of many people. A striking example of a person who thinks and acts according to the standard is the hero of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "Chameleon".
We usually call a chameleon a person who is ready to constantly and instantly, to please circumstances, change his views to the exact opposite. For the main character in life, there is the most important rule: the interests of those in power are above all. The main character, who adheres to this rule, finds himself in a comical situation. Having witnessed a violation, he must take action and fine the owner of the dog that bit the person. During the proceedings, it turns out that the dog may belong to the general. Throughout the story, the answer to the question (“whose dog?”) changes five or six times, and the reaction of the police officer changes the same number of times. We don’t even see the general in the work, but his presence is felt physically, his mention plays the role of a decisive argument. The effect of power and force is more clearly revealed in the behavior of subordinate figures. They are the guardians of this system. The Chameleon has a conviction that determines all his actions, his understanding of “order”, which must be protected with all his might. Thus, we can conclude that society has a huge influence on a person’s opinion; moreover, a person who blindly believes in the rules of such a society is a building block of the system, preventing the vicious circle from breaking.
The problem of confrontation between personality and power. What kind of person can be called dangerous to society?
M.Yu. Lermontov. "A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov."
Conflict in “Song...” M.Yu. Lermontov takes place between Kalashnikov, whose image reflected the best features of a representative of the people, and the autocratic government in the person of Ivan the Terrible and Kiribeevich. Ivan the Terrible himself violates the rules of fist fighting that he himself announced: “Whoever beats someone will be rewarded by the Tsar, and whoever is beaten will be forgiven by God,” and he himself executes Kalashnikov. In the work we see the struggle of a sensible individual for his rights, impossible for the era of Ivan the Terrible, defending his interests in the name of justice. This struggle is not only between Kalashnikov and Kiribeevich. Kiribeevich violates the general human law, and Kalashnikov speaks on behalf of the entire “Christian people” “for the holy mother truth.”
Why is an individual dangerous for the state? Do the interests of society always correspond to the interests of the state? Can a person devote his life to the interests of society?
The Master's novel, which is a story about the duel between the beggar philosopher Yeshua Ha-Nozri and the powerful procurator of Judea Pontius Pilate. Ha-Notsri is the ideologist of goodness, justice, conscience, and the procurator is the idea of statehood.
Ha-Nozri, with his preaching of universal human values, love for one's neighbor, and personal freedom, in the opinion of Pontius Pilate, undermines the sole power of Caesar and thereby turns out to be more dangerous than the murderer of Barrabas. Pontius Pilate sympathizes with Yeshua, he even makes weak attempts to save him from execution, but nothing more. Pontius Pilate turns out to be pitiful and weak, afraid of the informer Caiaphas, afraid of losing the power of the governor of Judea and for this he paid with “twelve thousand moons of repentance and remorse.” calls it “Oblomovism.”
Life for Oblomovites is “silence and imperturbable calm,” which, unfortunately, are sometimes disturbed by troubles. It is especially important to emphasize that among the troubles, on a par with “illnesses, losses, quarrels,” labor is for them: “They endured labor as a punishment imposed on our forefathers, but they could not love. Thus, Oblomov’s inertia, lazy vegetation in a dressing gown on the sofa of his St. Petersburg apartment in Goncharov’s novel are fully generated and motivated by the social and everyday way of life of the patriarchal landowner.
FIPI comment: "For topics in this direction, the view of a person as a representative of society is relevant. Society largely shapes the individual, but the individual is also capable of influencing society. The topics will allow us to consider the problem of the individual and society from different sides: from the point of view of their harmonious interaction, complex confrontation or irreconcilable conflict. It is equally important to think about the conditions under which a person must obey social laws, and society must take into account the interests of each person. Literature has always shown interest in the problem of the relationship between man and society, the creative or destructive consequences of this interaction for the individual and for human civilization." .
So, let's try to figure out from what positions these two concepts can be viewed.
1. Personality and society (in agreement or in opposition). Within this subsection, you can talk about the following topics: Man as part of society. The impossibility of human existence outside of society. Independence of judgment of an individual. The influence of society on a person’s decisions, the influence of public opinion on a person’s tastes, his life position. Confrontation or conflict between society and an individual. A person’s desire to become special, original. Contrasting human interests with the interests of society. The ability to devote one’s life to the interests of society, philanthropy and misanthropy. The influence of the individual on society. The place of a person in society. The attitude of a person to society, to his own kind.
2. Social norms and laws, morality. The responsibility of a person to society and society to a person for everything that happens and the future. A person's decision to accept or reject the laws of the society in which he lives, to follow the norms or to break the laws.
3. Man and society in historical, state terms. The role of personality in history. The connection between time and society. Evolution of society.
4. Man and society in a totalitarian state. Erasing individuality in society. The indifference of society to its future and a bright personality capable of fighting the system. The contrast between the “crowd” and the “individual” in a totalitarian regime. Diseases of society. Alcoholism, drug addiction, lack of tolerance, cruelty and crime.
HUMAN- a term used in two main senses: biological and social. In a biological sense, man is a representative of the species Homo sapiens, the family of hominids, the order of primates, the class of mammals - the highest stage of development of organic life on Earth.
In a social sense a person is a being that arose in a collective, reproduces and develops in a collective. Historically established norms of law, morality, everyday life, rules of thinking and language, aesthetic tastes, etc. shape human behavior and mind, make an individual a representative of a certain way of life, culture and psychology. A person is an elementary unit of various groups and communities, including ethnic groups, states, etc., where he acts as an individual. “Human rights” recognized in international organizations and in the legislation of states are, first of all, individual rights.
Synonyms for "Man": face, personality, person, individual, individuality, soul, unit, biped, human being, individual, king of nature, someone, working unit.
SOCIETY- in a broad sense - a large group of people united by a common goal with stable social boundaries. The term society can be applied to all of humanity (human society), to the historical stage of development of all of humanity or its individual parts (slave society, feudal society, etc. (see Socio-economic formation), to the inhabitants of the state (American society, Russian society, etc.) and to individual organizations of people (sports society, geographical society, etc.).
Sociological concepts of society differed primarily in their interpretation of the nature of the compatibility of human existence and in their explanation of the principle of the formation of social ties. O. Comte saw such a principle in the division of functions (labor) and in solidarity, E. Durkheim - in cultural artifacts, which he called “collective representations.” M. Weber called mutually oriented, i.e. social, actions of people the unifying principle. Structural functionalism considered social norms and values to be the basis of the social system. K. Marx and F. Engels considered the development of society as a natural historical process of changing socio-economic formations, which are based on a certain method of people’s production activity. Its specificity is determined by production relations independent of people’s consciousness, corresponding to the achieved level of productive forces. On the basis of these objective, material relations, systems of corresponding social and political institutions, ideological relations, and forms of consciousness are built. Thanks to this understanding, each socio-economic formation appears as an integral concrete historical social organism, characterized by its economic and social structure, value-normative system of social regulation, characteristics and spiritual life.
The current stage of development of society is characterized by an increase in integration processes against the background of an increasing diversity of economic, political and ideological forms. Scientific, technical and social progress, having resolved some contradictions, gave rise to others, even more acute ones, and confronted human civilization with global problems, on the solution of which the very existence of society and the paths of its further development depend.
Synonyms for "Society": society, people, community, herd; crowd; public, environment, environment, public, humanity, light, human race, human race, brotherhood, brethren, gang, group.
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