Italian Renaissance architecture presentation for a lesson on the Moscow Art Gallery (grade 10) on the topic. Presentation "Renaissance. Renaissance" Architectural appearance of Rome during the High Renaissance presentation

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Slide text: Proto-Renaissance The Proto-Renaissance is closely connected with the Middle Ages, with Romanesque, Gothic traditions; this period was the preparation for the Renaissance. This period is divided into two sub-periods: before the death of Giotto di Bondone and after (1337). Major discoveries, the brightest masters live and work in the first period. The second segment is associated with the plague epidemic that struck Italy. All discoveries were made on an intuitive level. At the end of the 13th century, the main temple building was erected in Florence - the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, the author was Arnolfo di Cambio, then the work was continued by Giotto, who designed the campanile of the Florence Cathedral. Benozzo Gozzoli depicted the adoration of the Magi as a solemn procession of the Medici courtiers

Slide text: Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, author: Arnolfo di Cambio

Slide text: The earliest art of the proto-Renaissance appeared in sculpture (Niccolò and Giovanni Pisano, Arnolfo di Cambio, Andrea Pisano). Painting is represented by two art schools: Florence (Cimabue, Giotto) and Siena (Duccio, Simone Martini). Giotto became the central figure of painting. Renaissance artists considered him a reformer of painting. Giotto outlined the path along which its development took place: filling religious forms with secular content, a gradual transition from flat images to three-dimensional and relief ones, an increase in realism, introduced the plastic volume of figures into painting, and depicted the interior in painting.

Slide text: Secular centers of science and art began to emerge in cities, the activities of which were outside the control of the church. The new worldview turned to antiquity, seeing in it an example of humanistic, non-ascetic relations. The invention of printing in the mid-15th century played a huge role in the spread of ancient heritage and new views throughout Europe. The Renaissance arose in Italy, where its first signs were noticeable back in the 13th and 14th centuries (in the activities of the Pisano, Giotto, Orcagna families, etc.), but it was firmly established only in the 20s of the 15th century. In France, Germany and other countries this movement began much later. By the end of the 15th century it reached its peak. In the 16th century, a crisis of Renaissance ideas was brewing, resulting in the emergence of Mannerism and Baroque.

Slide text: Periods of the Italian Renaissance Proto-Renaissance (2nd half of the 13th century - 14th century) Early Renaissance (1410/1425 of the 15th century - end of the 15th century) High Renaissance (late 15th - first 20 years of the 16th century) Late Renaissance (mid-16th century) - 90s of the 16th century) Northern Renaissance - 16th century

Slide text: General characteristics A new cultural paradigm arose as a result of fundamental changes in social relations in Europe. The growth of city-republics led to an increase in the influence of classes that did not participate in feudal relations: artisans and craftsmen, merchants, bankers. Was alien to all of them hierarchical system values ​​created by medieval, largely ecclesiastical culture, and its ascetic, humble spirit. This led to the emergence of humanism - a socio-philosophical movement that considered a person, his personality, his freedom, his active, creative activity as the highest value and criterion for evaluating public institutions.

Slide text: Renaissance Renaissance

Slide text: Renaissance, or Renaissance, is an era in the cultural history of Europe, which replaced the culture of the Middle Ages and preceded the culture of modern times. Approximate chronological framework era - the beginning of the 14th - the last quarter of the 16th centuries and in some cases - the first decades of the 17th century (for example, in England and, especially, in Spain). Distinctive feature Renaissance - the secular nature of culture and its anthropocentrism (that is, interest, first of all, in man and his activities). Interest in ancient culture appears, its “revival,” as it were, occurs - and this is how the term appeared.

Slide text: In Southern Europe, the Counter-Reformation triumphed, which looked warily at any free thought, including the glorification of the human body and the resurrection of the ideals of antiquity as the cornerstones of Renaissance ideology. Worldview contradictions and a general feeling of crisis resulted in Florence in the “nervous” art of contrived colors and broken lines - mannerism. Mannerism reached Parma, where Correggio worked, only after the artist’s death in 1534. The artistic traditions of Venice had their own logic of development; until the end of the 1570s. Titian and Palladio worked there, whose work had little in common with the crisis in the art of Florence and Rome

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Slide text: Late Renaissance The Late Renaissance in Italy covers the period from the 1530s to the 1590s-1620s. Some researchers also consider the 1630s to be part of the Late Renaissance, but this position is controversial among art critics and historians. The art and culture of this time are so diverse in their manifestations that it is possible to reduce them to one denominator only with a large degree of convention. For example, the Encyclopedia Britannica writes that "The Renaissance as a coherent historical period ended with the fall of Rome in 1527."

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Slide text: Antiquity is now studied more thoroughly, reproduced with greater rigor and consistency; calm and dignity replace the playful beauty that was the aspiration of the previous period; memories of the medieval completely disappear, and a completely classical imprint falls on all creations of art. But imitation of the ancients does not drown out their independence in artists, and they, with great resourcefulness and vividness of imagination, freely rework and apply to their work what they consider appropriate to borrow for themselves from ancient Greco-Roman art.

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Slide text: “Vatican Pieta” by Michelangelo (1499): in the traditional religious plot, simple human feelings are brought to the fore - maternal love and sorrow

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Slide text: High Renaissance The third period of the Renaissance - the time of the most magnificent development of its style - is usually called the “High Renaissance”. It extends in Italy from approximately 1500 to 1527. At this time, the center of influence of Italian art from Florence moved to Rome, thanks to the accession to the papal throne of Julius II - an ambitious, courageous and enterprising man, who attracted the best artists of Italy to his court, occupied them with numerous and important works and gave others an example of love for art . Under this Pope and under his immediate successors, Rome becomes, as it were, the new Athens of the time of Pericles: many monumental buildings are built there, magnificent sculptural works are created, frescoes and paintings are painted, which are still considered the pearls of painting; at the same time, all three branches of art harmoniously go hand in hand, helping one another and mutually influencing each other.

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Slide text: Benozzo Gozzoli depicted the adoration of the Magi as a solemn procession of the Medici courtiers

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Slide text: While art in Italy was already decisively following the path of imitation of classical antiquity, in other countries it long adhered to the traditions of the Gothic style. North of the Alps, and also in Spain, the Renaissance does not begin until the end of the 15th century, and its early period lasts until approximately the middle of the next century.

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Slide text: The Creation of Adam, bas-relief of Giotto's Campanile The Kiss of Judas

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Slide text: Early Renaissance The period of the so-called “Early Renaissance” covers the period from 1420 to 1500 in Italy. During these eighty years, art has not yet completely abandoned the traditions of the recent past, but has tried to mix into them elements borrowed from classical antiquity. Only later, and only little by little, under the influence of increasingly changing conditions of life and culture, do artists completely abandon medieval foundations and boldly use examples of ancient art, both in the general concept of their works and in their details.

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Slide text: Art of the Renaissance Renaissance painting is characterized by the artist’s professional gaze turning to nature, to the laws of anatomy, life perspective, the action of light and other identical natural phenomena. Renaissance artists, painting pictures of traditional religious themes, began to use new artistic techniques: constructing a three-dimensional composition, using the landscape as a plot element in the background. This allowed them to make the images more realistic and animated, which showed a sharp difference between their work and the previous iconographic tradition, replete with conventions in the image.

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Slide text: “The School of Athens” - the most famous fresco by Raphael (1509-10)

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Slide text: Literature of the Renaissance The true founder of the Renaissance in literature is considered to be the Italian poet Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), who truly revealed the essence of the people of that time in his work called “Comedy,” which would later be called the “Divine Comedy.” The literature of the Renaissance was based on two traditions: folk poetry and “book” ancient literature, so it often combined the rational principle with poetic fiction, and comic genres gained great popularity. This was manifested in the most significant literary monuments of the era: Boccaccio's Decameron, Cervantes' Don Quixote, and Francois Rabelais' Gargantua and Pantagruel.

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Slide text: Philosophy of the Renaissance Nicholas of Cusa Leonardo Bruni Marsilio Ficino Nicholas Copernicus Pico della Mirandola Lorenzo Valla Manetti Pietro Pomponazzi Jean Bodin Michel Montaigne Thomas More Erasmus of Rotterdam Martin Luther Tommaso Campanella Giordano Bruno Nicolo Machiavelli In the 15th century (1459) the Platonic Academy was revived in Florence Careggi. Renaissance philosophers

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Slide text: Astronomical instruments in Holbein’s painting “The Ambassadors” (1533)

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Slide text: Science of the Renaissance The development of knowledge in the XIV-XVI centuries significantly influenced people's ideas about the world and man's place in it. The great geographical discoveries and the heliocentric system of the world of Nicolaus Copernicus changed ideas about the size of the Earth and its place in the Universe, and the works of Paracelsus and Vesalius, in which for the first time since antiquity attempts were made to study the structure of man and the processes occurring in him, laid the foundation for scientific medicine and anatomy .

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Slide text: “Love struggle in a dream” (1499) - one of highest achievements Renaissance printing

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Slide text: Crisis of the Renaissance: the Venetian Tintoretto in 1594 depicted the Last Supper as an underground gathering in disturbing twilight reflections

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Slide text: Northern Renaissance The Italian Renaissance had little influence on other countries until 1450. After 1500 the style spread across the continent, but many late Gothic influences persisted even into the Baroque era. The Renaissance period in the Netherlands, Germany and France is usually identified as a separate style movement, which has some differences with the Renaissance in Italy, and is called the “Northern Renaissance”. The most noticeable stylistic differences are in painting: unlike Italy, the traditions and skills of Gothic art were preserved in painting for a long time, less attention was paid to the study of ancient heritage and knowledge of human anatomy. Prominent Representatives- Albrecht Durer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Some works of late Gothic masters, such as Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling, are also imbued with the pre-Renaissance spirit.

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Slide text: Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) - the founder of Renaissance architecture, developed the theory of perspective and the order system, returned many elements of ancient architecture to construction practice, created for the first time in many centuries the dome (of the Florence Cathedral), which still dominates the panorama of Florence. Church of the Holy Spirit in Florence

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Slide text: Leon Battista Alberti (1402-1472) - the largest theorist of Renaissance architecture, the creator of its holistic concept, rethought the motifs of early Christian basilicas from the time of Constantine, in the Palazzo Rucellai he created a new type of urban residence with a facade treated with rustication and dissected by several tiers of pilasters. Santa Maria Novella

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Slide text: Architecture of the Renaissance The main thing that characterizes this era is the return in architecture to the principles and forms of ancient, mainly Roman art. Particular importance in this direction is given to symmetry, proportion, geometry and order components, as is clearly evidenced by surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportions of medieval buildings are replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels; asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, niches, and aedicules. Five masters made the greatest contribution to the development of Renaissance architecture.

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Slide text: Lute - one of the most popular musical instruments of the Renaissance

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Slide text: Donato Bramante (1444-1514) - pioneer of High Renaissance architecture, master of centric compositions with perfectly adjusted proportions; the graphic restraint of the Quattrocento architects is replaced by tectonic logic, plasticity of details, integrity and clarity of design (Tempietto). Tempietto

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Slide text: Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) - the main architect of the Late Renaissance, who led the grandiose construction work in the papal capital; in his buildings, the plastic principle is expressed in dynamic contrasts of seemingly floating masses, in majestic tectonics, foreshadowing Baroque art (St. Peter's Cathedral, Laurenziana Staircase). David

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Slide text: Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) - the founder of the first phase of classicism, known as Palladianism; taking into account specific conditions, he endlessly varied various combinations of order elements; proponent of open and flexible order architecture, which serves as a harmonious continuation environment, natural or urban (Palladian villas); worked in the Venetian Republic. Villa Rotunda

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Slide text: Music of the Renaissance Various genres of secular musical art appear - frottola and villanelle in Italy, villancico in Spain, ballad in England, madrigal, which originated in Italy (L. Marenzio, J. Arkadelt, Gesualdo da Venosa), but became widespread , French polyphonic song (C. Janequin, C. Lejeune). Secular humanistic aspirations also penetrate into religious music - among the French-Flemish masters (Josquin Depres, Orlando di Lasso), in the art of composers of the Venetian school (A. and G. Gabrieli).

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Italian Renaissance architecture

General characteristics Characteristic feature The Italian Renaissance was the desire of architects to create harmonious and rational buildings. In the era of the Early Renaissance (when the laws of the Middle Ages were still strong), cross-domed churches dominated. By the beginning of the 16th century, a new type of building appeared - the palazzo.

Florence and Brunelleschi Florence was called the “flower” of Italy; this city is the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance. At the beginning of the 15th century. Florence claimed to be the main city of Italy. Many brilliant talents were born here.

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 - 1446) Brunelleschi is Italy's greatest architect.

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore is the symbol of Florence. It has a huge octagonal dome - 42 m in diameter.

General view of the cathedral

Cathedral dome from inside

The building of Brunelleschi's Orphanage also belongs to the construction of the Orphanage, the architecture of which shows the best ancient traditions. The house has a large length and is framed along the perimeter by a gallery.

The architect placed round medallions with images of babies in the triangular spaces between the arches.

Leon Batista Alberti (1404 - 1472) Made a great contribution to the development of Italian architecture. I mainly tried my hand at decorating building facades.

Church of Santa Maria Novella 1470

Palazzo Rucellai 1451

Donato Bramante (1444 – 1514) Founder of the High Renaissance in architecture. In 1503 he carried out the reconstruction of the Vatican.

Church of Santa Maria della Grazie 1497

St. Peter's Cathedral 1502 Bramante's most important architectural structure was St. Peter's Cathedral. The plan is a cross inscribed in a square, in the center of which there was a chapel.

Venice and Sansovino Venice becomes the capital of the Late Renaissance. Venetian culture is as diverse as the city itself. It is located on 118 islands, divided by 160 canals, over which about 400 bridges are thrown. Most of the buildings here are built on stilts. The houses are pressed closely together.

Jacopo Sansovino 91486 – 1570) His main creation was the building of the library of the Cathedral of San Marco. This two-story building is designed according to an antique model.

Library of San Marco, 1536

Andrea Palladio (1508 – 1580) The greatest architect of Venice. A distinctive feature of Palladio’s craftsmanship is the creation of porticos between buildings. The architect is also known for creating the classic type of estate.

Church of San Giorgio, 1565

Villa Rotunda, 1551

Questions and tasks 1. Why is Florence considered the “cradle” of the Italian Renaissance? 2. Tell us about one of the architectural structures of the Italian Renaissance. 3. Develop a model of an ideal city in Italy. Explain.

As is known, architecture, along with the quality and manufacture of tools, painting and plastic arts, is the oldest of human skills. It is believed that the beginnings of architecture as an art arose during the period of primitive society. It was during the Neolithic era that man began to build the first dwellings using natural materials. As a field of art, architecture took shape in the cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt, and as an original art, it took shape by the 5th century. BC in ancient Greece.

Until the middle of the 12th century, being in synthesis with painting, sculpture, decorative arts and occupying a dominant position among them, architecture determined the style, and its development proceeded from the “style of the era”, uniform for all types of art and for all its time, aesthetically subjugating science, worldview, philosophy, life and much more, to great styles and, finally, individual author's styles. The "style of the era" (Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance) appears mainly in those historical periods, when the perception of works of art is characterized by comparative inflexibility, when it still easily adapts to changes in style.

The great styles - Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, classicism, empire (a variation of late classicism) - are usually recognized as equal and equivalent. In fact, great styles cover sometimes a larger or sometimes smaller area of ​​culture, sometimes they are limited to individual arts, sometimes they subjugate all the arts or even all the main aspects of culture - they are reflected in science, theology, and everyday life. They can be determined either by a wider or less broad social environment, or by a more significant or less significant ideology. At the same time, none of the great styles completely determined the cultural face of the era and country.

The development of styles is asymmetrical, which is externally expressed in the fact that each style gradually changes from simple to complex, but from complex to simple it returns only as a result of some leap. Therefore, style changes occur in different ways: slowly - from simple to complex and abruptly - from complex to simple. The Romanesque style was replaced by the Gothic for more than a hundred years - from the middle of the 12th century. until the middle of the 13th century. The simple forms of Romanesque architecture gradually transform into a complex Gothic style. The Romanesque and Gothic styles are closely related in their development, and the most creative period in the development of these styles is the first. It was in the Romanesque period that technical inventions were created and the connection with philosophy and theology was clear, i.e. ideological basis of style. Gothic is much less ideologically defined. Her aspiration upward can express the religiosity of Catholicism and heresies. Romanesque style Gothic style

Within the Gothic, the Renaissance then matures. Elements of the liberation of the individual, so far within the limits of religion, are already evident in Gothic, especially late. And yet, Gothic and Renaissance, sharply various styles. What matured in Gothic then required a sharp change in the entire system of style. New content exploded the old form and brought to life a new style - Renaissance (or revival). Renaissance With the emergence of the Renaissance, a period of ideological quest begins again, the emergence of an integral system of worldview. And at the same time, the process of gradual complication and disintegration of the simple begins again. The Renaissance becomes more complex, and behind it is the Baroque. Baroque, in turn, becoming more complex, turns into rococo in some types of art (architecture, painting, applied art, literature). Then again there is a return to the simple and, as a result of the leap, classicism comes to replace Baroque, the development of which in some countries was completed by the Empire style. baroquecorocococlassicismampire

ROMAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The British call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art of the 10th-11th centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration. The building always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially durable and solid. This was facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle, becomes the tower - the donjon. Around it were located the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinctive element of the building's roof is the semicircular arch

GOTHIC From the Italian gotico - Gothic, barbaric. Style in Western European art of the 12th-15th centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was introduced by Renaissance humanists who wanted to emphasize the “barbaric” character of all medieval art; in reality, the Gothic style had nothing in common with the Goths and represented a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strong influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But Gothic art developed under new conditions, the main one of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type of Gothic architecture became the city cathedral, directed upward, with pointed arches, with walls turned into stone lace / which was made possible thanks to a system of flying buttresses that transfer the pressure of the vault to external pillars - buttresses /. The Gothic cathedral symbolized the rush to heaven; Its rich decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained glass windows - should have served the same purpose.

REVIVAL (RENAISSANCE) At the beginning of the 15th century. In Florence, a new architectural style was created - the Renaissance (from the French revival) based on the ideologies of rationalism and extreme individualism characteristic of its ideologies. In the era of R., the personality of the architect in the modern sense of the word took shape for the first time, as opposed to the dependence of the medieval architect on the mason guild. There are early and high R.; the first developed in Florence, the center of the second was Rome. The architects of Italy creatively rethought the ancient order system, which introduced proportionality, clarity of composition and convenience into the appearance of the building.

BAROQUE A style in art that developed in European countries in the 16th-17th centuries (in some countries - until the middle of the 18th century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - bizarre, strange. There is another explanation for the origin of this term: this is what Dutch sailors called rejected pearls. For a long time, baroque tin carried a negative assessment. In the 19th century. the attitude towards the Baroque changed, which was facilitated by the work of the German scientist Wölfflin.

ROCOCO The name of the style, which developed mainly in France in the 18th century, is taken from German language. The French name comes from the word rocaille - shell, since the most noticeable external manifestation of this style was the decorative motifs in the form of a shell. R. arose mainly as a decorative style associated with court festivities and entertainment of the aristocracy. The sphere of distribution of art was narrow; it had no folk roots and could not become a truly national style. Playfulness, light entertainment, and whimsical grace are traits characteristic of R. and especially reflected in the ornamental and decorative interpretation of architecture and applied arts. The ornamentation consisted of intricately intertwined garlands of shells, flowers, and curls. Manly curved lines mask the construction of knowledge. Basically, R. manifested itself in the design of the interiors of buildings rather than their exteriors. R. is characterized by a tendency towards asymmetry of compositions, as well as fine detailing of form, a rich and at the same time balanced structure of decor in interiors, a combination of bright and pure tones of color with white and gold, and a contrast between the severity of the external appearance of buildings and the delicacy of their interior decoration. The art of R. is dominated by a graceful, whimsical, ornamental rhythm. The R. style, which became widespread at the court of Louis XV (the work of architects J.M. Oppenort, J.O Meyssonnier, and G.J. Boffrand), until the middle. XIX. called the "Louis XV style".

CLASSICISM A style in European art of the 17th and early 19th centuries, which turned to the ancient heritage as the norm and ideal model. The name of the style comes from the Latin classicus - exemplary. Usually there are two periods in the development of culture. It took shape in the 17th century. in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. The 18th century is considered a new stage in its development, since at that time it reflected other civic ideals based on the ideas of the philosophical rationalism of the Enlightenment. What unites both periods is the idea of ​​a reasonable pattern of the world, of a beautiful, ennobled nature, the desire to express great social content, sublime heroic and moral ideals. Kazakh architecture is characterized by rigor of form, clarity of spatial design, geometric interiors, soft colors, and laconicism of the exterior and interior decoration of buildings. Unlike Baroque buildings, K.'s masters never created spatial illusions that distorted the proportions of the building. And in park architecture, the so-called regular style is emerging, where all lawns and flower beds have correct form, and green spaces are placed strictly in a straight line and carefully trimmed. (Garden and park ensemble of Versailles.)

EMPIRE The name comes from the French empire - imperial. A style that arose in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. It is the organic completion of the long development of European classicism. The main feature of this style is the combination of massive simple geometric shapes with military emblems. Its source is Roman sculpture, from which A. inherited the solemn severity and clarity of the composition. A. originally developed in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. during the era of the Great French Revolution and was distinguished by a pronounced civic pathos. During the Napoleonic Empire, art was supposed to glorify the military successes and virtues of the ruler. This is where the passion for building various kinds of triumphal arches, memorial columns, and obelisks comes from. Important elements Porticoes become decorative decoration of buildings. Bronze casting, painting of lampshades and alcoves are often used in interior decoration. A. sought to get closer to antiquity more than classicism. In the 18th century The architect B. Vignon built the La Madeleine church on the model of the Roman peripterus, using the Corinthian order. The interpretation of forms was characterized by dryness and emphasized rationalism. The same features characterize the Arc de Triomphe (Arch of the Star) on Place des Stars in Paris (architect Chalgrin). The memorial Column Vendôme (Column of the Grande Armée), erected by Leper and Gondoin, is covered with sheets of bronze cast from Austrian guns. The spiraling bas-relief depicts the events of the victorious war. A.'s style did not develop for long; it was replaced by the time of eclecticism.

Renaissance Renaissance

• Renaissance (Renaissance era)
• Renaissance periods
• Renaissance figures
• Renaissance architecture
• Renaissance philosophy
• Renaissance Science
• Results of the Renaissance

Renaissance (Renaissance era)

Renaissance (Renaissance), an era of intellectual and artistic flowering that began in Italy in the 14th century, peaking in the 16th century and having a significant impact on European culture. The term "Renaissance", meaning a return to values ancient world(although interest in Roman classics arose in the 12th century), appeared in the 15th century and received theoretical justification in the 16th century in the works of Vasari, dedicated to the work of famous artists, sculptors and architects. At this time, an idea was formed about the harmony reigning in nature and about man as the crown of its creation.

Renaissance periods

XIII century Pre-Renaissance (Proto-Renaissance)

Early Renaissance.

First half of the 16th century The heyday of the Renaissance, or High Renaissance.

Second half of the 16th century.

Late Renaissance.

Renaissance figures

Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) - Italian poet, head of the older generation of humanists, one of the greatest figures of the Italian Proto-Renaissance.

Francesco Petrarca

Raphael Santi (March 28, 1483, Urbino - April 6, 1520, Rome) - great Italian painter, graphic artist and

architect, representative of the Umbrian school.

Rafael Santi

Dante Alighieri (1265 - 1321) - the greatest Italian poet, thinker, theologian, one of the founders of the literary Italian language, and politician.

Dante Alighieri

Sandro Botticelli (March 1, 1445 - May 17, 1510) - great Italian painter, representative of the Florentine school of painting.

Sandro Botticelli

Renaissance architecture

The first Renaissance building is considered to be the Orphanage in Florence. It was a shelter for homeless children, and it was built in the 15th century according to the design of the outstanding Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi. He turned to the traditions of Roman and late Gothic architecture, without trying to copy their examples. Thus, he was the first to use columns in combination with arches.

Another recognizable masterpiece of Renaissance architecture is the Florence Cathedral. It was built over several centuries under the leadership of many architects, among whom was the legendary Giotto.

Ospedale degli Innocenti

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore

Renaissance architecture

Another famous architectural monument of the Renaissance is the main Catholic church and the largest Christian church in the world - St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. It was built on the site where the Apostle Peter is believed to have been buried. Initially, the construction was entrusted to Donato Bramante, who owns the design of the cathedral. Construction continued by Rafael Santa, as well as Baldassare Peruzzi, Antonio da Sangallo and other Italian architects.

In England, an example of Renaissance architecture is Wollaton Hall. This Elizabethan palace was built in Nottingham in the 16th century for one of the then industrialists. The original interiors of the palace were destroyed by fire.

St. Peter's Cathedral

Wollaton Hall

Fine art of the Renaissance

The first harbingers of Renaissance art appeared in Italy in the 14th century. The artists of this time, Pietro Cavallini (1259-1344), Simone Martini (1284-1344) and Giotto (1267-1337), when creating paintings of traditional religious themes, started from the tradition of international Gothic, but began to use new artistic techniques: constructing a three-dimensional composition, using landscape in the background, which allowed them to make the images more realistic,

lively. This sharply distinguished their work from the previous iconographic tradition,

replete with conventions in

image.

Giotto di Bondone

"Kiss of Judas"

Fine art of the Renaissance

Fine art of the Renaissance

Pieter Bruegel the Elder "Tower of Babel"

Rafael Santi

"Sistine Madonna"

Renaissance philosophy

During the Renaissance, the individual acquires much greater independence; he increasingly represents not this or that union, but himself. From here grows a new self-awareness of a person and his new social position: pride and self-affirmation, awareness of one’s own strength and talent become the distinctive qualities of a person.

During the Renaissance, art acquires great importance, and as a result, the cult of the human creator arises. Creative activity acquires a kind of sacred character.

Representatives of Renaissance philosophy:

• Michel Montaigne (1533-1592)
• Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464)
• Giordano Bruno (1548-1600)
• Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
• Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)

Renaissance Science

The scientific discoveries of the Renaissance are diverse, but one of the most important is invariably considered to be the final establishment of the heliocentric system of the world, that is, the idea of ​​the Earth as a round planet that revolves around the Sun in outer space (Nicholas Copernicus’s book “On the Rotations of the Celestial Spheres” 1543)

Medicine developed rapidly during the Renaissance. Thus, from the end of the 15th century, anatomical knowledge about the human body and organism began to actively accumulate, and at the beginning of the 16th century, the pulmonary circulation was described, which explained the mechanism of many respiratory diseases. Practical information on surgery was accumulated: for example, it turned out that dressing open wounds leads to more survivors and recovered, rather than the previously practiced cauterization.

Results of the Renaissance

The main thing that characterized this era was a return in architecture to the principles and forms of ancient, mainly Roman art, and in painting and sculpture, in addition, by the rapprochement of artists with nature, their closest penetration into the laws of anatomy, perspective, the action of light and other natural phenomena. The movement in this direction arose primarily in Italy, where its first signs were noticeable back in the 13th and 14th centuries. (in the activities of the Nizano, Giotto, Orcagni, etc. families), but where it was firmly established only in the 20s of the 15th century. In France, Germany and other countries this movement began much later; despite this, its properties and course of development, especially as regards architecture, were almost the same everywhere.

Renaissance architecture

Renaissance architecture

Renaissance architecture - the period of development of architecture in European countries from the beginning of the 15th century to early XVII century, in the general course of the revival and development of the foundations of spiritual and material culture Ancient Greece and Rome. This period is a turning point in the History of Architecture, especially in relation to the previous architectural style, Gothic.

Gothic as opposed to architecture

I was looking for a revival

inspiration in your own

interpretations of the Classical

art.

Special meaning

• Special meaning in this direction is given to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportions,

geometry and order of component parts, about

as the survivors clearly testify

examples of Roman architecture. Difficult

proportion of medieval buildings

replaced by an orderly arrangement

columns, pilasters and lintel, to replace

comes to asymmetrical outlines

semicircle arch, hemisphere dome, niches,

aedicules.

Development of Renaissance Architecture

The development of Renaissance Architecture led to innovations in use

construction techniques and materials,

to the development of architectural

vocabulary. It is important to note

that the revival movement

characterized by a departure from

anonymity of artisans

and the emergence of personal

style among architects.

Few masters are known

who built the works

in the Romanesque style, also

like architects

who built magnificent

Gothic cathedrals.

While the works

renaissance,

even small buildings or

the projects were just neat

documented from the very beginning

appearance.

The first representative

• The first representative

in this direction you can

name Filippo Brunelleschi, who worked in Florence,

city, along with Venice