Biography of Fyodor Tyutchev. Tyutchev - message report briefly What topics did Tyutchev write about?
INFORMATION ABOUT THE LIFE AND CREATIVE PATH OF F.I. TYUTCHEV
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873) belonged to an old noble family, which has been known since the middle of the 14th century, when Zakhary Tyutchev was sent by Dmitry
Donskoy to the Horde Khan for negotiations. The future poet was born on December 5, 1803 in the village of Ovstug on the estate of his father Ivan Nikolaevich, who received military education, served only briefly, retired and married Countess Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstoy.
Tyutchev's childhood and youth (1803-1819) were spent in Ovstug, in Moscow, where his parents bought a house on an estate near Moscow. His family lived in the atmosphere of the noble culture of their time and preserved folk customs and Orthodox traditions.
The poet, as an adult, recalled “how on Easter night his mother brought him, a child, to the window and together they waited for the first strike of the church bell... On the eve of major holidays... all-night vigils were often served at home, and on the days of family celebrations prayers were sung...
In the bedroom and in the nursery the polished frames of ancestral icons glittered and there was a smell of lamp oil...” Tyutchev was nine years old when it began Patriotic War 1812, he consciously perceived the patriotic upsurge in the country.
The parents gave their son an excellent education. At first it was home schooling that met the requirements of classical gymnasiums (at that time secondary schools
institutions modeled on European ones for children of nobles). The boy's first home teacher was a former serf who received his freedom; he instilled in him a love of reading and nature.
The poet, an expert in antiquity and classicism, Semyon Egorovich Raich, continued his studies, with him Tyutchev studied ancient literature, translated ancient poets, mastered Russian philosophical and didactic (moral) poetry of the 18th century with its idea of \u200b\u200bthe harmony of the moral and the beautiful, read Russian literature of his time.
Raich wrote: “... With what pleasure I remember those sweet hours when it happened, in the spring and summer, living in the Moscow region, the two of us with F.I. went out of the house, stocked up on Horace, Virgil or one of the domestic writers and, sitting down in the grove, on a hill, delved into reading and drowned in the pure pleasures of the beauty of the brilliant works of Poetry!..”
In imitation of Horace, Tyutchev wrote an ode “For the New Year 1816” and was accepted as a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. The young poet adopted the features of the sublime style of philosophical and didactic poetry of classicism, which organically entered his lyrics. At this time, he attends classes at a private boarding school, preparing to enter the university.
At Moscow University (1819-1821) Tyutchev studied in the literature department. Along with family upbringing, university professors who supported the gradual reform of society while maintaining autocracy had a significant influence on the formation of his views.
During his student years, Tyutchev exhibited the religious free-thinking characteristic of youth: he did not observe rituals, composed humorous poems, which upset his parents, but at the same time he studied the book of the French philosopher Pascal, a defender of Christian teaching.
The aspiring poet gets involved in literary life, writes the poem “To Pushkin’s Ode to Liberty,” which relates to his student lyrics, revealing the role of the poet and poetry in society.
After graduating from the university in 1821, Tyutchev served in St. Petersburg, in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Visits the society of young literature lovers created by S.E. Raich (Raich’s circle), which unites aspiring poets and writers.
In the circle's classes, philosophy was studied, issues of aesthetics and modern literature were considered, that is, the first quarter of the 19th century, when, in the course of the polemics between classicists and sentimentalists, a new literary direction romanticism.
You can review what you have previously learned about romanticism by having a conversation or by including a prepared student message in the lesson.
Sample questions for conversation
— What philosophical idea is the basis of romanticism?
— What does the concept of the principle of romantic dual world mean?
— What trends emerged in romanticism as a literary movement?
— What role, according to the romantics, should literature, in particular poetry, play in the life of society?
Romantic art was based on the idea of the constantly changing God's world, the natural struggle of contradictory principles in nature and in human life. The contrast between the hero and his ideals and the world around him is a fundamental principle of romanticism, which is called the “principle of romantic duality.”
With common leading features, romanticism as a literary movement was divided into two movements: psychological (contemplative) and civil romanticism.
According to the romantics of the psychological movement, the purpose of literature is to bring high values to people. moral ideals, help them see the beauty of the world and choose in the harsh and difficult life the path of good.
According to the romantics of the civil movement (primarily the Decembrist poets), it is necessary to expose the vices of society and change it through struggle. Romantics are looking for ideals among free nature, reflecting on its laws, striving beyond the boundaries of the earthly world, and are fascinated by ancient culture and the historical past.
Diplomatic service abroad (1822-1844) began in June 1822, when Tyutchev arrived in Germany, in Munich, to serve in the Russian diplomatic mission (he was nineteen years old). He gets acquainted with German romanticism, translates poems by Goethe, Heine, communicates with the philosopher Schelling, studies his works on issues
philosophy of nature (natural philosophy).
According to Schelling's teachings, nature, like man, is endowed with consciousness, spiritualized, contradictory; experience nature and human society and it is impossible to predict the process of their development - it is revealed only through faith in God. Tyutchev accepts Schelling's teaching; it does not contradict his Christian beliefs.
The poet's philosophical views were associated with pantheism - a doctrine that brings as close as possible and even identifies the concepts of God and nature.
In Munich, the poet-diplomat does not give up social life; he is spoken of as witty and interesting interlocutor. At this time, he experienced the feeling of his first love for the young Countess Amalia (married Baroness Krüdner). She reciprocated his feelings (the young people exchanged baptismal chains), Tyutchev asked for the girl’s hand in marriage, but was refused by her parents. The poem “K.N.” is dedicated to the experiences of first love. ", filled with a feeling of bitterness.
Your sweet gaze, full of innocent passion -
I couldn’t, alas! - appease them -
Having survived the drama of failed love, Tyutchev two years later married a widow who had four sons from her first marriage.
Now he has a large family that he takes care of. He studies literature a lot, comprehends the events unfolding in Europe. revolutionary movements. Living abroad, he does not lose touch with Russia, with friends in his homeland, where his poems are published in various almanacs. In 1836, Pushkin published a selection of Tyutchev’s poems in his magazine Sovremennik, giving them high praise. Pushkin’s death shocked Tyutchev, he wrote the poem “January 29, 1837,” in which he condemned Dantes:
Forever he has the highest hand
Branded a regicide...
Tyutchev said about Pushkin:
You are like my first love,
The heart will not forget Russia...
Life abroad (1820-1830s) was the heyday of Tyutchev’s talent, when the masterpieces of his lyrics were created. Chronologically, this is the early period of the poet’s work. In 1837, Tyutchev was sent to serve in Italy, in Turin. His wife and children soon follow him; on the way there was a fire on the ship; they escaped, but the wife fell ill and died. Two years later, the poet married for the second time, and in the fall of 1844 he returned to Russia.
Life at home (1844-1873) is connected with service in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg, where Tyutchev lives, often visiting Ovstug. In the 1840s, he wrote and published mainly political articles, in which he expressed his attitude towards European revolutions as a disaster (in particular, the French revolutions of 1830, 1848). Tyutchev's main political idea is pan-Slavism - the unity of Slavic peoples around Russia, which can be seen in his socio-political lyrics.
Poems of the 1850-1870s belong to the late period of Tyutchev’s work. The poet cannot accept the views of revolutionary democrats, as well as the young heterodox intelligentsia of the 1860-1870s, who went down in history under the name of nihilists, that is, people who deny social order, the culture and moral ideals they inherited.
During these years, Tyutchev met Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva; she was twenty-three years younger than the poet. Their mutual passion became known in the world. Denisyeva was no longer accepted in society; her own father abandoned her. Tyutchev continued to stay with his old family, suffering from duality. Denisyeva experienced all the bitterness of humiliation; her three children, born out of wedlock, were considered illegitimate, although they bore their father’s surname, but were assigned to the bourgeois class.
In 1864 Denisieva died of consumption. The poems that reflect the poet’s love drama make up the Denisiev cycle in his love lyrics.
Tyutchev's contemporaries, including A.S. Pushkin, highly valued his work. Nekrasov, who published the poet’s poems in Sovremennik, wrote that “they belong to the naked brilliant phenomena in Russian poetry...”. In the appendix to the magazine, on the initiative of I.S. Turgenev, Tyutchev’s poems were published with an article by the writer, in which they were also given high marks. The poet died in 1873 and was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in St. Petersburg.
Conclusions
The development of Tyutchev as a poet was influenced by:
— the cultural environment of a family that preserves Orthodox traditions; perception of moderate socio-political views;
— education: study of antiquity, philosophical and didactic poetry of classicism, literature of Russian romanticism;
- life abroad: acquaintance with German romanticism, the philosophical teachings of Schelling, the perception of European revolutions as disasters;
- dramatic events in personal life.
LYRICS F.I. TYUTCHEV
Most of Tyutchev's poems are a fusion of feelings and philosophical thought related to nature, man and society; each of them has a leading theme.
Theme of the poet and poetry
Poetry is not extravagance,
But the highest gift of the Gods...
and spoke the truth to the kings with a smile...
G.R.Derzhavin
In the poem “To Pushkin’s Ode on Liberty” (1820), Tyutchev revealed his vision of the role of the poet and poetry in the life of society. Poetry is compared to the “flame of God” falling on kings:
Blazing with the fire of freedom
And drowning out the sound of chains,
The spirit of Alceus woke up in the lyre, -
And the dust of slavery flew away with her.
Sparks ran from the lyre
And with an all-crushing stream,
Like the flame of God they fell
On the pale foreheads of kings...
Lyre - here: lyric poetry (from the name of the string instrument in Ancient Greece, to the sounds of which songs were performed). Alceus (Alcaeus) is an ancient Greek poet who took an active part in the political struggle.
Muses are the ancient Greek goddesses of poetry, arts and sciences; muse of lyric poetry - Euterpe; the muses' pet is the poet. The poet is given the high purpose of reminding tyrants of the moral rules bequeathed by God:
Happy is he who has a firm, bold voice,
Forgetting their dignity, forgetting their throne,
Broadcast to tyrants who are closed-minded
Holy truths are born!
And you are this great destiny,
O pet of the muses, rewarded!
However, the poet should not debunk the authority of power; the beauty of his poetry should soften the cruelty of tyrants, guide citizens to good deeds and deeds, and help them see the beauty of the world. Tyutchev uses, along with the word tyrant, the word autocracy to mean power that does not comply with laws and moral rules:
Sing and with the power of sweet voice
Tenderize, touch, transform
Friends of cold autocracy
Friends of goodness and beauty!
But don’t disturb the citizens
And do not darken the shine of the crown...
The influence of didactic poetry of classicism is noticeable in the poem: archaic, sublime vocabulary, appeals, exclamatory sentences.
Has Tyutchev’s view of the role of the poet and poetry changed over the years?
Poetry
Among the thunder, among the lights,
Among the seething passions,
In spontaneous, fiery discord
She flies from heaven to us -
Heavenly to earthly sons,
With azure clarity in your gaze -
And to the rioting sea
The oil of reconciliation is pouring.
1850
Oil - 1) Olive oil, consecrated by the church for the anointing of Christians (the sign of the cross is made on the forehead). 2) Figurative meaning - a means of consolation, reassurance.
Sample questions and tasks for analysis:
— To what period of Tyutchev’s life and work does the poem belong?
—What two worlds are opposed in the poem? What is the role of poetry in society?
— What figurative and expressive means does the author use to affirm the idea of the poem?
— How does this poem differ from the youthful one “to Pushkin’s ode to Liberty”?
Like many of his predecessors, Tyutchev is confident in the heavenly origin of poetry. The earthly world with wars, revolutions, human passions (“spontaneous, fiery discord”) is contrasted with the heavenly world. The imperfection and sinfulness of the earthly world is emphasized by the anaphora at the beginning of the poem. Poetry is personified (“flies from heaven,” “pouring oil,” endowed with “azure clarity in the gaze”), and Christian symbolism and archaic vocabulary emphasize the high purpose of poetry.
Researchers of Tyutchev's work note that the poem is characterized by a fusion of features of romanticism and classicism; This is an eight-line poem consisting of one syntactic period, that is, one sentence. Tyutchev’s poems, like any poet’s, dedicated to the topic of poetry, reflect his socio-political views.
Socio-political theme
What do laws without morals mean?
what do laws without faith mean...
Expanding this topic in Tyutchev’s lyrics, you can introduce students to fragments of poems in which he responds to the historical events of his time,
reflects on the international mission of Russia, on the spiritual and moral state of society.
In socio-political lyrics, the poet often uses allegory, ancient images, evangelical symbolism, allusions to historical facts- all this makes it up
peculiarity.
After the Decembrist uprising, Tyutchev wrote the poem “December 14, 1825,” in which he condemns both the rebels who swore allegiance to the Tsar and autocracy for treachery.
The poet speaks about the inviolability of the Russian autocracy and the pointlessness of a group of people speaking against it:
Autocracy has corrupted you,
And his sword struck you down,
And in incorruptible impartiality
This sentence was sealed by the Law...
Impressed by the French Revolution of 1830, Tyutchev writes a poem
"Cicero":
The Roman orator spoke
Amid civil storms and anxiety:
“I got up late - and on the road
Caught in the night in Rome
So! but, saying goodbye to Roman glory,
From the Capitoline Heights
You saw it in all its greatness
The sunset of her bloody star! ..
Happy is he who has visited this world.
In his fatal moments -
The all-good ones called him,
As a companion at a feast;
He is a spectator of their high spectacles,
He was admitted to their council,
And alive, like a celestial being,
He drank immortality from their cup.
1830
Cicero - philosopher, orator, politician, supporter of the Senate Republic in Rome (106-43 BC). Night of Rome - civil war, the death of the republic and the establishment of dictatorship, Cicero represented in the form of a black night descending on Rome.
The Capitoline Hill is one of the seven hills on which Rome is located. The All-Good are the gods of Roman mythology.
Tyutchev uses ancient images, historical events Ancient Rome as a reminder of contemporary events, he paraphrases the original words of Cicero: “I grieve that, having set out into life, as if on a journey, with some delay, before the journey was over, I plunged into this night of the republic...” > that is, I became a witness to it death. The poem reflected the poet’s views on the revolution as a tragedy in which blood is shed and previous civilizations perish. At the same time, he recognizes the inevitability and majesty of the “fatal moments.”
Pan-Slavism—the unity of Slavic peoples around Russia—became Tyutchev’s main political idea in these years. The poet believed that Russia, as a young country, developing according to its own historical laws, maintaining high moral principles, can stop the pressure of the revolutionary elements and become a stronghold of civilization in the world.
In the poem “The Sea and the Cliff” (1848), using antithesis and allegory, the poet depicts Western revolutions as enraged sea waves: And it rebels and bubbles,
Whips, whistles, and roars,
And he wants to reach the stars,
To unshakable heights...
Is it hell, is it hellish power
Under the bubbling cauldron
The fire of Gehenna was spread out -
And turned up the abyss
And put it upside down?
Waves of frantic surf
Continuously the sea shaft
With a roar, a whistle, a squeal, a howl
It hits the coastal cliff, -
But, calm and arrogant,
I am not overcome by the foolishness of the waves,
motionless, unchanging,
The universe is modern,
You stand, our giant!
And, embittered by the battle,
Like a fatal attack,
The waves are howling again
Your huge granite.
But, O immutable stone
Having broken the stormy onslaught,
The shaft splashed out, crushed,
And swirls with muddy foam
Exhausted impulse...
Stop, you mighty rock!
Wait just an hour or two...
Tired of the thunderous wave
To fight with your heel...
Tired of evil fun,
She will calm down again -
And without howling, and without fighting
Under the giant heel
The wave will subside again...
Later, the poet realizes the utopianism of the ideas of Pan-Slavism, but will remain a patriot of his country. His poetic miniature is permeated with a patriotic feeling,
aphorism:
You can't understand Russia with your mind,
The general arshin cannot be measured:
she will become special -
You can only believe in Russia.
1886
Continuing the romantic tradition of Lermontov, Tyutchev writes the poem “Our Century”:
It is not the flesh, but the spirit that is corrupted in our days,
And the man is desperately sad...
He rushes towards the light from the shadows of the night,
And, having found the light, he grumbles and rebels.
We burn with unbelief and are dried up,
Today he endures the unbearable...
And he realizes his death,
And he thirsts for faith, but does not ask for it...
Will not say forever, with prayer and tears,
No matter how he grieves in front of a closed door:
“Let me in! - I believe, my God!
Come to the aid of my unbelief! .."
1851
Sample questions and tasks:
— To what historical time does the lyrical hero belong?
— How does the principle of romantic dual worlds manifest itself?
— What feeling is expressed here, what idea is the author pursuing, what visual and expressive means does he use?
In this poem, Tyutchev, like Lermontov, assigns the lyrical hero to a certain historical time. IN in this case this is a time of social upheaval, when a person loses his spiritual and moral ideals.
Conflicting feelings: lack of faith in God and thirst for faith, awareness of the fatality of unbelief and at the same time rejection of the saving power of prayer to God - overcome a person. The poet conveys a sense of the tragedy of turning points in history and personal life events associated with Deniseva.
Historical time is perceived deeply personally and philosophically generalized: the vices of society are a consequence of the depravity and sinfulness of man, overcoming which without faith is impossible. Repeated ellipses at the end of couplets create the impression of agitation. oratorical speech, archaic words give it the character of a sermon.
Poems about nature
The combination of feeling and philosophical thought is characteristic of all of Tyutchev’s works, including poems about nature. The poet endows nature with consciousness, brings together the concepts of nature and God, recognizes the struggle of contradictory principles in nature and human life, and in this his philosophical views, the principle of romantic dual worlds.
You can start studying the topic by repeating the poem “Spring Thunderstorm” (“I love a thunderstorm in early May ...”) at a new level.
Sample questions and tasks:
— What pictures appear before the lyrical hero’s gaze, what role does their change play?
— How does the lyrical hero’s interlocutor perceive the thunderstorm?
- What feeling is the poem filled with, what artistic means is it conveyed to the reader?
The theme of the poem is powerful, life-giving natural phenomenon(thunderstorm), the contemplation of which evokes deep philosophical reflection in the poet. The change of pictures of nature (“rain splashed,” “dust flies,” “rain pearls hung”) and the use of personifications make it possible to perceive a thunderstorm in motion as an animated phenomenon.
This perception is strengthened by the fact that the interlocutor of the lyrical hero compares the thunderstorm with a young goddess ancient mythology Hebe, daughter of the supreme god of the ancient Greeks, 3eus, who controlled all celestial phenomena, primarily thunder and lightning. Attributes of 3eus: eagle (carrier of lightning), aegis (shield as a sign of protection), scepter (rod decorated with precious stones as a sign of power).
Hebe was depicted as a young girl with a golden cup (cup) in her hands, sometimes feeding the eagle 3evs. Appeal to ancient myth at the end of the poem he emphasizes the idea of the eternity of living, spiritualized nature, the combination of natural and spontaneous forces in it.
The poet uses a definition formed by combining words (“thundering cup”), which is characteristic of ancient Greek poetry (“golden-haired goddess”, “rose-fingered Eos”, that is, the morning dawn). Epithets (“the first thunder of spring”, “young peals”, “bird noise”), comparisons (“as if frolicking and playing”) convey the joyful feeling of the lyrical hero.
The last quatrain echoes the first: the comparison of the thunderstorm with the young, cheerful Hebe, spilling a loudly boiling cup, enhances the joyful feeling of the beginning of the poem.
IN school textbooks Mostly the first quatrain of the poem “Not what you think, nature ...” is presented; you can introduce students to its full text, say that the second and fourth stanzas were prohibited by censorship and have not reached our time, instead they are punctuated,
Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face -
She has a soul, she has freedom,
It has love, it has language...
You see the leaf and color on the tree:
Or did the gardener glue them?
Or the fetus is ripening in the womb
The play of external, alien forces?
They don't see or hear
They live in this world as if in the dark,
For them, even the suns, you know, do not breathe
And there is no life in the sea waves.
The rays did not descend into their souls,
Spring did not bloom in their chests,
The forests didn't speak in front of them
And the night in the stars was silent!
And in unearthly tongues,
Wavering rivers and forests,
I didn’t consult with them at night
There is a thunderstorm in a friendly conversation!
It's not their fault: understand, if possible,
Organa life of the deaf and dumb!
Soul him, ah! won't alarm
And the voice of the mother herself!
1836
This is a monologue-address of the lyrical hero to his interlocutor and at the same time to all people who have risen above nature and have ceased to see the spiritual principle in it. The poet is convinced that a living soul is hidden in nature, capable of expressing itself in its own language, and every person must learn to understand nature, live in harmony with it, and preserve it. He uses here the image of the Great Mother - a Mediterranean goddess, whose cult united the worship of the goddesses Artemis, Isis and others who personified nature.
This image of ancient mythology is often encountered by the poet, for example in the poem dedicated to A.A. Fet, “Others got it from nature...” (1862):
Beloved by the Great Mother,
Your destiny is a hundred times more enviable -
More than once under the visible shell
You saw it yourself...
Romantic dual worlds in poems about nature are associated with the poet’s idea of
Universe (universe, space).
To the world of mysterious spirits,
Over this nameless abyss,
A gold-woven cover is thrown over
By the high will of the gods.
Day - this brilliant cover -
Day, earthly revival,
Healing for sick souls,
Friend of men and gods!
But the day fades - night has come;
She came - and, from the world of fate
Fabric of blessed cover
Having torn it off, it throws it away...
And the abyss is laid bare to us
With your fears and darkness,
And there are no barriers between her and us -
This is why the night is scary for us!
1839
Sample questions for analysis:
— How is the principle of romantic duality manifested in the poem?
—What does the universe seem to the poet?
— What mood is expressed in the poem, what vocabulary predominates?
Summarizing student responses:
The Earth is surrounded by a vault of heaven that hides the Universe during the day. Day is a “golden-woven” cover, friendly to people and gods. At night, the depths of space are revealed, mysterious, attractive, and terrifying. Man and earthly nature are silent before the elements of space.
The Last Cataclysm
When nature's last hour strikes,
The composition of the earth's parts will be destroyed:
Everything visible will be covered by waters again,
And God's face will be depicted in them!
1829
Sample questions and tasks
— What philosophical views are expressed in the poem?
- Determine the nature of the rhyme.
— What are the names of poems consisting of four poetic lines?
Summarizing student responses:
The poem is written in the form of a maxim - a saying of a moralizing, philosophical nature. The picture of the “last hour of nature” leads to the idea of the naturalness of natural disasters and the Divine creation of life. The poet depicted destroyed nature, ready for a new act of creating life. A complex philosophical thought is clearly and concisely expressed in a miniature of four lines (quatrain) with cross rhyme.
The poet uses mostly neutral vocabulary, but Old Church Slavonic words give the miniature majesty and philosophical depth.
In the poem "Silentium!" (1830) Tyutchev turns to the inner world of man, affirming his originality, as well as the world of nature.
Sample questions and tasks for analysis
- Determine the theme of the poem.
— What philosophical thought follows from the comparison? inner world man with the natural world?
— How does the poet reveal the problem of the relationship between thought and word?
- Which artistic techniques does the poet use to express an idea?
Summarizing student responses:
The human soul, his thoughts and feelings are as incomprehensible as the universe:
Be silent, hide and hide
And your feelings and dreams -
Let it be in the depths of your soul
They get up and go in
Silent as stars in the night...
The poet reveals the theme of the relativity of the expression of thought in words, raised since Antiquity, and the Latin title of the poem helps to realize that this theme goes back centuries. Tyutchev suggests that it is impossible for a person to fully and completely express himself in words and to know the inner world of another person in his words, as well as to comprehend the secret of the inner life of nature:
How can the heart express itself?
How can someone else understand you?
Will he understand what you live for?
A spoken thought is a lie...
According to the poet, a person’s speech characterizes his external manifestation, silence - his inner world. The poem also talks about man's involvement in the natural world and his loneliness in the human world. But unlike the romantics, Tyutchev explains a person’s loneliness not by his conflict with society, but by reasons independent of the individual, that is, objective.
We can't predict
How our word will respond, -
And we are given sympathy,
How we are given Grace...
1869
In this poetic miniature-aphorism, the poet also conveys the idea of the impossibility of completeness of expression and hopes for a kind attitude towards his poetic work, at the same time, it contains a deep philosophical meaning: a free gift of Divine love - God's grace - descends on a believer.
Love lyrics
Burned love if there was a flame,
I fell, I got up in my age,
Come on, sage! on my coffin there is a stone,
If you are not human...
G.R.Derzhavin
Tyutchev's love lyrics reflect the psychologically accurately conveyed experiences of the lyrical hero and the philosophical understanding of love.
The poet dedicates the poem “K.N.” to Amalia Krüdener (1824), filled with a feeling of bitterness after breaking up with a girl.
Your sweet gaze, full of innocent passion,
Golden dawn of your heavenly feelings
I couldn’t - alas! - appease them.
He serves them as a silent reproach...
Later the poem “I remember the golden time...” (1834) was written. It is dedicated to those days of youth when young people fell behind a group of travelers and examined the ruins of an ancient castle on the banks of the Danube. The warmth of memory is combined with the sadness of parting:
I remember the golden time
I remember the dear land to my heart.
The day was getting dark; there were two of us;
Below, in the shadows, the Danube roared.
And on the hill, where, turning white,
The ruins of the castle look into the distance,
There you stood, young fairy,
Leaning on mossy granite,
Touching baby's foot
A century-old pile of rubble;
And the sun hesitated, saying goodbye
With the hill and the castle and you.
Many years later, Tyutchev dedicated another poem to Amalia Krudener, now a secular beauty.
K.B.
I met you - and everything is gone
In the obsolete heart came to life;
I remembered the golden time -
And my heart felt so warm...
Like late autumn sometimes
There are days, there are times,
When suddenly it starts to feel like spring
And something will stir within us, -
So, all covered in a breeze
Those years of spiritual fullness,
With a long-forgotten rapture
I look at the cute features...
Like after a century of separation
I look at you as if in a dream -
And now the sounds became louder,
Not silent in me...
There is more than one memory here,
Here life spoke again, -
And you have the same charm,
And there is the same love in my soul!
1870
Questions and tasks for analysis
— How does the love theme combine with philosophical generalizations?
—What is the peculiarity of comparisons?
Summarizing student responses:
The initials in the title of the poem are shortened words for “Baroness Krüdener.” It was written after the poet met the Baroness at a resort in Carlsbad in 1870. As in the previous poem, Tyutchev repeats here the expression “golden time” (the epithet “golden” appeared already in the first dedication to young Amalia: “golden dawn of heavenly feelings”). Having revealed “the inner experiences of man, the poet uses comparisons from the natural world. An unexpected meeting with my beloved after many years awakened sacred memories of the past, at the same time it was the return of the fullness of feeling (“love is still the same in my soul”).
Love is forever preserved and reborn in the human soul - this is the author’s general idea. The poet's last meeting with the Baroness took place when the poet was ill in 1873. A recording made in last days of his life: “...yesterday I experienced a moment of burning excitement as a result of my meeting with... my Amalia Krudener, who wished to see me for the last time in this world and came to say goodbye to me...”
In the poems of Denisiev’s cycle, there is a theme of love as a fatal elemental feeling, the theme of the sacrifice of love, its experiences “in one’s declining years.” “Oh, how murderously we love” (1851) is a poetic monologue dedicated to the tragic contradiction of love, which can become a “terrible sentence of fate” for a loved one and destroy him. The repeated first and last quatrains enhance its tragic sound. The initial phrase became an aphorism.
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Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born and spent his childhood on his father’s estate in the Oryol province. I studied at home. He knew Latin well and ancient greek language. He learned early to understand nature. He himself wrote that he breathed the same life with nature. His first teacher was a widely educated man, poet, translator Semyon Egorovich Raich. Raich recalled that he quickly became attached to his student, because it was impossible not to love him.
He was a very affectionate, calm and very talented child. Raich awakened Tyutchev's love of poetry. He taught me to understand literature and encouraged the desire to write poetry. At the age of 15, Tyutchev entered Moscow University, and at the age of 17 he graduated and then went to serve in the Russian embassy abroad. He served as a diplomat for 22 years, first in Germany, then in Italy. And all these years he wrote poems about Russia. “I loved the Fatherland and poetry more than anything in the world,” he wrote in one of his letters from a foreign land. But Tyutchev almost never published his poems. His name as a poet was not known in Russia.
In 1826, Tyutchev married Eleanor Peterson, née Countess Bothmer. They had 3 daughters.
In 1836, Pushkin received a notebook with poems unknown poet. Pushkin really liked the poems. He published them in Sovremennik, but the name of the author was unknown, since the poems were signed with two letters F.T. And only in the 50s. Nekrasovsky’s contemporary had already published a selection of Tyutchev’s poems and his name immediately became famous.
His first collection was published in 1854, edited by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. The poems were imbued with reverent, tender love for the Motherland and hidden pain for its fate. Tyutchev was an opponent of the revolution, a supporter of Pan-Slavism (the idea of unifying all Slavic peoples under the rule of the Russian autocracy). The main themes of the poems: Motherland, nature, love, reflections on the meaning of life
In philosophical lyrics, in love poetry, in landscape poetry there were always reflections on the fatal questions of existence and on the destiny of man. Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev does not have purely love poems, or about nature. Everything is intertwined with him. Each poem contains the human soul and the author himself. Therefore, Tyutchev was called a poet-thinker. Each of his poems is a reflection on something. Turgenev noted Tyutchev's skill in depicting emotional experiences person.
In December 1872, Fyodor's left half of his body was paralyzed, and his vision deteriorated sharply. Tyutchev died on July 15, 1873.
On November 23, 1803, in the Oryol province of Bryansk district, a boy was born on the Ovstug estate. They named him Fedor. Fyodor's parents, Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna, came from ancient noble families.
Ekaterina Lvovna was closely related to the family of Leo Tolstoy. Ekaterina Lvovna was a very beautiful, subtle, poetic woman. It is believed that she passed on all these traits to her youngest son Fedor. In total, 6 children were born in the Tyutchev family. The last 3 children died in infancy.
Fyodor Tyutchev received his primary education at home. His first mentor was Raich Semyon Yegorovich, a young, very educated man. He wrote poetry and did translations. While studying with Fedor, the mentor encouraged him to write poetry. When executing homework, he often organized competitions to see who could compose a quatrain the fastest. Already at the age of 13, Fedor was an excellent translator and became seriously interested in writing poetry. Thanks to
mentor, as well as his talent and perseverance, Fyodor Tyutchev spoke and wrote fluently in several foreign languages. But what’s interesting is that Tyutchev wrote all his poems only in Russian.
Tyutchev graduated from Moscow University, Faculty of Literature, with honors in 1821.
Knowledge of many foreign languages and excellent studies at the university help him enter the College of Foreign Affairs as a diplomat. Tyutchev will have to live abroad for almost a quarter of a century. He rarely came to Russia and suffered greatly from this. While working as a diplomat in Munich, Tyutchev would meet his greatest love, Eleanor Peterson. They will have three daughters. Happiness with Eleanor was short-lived. She's dying. His relationship with Elena Deniseva ends in tragedy. About this period of his life he will write: “The executing god took everything from me...”.
Tyutchev's creativity
The creative heritage of Fyodor Tyutchev numbers just over 400 poems. A notebook with Tyutchev’s poems accidentally ends up in the hands of A. Pushkin. Pushkin is delighted and publishes poems in the Sovremennik magazine. Tyutchev becomes famous as a poet. All of Tyutchev’s creativity can be divided into 3 stages:
- Morally - philosophical lyrics. In the poems of this period, Tyutchev skillfully combines soul, mind, and the infinity of human existence.
- Love lyrics. Tyutchev was a very amorous person; he dedicated poems to all his lovers. Tyutchev's love lyrics reflect his mood. His sublime, sad, and tragic poems date back to this period. The poems are very melodic and touch the soul.
- Poems about native nature. Tyutchev wrote poems about nature from his youth. He believed that there was nothing more beautiful than Russian nature. Most of all, while abroad, he suffered from the inability to immerse himself in Russian nature. With rapture and happiness he wrote about fields, copses, and seasons. His poems about nature were included in school curriculum for children.
At the end of his life, Tyutchev began to write poetry in political topics, but they did not find a response from readers and for the most part remained unclaimed poems by the general public.
Tyutchev and modernity
Poems from any stage of the poet’s work find a lively response from readers. His famous lines: “Russia cannot be understood with the mind...”, “It is not given to us to predict...”, “Everything has been taken from me by the executing god...” is known to almost every literate person. His poetic work in popularity can be compared with the work of Pushkin. Tyutchev’s subtle, lyrical, soul-stirring style transcends times and boundaries. His poems have been translated into many languages of the world.
In the summer of 1873, Fyodor Tyutchev died in Tsarskoye Selo. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. Every year, on the poet’s birthday and death anniversary, fans of his talent come to pay tribute to his work.
A very short biography of Tyutchev for children 4th grade
Tyutchev had his favorite teacher-mentor Yegor Ranch, who helped him in everything and raised more parents. Already at the age of twelve, with the help of his teacher, Fyodor Ivanovich wrote his first poems. At the age of fifteen, not needing a teacher, he began to study at the institute in the literature department. After graduating from college, he went to work abroad for almost 20 years. Where he worked as a diplomat in Italy and Germany.
I haven't been doing it all this time literary activity. Upon returning home, he began working in the Foreign Affairs Committee. Pushkin saw his first poems in 1836 and helped them publish them in many magazines. After which he went out into the world. The first assembly of Fedor appeared in 1854. Tyutchev has many famous poems such as: “you can’t understand Russia with your mind,” “winter doesn’t last long,” “evening,” “flowing sand knee-deep.”
Tyutchev did not become a writer and worked in a different field; children still learn his poems at school.
Fyodor Tyutchev died in July 1879 in the village of Tsarskoye. He never began a career in literature.
1 Brief biographical information.
2 The poet’s philosophical worldview.
3 Love and nature in Tyutchev’s poetry.
Life and work of F. I. Tyutchev. O.I. Tyutchev was born in 1803 into a noble noble family. The boy received a good education. Tyutchev showed interest in poetry quite early - already at the age of 12 he successfully translated the ancient Roman poet Horace. Tyutchev's first published work was a free adaptation of the Epistles of Horace to Maecenas.
After graduating from St. Petersburg University, Tyutchev entered the diplomatic service. As an official of the Russian diplomatic mission, he was sent to Munich. It should be noted that Tyutchev spent a total of more than 20 years abroad. He married twice - for love, both the relationship preceding the marriage and the subsequent one. family life Tyutchev's life took shape quite dramatically.
The career growth of Tyutchev, who received the post of diplomatic envoy and the title of chamberlain, stopped due to the fault of the poet himself, who, during a period of rapid infatuation with Baroness E. Dernheim, who became his second wife, he voluntarily retired from service for some time, and even lost the documents entrusted to him. Having received his resignation, Tyutchev still lived abroad for some time, but after a few years he returned to his homeland. In 1850, he met E. Deniseva, who was half his age and who soon became his lover. This relationship lasted 14 years, until Deniseva’s death; at the same time, Tyutchev retained the most tender feelings for his wife Eleanor. The love for these women is reflected in the poet’s work. Tyutchev died in 1873, after losing several close people: his brother, his eldest son and one of his daughters.
What did this man bring to poetry that his poems immortalized his name? Literary scholars have come to the conclusion that Tyutchev introduced motifs and images that were practically not used in 19th-century poetry before him. First of all, this is the universal, cosmic scope of the poet’s worldview: The vault of heaven, burning with the glory of the stars, Mysteriously looks from the depths, -
And we float, a burning abyss
Surrounded on all sides.
A similar scale will subsequently often be reflected in the works of poets of the 20th century. But Tyutchev lived in the 19th century, so in some ways he anticipated the development of poetic trends and laid the foundations of a new tradition.
It is interesting to note that for Tyutchev such philosophical categories as infinity and eternity are close and tangible realities, and not abstract concepts. Human fear before them stems from the impossibility of rationally comprehending their essence:
But the day fades - night has come;
She came - and, from the world of fate
The fabric of the blessed cover is torn off and thrown away...
And the abyss is exposed to us with its fears and darkness,
And there are no barriers between her and us -
This is why the night is scary for us!
However, Tyutchev is of course the heir to the poetic tradition that developed before him. For example, the poems “Cicero”, “Zenith!” written in an oratorical-didactic style, which was widely used in the 18th century. It should be noted that these two poems reveal some important elements the poet's philosophical worldview. In the poem “Cicero,” Tyutchev turns to the image of the ancient Roman orator to emphasize the continuity of historical eras and to promote the idea that the most interesting are the turning points of history:
Happy is he who has visited this world
His moments are fatal!
He was called by the all-good
As a companion at a feast.
He is a spectator of their high spectacles,
He was admitted to their council -
And alive, like a celestial being,
Immortality drank from their cup!
Witness major historical events Tyutchev regards him as an interlocutor of the gods. Only they can understand the deep experiences of the creative soul. As for people, it is extremely difficult to convey your thoughts and feelings to them; moreover, this often should not be done, as the poet writes about in the poem “Zenith!”:
How can the heart express itself?
How can someone else understand you?
Will he understand what you live for?
A spoken thought is a lie.
Exploding, you will disturb the keys, -
Feed on them - and be silent.
The use of mythological images in Tyutchev's poetry is also based on a tradition that already existed in Russian literature. The whimsical world of myth allows the poet to abstract himself from everyday life and feel a sense of involvement with certain mysterious forces:
You will say: windy Hebe,
Feeding Zeus's eagle,
A thunderous goblet from the sky
Laughing, she spilled it on the ground.
You need to pay attention to the composition of Tyutchev’s poems. They often consist of two interconnected parts: in one of them, the poet gives something like a sketch, shows this or that image, and the other part is devoted to the analysis and comprehension of this image.
For poetic world Tyutchev is characterized by a pronounced bipolarity, which is a reflection of his philosophical views: day and night, faith and unbelief, harmony and chaos... This list could be continued for a long time. The most expressive opposition of two principles, two elements is in Tyutchev’s love lyrics. Love in Tyutchev’s poems appears either as a “fatal duel” of two loving hearts, or as a mixture of seemingly incompatible concepts:
O you, last love!
You are both bliss and hopelessness.
Nature in Tyutchev's lyrics is inextricably linked with the inner life of the lyrical hero. Let us note that Tyutchev often shows us not just pictures of nature, but transitional moments - twilight, when the light has not yet completely gone out and complete darkness has not yet set in, an autumn day that still vividly conveys the charm of the past summer, the first spring thunderstorm... As in history, so and in nature, the poet is most interested in these “threshold”, turning points: The gray shadows mixed,
The color faded, the sound fell asleep -
Life and movement were resolved Into the unsteady twilight, into a distant roar...
The theme of “mixing”, interpenetration, is often heard in those lines that are devoted to human perception of nature:
An hour of unspeakable melancholy!..
Everything is in me and I am in everything!..
... Feelings with the haze of self-forgetfulness Fill them over the edge!..
Give me a taste of destruction
Mix with the slumbering world!
Tyutchev's perception of nature, as well as all of the poet's lyrics, is characterized by polarity and duality. Nature can appear in one of two guises - divine harmony:
There is a touching, mysterious charm in the lightness of autumn evenings!.. or elemental chaos:
What are you howling about, night wind?
Why are you complaining so madly?..
Nature for Tyutchev is a huge living being, endowed with intelligence, with which a person can easily find a common language:
Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face -
She has a soul, she has freedom,
It has love, it has language...
Tyutchev is one of the outstanding poets of the nineteenth century. His poetry is the embodiment of patriotism and great sincere love for the Motherland. The life and work of Tyutchev is the national heritage of Russia, the pride of the Slavic land and an integral part of the history of the state.
The beginning of the poet's life
The life of Fyodor Tyutchev began on December 5, 1803. The future poet was born in a family estate called Ovstug. Fyodor Ivanovich began receiving home education, studying Latin and ancient Roman poetry. At twelve years old, the boy was already translating Horace’s odes. In 1817 Tyutchev attended lectures at Moscow University (in the department of Literature).
The young man received his graduation certificate in 1821. It was then that he enlisted and was sent to Munich. He returned only in 1844.
Periodization of creative periods
The first period of creativity of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev lasts from the 1810s to the 1820s. At this time, the young poet wrote his first poems, which in style resemble the poetry of the eighteenth century.
The second period begins in the second half of the 1820s and lasts until the 1840s. The poem entitled “Glimmer” already has an original Tyutchev character, which combines Russian odic poetry of the eighteenth century and traditional European romanticism.
The third period covers the 1850s - 1870s. It is characterized by the creation of a number of political poems and civil treatises.
Russia in the works of Tyutchev
Upon returning to his homeland, the poet took the position of senior censor at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Almost simultaneously with this, he joined Belinsky’s circle and became an active participant. Poems are being shelved for now, but a number of articles are being published on French. Among the many treatises there are “On Censorship in Russia”, “The Papacy and the Roman Question”. These articles are chapters to a book called “Russia and the West,” which Tyutchev wrote, inspired by the revolution of 1848-1849. This treatise contains the image of the thousand-year-old power of Russia. Tyutchev describes his Motherland with great love, expressing the idea that it is exclusively Orthodox in nature. This work also presents the idea that the whole world consists of revolutionary Europe and conservative Russia.
Poetry also takes on a slogan connotation: “To the Slavs”, “Vatican Anniversary”, “Modern” and other poems.
Many works reflect that which is inseparable from love for the Motherland. Tyutchev had such faith in Russia and its strong inhabitants that he even wrote to his daughter in letters that she could be proud of her people and that she would certainly be happy, if only because she was born Russian.
Turning to nature, Fyodor Ivanovich glorifies his Motherland, describes every dewdrop on the grass so that the reader is imbued with the same tender feelings to your land.
The poet always managed to maintain free thoughts and feelings; he did not submit to secular morality and ignored secular decency. Tyutchev’s work is shrouded in love for all of Russia, for every peasant. In his poems, he calls it the European “ark of salvation,” but he blames the king for all the troubles and losses of his great people.
Life and work of Tyutchev
The creative path of Fyodor Ivanovich spans more than half a century. During this time, he wrote many treatises and articles, including in foreign languages. Three hundred poems created by Tyutchev are placed in one book.
Researchers call the poet a late romantic. Tyutchev’s work has a special character also because he lived abroad for a long time, because of this the author felt lost and alienated for many years.
Some historians and literary critics conditionally divide the life of Fyodor Ivanovich into two stages: 1820-1840. and 1850-1860
The first stage is devoted to the study of one’s own “I”, the formation of a worldview and the search for oneself in the Universe. The second stage, on the contrary, is in-depth study the inner world of one person. Critics call the “Denisevsky cycle” the main achievement of this period.
The main part of Fyodor Tyutchev's lyrics are poems that are philosophical, landscape-philosophical in nature and, of course, have a love theme. The latter also includes the poet’s letters to his lovers. Tyutchev's creativity also includes civil and political lyrics.
Tyutchev's love lyrics
The 1850s are characterized by the emergence of a new specific character. It becomes a woman. Love in Tyutchev’s work acquired concrete outlines; this is most noticeable in such works as “I Knew My Eyes,” “Oh, How Deadly We Love” and “Last Love.” The poet begins to study female nature, strives to understand her essence and comprehends her fate. Tyutchev's beloved girl is a person who is characterized by sublime feelings along with anger and contradictions. The lyrics are permeated with the pain and torment of the author, there is melancholy and despair. Tyutchev is convinced that happiness is the most fragile thing on earth.
"Denisevsky cycle"
This cycle also has another name - “love-tragedy”. All the poems here are dedicated to one woman - Elena Alexandrovna Deniseva. The poetry of this cycle is characterized by the understanding of love as a real human tragedy. Feelings here act as a fatal force that leads to devastation and subsequent death.
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev did not take any part in the formation of this cycle, and therefore there are disputes between literary critics about who the poems are dedicated to - Elena Denisyeva or the poet’s wife - Ernestine.
The similarities have been repeatedly emphasized love lyrics“Denisevsky cycle”, which is confessional in nature, and painful feelings in the novels of Fyodor Dostoevsky. Today, almost one and a half thousand letters written by Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev to his beloved have survived.
Nature theme
Nature in Tyutchev’s works is changeable. She never knows peace, constantly changes and is always in the struggle of opposing forces. Being in a continuous change of day and night, summer and winter, it is so multifaceted. Tyutchev spares no epithets to describe all its colors, sounds, and smells. The poet literally humanizes it, making nature so close and related to every person. At any time of the year, everyone will find features characteristic of them; they will recognize their mood in the weather.
Man and nature are inseparable in creativity, and therefore his lyrics are characterized by a two-part composition: the life of nature is parallel to the life of man.
The peculiarities of Tyutchev’s work lie in the fact that the poet does not try to see the world around us through photographs or paints of artists, he endows him with a soul and tries to discern in him a living and intelligent being.
Philosophical motives
Tyutchev's work is philosophical in nature. From an early age, the poet was convinced that the world contains some incomprehensible truth. In his opinion, words cannot express the secrets of the universe; text cannot describe the mystery of the universe.
He seeks answers to questions that interest him by drawing parallels between human life and the life of nature. By combining them into a single whole, Tyutchev hopes to learn the secret of the soul.
Other themes of Tyutchev’s work
Tyutchev's worldview has one more characteristic feature: the poet perceives the world as a dual substance. Fyodor Ivanovich sees two principles constantly fighting among themselves - the demonic and the ideal. Tyutchev is convinced that the existence of life is impossible in the absence of at least one of these principles. Thus, in the poem “Day and Night” the struggle of opposites is clearly expressed. Here the day is filled with something joyful, vital and infinitely happy, while the night is the opposite.
Life is based on the struggle between good and evil, in the case of Tyutchev's lyrics - the light beginning and the dark. According to the author, there is no winner or loser in this battle. And this is the main truth of life. A similar struggle occurs within a person himself; all his life he strives to learn the truth, which can be hidden both in his bright beginning and in his dark one.
From this we can conclude that Tyutchev’s philosophy is directly related to global problems, the author does not see the existence of the ordinary without the great. In every microparticle he considers the mystery of the universe. Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev reveals all the charm of the world around us as a divine cosmos.
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