Chechen chronicle. Chiassr: decoding of the abbreviation, population, regions and capital, history of the collapse and restoration of the Chechen ASSR

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USSR

Status Was part of Administrative center Date of formation

1936-1947, 1957-1993

Chairman of the Supreme Council

Doku Zavgaev (last)

Official languages

Russian, Chechen, Ingush

Population (1989) Square Time zone Coordinates: 43°19′00″ N. w. 45°40′59″ E. d. / 43.31666666999999648623998° s. w. 45.68333333000000351° E. d. / 43.31666666999999648623998; 45.68333333000000351 (G) (O)

History of Chechnya
History of Chechnya in the Middle Ages
Chechnya and the Russian Empire
Caucasian War
North Caucasus Imamate
Terek region
Terek Cossacks
Chechnya in the Civil War
Mountain Republic (1917-1919)
Terek Soviet Republic (1918-1919)
North Caucasian Soviet Republic (1918)
North Caucasus Emirate (1919-1920)
Mountain ASSR (1921-1924)
Chechen National District (1920-1922)
Chechnya in the USSR
Chechen Autonomous Region (1922-1934)
Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934-1944)
Deportation of Chechens and Ingush (1944)
Grozny region (1944-1957)
Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1957-1991)
Chechnya after the collapse of the USSR
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1991-2000)
First Chechen War (1994-1996)
Khasavyurt agreements (1996)
Interwar crisis (1996-1999)
Second Chechen War (1999-2009)
Chechen Republic (since 2000)
Portal "Chechnya"

Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Grozny, Avgustovskaya street, USSR stamp 1960.

(Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) (Chech. Nokhch-GialgIay Avtonomni Sovetski Socialistically Respublika, Ingush. Nokhch-GialgIay Avtonomni Sovetski Socialistically Respublika) - an administrative-territorial unit of the RSFSR, which existed from 1936 to 1947 and from 1957 to 1993.

The capital is the city of Grozny.

• 1 History
  • 1.1 First period 1936-1947
  • 1.2 Second period 1957-1993
  • 1.3 Liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
• 2 Administrative divisions
• 3 Population
• 4 See also
• 5 Notes
• 6 Links

Story

First period 1936-1947

With the adoption of the new Stalinist Constitution of the USSR on December 5, 1936, the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Region was withdrawn from the North Caucasus Territory and transformed into Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

During World War II in 1942-1943. small part Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was occupied by Germany. In February 1944, Chechens and Ingush were accused of collaboration and deported to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (Operation Lentil). On March 7, 1944, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished and the Grozny District was formed as part of the Stavropol Territory. The composition of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic included the following regions of the abolished republic: Vedensky, Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Sayasanovsky, Cheberloevsky, as well as Kurchaloevsky and Sharoevsky districts, with the exception of the northwestern part of these regions, and the eastern part of the Gudermessky district. However, already on March 22, by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the district was also abolished, and the former territory of the republic became the Grozny region of the RSFSR. On June 25, 1946, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR excluded the mention of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from Article 14 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1937. On February 25, 1947, the mention of autonomy was excluded by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from Art. 22 of the USSR Constitution.

Second period 1957-1993

On January 9, 1957, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was restored, and within slightly different boundaries than when abolished; it included the Naursky and Shelkovsky districts with a predominant Russian population transferred in 1944 from the Stavropol Territory to the Grozny Region, but at the same time the Prigorodny District, which remained in North Ossetia, was not returned to it. The area of ​​the republic after restoration was 19,300 km².

On February 11, 1957, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved the decree of its Presidium of January 9 and returned it to Art. 22 of the USSR Constitution mentions autonomy.

In August 1958, mass riots occurred in Grozny, the reason for which was a domestic murder.

In 1973, after pogroms in the Chechen-Ingush capital (January 15-18), the CPSU Central Committee adopted a resolution “On antisocial nationalist manifestations in Grozny.” A group of workers from the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR left the republic. After the group returned to Moscow, the propaganda department of the CPSU Central Committee and the department of organizational and party work of the CPSU Central Committee prepared a special report, which, in particular, stated that nationalist-minded individuals committed insults, threats, hooliganism, and violence against citizens of other nationalities, especially Russians , which forced the latter to travel outside the republic. As an example, the Sunzhensky district is given, which “over the last three years” was left by 9 thousand Russians, including 780 people in the first quarter of 1973.

Liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

November 27, 1990 Supreme Council Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a declaration of state sovereignty of the Chechen-Ingush Republic, and on May 24, 1991, in accordance with amendments to Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, the autonomous republic began to be called Checheno-Ingush Soviet Socialist Republic. However, depriving Checheno-Ingushetia of the status of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was contrary to Art. 85 of the current Constitution of the USSR. Thus, before the collapse of the USSR, these decisions to change the status of the republic were questionable.

On June 8, 1991, on the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, part of the delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny, which proclaimed itself the National Congress of the Chechen People (NCCHN). Following this, it was proclaimed Chechen Republic Nokhchi-cho(Chechen Republic of Ichkeria), and the leaders of the Supreme Council of the republic were declared usurpers.

The events of August 19-21, 1991 in Moscow became the catalyst for a socio-political explosion in Checheno-Ingushetia. The organizer and leader of the mass movement was the Executive Committee of the OKCHN, headed by Dzhokhar Dudayev. After the failure and self-dissolution of the State Emergency Committee, the Executive Committee of the OKCHN and national radical organizations demanded the resignation of the Supreme Council of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the holding of new elections. On September 1-2, the 3rd session of the OKCHN declared the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic deposed and transferred all power in the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia to the Executive Committee of the OKCHN.

On September 6, 1991, Dudayev announced the dissolution of the republican power structures. Chechen guards occupied the building of the television center and the Radio House, and stormed the parliament, where a meeting of the Supreme Council was taking place. On this day, the Supreme Council met in full force; heads of local councils, clergy, and business leaders were invited for consultations. Dzhokhar Dudayev, Yaragi Mamadayev and other OKCHN leaders decided to storm the building. The assault began at 16-17 pm, 15-20 minutes after the Moscow emissaries - among them was member of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Aslambek Aslakhanov - left the building. More than 40 parliament members were beaten, and the chairman of the Grozny City Council Kutsenko was thrown out of a window by the separatists and then finished off in the hospital.

On September 15, Acting Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov arrived in Grozny. Under his leadership, the last session of the Supreme Council of the Republic was held, at which the deputies decided to resign Doku Zavgaev, a supporter of the State Emergency Committee, from the post of chairman of the Supreme Council and to dissolve the parliament. As a result of negotiations between Ruslan Khasbulatov and the leaders of the Executive Committee of the OKCHN, the Provisional Supreme Council of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (VVS) was formed as a temporary authority for the period until the elections (scheduled for November 17), consisting of 32 deputies, which was soon reduced to 13 deputies, then to 9.

Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of the OKChN Khusein Akhmadov was elected Chairman of the Provisional Supreme Council of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and Khasbulatov's assistant Yuri Cherny was elected Deputy Chairman of the Air Force.

By the beginning of October 1991, a conflict arose in the Air Force between supporters of the OKCHN Executive Committee (4 members led by Khusein Akhmadov) and its opponents (5 members led by Yuri Cherny). Hussein Akhmadov, on behalf of the entire Air Force, issued a number of laws and decrees that created the legal basis for the activities of the OKChN Executive Committee as the highest authority, and on October 1 announced the division of the Chechen-Ingush Republic into the sovereign Chechen Republic of Nokhchi-cho and the Ingush Autonomous Republic within the RSFSR.

On October 5, seven of the nine members of the Air Force decided to remove Kh. Akhmadov and cancel the illegal acts. On the same day, the National Guard of the Executive Committee of the OKCHN seized the building of the House of Trade Unions, in which the Air Force met, and also seized the building of the KGB of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. On October 6, the OKCHN Executive Committee announced the dissolution of the Air Force (“for subversive and provocative activities”) and assumed the functions of “a revolutionary committee for the transition period with full power.”

On October 27, 1991, under the control of supporters of the OKCHN executive committee, elections for the President and Parliament of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria were held. The results of the elections were not recognized by the Council of Ministers of Checheno-Ingushetia, heads of enterprises and departments, and heads of a number of regions of the autonomous republic. On November 2, 1991, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR declared these elections illegal. The balance of power was radically changed by the decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 7, 1991 on the introduction of a state of emergency in the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia. Leaders of opposition parties and movements expressed support for President Dudayev and his government, which has taken upon itself the mission of protecting the sovereignty of Ichkeria. The Provisional High Council and its militia fell apart in the early days of the crisis.

On November 8, Chechen guards blocked the buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB, as well as military camps. The blockade used civilians and fuel tankers.

Ingush Republic (later renamed the Republic of Ingushetia) after collapse Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic headed for loyalty to Russia, while the Chechen Republic, which was headed by Dzhokhar Dudayev in October 1991, announced its secession from Russia and enjoyed de facto independence until the outbreak of the First Chechen War in December 1994. The Constitution of the ChRI was adopted by the parliament of the republic on March 2, 1992 and abolished the 1978 Constitution of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

On June 4, 1992, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted the Law “On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation.” The creation of the republic was submitted for approval to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation. On December 10, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies approved the formation of the Ingush Republic and made a corresponding amendment to the 1978 Constitution of the RSFSR: Checheno-Ingushetia was divided into the Ingush Republic and the Chechen Republic, the border between which remained unestablished even to this day. This law was published on December 29, 1992 in Rossiyskaya Gazeta and came into force on January 9, 1993 after 10 days from the date of official publication.

Administrative division

After the transformation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Okrug into Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic The republic included 1 city of regional subordination, Grozny, and 24 districts.

In 1944, by disaggregating the Nadterechny and Gudermes districts, the Goragorsky and Novogroznensky districts were created, which were liquidated in 1951.

After recovery Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic On January 9, 1957, it included 2 cities of republican subordination (Grozny and Malgobek) and 16 districts.

As of 1990, the republic included 3 cities of republican subordination:

• Grozny
• Gudermes
• Malgobek

and 15 districts:

1. Achkhoy-Martanovsky - village. Achkhoy-Martan
2. Vedensky - s. Vedeno
3. Groznensky - Grozny
4. Gudermessky - p. Gudermes
5. Itum-Kalinsky - village. Itum-Kale
6. Malgobek - town Malgobek
7. Nadterechny - village Znamenskoye
8. Nazranovsky - Nazran
9. Naursky - Naurskaya village
10. Nozhay-Yurtovsky - village. Nozhay-Yurt
11. Sunzhensky - Ordzhonikidzevskaya village
12. Urus-Martan - Urus-Martan
13. Shalinsky - Shali
14. Shatoevsky - p. Shatoy
15. Shelkovsky - Shelkovskaya village

Population

Population dynamics of the republic:

National composition Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

People	1959, thousand people	1970, thousand people	1979, thousand people	1989, thousand people
Chechens	244,0 (34,3 %)	508,9 (47,8 %)	611,4 (52,9 %)	734,5 (57,8 %)
Russians	348,3 (49,0 %)	367,0 (34,5 %)	336,0 (29,1 %)	293,8 (23,1 %)
Ingush	48,3 (6,8 %)	113,7 (12,0 %)	134,7 (11,7 %)	163,8 (12,9 %)
Armenians	13,2 (1,9 %)	14,5 (1,4 %)	14,6 (1,3 %)	14,8 (1,2 %)
Ukrainians	13,7 (1,9 %)	12,7 (1,2 %)	12,0 (1,0 %)	…

See also

History of Chechnya

Notes

1. 1 2 All-Union Population Census of 1989. Archived from the original source on August 23, 2011.
2. Brief information about administrative and territorial changes in the Stavropol Territory for 1920-1992.
3. INGUSHETIA.RU History.
4. On the abolition of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and on the transformation of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic into the Crimean region.
5. USSR Law of February 25, 1947 “On Amendments and Additions to the Text of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR” (ceased)
6. Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces dated 01/09/1957
7. USSR Law of 02/11/1957 "On approval of the Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the restoration of the national autonomy of the Balkar, Chechen, Ingush, Kalmyk and Kar...
8. Grozny rally 1973. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012.
9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IGPI.RU:: Political monitoring:: Issues of political monitoring:: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. General overview
10. Law of the RSFSR of May 24, 1991 “On amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR”
11. 1 2 3 4 Digest: Ten days that canceled the world. Grachev
12. Resolution of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR dated November 2, 1991 No. 1847-I. Legal advice portal.
13. DECREE of the President of the RSFSR dated November 7, 1991 N 178
14. On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation, Law of the Russian Federation of June 4, 1992 No. 2927-1.
15. On the procedure for enacting the Law of the Russian Federation “On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation”, Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation of June 4, 1 ....
16. Resolution of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation dated December 10, 1992 No. 4070-I. Legal advice portal
17. Law of the Russian Federation of December 10, 1992 N 4071-I “On Amendments to Article 71 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia”
18. Documents of the VII Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation // "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", December 29, 1992, No. 278 (614), p. 5
19. Laws of the RSFSR/RF 1990-1993 and amendments to them until the spring of 1995
20. World History Project. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012.
21. All-Union Population Census of 1939. Archived from the original source on February 20, 2012.
22. All-Union Population Census of 1959. Archived from the original source on February 19, 2012.
23. All-Union Population Census of 1970. Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011.
24. All-Union Population Census of 1979. Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011.
25. population of Chechnya
26. All-Union Population Census of 1959. National composition of the population
27. All-Union population census of 1970. National composition of the population
28. All-Union Population Census of 1979. National composition of the population
29. All-Union population census of 1989. National composition of the population

Links

• Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
• Constitution of 1937
• 1978 Constitution

RSFSR
Autonomous Republics (ASSR)
Bashkir (1919-1990¹) Buryat (1923-1990¹) Gorno-Altai (1990¹-1991²) Gorskaya (1921-1924) Dagestan (1921-1990¹) Kabardino-Balkarian (1936-1990¹; 1944-1957 Kabardian Kaza) kskaya (1925-1936 ) Kalmyk (1935-1943; 1958-1990¹) Karakalpak (1932-1936) Karachay-Cherkess (1990-1990¹) Karelian (1923-1940; 1956-1990¹) Kyrgyz (1920-1925) / Kyrgyz (1926-1 936) Komi ( 1936-19901 990¹) Turkestan (1918-1924) Udmurt (1934-1990¹) Checheno-Ingush(1936-1946; 1957-1990) Chuvash (1925-1990¹) Yakut (1922-1990¹)
Autonomous regions
Adygea (Cherkess) (1922-1928) Adygea (1928-1992) Buryat-Mongolian (1921-1923) Votskaya (1920-1932) Gorno-Altai (1948-1992) Jewish (since 1934) Ingush (1924-1934) Kabardian ( 1921-1922) Kabardino-Balkarian (1922-1936) Kalmyk (1920-1935; 1957-1958) Karachay-Cherkess (1922-1926; 1957-1992) Karachay (1926-1943) Komi (zyryan) (1921-1936) Mari yskaya (1920-1936) Mongol-Buryat (1921-1923) Mordovian (1930-1934) Volga Germans (1918-1924) Oirat (1922-1932) / Oirot (1932-1948) North Ossetian (1924-1936) Tuva (1944) -1961) Udmurt (1932-1934) Khakass (1930-1992) Circassian (Adyghe) (1922) Circassian (1928-1957) Chechen (1922-1934) Chechen-Ingush (1934-1936) Chuvash (1920-1925)
Autonomous and national districts (JSC, NO)
Aginsky Buryat-Mongolian NO (1937-1958) / Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (1958-2008) Argayash NO (1934) Balkar (1921-1922) Vitimo-Olyokma NO (1931-1938) Ingush (1921-1924) Kabardian NO (1920- 1921) Karachay NO (1920-1922) Karelian NO (1937-1939) Komi-Permyak (1925-2005) Koryak Autonomous Okrug (1930-2007) Nenets NO (1929-1977) / JSC (since 1977) Ostyak-Vogul NO (1930) -1940) Okhotsk-Evensky NO (1930-1934) North Ossetian (1920-1921) Sunzhensky Cossack (1920-1929) Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) NO (1930-1977) / JSC (1977-2006) Ust-Ordynsky Buryat NO (1937-1978) / JSC (1978-2008) Khanty-Mansiysk NO (1940-1978) / JSC (since 1978) Chechen NO (1920-1922) Circassian NO (1926-1928) Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (since 1930) Evenki Autonomous Okrug (1930-2007) Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (since 1930)
¹ Date of adoption of the declaration of sovereignty ² Confirmation of the status of the republic

The transcript of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was known to everyone who lived in the Soviet Union. This republic had two stages in its history. The first of them began shortly before the Great Patriotic War. At the very end of 1936, a new Stalinist constitution was adopted. It contained provisions according to which the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region was withdrawn from the North Caucasus Territory. This is how the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed, and then the decoding of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic became known.

Shortly after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, a small part of this region was occupied by German troops and remained in this situation throughout 1942 and 1943.

In 1944, one of the most unpleasant pages in the history of the Chechens and Ingush opened, when the authorities officially accused them of collaboration. They were suspected of deliberate and voluntary collaboration with the enemy to the detriment of their state and in its interests. As a rule, this term is used in a narrower sense, implying cooperation with the occupiers.

As punishment, he was deported en masse to Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan as part of Operation Lentil. And in March of the same year, the Chechen-Ingush Republic was abolished, and the decoding of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic had to be forgotten for a while. As a result, the Grozny district appeared, which became part of the Stavropol Territory. The Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Vedensky, Cheberloevsky, Sayasanovsky, Sharoevsky and Kurchaloevsky districts were included in the Dagestan Republic. By decision of the Presidium of the RSFSR, the district was abolished, and the former territory of the republic became the Grozny region. The abolition of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was officially approved by a decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Council; its mention was excluded from the 1937 constitution.

Second life

In fact, the republic's second life began shortly after Stalin's death, in 1957. It was restored by decrees of the RSFSR. It is noteworthy that this time it was formed within significantly larger boundaries than during its abolition. In particular, it included the Shelkovsky and Naursky districts, which were transferred in 1944 to the Grozny region from the Stavropol Territory. The Russian population lived there predominantly. It is interesting that the Prigorodny district, which was previously part of it, remained within the borders of North Ossetia. After restoration it amounted to 19,300 square kilometers.

The decision of the presidium was approved by the Supreme Council in February 1957, and the corresponding article was returned to the Soviet constitution. It formalized the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Riots

It should be noted that the situation in the region remained extremely tense. For example, in the mountains. Grozny Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in August 1958 there were mass riots that lasted about a week. The reason for them was a murder on ethnic grounds. It all started with a fight between representatives of different nationalities.

On August 23, in the suburbs of Grozny, where mostly workers of the local chemical plant lived, a group of Chechens, which included one Russian guy, were drinking alcohol. During the feast, a quarrel occurred between them. Chechen Lulu Maltsagov stabbed Russian Vladimir Korotchev in the stomach. After this, the company went to dance at the House of Culture. Another conflict arose there. This time with plant workers Ryabov and Stepashin. Stepashin was beaten and stabbed five times, from which he died. There were many witnesses around who called the police. The suspects were detained. A seemingly domestic crime became publicized due to interethnic tension. All this led to actions against the Chechen population.

Rumors of the murder of a factory worker spread quickly. The youth reacted unusually violently. They demanded that the murderers be severely punished, but the authorities did not react to this. The situation was aggravated by the general political and economic situation in the country and the defiant behavior of the Chechens towards the Russians.

On August 25, the workers asked to organize an official farewell at the factory club, but the authorities considered this inappropriate, fearing a further escalation of the situation. The farewell was organized in the garden in front of his bride's house. It turned into a mass protest rally, and spontaneous protests began near Stepashin’s coffin. Everyone demanded that measures be taken to stop hooliganism and murders on the part of the Ingush and Chechens.

On August 26, a funeral meeting was prohibited. Then a group of 200 people moved to Grozny with the coffin of the deceased. He was to be buried in the city cemetery, the road to which went through the city center. It was planned to stop near the regional committee building and hold a funeral meeting there. Along the way, many people joined the procession. Gradually the procession turned into an anti-Chechen demonstration. The authorities blocked the passage to the center of the mountains. Grozny Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. However, the cordon was broken.

In the evening, the aggressive part of the crowd broke into the regional committee building and started a pogrom there. It was possible to suppress the unrest only on the evening of August 27, when troops were brought into the city.

Once again, the situation worsened in 1973, when a rally of Ingush people continued in Grozny for several days, demanding that the issue of territorial rehabilitation be resolved, for example, the return of the Prigorodny district, in which the Ingush predominantly lived, to the republic. The rally was dispersed by troops using water cannons.

Collapse of the Republic

Events that began in 1990 led to another collapse of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, this time final. The Republican Supreme Council adopted a declaration of state sovereignty. In May 1991, amendments were made to the constitution, approving the formation of the Chechen-Ingush Soviet Socialist Republic.

In June, on the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny and proclaimed the formation of the National Congress of the Chechen People. Almost immediately after this, the Chechen Republic of Nokhchi-cho was proclaimed, and the leaders of the Supreme Council were declared usurpers.

Aggravation of the situation

The August events in Moscow became a catalyst for a socio-political explosion. After the failure of the State Emergency Committee, demands arose for the resignation of the local Supreme Council and the holding of new elections. Dudayev's supporters occupied parliament and the television center.

During the seizure of the Supreme Council, there was a meeting of the parliament, which was assembled in full, including consultations with the heads of enterprises and the local clergy. Dudayev and his supporters decided to storm the building. It began approximately a quarter of an hour after the capital's emissaries left the Supreme Council.

As a result, about forty deputies were beaten, and the chairman of the Grozny city council, Kutsenko, was thrown out of a window by the separatists. He was then finished off in the hospital.

Moreover, in fact, the structures of legitimate power on the territory of the republic were preserved for several months after the completion of the coup. For example, the regional State Security Committee and the police were abolished only at the very end of 1991. The republic's prosecutor spent about a week in the basement, who was captured by the rebels when he called Dudayev's actions illegal.

After negotiations with the participation of Khasbulatov, who at that moment was the acting chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, a temporary government body was formed - the Provisional Supreme Council.

Administrative division

After the formation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the republic included 24 districts and one city of regional subordination - Grozny. In 1944, Novogroznensky and Goragorsky districts were created, which were then liquidated in 1951.

After the restoration of the region in 1957, it included only 16 districts and two cities of republican subordination. Malgobek came second after Grozny.

In 1990, the republic already included five cities of republican subordination - Grozny, Nazran, Gudermes, Malgobek and Argun. There were also 15 districts of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. These are Achkhoy-Martanovsky, Vvedensky, Grozny, Gudermessky, Itum-Kalinsky, Malgobeksky, Nadterechny, Naursky, Nazranovsky, Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Sunzhensky, Urus-Martanovsky, Shalinsky, Shatoevsky, Shelkovsky.

Population

The number of the ASSR increased throughout the entire 20th century. If in 1939 about 700 thousand people lived on the territory of the republic, then in 1959, shortly after the restoration of the region, the number of local residents remained at approximately the same level.

According to the results of the 1970 census, more than one million people had already settled in the republic; the peak was reached in 1979, when one million 153 thousand inhabitants lived in the republic. According to the 1989 census, there were one million 275 thousand people in Checheno-Ingushetia.

National composition

As of 1959, the majority of local residents were Russian, about 49 percent, versus 34 percent Chechens. The situation changed dramatically in 1970, when about 48% of the population was Chechen, and 34.5% remained Russian.

In 1989, almost 58% of Chechens, 23% of Russians, about 13% of Ingush, and a little more than one percent of Armenians lived on the territory of the republic.

Grozny

Throughout this time, Grozny was the capital of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Germans never managed to take it. But they bombed an oil storage facility and oil fields. The resulting fires took several days to be extinguished. Local authorities were able to quickly restore the operation of industrial facilities in order to send the necessary petroleum products to the front and rear.

After the deportation, Grozny in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic turned into the center of the Grozny Okrug, which was part of the Stavropol Territory. However, a few weeks later the Grozny region was formed. After the rehabilitation of the Ingush and Chechens, the city again turned into the capital of the autonomous republic.

Gudermes

For many years this city was actually the second most important in the republic. However, the settlement acquired city status only in 1941. At that time, more than ten thousand people lived in it.

By the end of the existence of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, almost forty thousand inhabitants already lived in Gudermes. Currently, the population has increased by fifty-three thousand people. The overwhelming majority of local residents are Chechens. There are more than 95 percent of them. About two percent are Russians, almost one percent of the inhabitants are Kumyks.

Main article: Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

December 5 1936 the region was transformed into an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Armed anti-Soviet protests continued in Chechnya until 1936, and in the mountainous regions until 1938. In total, from 1920 to 1941, 12 large armed uprisings (with the participation of 500 to 5 thousand militants) and more than 50 less significant ones took place on the territory of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Military units Red Army And internal troops from 1920 to 1939, 3,564 people were killed in battles with the rebels. (unavailable link)

In January 1940, it began in Chechnya new armed anti-Soviet uprising under the leadership Khasan Israilov.

1. Great Patriotic War

Main article: Chechnya during the Great Patriotic War

1. Chechen Republic

   1. "Chechen Revolution"

In the summer of 1990, a group of prominent representatives of the Chechen intelligentsia took the initiative to hold a Chechen National Congress to discuss the problems of reviving national culture, language, traditions, and historical memory . On November 23-25, the Chechen National Congress was held in Grozny, which elected an Executive Committee headed by Chairman Major General Dzhokhar Dudayev. On November 27, the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, under pressure from the executive committee of the ChNS and mass actions, adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Chechen-Ingush Republic . On June 8-9, 1991, the 2nd session of the First Chechen National Congress took place, which declared itself National Congress of the Chechen People(OKCHN). The session decided to overthrow the Supreme Council of the Chechen Republic and proclaimed Chechen Republic Nokhchi-cho, and proclaimed the Executive Committee of the OKChN, headed by D. Dudayev, as a temporary body of power .

Events of August 19-21, 1991 became a catalyst for the political situation in the republic. August 19 on the initiative Vainakh Democratic Party A rally in support of the Russian leadership began on the central square of Grozny, but after August 21 it began to take place under the slogans of the resignation of the Supreme Council along with its chairman for "aiding the putschists", as well as parliamentary re-elections . On September 1-2, the 3rd session of the OKCHN declared the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic deposed and transferred all power on the territory of Chechnya to the Executive Committee of the OKCHN . On September 4, the Grozny television center and the Radio House were seized. Chairman of the Grozny Executive Committee Dzhokhar Dudayev read out an appeal in which he named the leadership of the republic "criminals, bribe-takers, embezzlers" and announced that “On September 5, before democratic elections are held, power in the republic passes into the hands of the executive committee and other general democratic organizations.”. In response, the Supreme Council declared a state of emergency in Grozny from 00:00 on September 5 until September 10, but six hours later the Presidium of the Supreme Council canceled the state of emergency . September 6, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Doku Zavgaev resigned, and... O. Chairman became the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov. A few days later, on September 15, the last session of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic took place, at which a decision was made to dissolve . As a transitional body, a Provisional Supreme Council (TSC) was formed, consisting of 32 deputies , the chairman of which was the Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of the OKChN Khusein Akhmadov . OKCHN created the National Guard led by the leader of the Islamic Way party Beslan Kantemirov .

By the beginning of October, a conflict arose between supporters of the OKCHN Executive Committee, led by Akhmadov, and his opponents, led by Yu. Chernov. On October 5, seven of the nine members of the Air Force decided to remove Akhmadov, but on the same day the National Guard seized the building of the House of Trade Unions, where the Air Force met, and the building of the Republican KGB . Then they arrested the prosecutor of the republic, Alexander Pushkin. . The next day, the Executive Committee of the OKCHN "for subversive and provocative activities" announced the dissolution of the Air Force, taking over the functions "revolutionary committee for the transitional period with full power" . The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR demanded that the Dudayevites surrender their weapons by midnight on October 9. However, the OKChN Executive Committee called this requirement “an international provocation aimed at perpetuating colonial rule” and announced gazavat, calling to arms all Chechens from 15 to 55 years old .

Various nationalist movements became active. One of these organizations was created in 1990 National Congress of the Chechen People(OKCHN), whose goal was the secession of Chechnya from the USSR and the creation of an independent Chechen state. It was headed by a former general of the Soviet Air Force Dzhokhar Dudayev .
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Collapse of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1991-1992)

The separatist victory in Grozny led to the collapse of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Malgobek, Nazranovsky and most of the Sunzhensky district of the former Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic formed the Republic of Ingushetia within the Russian Federation. Legally, the Chechen Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ceased to exist on December 10, 1992.
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Deployment of troops (December 1994)

At that time, the use of the expression “the entry of Russian troops into Chechnya,” according to deputy and journalist Alexander Nevzorov, was, to a greater extent, caused by journalistic terminological confusion - Chechnya was part of Russia.

Even before the announcement of any decision by the Russian authorities, on December 1, Russian aviation attacked the Kalinovskaya and Khankala airfields and disabled all aircraft at the disposal of the separatists.

On the same day, units of the United Group of Forces (OGV), consisting of units of the Ministry of Defense and Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, entered the territory of Chechnya. The troops were divided into three groups and entered from three different sides - from the west from North Ossetia through Ingushetia), from the northwest from the Mozdok region of North Ossetia, directly bordering Chechnya, and from the east from the territory of Dagestan).

The eastern group was blocked in the Khasavyurt region of Dagestan by local residents - Akkin Chechens. The western group was also blocked by local residents and came under fire near the village of Barsuki, but using force, they nevertheless broke through into Chechnya. The Mozdok group advanced most successfully, already on December 12 approaching the village of Dolinsky, located 10 km from Grozny.

Near Dolinskoye, Russian troops came under fire from a Chechen Grad rocket artillery system and then entered into battle for this settlement)