What does astronomy study? What astronomy studies (lesson notes and presentation). Observation tasks

LESSON No. 53, 04/11/2017

Subject: "General information about astronomy."

Purpose of the lesson:

Educational - to understand the subject and method of astronomy, the concept of the celestial sphere and its main points, methods of orientation on the celestial sphere, the geocentric and heliocentric systems of the world, the concept of the ecliptic;

Developmental – to develop spatial thinking through the study of star maps, to form interdisciplinary connections between astronomy, physics, and geography;

Educational - to understand the connection between history and modernity through the names of constellations, biographies of astronomers.

Formed competencies:ideas about the basic ideas of modern astronomy, the nature of celestial bodies.

Type of lesson: lesson on learning new material

Type of lesson: lecture

Equipment : star map, desktop moving star maps, projector, screen, laptop

Literature : Physics, 11th grade. Kabardin O.F., Glazunov A.N., Malinin A.N. and others. M., Education, 2001

Lesson plan : organizational stage

Motivation

Update

Stage of learning new material

Subject and methods of astronomy

The ancients about the constellations

Constellations (definition)

Main points of the celestial sphere

Movement of the celestial sphere

Ecliptic

Zodiac signs

Orientation according to the celestial map

Checking understanding

Consolidation

Stage of summarizing the lesson

Motivation

For many centuries and even millennia before the advent of the compass, orientation by the stars was the only way to move through unfamiliar terrain. Even now it has not lost its significance for sailors, travelers and simply curious people. All electronic navigation systems depend on the state of the Earth's magnetic field and in the event of solar flares and other anomalies (The last peak of solar activity was observed in May 2012, the next one will occur in 2021)They may refuse at the most inopportune moment. And only the celestial sphere remains unchanged during any cataclysms.

Update:

What does astronomy study?

When did it arise?

What astronomers do you know?

What celestial objects do you know?

What is the most important object for us that everyone missed? Earth

- and within the EarthWhat phenomena are directly influenced by space?

New material with comprehension check(presentations, lesson 1)

Astronomy is the science of the structure, origin and development of celestial bodies and their systems

Methods of astronomy: observation, experiment

The ancients about the celestial sphere(presentations, lesson 8)

Update

What ancient astronomers do you know?

How did the ancients imagine the structure of the universe?

Aristotle – Ptolemy – geocentric system of the world, the earth is a sphere;

Copernicus – Keppler – Newton – heliocentric system of the world;

Giordano Bruno - the plurality of inhabited worlds.

Star map (presentations, lesson 2)

Update

What constellations do you know? How many constellations are there in total?

Why don't constellations look like the creatures they are named after?

Distribute stationary star charts

A constellation is an area of ​​the sky within established boundaries.

The official division of the celestial sphere into constellations occurred only at the beginning of the 20th century. Astronomers have identified 88 constellations . There are constellations of the Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere, and Zodiacal.

The central part of the star map belongs to the Northern Hemisphere, the periphery to the Southern; a separate line denotes the ecliptic, along which the zodiacal constellations are located.

Exercise: read the names of the constellations on the map and guess who could have called them that and when.

The constellations of the Northern Hemisphere received their names in the era of Antiquity, while the constellations of the Southern Hemisphere are much “younger”: their boundaries were determined in the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries by sailors and scientists and they have corresponding names - Compass, Pump, Sails, Microscope.

One of the stars on the celestial sphere was named “Nail” by ancient sailors. What kind of star is this? Why was she called that?

The celestial sphere rotates around this star. Show ways to navigate north using the North Star.

Mariners have identified 27 stars on the celestial sphere, called navigation stars. They are bright and easy to identify by their constellation patterns.

They are connected to each other by a number of lines - bucket, spring-summer, winter triangles, cross, etc.

Main points and lines of the celestial sphere

(presentations, lesson 3 to climax)

What main lines and points of the celestial sphere do you know?

The plumb line passes through the observer and the zenith-nadir points.

The plane perpendicular to the plumb line is called the horizon plane.

The North Pole of the world is a point that does not move during the daily movement of stars.

South celestial pole

They are connected by the axis mundi

The shadow of a vertical pole at noon falls on the noon line connecting the points of north and south.

The plane of the celestial equator is perpendicular to the axis of the world.

The celestial meridian coincides withgeographical meridianand passes through the point of north, the poles of the world, zenith, nadir.

The angle between the axis of the world and the noon line (horizon plane) corresponds togeographic latitude terrain. (Lesson 5 frame 2)

Movement of the celestial sphere (presentations, lesson 5 slide 4),Indicate the direction of rotation of the celestial sphere - from east to west around the axis of the world.

Time for one full revolution – day.

Rules for using a moving star map.

(lesson 3 last slide “culmination”)

Climax is the phenomenon of the passage of the luminary through the celestial meridian.

There are upper and lower climaxes. The time interval between climaxes is half a day.

Both culminations are visible at a non-setting luminary (Cassiopeia)

Both climaxes of a non-rising star are not visible (Southern Cross)

The moment of the highest culmination of the Sun is true noon; bottom - midnight.

The path of the Sun across the celestial sphere (presentations, lesson 4)

The large circle described by the Sun relative to the stars in the celestial sphere due to the movement of the Earth in its orbit is called the ecliptic.

The Sun makes one complete revolution along the ecliptic per year. There are 12 + 1 zodiacal constellations along the ecliptic.

Find the ecliptic on the map and write down all the constellations that the Sun passes along the ecliptic.Find the surprise!

Question: How long does it take the Sun to pass through each constellation?

The answer is about a month.

Question: how does this agree with the fact that the cross-section of all constellations by the ecliptic is different? What to do with the new constellation?

Answer: division into zodiac signs has long become conventional. Due to the movement of stars in the Universe, the shape of the constellations has changed since they received their names and now only ten days fall on Scorpio, and

Libra 45 days. And Ophiuchus also got into “where it shouldn’t have.”

Question: what constellation cannot you see in the celestial sphere on your birthday?

Guiding question: where is the Sun at night?

Answer: On the other side of the Earth.

Can we see the constellation in which the Sun is located at night?

Answer: no. We see a diametrically opposite constellation.

Question: It's the beginning of April. Kingdom of Aries. What will we see in the sky in the middle of the night?

Equatorial reference system

The reference system includes a reference point - a stationary observer, a coordinate system - equatorial and a method of counting time

The equatorial reference system rotates along with the starry sky.

Enter two main measurements:

The angular distance of a star from the celestial equator along one of the celestial meridians is called declination δ

The angular distance of the star along the celestial equator from the point of the vernal equinox is called right ascension α

Time

In astronomy, it is customary to measure timesolar day - the average time interval between the two upper culminations of the center of the Sun

It's the beginning of April. Kingdom of Aries. What will we see in the sky in the middle of the night? What will be its declination?

Fastening:

Using a star chart, determine:

The names of the three northern constellations

Southern Hemisphere

Names of constellations visible from both hemispheres

A star located at the north pole of the world

A star located in the sky at the vernal equinox

Coordinates of the three brightest stars in the northern hemisphere

Coordinates of the three brightest stars in the southern hemisphere.

Task: using the trajectories of comets, determine the time of day for observing comets and the optimal day for observation (the passage of a comet near a bright star)

Summing up stage:

What are constellations

Name the main points and lines of the celestial sphere

What is the ecliptic

What are the two dimensions in the equatorial coordinate system.

When grading, consider:

Help in making cards

Answers to questions during updating

Completing tasks.

Methodological development of an astronomy lesson on the topic “Observations - the basis of astronomy”

Lesson objectives:

Personal:

interact in a group of peers when performing independent work; organize your cognitive activities.

Metasubject:

formulate conclusions about the features of astronomy as a science; approximately estimate angular distances in the sky; classify telescopes using various bases (design features, type of spectrum being studied, etc.); work with scientific information.

Subject:

find the main circles, lines and points of the celestial sphere (true (mathematical) horizon, zenith, nadir, plumb line, azimuth, altitude); formulate the concept of “celestial sphere”; use previously acquired knowledge from the section “Optical Phenomena” to explain the structure and operating principle of the telescope.

Lesson script

Organizing time.

Greetings. Checking students' readiness for the lesson. Creating an atmosphere of psychological comfort in the classroom.

Updating basic knowledge.

What does the science of astronomy study?

A) She studies the origin, development, properties of objects observed in the sky, as well as the processes associated with them -Right.

B) She studies the entire cosmos as a whole, its structure and capabilities.

C) Studies the development and placement of stars.

According to subjects and research methods, astronomy is divided into:

A) only three main groups: astrometry, astrophysics and stellar astronomy.

B) into two groups and subgroups: astrophysics (astrometry, celestial mechanics) and stellar astronomy (physical cosmology)

C) into five groups: astrometry, celestial mechanics, astrophysics, stellar astronomy, physical cosmology.-Right

What science is astronomy closely related to?

Which country is the origin of astronomy?

Comment on J. Bernal’s statement from the book “Science in the History of Society” using knowledge of astronomy: “...The Greeks did not create civilization and did not even inherit it. They discovered it... Having encountered the powerful influence of the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt, they selected from the cultures of other countries... any useful technical achievement, and in the field of ideas... an explanation of the activities of the Universe.

The Pythagoreans were the first to express the idea that the Earth is a sphere, based on the following evidence: a sphere is an ideal geometric figure, the gods could only create the ideal. What is the difference between the Pythagoreans’ ideas about the shapes of the Earth and modern ideas?

Draw a diagram of the relationship and interpenetration of astronomy and other sciences.

Primary assimilation of new knowledge

• What do you think is the basic scientific method for studying astronomy?(Observations)

  • What features do they have?

Observations in astronomy are the main source of information. They have features:

the time duration of many astronomical processes and phenomena (example: the evolution of stars)

the need to indicate the position of celestial bodies in space (coordinates)

For solving many practical problems, distances to celestial bodies do not play a role; only their visible location in the sky is important. Angular measurements are independent of the radius of the sphere. Therefore, although in nature the celestial sphere does not exist, astronomers, to study the visible arrangement of luminaries and phenomena that can be observed in the sky for days or many months, use the concept of the Celestial Sphere - an imaginary sphere of arbitrary radius (as large as desired), in the center which the observer's eye is located. The stars, the Sun, the Moon, planets, etc. are projected onto such a sphere, abstracting from the actual distances to the luminaries and considering only the angular distances between them.

(EFU page 10 Fig. 1.1 Celestial sphere)

So:

What is the center of the celestial sphere?(Eye of the observer).

What is the radius of the celestial sphere?(Arbitrary, but big enough).

How do the celestial spheres of two desk neighbors differ?(Center position).

The observed daily movement of the celestial sphere is an apparent movement reflecting the actual rotation of the globe around its axis.

To find a star in the sky. you need to indicate which side of the horizon and how high it is. For this purpose, a system of horizontal coordinates is used - azimuth and altitude.

(EFU page 11 Fig. Horizontal coordinate system)

For an observer located anywhere on Earth, it is not difficult to determine the vertical and horizontal directions. The first of them is determined using a plumb line and is depicted in the drawing by a plumb lineZZ´passing through the center of the sphere (point O). DotZ, located directly above the observer's head, is called the zenith. A plane that passes through the center of the sphere perpendicular to the plumb line forms a true circle when it intersects with the sphere. or mathematical, horizon. The height of the luminary is measured through the zenith and the luminary M, and is expressed by the length of the arc of this circle from the horizon to the luminary. This arc and its corresponding angle are usually denoted by the letterh. The position of the luminary relative to the sides of the horizon is indicated by its second coordinate - azimuth, denoted by the letter A. The azimuth is measured from the point south in the clockwise direction.

In practice, in geodesy, azimuth and altitude are measured with special goniometric optical instruments - theodolites.

The distance between stars on the celestial sphere can only be expressed in angular measure.

Estimation of angular distances in the sky. (EFU page 10 Fig. 1.2 Estimation of angular distances)

Initial check of understanding

(EFU page 11 Task “Lines and points of the celestial sphere”)

Students complete the task and check for correct completion.

Preparing for a group assignment:

For accurate observations, instruments are needed.

What is the name of the main device that is used to observe celestial bodies, receive and analyze the radiation coming from them?(telescope)

Observations are carried out in specialized institutions -observatories .

setting a cognitive task;

instructions on the sequence of work;

distribution of didactic material to groups.

The class is divided into four groups.

Each group completes its own block of tasks, using a textbook and Internet tools as a source of information. Each group defends its work.

During the defense process, the remaining participants fill out the tables according to the assignment.

1st group:

Telescope characteristics

2nd group

Classification of optical telescopes

3 group

Classification of telescopes by observation wavelength

4 group

Evolution of telescopes

Group work:

familiarization with the material, planning group work;

distribution of tasks within the group;

individual task completion;

discussion of individual results of work in a group;

discussion of the general task of the group;

summing up the group assignment.

Reflection (summarizing the lesson).

reporting the results of group work;

analysis of a cognitive task, reflection;

general conclusion about group work and achievement of the task .

The defense of the work will continue in the next lesson.

Homework paragraph 2.1

1 .Characterize the features of astronomical active optics systems from the point of view of physics.

2. A point light source is located at a double focal length from a collecting lens with an optical power of 10 diopters. The lens is inserted into an opaque frame with a radius of 5 cm. What is the diameter of the bright spot on the screen located at a distance of 30 cm from the lens? Make a drawing indicating the path of the rays.

3.If desired, choose the theme of the project and bring it to “life”:

The first star catalogs of the Ancient World.

The largest observatories of the East.

Pre-telescope observational astronomy by Tycho Brahe.

Creation of the first state observatories in Europe.

Design, principle of operation and application of theodolites.

The goniometer instruments of the ancient Babylonians were sextants and octants.

Modern space observatories.

Modern ground-based observatories.

During the classes

Organizing time

Introductory talk (2 min)

Requirements: textbookAndnotebook

New material

Astronomy - the oldest science, its origins date back to the Stone Age(VI- IIImillennium BC)[Greek astron - star, light, nomos - law] - science about the Universe (about nature) studiesmovement, buildings e, origin e and develop ecelestial bodies and their systems.

Systems: - all bodies in the Universe form systems of varying complexity.

Astronomy also studies the fundamental properties of the Universe around us.

As a science, astronomy is based primarily on observations. Unlike physicists, astronomers are deprived of the opportunity to conduct experiments. Almost all information about celestial bodies is brought to us by electromagnetic radiation. Only in the last forty years have individual worlds begun to be studied directly: to probe the atmospheres of planets, to study lunar and Martian soil.

The astronomical unit is used in the study of the solar system. This is the size of the semimajor axis of the Earth's orbit:1 a. e. = 149 million kilometers . Larger units of length - light year and parsec, as well as their derivatives (kiloparsec, megaparsec) - are needed in stellar astronomy and cosmology.A light year is the distance a ray of light travels in a vacuum in one Earth year. It is approximately 9.5∙10 15 m .

Historically associated with measuring distances to stars by their parallax and is1 pc = 3.263 light of the year =206,265 a. e.=3.086∙10 16 m.

Astronomy is closely related to other sciences, primarily physics and mathematics, the methods of which are widely used in it. But astronomy is also an indispensable testing ground on which many physical theories are tested. Space is the only place where matter exists at temperatures of hundreds of millions of degrees and almost at absolute zero, in the void of vacuum and in neutron stars. Recently, the achievements of astronomy have begun to be used in geology and biology, geography and history.

History of astronomy - one of the most fascinating and ancient sciences. The need for astronomical knowledge was dictated by vital necessity:

1. Time accounts (calendar).

2. Finding your way by the stars, especially for sailors

3. Curiosity - to understand current phenomena and put them to your service.

4. Caring about your destiny, which gave birth to astrology.

Stages of development of astronomy

1st Ancient world (BC)

II Pre-telescopic (AD to 1610)

III Telescopic (1610-1814)

IV Spectroscopy (1814-1900)

Vth Modern (1900 - present)

Connection with other objects.

Main branches of astronomy:

Relationship between astronomy and other sciences

agricultural needs (need for timing- days, months, years. For example, in ancient Egypt they determined the time of sowingand harvesting upon the appearance before sunrise of the bright star Sothis - a harbinger of the Nile flood - from beyond the edge of the horizon);

needs to expand trade, includingincluding maritime (seafaring, search for trade routes, navigation. Thus, Phoenician sailorswere guided by the North Star, which the Greeks called the Phoenician Star);

aesthetic and cognitive needs,needs for a holistic worldview (personsought to explain the periodicity of natural phenomena and processes, the emergence of the surroundingpeace. The origin of astronomy in astrologyideas are characteristic of the mythological worldview of ancient civilizations. Mythological worldview - a system of views on the objective worldand the place of man in it, which is based not on theoretical arguments and reasoning, but on the artistic and emotional experience of the world, social illusions born of people’s perceptionsocial and natural processes and their rolein them).

Identification of the last of the specified needslogically leads to consideration of a number of stages indevelopment of astronomy - from the first “traces” of prehistoric astronomy through the observational astronomy of the Ancient World and the Medieval East totelescopic astronomy of Galileo, celestial mechanics of Kepler and Newton.

During the conversationWe lead students to understand the role of spacemodern astronomy and human responsibility in preserving the uniqueness of the surrounding world. The result of the discussion of the stages in the development of astronomy is the drawing up of a diagram showingmodern ideas about the structure of the Universe.

When revealing the connection between astronomy and other sciences, it is important to analyze the interpenetration and mutual influence of scientific fields:

mathematics (use of approximate calculation techniques, replacement of trigonometricfunctions of small angles by the values ​​of the angles themselves, expressed in radian measure, logarithmetc.);

physics (movement in gravitational and magnetic fields, description of the state of matter; processesradiation; induced currents in plasma forming space objects);

chemistry (discovery of new chemical elements in the atmosphere of stars, formation of spectralmethods; chemical properties of the gases that make upcelestial bodies; discovery in interstellar mattermolecules containing up to nine atoms, the existence of complex organic compounds methylace-tylene and formamide, etc.);

biology (hypotheses of the origin of life,adaptability and evolution of living organisms;pollution of the surrounding outer space by matter and radiation);

geography (the nature of clouds on Earth and otherplanets; tides in the ocean, atmosphere and solidEarth's crust; evaporation of water from the surface of the oceansunder the influence of solar radiation; unevenheating by the Sun of various parts of the earth's surface, creating the circulation of atmosphericstreams);

literature (ancient myths and legends as literary works; science fiction literature).

Currently, space research is carried out using technical means; computers can be used to control telescopes and study the processes of evolution of planets, stars and galaxies.

The development of rocket technology allowed humanity to enter outer space. The results of studying the bodies of the Solar System allow us to better understand the global, evolutionary processes occurring on earth.

Having entered the space era of its existence and preparing for flights to other planets, humanity has no right to forget about the Earth and must be fully aware of the need to preserve its unique nature.

Homework. § 1. P. 3-7, Present graphically(in the form of a diagram) the relationship of astronomy with otherssciences, emphasizing the independence of astronomy as a science and the uniqueness of its subject.

Project topics

The most ancient religious observatories of prehistoric astronomy.

Progress of observational and measuring astronomy based on geometry and spherical trigonometry in the Hellenistic era.

The origins of observational astronomy inEgypt, China, India, Ancient Babylon, Ancient / flash / SHkala _ masshta - bov_ Vselennoy_ v.2. swf- Estimation of the ratio of sizes of various objects.

Topic: Subject of astronomy.
During the classes:
Introductory talk (2 min)
Requirements: textbook, notebook
new subject work with textbook
New material (30 min) Beginning of the demonstration of a video clip from the CD, my presentation.
Astronomy [Greek astron star, nomos law] - the science of the Universe (about nature) = the science of the structure, origin and development of celestial bodies and their systems, muse
Urania.
Systems: all bodies in the Universe form systems of varying complexity.
1. Solar system
2. The stars visible in the sky, including the Milky Way, are part of the Galaxy (our galaxy
Milky Way)
3. Galaxies unite into a kind of clusters (systems)
All bodies are in continuous movement, change, development. Planets, stars, galaxies have
its history, often estimated at billions of years.
The diagram shows the system and distances:
1 astronomical unit = 149.6 million km (average distance from the Earth to the Sun).
1pc (parsec) = 206265 AU = 3.26 St. years
1 light year (light year) is the distance that a beam of light travels at a speed of almost 300,000 km/s
for 1 year. 1 light year is equal to 9.46 million million kilometers!
The history of astronomy is one of the most fascinating and ancient sciences (you can show an excerpt from the film Astronomy (part 1, fr. 2 The most ancient science). Need
in astronomical knowledge was dictated by vital necessity:

1. Time accounts (calendar).
2. Finding your way by the stars, especially for sailors
3. Curiosity - to understand current phenomena and put them to your service.
4.
Caring about your destiny, which gave birth to astrology.
Stages of development of astronomy
1st Ancient World (BC)
IInd Pre-telescopic (AD to 1610)
III Telescopic (16101814)
IV Spectroscopy (1814-1900)
5th Modern (1900 present)
Connection with other objects.
1 heliobiology
2 xenobiology
3 space biology and medicine
4 mathematical geography
5 cosmochemistry
And spherical astronomy
B astrometry
In celestial mechanics
Gastrophysics
D cosmology
E cosmogony
F cosmophysics
Main branches of astronomy:
Classical
astronomy
combines a number of branches of astronomy, the foundations of which were developed before the beginning of the twentieth century:

Astrometry:
Heavenly
Mechanics
Modern
astronomy
Astrophysics
Cosmogony
Cosmology
Spherical
astronomy
Fundamental
astrometry
Practical
astronomy
studies the position, apparent and proper motion of cosmic bodies and solves problems related to
determining the positions of luminaries on the celestial sphere, compiling star catalogs and maps,
theoretical foundations of time counting.
conducts work to determine fundamental astronomical constants and theoretical
rationale for compiling fundamental astronomical catalogs.
deals with determining time and geographical coordinates, provides the Time Service, calculation
and compilation of calendars, geographical and topographic maps; astronomical orientation methods
widely used in navigation, aviation and astronautics.
explores the movement of cosmic bodies under the influence of gravitational forces (in space and time). Based on astrometry data,
laws of classical mechanics and mathematical research methods, celestial mechanics determines trajectories and characteristics
the movement of cosmic bodies and their systems serves as the theoretical basis of astronautics.
studies the basic physical characteristics and properties of space objects (movement, structure, composition, etc.), space
processes and cosmic phenomena, divided into numerous sections: theoretical astrophysics; practical
astrophysics; physics of planets and their satellites (planetology and planetography); physics of the Sun; physics of stars; extragalactic
astrophysics, etc.
studies the origin and development of space objects and their systems (in particular the Solar system).
explores the origin, basic physical characteristics, properties and evolution of the Universe. The theoretical basis of it
are modern physical theories and data from astrophysics and extragalactic astronomy.
Observations in astronomy are the main source of information. They have features:


long periods of time and simultaneous observation of related objects (example evolution of stars)
the need to indicate the position of celestial bodies in space (coordinates)
For accurate observations, instruments are needed. Observations are carried out in specialized observatory institutions.
The telescope increases the angle of view (resolution) and collects more light (penetrating power).
Types of telescopes: = optical and radio (Display)
1. Optical telescopes
The refractor uses the refraction of light in a lens (refracting), first in 1609 by G. Galileo
A reflector uses a concave mirror (reflecting) that focuses the rays; the first was invented by I. Newton in 1668.
Mirror-lens (Schmidt camera) a combination of both types, the first was built in 1930 by B. SCHMIDT.
direct observations

 take photographs (astrograph)
 photoelectric – sensor, energy fluctuation, radiation
appointment

spectral - provide information about temperature, chemical composition, magnetic fields, movements of celestial bodies.

In astronomy, the distance between celestial bodies is measured by angle
→
angular distance:
degrees – 5o.2, minutes – 13.4, seconds – 21.3
With the ordinary eye we see 2 stars nearby (resolution) if the angular distance is at least 12". The angle at which we see the diameter of the Sun and Moon ~
0.5o= 30".
Calculations:
"/D or = 206265∙
α
λ
λ
/D [where
the wavelength of the light, and D is the diameter of the lens

Resolution = 14α
telescope]
 Aperture E=~S (or D2) of the lens. E=(D/dхр)2, where dхр the diameter of the human pupil under normal conditions is 5mm.
β α
 Magnification = Lens focal length/Eyepiece focal length. W=F/f= /
.
At high magnification >500x, air vibrations are visible, so the telescope must be placed as high as possible in the mountains and where the sky is often cloudless, and even better
outside the atmosphere (in space).

Task (independent 3 min) For a 6m reflecting telescope at the Special Astrophysical Observatory (in the northern Caucasus)
determine the resolution, aperture and magnification if an eyepiece with a focal length of 5 cm (F = 24 m) is used. [Rated by
speed and correctness of solution]
2. Radio telescopes advantages: in any weather and time of day you can observe objects that are inaccessible to optical telescopes. Represent a bowl
(similar to a locator). Radio astronomy has developed since the 50s of the 20th century.

Securing the material.
Questions:
1. What astronomical information did you study in courses in other subjects? (natural history, physics, history, etc.)
2. What are the specifics of astronomy compared to other natural sciences?

3. What types of celestial bodies do you know?
4. Planets. How many, as they say, order of arrangement, largest, etc.
5. What is the importance of astronomy in the national economy today?
Meanings in the national economy:
Orientation by stars to determine the sides of the horizon
Navigation (navigation, aviation, astronautics) the art of finding a way by the stars
Exploring the Universe to understand the past and predict the future
Cosmonautics:
Exploring the Earth to preserve its unique nature
Obtaining materials that cannot be obtained under terrestrial conditions
Weather forecasting and disaster prediction
Rescue of ships in distress
Research of other planets to predict the development of the Earth

Homework: Introduction, §1; questions and tasks for self-control (page 11); page 29 (paragraph 16) – main thoughts.
When studying the material about astronomical instruments in detail, you can ask students questions and tasks:
1. Determine the main characteristics of G. Galileo’s telescope.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Galilean refractor optical design compared to the Kepler refractor optical design?
3. Determine the main characteristics of the BTA. How many times more powerful is BTA than MSR?
4. What are the advantages of telescopes installed on board spacecraft?
5. What conditions must be satisfied by the site for the construction of an astronomical observatory?

Astronomy [Greek Astron (astron) - star, nomos (nomos) - law] - the science of the Universe, studies the movement of celestial bodies (section of celestial mechanics), their nature (section of astrophysics), origin and development (section of cosmogony) [Astronomy - the science of structure, the origin and development of celestial bodies and their systems = that is, the science of nature]. Astronomy is the only science that received its patron muse - Urania. The allegory of Jan Havelius (Poland), depicts the muse Urania, who holds the Sun and the Moon in her hands, and on her head a sparkling crown in the form of a star. Urania is surrounded by nymphs representing five bright planets, on the left Venus and Mercury (inner planets), on the right Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.

Astronomy is one of the most fascinating and ancient sciences of nature. The need for astronomical knowledge was dictated by vital necessity: the need to count time, maintain a calendar. Finding your way by the stars, especially for sailors. Curiosity - to understand current phenomena. Concern for one's destiny, which gave rise to astrology. Connecting his dreams and desires with the sky, man observed various phenomena. The magnificent tail of comet Mac Noth, 2007 Fireball crash, 2003

Tree of astronomical knowledge Classical astronomy Astrometry: Spherical astronomy Fundamental astrometry Practical astronomy Celestial mechanics Modern astronomy Astrophysics Cosmogony Cosmology The history of astronomy can be divided into periods: Ist Ancient World (before AD) IInd Pre-Telescopic (NE until 1610) IIIrd Telescopic (before spectroscopy, years) IV Spectroscopic (before photography, years) V Modern (1900-present) Ancient (before 1610) Classical () Modern (present)

Space systems Solar system - the Sun and those moving around (planets, comets, satellites of planets, asteroids). The stars visible in the sky, including the Milky Way, are an insignificant fraction of the stars that make up the Galaxy (or our galaxy is called the Milky Way) - a system of stars, their clusters and the interstellar medium. Galaxies are united into groups and clusters. All bodies are in continuous movement, change, development. Planets, stars, galaxies have their own history, often amounting to billions of years. 1 astronomical unit = 149.6 million km 1 pc (parsec) = AU = 3.26 St. years 1 light year (light year) is the distance that a beam of light travels at a speed of almost km/s in 1 year and is equal to 9.46 million million kilometers!

Connection with other sciences 1 - heliobiology 2 - xenobiology 3 - space biology and medicine 4 - mathematical geography 5 - cosmochemistry A - spherical astronomy B - astrometry C - celestial mechanics D - astrophysics E - cosmology E - cosmogony G - cosmophysics Physics Chemistry Biology Geography and geophysics History and social science Literature Philosophy

Telescopes Reflector (reflecto–reflect) Mr. Isaac Newton (England). The world's largest telescope. W. Keck with a 10 m mirror (not monolithic, of 36 mirrors) installed in 1996 at the Mount Kea Observatory (California, USA) Refractor (refracto-refract) Mr. Galileo Galilei (Italy). The largest in the world was made by Alvan Clark (40 inches = 102 cm), installed in 1897 at the Hyères Observatory (Wisconsin, USA) Mirror-lens - 1930, Barnhard Schmidt (Estonia). In 1941 D.D. Maksutov (USSR) made a meniscus with a short pipe. Resolution α= 14"/D or α= ·λ/D Aperture E=~S=(D/d xp) 2 Magnification W=F/f=β/α

The main mirror of the 10-meter Keck telescope. Consists of 36 hexagonal 1.8 m hexagonal mirrors Since the Keck I and Keck II telescopes are located about 85 m apart, they have a resolution equivalent to a telescope with an 85 m mirror, i.e. about 0.005 arcseconds.

Space objects emit the entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation; a significant part of the invisible radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. Therefore, specialized space observatories are launched into space for research in the infrared, X-ray and gamma ranges. Hubble Telescope (HST), works with g. Length - 15.1 m, weight 11.6 tons, mirror 2.4 m