What does the forestry and woodworking industry produce? Assessment of ice production in Canada. Wood processing industry in the world

The timber industry is characterized by the presence of two forest belts.

Within the northern forest belt, coniferous wood is harvested, which is then processed into wood panels, cellulose, paper, and cardboard. For Russia, Canada, Sweden, and Finland, the forestry and woodworking industries are important sectors of international specialization. Canada ranks first in the world in the export of forest products. The main importers of wood are Western European countries and Japan.

Within the southern forest belt, deciduous wood is harvested. Three main areas of the timber industry have developed here: Brazil, Tropical Africa, and Southeast Asia. The wood harvested there is exported by sea to Japan, Western Europe, and the rest is mainly used for firewood.

To make paper in the countries of the southern belt, non-wood raw materials are often used: bamboo in India, sisal in Brazil, Tanzania, jute in Bangladesh. And yet, in terms of its production per capita, these countries lag especially far behind.

2. Foreign Asia covers an area of ​​27 million km 2 with a population of 3.1 billion people. On the political map of Asia there are more than 40 sou military states, many of which are ancient. The vast majority of countries in the region are developing. Overseas Asia is divided into four subregions: Central and East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Southwest Asia.

The EGP of the countries of the region is characterized by the coastal position of most countries, which provides access to the seas of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans; the deep position of some countries, which is much less advantageous.

The region's mineral resources, which provide the basis for heavy industry, are highly diverse. The main wealth of the region, which determines its role in the international geographical division of labor, is oil. The largest oil and gas regions are Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Kuwait, Iraq. The cost of Middle Eastern oil is 20 times lower than in other areas. In addition to the Middle East, oil is available in the east of China, on the shelves of Indonesia, in Brunei, Oman, and Malaysia. Natural gas is produced in Indonesia, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Iran and other countries. China and India are rich in coal, iron and manganese ores.

Most of the Asian region is occupied by mountains and deserts, so it is not rich in land resources. The availability of arable land per capita is below the world average and, due to population growth, tends to further decline. Water resources distributed extremely unevenly. In the countries of Southeast Asia and Iran, security is average or excessive, while in the rest of the territory it is insufficient. Agroclimatic resources also have their own characteristics. There are enough heat reserves everywhere, the humidification regime varies greatly. Hydropower resources are quite large in mountainous areas. The countries of East and Southeast Asia and India are rich in forest resources, although their per capita availability is low.

Population reproduction is characterized by a “demographic explosion,” especially in Arab countries, although there is a downward trend in natural growth. In most countries it ranges from 20 to 30 people. per 1000 inhabitants. The ethnic composition of the population is extremely complex: more than 1,000 peoples belonging to 9 language groups live here. Among them, the largest in the world are the Chinese and Hindustanis. Small peoples are scattered in mountainous areas. Most countries are multinational (Afghanistan, India, Sri Lanka) - interethnic conflicts still do not subside here. Foreign Asia is the birthplace of all religions of the world, the influence of which on people's lives is very great. The distribution of the population is extremely uneven: in Bangladesh the population density is 900 people/km 2, and in Mongolia and the countries of South-West Asia it is within 1 person/km. The level of urbanization is lower than in other regions of the world (Bangladesh - 17%, Pakistan - 33%, Iran - 57%), but its pace is growing rapidly, especially the number of large cities.

Differences in the level of development and specialization of individual countries are more pronounced in Asia than in Europe. Therefore, six groups of countries can be distinguished. The first is Japan, which in many important indicators occupies a leading position among the economically developed countries of Europe. The second group is formed by China and India, which have achieved great success in economic and social development. However, in terms of per capita indicators they are still far behind most countries in the world. The third group is the newly industrialized countries (Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore), they have made a rapid economic leap. As a result of the restructuring of the economies of these countries along the Japanese model, large automobile, oil refining, petrochemical, and electronic industries emerged. The fourth group includes the oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf. Receiving huge revenues from oil sales, these states became important industrial areas with large oil and gas production and other industries. The fifth group are countries mainly with mining or light industry(Mongolia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Jordan). The sixth group of countries are the least developed (Laos, Cambodia, Nepal, Bhutan, Yemen).

The economy of most countries is dominated by agriculture and mining industry. In many of them the food problem has still not been solved. The specialization of agriculture varies greatly. In South, East and Southeast Asia, in the monsoon climate region, where there is an excess of labor resources and a shortage of agricultural land, rice cultivation is developed. China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka specialize in growing tea; On the border of Burma, Laos, and Thailand there is a “golden triangle” of opium poppy crops. In South-West Asia, the leading grain crop is wheat on irrigated lands; Pasture farming is widespread here.

Mining industry developed in rich countries mineral resources, is largely controlled by large Western companies. In the MGRT, developing Asian countries act as suppliers of oil, gas, manganese, tin, and iron ore.

1. Forestry and woodworking industry: composition, placement. Geographical differences.

The forestry and wood processing industry is a complex, complex industry that includes logging, sawmilling, mechanical and chemical processing of wood.

Less than 30% of the land is covered by forests (3819 million hectares), but about 2.3 billion hectares are still available for harvesting.

The geography of the world's forestry and woodworking industries is largely determined by the location forest resources.

Highlight:

1) Northern forest zone: it is located in the temperate climate zone and partly in the subtropical zone. It accounts for 1/2 of all forests in the world, and almost the same part of the timber supply.

Here, mainly coniferous wood is harvested, which is then processed into sawlogs, wood panels, cellulose, paper, and cardboard.

Leading countries in the forest industry: Russia, Canada, Sweden, Finland.

Canada ranks first in the world in the export of forest products.

Note: Canada ranks first in the world in timber harvesting per capita (6 - 7 cubic meters per year). There are over 1.5 thousand sawmills in the country; The world's largest pulp and paper mill operates. Canada produces about 40% of all newsprint in the foreign world and accounts for 60% of its exports.

2) Southern forest belt: located mainly in the tropical and equatorial zones. It accounts for 1/2 of all forests in the world and more than 50% of the total timber supply.

Deciduous wood is harvested here.

There are three regions of the forest industry:

Southeast Asia(Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia; wood from here goes mainly to Japan);

Central and West Africa(Zaire, Angola, Sudan, Ghana; from these places wood goes to Europe);

Latin America(Brazil): wood is exported to the USA and Europe.

To make paper in the countries of the southern belt, non-wood raw materials are often used: bamboo (India), bagasse (Peru), sisal (Brazil, Tanzania), jute (Bangladesh). And yet, in terms of its production, especially per capita, these countries lag behind unusually far.

Note: In India, 1.5 kg of paper per capita is consumed, in Afghanistan and Mali - 0.1 kg each. For comparison, the world average is 45 kg, and in Finland it reaches 1400 kg

Forestry industry- the oldest among the industries producing structural materials. It unites enterprises of the logging, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries. It produces round timber, boards, wood products, paper and forest chemical products.

Distribution of forest resources

The geography of the world's forestry and wood processing industries is largely determined by the location of forest resources. Two belts have formed on Earth.

The first - the northern forest belt - covers mainly the taiga regions of Eurasia and North America. Coniferous wood is harvested here. For some countries (Russia, Canada, Sweden, Finland), the forestry and woodworking industries are important sectors of international specialization.

The second - the southern forest belt - deciduous wood is harvested. Three main regions of the timber industry have developed here: Brazil, Tropical Africa, and Southeast Asia. It has the most diverse and richest reserves of wood. South America. The wood harvested here is mainly exported by sea to Japan, Western Europe, and is also used for firewood.

Geography of the forest industry

In recent decades, significant changes have begun to be felt in the geography of the forest industry due to the relationship between the northern and southern forest belts. In general, timber harvesting is increasing. But if in the middle of the 20th century the countries of the first belt were much ahead of the countries of the second belt, now this gap is shrinking. The largest timber producers are the USA, Russia, Canada, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, Ukraine, China, and Sweden.

Of all harvested timber, commercial timber accounts for: in the countries of the northern belt - 80-100%, and in the countries of the southern belt - 10-20%.

Mechanical wood processing is primarily the production of lumber, the largest producers: USA, Russia, Canada, Japan, Brazil, India, Germany, France, Sweden, Finland.

The leaders in the chemical processing of wood (the main sub-industry is the production of cellulose) are the USA, Canada, Japan, Sweden, and Finland. Of the countries in the southern belt, only Brazil makes a significant contribution to world pulp production - 4%.

Paper production is also increasing. The main paper producing countries are the USA, Japan, and Canada.

There are significant differences between gross and per capita production in economically developed and developing countries Oh.

On average, the world produces 45 kg of paper per capita. The first place is occupied by Finland (1400 kg), the indicators are also high in Sweden (670 kg), Canada (530 kg), Norway (400 kg), in Europe the indicators are higher than the world average, and in Russia lower (35 kg). Very low level per capita indicator in developing countries (for example, in India - 1.7 kg).

The main exporters and importers of forestry and forest paper products were and remain economically developed countries. The main exporters are Canada, the USA, Russia, Scandinavian countries, Japan, and partly the USA. But in lately The share of exports of roundwood and processed wood from developing countries is increasing (Malaysia, Brazil, Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Cote d'voire, Gabon, Cameroon).

FORESTRY AND WOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY

a complex of mining and manufacturing industries, including logging, sawmilling, wood processing and wood chemical industries. Within the northern In the forest belt, coniferous wood is harvested and processed into wood boards, cellulose, paper, and cardboard. For Russia and Canada it is an industry of international specialization. Canada ranks first in the export of forest products. Within the southern belts where deciduous wood is harvested, highest value have Brazil, Tropical Africa, Southeast. Asia. From here, wood is exported by sea to Japan and Western Europe.

Concise geographical dictionary. EdwART. 2008.

Forestry and woodworking industry
a complex of industries, including logging, sawmilling, wood processing and wood chemical industries, whose enterprises carry out harvesting, complex mechanical and chemical processing and processing of wood. Products: lumber, sleepers, fiberboard and particle boards, plywood, furniture, matches, etc. In general, the world's timber harvesting (export) is growing, but the world's forest wealth is great, but not unlimited. The leaders are the USA, China, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Canada, etc. There is a sharp increase in the import of wood for the production of finished products from developing to developed countries (tropical wood amounts to approximately 1 /3 of world exports). The largest suppliers of commercial timber to the world market, in addition to economically developed countries, now include Brazil, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The world leaders in the production of lumber are the USA, Canada and China, in the production of fiberboards - the USA, China, and also (many times behind them) Canada, Germany, Russia. Leaders in the production of particle boards: USA, Germany, Canada, China. Traditionally, Russia occupied one of the first places in the world in the production of products in this industry, but in the last decade production has decreased by 3–5 times.

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

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