What is a sentence structure? Academy of Sciences, Russian Language Institute, Russian grammar. Simple sentence type system

Hello two-students. I was recently wandering around the Internet and came across a textbook on the Russian language. I remembered this school, which I had to go to every day and sit through my pants. Even though I always studied well... Let’s say it’s good, I wouldn’t want to repeat this experience. I found a lesson in the textbook about how to correctly structure sentences. And I decided to write an article about this, so that you, caught by nostalgia for your school days, or, suddenly, by necessity, would not wander around looking for textbooks on the Russian language, but would come to my blog. And here’s a quick check for you:

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1. With answer
2. With a viewing mark

1. Task 1 of 10

   1 .

   Find the structure [ __ and __ ====== ] among the sentences presented.

2. Task 2 of 10

   2 .

   Find the structure [│О│,…] among the sentences presented.

3. Task 3 of 10

   3 .

   Find the structure [│ВВ│,…] among the sentences presented.

4. Task 4 of 10

   4 .

   Find the structure [│DO│, X...] among the sentences presented.

5. Task 5 of 10

   5 .

   Find the structure [X,│PO│,…] among the sentences presented.

6. Task 6 of 10

   6 .

   Find the structure “[P!]” - [a] among the sentences presented.

7. Task 7 of 10

   7 .

   Find among the presented sentences the structure “[P..,│O│!] - [a]. - [│BB│,…P..].”

8. Task 8 of 10

   8 .

   Find the structure […..], and […..] among the sentences presented.

9. Task 9 of 10

   9 .

   Find among the sentences presented the structure […..], (that….).

10. Task 10 out of 10

    10 .

    Find among the sentences presented the structure […..], (which….).

Someone will object: “School is over long ago, let’s write without diagrams.” This point of view is quite fair. For those who communicate via SMS and game chats. So, today the topic of our lesson is: “How to create a sentence diagram?” Moreover, if you are a copywriter or want to become one and earn more than your teacher, knowledge of sentence patterns, unfortunately, is necessary.

The procedure for drawing up a proposal outline

To draw up a diagram you will need graphic symbols. Equivalent clauses within a complex sentence are denoted by square brackets. The subordinate together with the conjunction is in parentheses. The main word from which the question is asked is a cross.

Simple sentence diagram

Let's look at an example right away. Let's start with the easiest task for elementary school.

This is a simple two-part sentence. A distinction is also made between one-part sentences, when the main members of a sentence are expressed by one subject or one predicate. Simple sentences can be common, as in our case, or uncommon, for example:

Let's pay attention to the predicate. It can be simple or complex:

• Simple: " Michael composed ».
• Compound verb: " Misha wanted to write on the couch».
• Compound nominal: " Misha was a friend for me».

A simple sentence may include:

Ivan, sit in the left row. The proposal outline is as follows

[│О│,…..].

It is important to highlight the address with commas in the same way as introductory words.

Unfortunately, this happened quite often

[│ВВ│,…..].

Don’t forget to find and highlight the adverbial or participial phrases.

The dog looked at her without taking his eyes off

[│DO│, X...].

The view that opened before him was like an enchanted kingdom of cold.

[X,│PO│,…..].

Direct speech is often found in literary texts and reasoning texts.

“Don’t go into the yard!” the stranger shouted loudly.

“[P!]” - [a].

“Hurray, brothers!” he shouted. “It seems like our business is starting to improve.”

“[P..,│O│!] - [a]. - [│BB│,...P..].”

So, an English teacher. Imagine I got all A's (80 percent), I'm going to a college with honors, Olympiads, conferences - everyone knows me. And this...... well... the woman gives me a hard time. I tell her: aren’t you normal, look at my grades, what are you doing? And nothing - supposedly a principle. Although what the hell is the principle when she gave fours to athletes who did not come to classes at all and gave fives for a can of coffee. And everyone told her this: Pasha needs to give at least a four. In short, it's tough. Already at the defense of the diploma, the director himself intervened and she gave me a 4 after the defense, but the honors diploma was lost.

Complex sentence diagram.

There are several types of complex sentences. Let's look at them in order.

A compound sentence is two simple, equal sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction.

The walls of the tunnel moved apart, and the travelers found themselves in a huge sublunar grotto.

The scheme here is simple […..], and […..].

In a complex sentence, one part is main, the second is subordinate, accompanies the first.

The individual columns were so huge that their tops reached right up to the vault.

[…..], (What ….).

The air around him was much cleaner than what he breathed at home.

[…..], (which….).

Subordination in such sentences occurs with the help of subordinating conjunctions.

A non-union sentence is similar to a compound sentence, but does not have a conjunction.

The television studio offered a ridiculously small amount - Miga got angry.

[…..] — […..].

In our example, Migi's dissatisfaction is caused by the actions performed in the first part of the complex sentence. But there is no conjunction; it is replaced by a dash.

Don't get confused when creating a diagram with different types of connections. Break such offers without losing main idea, it can be very difficult.

The bottom of the tunnel went down, so it was easy and simple to walk: it seemed that someone was pushing in the back, and the light would soon turn on ahead.

[…..], (therefore….): [│BB│,...], and [....].

Difficult sentence may have several subordinate parts arising from one another. This is consistent submission.

The children were informed that tomorrow there would be a holiday that would end with a carnival procession.

(which ….).

There are also parallel subordination. From the main clause, different questions are asked to the subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses in in this case can be made into separate simple sentences almost without modification.

When the photographer arrived, Serenky wrapped the stock in a handkerchief to hide it in his bosom.

↓ when? ↓ why?

(when ....), (to ....).

In the Russian language, homogeneous subordination is distinguished. This is a list of simple sentences. They are asked the same question from the main part, and they are connected by the same union.

Watching nature in the spring, you can notice how birds fly in, how tender leaves appear, how the first flowers bloom.

↓ what? ↓ what? ↓ what?

(like ....), (like ....), (like ....).

The main types of proposals are considered. When reading and analyzing the text, carefully look at sentences that are large in construction. Highlight the main information. Mentally ask questions from the main word or main part to the subordinate or subordinate. This will help you grasp the essence and place punctuation marks correctly.

Good luck to everyone! Well, find 10 differences in these pictures and write how long it took you to do it.

find 10 differences

Page 10 of 13

Advanced Sentence Structures

Minimal sentence schemes have different possibilities for constructing real sentences on their basis that can denote a certain situation out of context. Some are freely implemented by filling the positions of their components with a variety of vocabulary; others can be realized only on the condition that their positions are filled with forms of words of certain lexical-grammatical classes; when filled with words of other lexical-grammatical classes, they require expansion - the inclusion of additional components, i.e. turning a minimal scheme into an extended one; for still others, the expansion of the schema is a prerequisite for the formation of real proposals.

An example of the first phenomenon is the implementation of the scheme N 1 Ср f Аdj 1/5. The formation of real sentences based on this scheme is regulated only by the rules of dictionary compatibility (cf.: The forest was dense.- "The bush was dense") and extralinguistic factors.

An example of the second phenomenon (the most common) is the implementation of the N 1 V f circuit. Based on this structural diagram, real sentences can be formed only by filling the predicative center with verbs that do not require obligatory extenders (intransitive). The implementation of this scheme by transitive verbs requires its expansion - the inclusion of the form of the objective indirect case of the noun, otherwise a formation arises that is actually possible as a sentence (with varying degrees of probability for different verbs) in ellipsis conditions (cf.: "He lost".- He lost the key; "He lost it."- He lost his job; "He cared."- He took care of his younger brothers; "He was in charge"". - He headed the laboratory) or when conveying the meaning of a generalized or indefinite (more precisely, detached) object [cf.: The child is already reading(“everything that can be read” is a generalized object); After lunch, Ivan Ivanovich read("something quite definite, it is unimportant what exactly" - a detached object)].

The need to expand the minimum supply scheme also arises when filling the position V f a verb with an obligatory extender of an adverbial nature (an adverb or an indirect case form of a noun or a prepositional-case combination in an adverbial meaning); compare: "The university is located."- The university is located on the Lenin Hills; "He looked like".- He looked bad (old man).

The third phenomenon is also quite common. An example of this could be diagrams V pl 3, Cop pl 3 Adj fpl , Cop pl N 2... pr / Ad v pr, the condition for their implementation outside the context is the mandatory introduction of additional components with local or object meaning: Uneighbors sing; TOto you came;Newspapers brought; WITH him were kind;Editorial were concerned;At home were delighted. Without a local or object component, sentences constructed according to these schemes, out of context, do not realize their specific meaning, the essence of which is that the speaker’s attention is diverted from the subject - the producer of the action (in verbal sentences) or the bearer of the state (in connective sentences), which seems unimportant, and the meaning of the sentence is to state the presence of an action or state. Cases of implementation of these minimal schemes by separate one-word sentences (They call; They bomb) are situationally related: they call an event that is taking place now and here. It is significant that they are impossible with the forms of past and future tense or unreal moods.

Minimal sentence schemes, supplemented by “extenders” - components whose presence is necessary for a sentence to be able to express meaning out of context, form extended sentence structural schemes. Thus, extended circuit- this is an abstract model, more complete than a minimal scheme, on which real sentences can be constructed that have semantic autonomy and are capable of performing a nominative function - naming an event, situation, “state of affairs.”

The components that complement the minimal sentence scheme to an expanded one are of several types: 1) a substantive component with a subjective meaning; 2) a substantive component with an objective meaning; 3) adverbial component.

1. Extended structural diagrams, built on the basis of single-component minimal schemes, for sentences that indicate the presence of a certain state in a certain object or report an action performed by a person or natural force, include the position of the indirect case of a noun with the meaning of the subject: He has luck;To him lucky;To him Badly; WITHhim fainting;His has a fever;To him leaving tomorrow;by the wind the roof was blown off.

This form of the oblique case has the same meaning as the form of the nominative case in sentences of similar content, constructed according to minimal two-component nominative schemes: He misses; He is leaving; He's sad as a result, if the lexical means of the language allow it, it becomes possible to express the same “state of affairs” by sentences constructed according to different structural schemes. Wed: He's cheerful.- He's having fun; He works.- He has to work; He is unwell.- He is not feeling well; He is sad.- He is sad; The current carried the boat away.- The boat was carried away by the current. The sentences in these pairs differ not in what each of them designates, but in how it does it: in accordance with the abstract meaning inherent in the structural scheme, each sentence in its own way characterizes the designated fragment of reality.

The patterns of using one or another form of indirect case to denote the subject of a state are quite complex; they are associated with the formal and semantic properties of the predicative center of the sentence and the semantics of the noun denoting the subject, as well as with the semantic potential of the case form itself (or preposition and case). The variability of the form of designation of the subject is very limited: He (with him) feels bad(cf.: He is cold.- "WITH he is cold"); He (with him) fainted(cf.: He has the flu.- "WITH nim flu").

The possible empty position of the subject component is significant. Thus, in sentences constructed according to schemes V s 3 / n And Sor s 3/ n Adj fsn, when filling them respectively with verbs or adjectives with the meaning of a person’s state, the unfilled position of the subject component (the form of the dative case, and for some verbs, the accusative case with a subjective meaning) has a completely definite meaning. If the position of this component is empty outside the ellipsis conditions, the state is attributed to the speaker or addressee of the speech: Not feeling well?- Yes, I'm not feeling well(cf.: Grandma is not feeling well); Shivering?(Wed: The patient is chilling) or to the speaker and everyone with whom he identifies: It's fun here(cf.: Children have fun here) those. the empty position of the subject - the bearer of the state - expresses a specific personal meaning (1st-2nd person) or a generalized personal meaning.

The appearance of the dative case form with the meaning of the subject is a prerequisite for the implementation of the Inf scheme, regardless of its lexical content: To him go to the army;Us work together; Tomorrowfather get up early;To you never see such battles(L.). The dative case of the subject is regularly absent only in two cases: 1) with a definite personal meaning of the sentence, i.e. when the producer of the action expressed by the infinitive is the speaker or interlocutor: Get some ink and cry. Write about February sobbingly(Present); Be silent!; Again, don't sleep at night; 2) with a generalized personal meaning of a sentence, when any person is considered the producer of the action expressed by the infinitive: He cannot be persuaded; Can't fit into the carriage; Fate cannot be avoided.

The position of the component with a subject meaning (usually the dative case form) is included in the extended schemes corresponding to the minimal two-component infinitive sentence schemes: What not to see and hearperson!; Nowto me falling in love is hard(P.);I have and I had no intention of reproaching you;He has (for him) to say is to do;Me I was tempted to enter into an argument.

The significance of the empty position of the subject component here is the same as in all other sentences whose schemes include this position: Managed to find out the details(definitely personal meaning of the 1st-2nd person); It's sad to part; It is recommended to walk more; Nature must be protected(generalized-personal meaning).

The same meanings are expressed by the possible emptyness of component N 5 (subject) in the 1st-2nd person forms of a verb or connective outside the conditions of ellipsis and in two-component nominative schemes: Are you sleeping?- Not sleeping; After the walk you sleep soundly. This indicates the commonality of the syntactic organization of sentences of different syntactic classes, united by the presence in their structural diagrams (minimal for some and extended for others) of components with subjective meaning.

2. An obligatory component of extended schemes of such sentences, which call a situation involving two participants: an active one, from whom comes a certain physical or, if it is a person, mental activity(subject), and the passive one to whom this activity is directed (object) - is the case form of the noun with object value.

Such sentences are organized by transitive verbs. The typical form of object expression is the prepositional accusative case; most transitive verbs require this form from the object distributor. But there are quite a lot of so-called indirect transitive verbs that require a different case form to express the object (without a preposition or with a preposition): Children are afraiddarkness; Helpneighbor; Hereus will not interfere; More for himus not to command; The people believedto victory; He joinedto the majority; Mother was sadby sons. The form of the objective component is always predicted by the predicative center of the sentence - the transitive verb.

Extended sentence schemas that name events with more than two participants have several object components that differ in meaning and form: Father gave it to his sonwatch; The plant processesbeets for sugar.

Object component position is not only found in verb sentence patterns. It includes extended schemes of copular sentences, the predicative center of which is adjectives (including participles, which in the structure of a sentence are functionally identical to adjectives), as well as adverbs or prepositional-case combinations with an adverbial meaning, requiring an objective extender: Everyone is unhappy with him; From here you can seeriver; To him always Glade;From him were delighted.

3. For sentences whose predicative center is a verb, in the order of obligatory connection, accompanied by an adverb or a case (usually prepositional-case) form of a noun with an adverbial meaning, without which the sentence cannot name the designated situation, the extended scheme includes the position of the necessary adverbial component. This can be an adverb or a prepositional case form of a noun with a local meaning: Here the headquarters was located; The children settledby Grandma; We were placedin the outbuilding (in the outbuilding) ; They swamfrom half a kilometer; with the temporal value of the duration measure: The friends talkedfor a long time; He oversleptnear hours; with a definitive qualitative-evaluative value: Everyone feltgood; Behave yourselfmodestly; He enterednobly.

Components with local meaning are included in extended schemas based on schemas V pl 3, Cop pl 3 Adj fpl , Cop pl N 2... pr / Ad v pr, i.e. into samples of indefinite-personal (verb and nominal) sentences. As has already been said, sentences are not formed according to these minimal schemes; they necessarily include object components (if the predicative center is filled with a transitive verb), or local components, or both. Sentences formed by filling these structural diagrams without “expanders” (such as They sing; They were kind) themselves are indefinite not only in meaning, but even in their formal organization. These are either incomplete sentences constructed according to two-component nominative schemes: Everyone is cheerful.They sing; The neighbors greeted us warmly.They were kind or indefinitely personal sentences constructed according to one-component schemes: The neighbors are having fun.They sing. Our neighbors greeted us warmly.They were kind. They receive formal certainty and semantic unambiguity only in context.

A self-sufficient indefinite-personal sentence must contain a local component, the role of which is not limited to designating a place. The local component participates in the expression of abstraction from the real subject of an action or state, i.e. in the creation of that specific characteristic that the construction of an indefinite personal sentence gives to the designated event; it eliminates the potential ambiguity of the predicative center of the sentence.

A component with a temporal value can also perform this function (which is evidence of the proximity of local and temporal values): Then did not know how to make accurate calculations;In youth they take on a lot of things easily.

The local value component is also included in the extended sentence schema that implements the schema V s 3 n when filling it with such verbs that can be used in sentences constructed according to the scheme N 1 V f(i.e., they exist both as impersonal and as personal): In the mouth dries;In eyes got dark; It hurts here. The functional load of such a component is similar to the function of local spreaders in indefinite sentences.

All constructive components that complement the minimal scheme of a sentence to an expanded one depend on its predicative center.

The distributors of components that do not carry predicative meanings, which are necessary in individual speech implementations of structural schemes, are not constitutive of the sentence and are not included in extended schemes. Yes, suggestions Listeners were interested in the report And Some listeners were interested in the report built according to the same scheme N 1 V f N 2... obj; presence of the necessary distributor for the word form Part(it can be absent only under conditions of ellipsis) is not constitutive. The need for extenders for words that do not form the predicative center of a sentence is an individual property of individual sentences as facts of speech in which phenomena of the syntax of phrases are realized that are not of fundamental importance for the organization of the sentence.

From the above, it logically follows that the mechanism for the formation of extended schemes largely depends on the nature of those components of minimal sentence schemes that constitute their predicative centers. Different minimal circuits have different possibilities for meaningful expansion. Extended schemes are most numerous and varied in those minimal schemes that include a verb as a carrier of predicativity, i.e. at the circuits N 1 V f , Inf , V s 3/ n , V pl 3 . The remaining minimal schemes have much less potential for constitutively significant expansion.

This is explained by the properties of the verb as the part of speech that is richest in collocation possibilities. In the apt expression of V.V. Vinogradov, “the verb is the most constructive compared to all other categories of parts of speech.”

Most of the constitutive components of the sentence, complementing the minimal scheme to the extended one, are associated with the predicative center of the sentence as a word, i.e. They are based on a connection like “word + word form”. As a consequence, extended schemes corresponding to different minimal schemes with the same word class as the predicative center include the same "extenders", for example, the accusative form of a transitive verb in different verb schemes; compare: Students respectteachers. - Teachers respect; We didn't recognize him.- They won't recognize him.- His not to know. But in sentences constructed according to different minimal schemes, these “expanders”, identical in form, are not functionally identical: they participate in the semantic organization of sentences in different ways. So, in sentences constructed according to the scheme V pl 3 , and under certain conditions and according to schemes Inf And V s 3/ n forms of the accusative case with the meaning of the object (and forms of other cases with the same meaning) perform in the semantic organization of a sentence a function similar to the function of the form of the nominative case in the construction formed by verbs of the passive voice, i.e. represent the object as the bearer of a procedural feature, named by the verb, as the “hero” of the situation denoted in the sentence, which at the same time receives the meaning of a passive construction; compare: Teachers are respected.- We respect the teacher; They won't recognize him.- He's unrecognizable.- He is not recognized (unrecognizable). Thus, as constitutive components of various sentence schemes, the word-based extenders of the predicative center of a sentence (and, above all, the verb) represent a special object of science, the essence of which is by no means comprehended by studying it as a component of a phrase.

Since the idea of ​​distinguishing language and speech was established in linguistics, the question arose: what is a sentence in this regard, is it only a unit of speech or also a unit of language? In Slavic linguistics, most syntaxists consider the sentence as a unit of both language and speech. This idea was well expressed by V. Mathesius: “The sentence does not belong entirely to speech, but is connected in its usual form with the grammatical system of the language to which it belongs.”

A sentence contains both elements produced and reproduced by the speaker. The forms of the constitutive members of the sentence are reproduced as elements of the structure of the sentence, and not arbitrarily formed by the speaker, constituting its predicative minimum, which is necessary for the sentence to be a grammatically formed predicative unit, and a broader nominative minimum, which is necessary for the semantic organization of the sentence, without which it cannot exist as a message - a nominative unit.

In certain speech situations, a sentence may not actually contain all the constituent members, the presence of which is assumed by its formal and semantic organization, but may be incomplete and contain only those members that are required by the communicative task of the sentence: - Where do the firewood come from? - From the forest, obviously(N.); - How long did he live with you?- I asked again.- Yes for about a year(L.). But the existence of incomplete sentences does not refute the fact of the presence of reproducible elements in a speech sentence, since, firstly, incomplete sentences exist only in such conditions under which their content is supplemented by the context or situation of speech, and secondly, in incomplete sentences their present members have the same form as they would have as part of complete ones, so that the forms of the present members also signal the verbally unexpressed (implicit) components of the sentence, reproducing, although incompletely, one or another sample of the sentence. Yes, a proposal Weapons on the table for everyone! not containing a main member, its present composition signals that it is modeled on an infinitive sentence (cf.: Everyone put their weapons on the table) and the proposal All weapons on the table!,- according to the model of the conjugated verb (cf.: Everyone put your weapons on the table).

Thus, the rules of Russian syntax (and specifically those related to the system of sentence organization, and not other syntactic units) require the use of the nominative case form of the noun when conjugating the form of a personal (not impersonal) verb: He's on duty and with the infinitive - the dative case form: He should be on duty; when asserting the presence of an object - the form of the nominative case: There is paper; There were difficulties and in case of negation - the genitive case form: No paper; There were no difficulties.

The task of the study of the structural scheme of a sentence is to determine, in relation to sentences of different types, the minimum components at which the sentence, regardless of the context, is capable of performing its functions. Thus, sentence structure diagram can be defined as an abstract pattern consisting of the minimum components necessary to create a sentence.

A new type of description of the formal organization of a sentence, based on the concept of a structural diagram of a sentence, appeared in Russian science in the late 60s. It was implemented in relation to all constructions of the Russian sentence in "Grammar-70" and in "Russian Grammar" (1980, 1982), discussed in many articles and books on the syntax of the Russian language and general theory syntax. The introduction of the concept of a structural scheme of a sentence responded to the general desire for formalization and modeling of linguistic objects, which is characteristic of various directions and areas of modern linguistics and which reflects the demands of the century, as well as the goals of the practical application of descriptive syntax.

At the same time, it immediately became clear that the new type of description of the formal organization of a sentence is by no means self-evident. Controversy has arisen around the concept of sentence structure. Two understandings of the structural minimum of supply have emerged.

The understanding of the structural minimum of a proposal put forward by N.Yu. Shvedova, is addressed to the formal organization of the sentence as a predicative unit. Therefore, it involves abstraction from everything that is not essential for him. On this basis, the structural diagram does not include the components of the sentence that appeared in it as the implementation of a connection organized according to the “word + word form” type, i.e. all word-spreaders that realize the syntactic potentials of words, the forms of which form a sentence and are components of the scheme. The scheme also does not include obligatory predictable conditional spreaders, without which a sentence cannot be a minimal message independent of the context. In accordance with this understanding, only those components of the sentence that form its predicative minimum are introduced into the structural diagram.

At this level of abstraction, it turns out to be unimportant that the so-understood structural minimum, far from every lexical content, forms a real sentence that can be the name of an event or a communicative unit. Yes, in sentences The Rooks Have Arrived And They ended up here from the point of view of this understanding, the same structural diagram: “the form of the nominative case of the noun + the conjugated form of the verb that agrees with it” (N 1 V f). Meanwhile, in the second case, filling in only these syntactic positions does not produce a real sentence ("They found themselves").

The level of abstraction specified by this understanding of the structural minimum of a sentence corresponds to that which was accepted by the traditional teaching about the main members of a sentence, therefore compiling a list of structural schemes in this understanding can be based on this teaching (from such positions the entire system of Russian sentences is described in Grammar- 70" and in "Russian Grammar-80", where closed lists of structural diagrams are given).

A different understanding of the structural minimum of a sentence is addressed not only to the formal organization of the sentence as a predicative unit, but also to its semantic organization as a nominative unit, and simultaneously takes into account its actual grammatical and semantic sufficiency. In this case, the sentence structure includes a larger number of components. Thus, from the standpoint of this approach, the scheme N 1 V f corresponds only to the sentence The Rooks Have Arrived, for offer They ended up here it must be supplemented by an adverbial component of local meaning, which, in accordance with the accepted symbolism, can be denoted Adv lo c /N 2 ... loc, where N 2 ... loc represents any case (prepositional-case) form of a noun with an adverbial local meaning (i.e. the meaning of a place). The morphological properties of this component (the adverb itself or the prepositional case form) are unimportant for the structural scheme of the sentence; compare: They found themselves at home (at the house, in the house, behind the house).

The second understanding of the structural minimum supply is represented by a large number of works by domestic and foreign scientists. They discuss the general principles of identifying structural schemes, but do not describe the entire system of Russian sentences in the form of a closed list of structural schemes.

Each of the researchers implements the central idea of ​​the direction in their own way. But in all implementations of this direction, its general idea is manifested: an appeal to the meaning of the sentence as a nominative unit, recognition of the relative completeness, integrity of the informative content as the main and obligatory property of the sentence. The structural minimum of a sentence is understood here as the limit of semantic autonomy, suitability for performing a nominative function, i.e. to express a certain type of “state of affairs,” event, situation.

With this approach to establishing the structural minimum of a proposal, it is no longer possible to rely on the traditional doctrine of the main members of a proposal. Thus, “additions, from this point of view, should be classified among the main (i.e., necessary) members of the proposal”; The differences between subject and object are not significant in this approach.

The two understandings of the structural scheme of a sentence described above, based on different ideas about the structural minimum of a sentence, despite all the differences between them, complement each other, representing different levels abstractions: greater when oriented towards the predicative minimum and less when oriented towards the nominative minimum. This allows us to talk about two types of structural schemes of sentences - minimal and extended. Extended schemes are minimal schemes + constitutive schemes not included in them, i.e. components essential for the semantic structure of a sentence. Thus, there is an inclusion relationship between minimal and extended sentence schemas. Thus, the minimal circuit N 1 V f is included in extended circuits built on its basis, for example, in the circuit N 1 V f Adv loc /N 2 ... loc, which is implemented by the proposal They ended up here or into the scheme N 1 V f N 2 ...obj, according to which the sentences are constructed I remember wonderful moment (P.); Old Kochubey (P.) is proud of his beautiful daughter.

Let's explain this formula. The adjectives in the examples given are optional, are not included in the nominative minimum, and therefore are not components of the scheme.

Index 2... obj means that the noun it accompanies can be in any oblique case with the meaning of the nearest object of action. Which case form it will receive depends on the associative properties of the verb and is not significant for the structure of the sentence; compare: He was in the wayus; He was working onarticle; We believed invictory.

The specificity of a sentence as a syntactic unit is that it expresses updated informative content: it gives the name of some situation, while simultaneously assessing its reality ~ unreality and its location in time relative to the act of speech. In accordance with this, the minimal scheme of a sentence must include such a combination of word forms (or one word form) that is necessary and sufficient to express this “sentence” meaning with a certain lexical content, namely, to convey informative content, correlating it with reality ( situation of speech) in terms of the categories of reality ~ unreality and time.

The minimal sentence patterns include word forms of three classes.

1. First of all, these are indicators of predicativeness. IN modern language they are represented by three forms: conjugated forms of the verb (V f); conjugated forms of the copula (Cop f) - a function word be, expressing grammatical meaning reality ~ unreality and time, as well as the concordant categories of number and gender (person); an infinitive of a verb or copula (Inf), conveying a specific modal meaning. The conjugated forms and infinitive of a verb are components of the minimal sentence structure. Those of them that are outside the coordinating categories, i.e. in which number and gender (person) are non-variable as part of the structural scheme, they can alone constitute minimal sentence schemes, since due to their significantness, in addition to predicative meanings, they also carry a certain informative content.

This feature is implemented by 3rd person forms singular in sentences like It's getting light(V s 3 / n); 3rd person forms plural in sentences like Guard!They're robbing! (V pl 3); infinitive in sentences like Get up!(Inf).

The forms of the copula cannot form a minimal sentence scheme, since they represent only means of actualization, acting only when combined with certain forms of significant words that carry within themselves the informative content that, with the help of means of actualization, is correlated with reality. Therefore, copula forms are not independent components of the structural scheme of a sentence. They form a complex component of the scheme, which, as the second element, includes one of the nominal forms combined with the connective; it expresses the nominative content of the complex component of the structural scheme of the sentence. The conjugated forms of verbs whose number and gender (person) are variable in the structural diagram cannot form a minimal sentence, since their design according to these categories is determined by the forms of the words with which they agree.

2. Minimal sentence schemes that include a copula include certain forms of names and adverbs, which, in combination with the copula, form a single syntactic complex. In modern language, these are forms of the nominative and instrumental cases of nouns (N 1 / N 5), as well as prepositional or prepositional forms of any indirect case that can be combined with a copula (N2... pr); forms of the nominative or instrumental case of adjectives and passive participles, as well as their short forms and comparatives (Adj 1/5 /f); adverbs that can be combined with a copula (Adv pr); infinitive

The carrier of predicativity (the conjugated form of the verb or the infinitive) and the complex formed by the copula conveying predicative meanings with the associated nominal form constitute the predicative center of the sentence, its grammatical core.

Minimal sentence schemes, which include verb or connective forms that are variable in terms of concordant categories, include components that determine the form of predicative indicators by number, gender (person). In modern language, this is the form of the nominative case of a noun and its substitutes, in particular combinations of quantitative words in different forms with genitive form of the noun: Several visitors came (about a dozen visitors, about a dozen visitors), and also the infinitive. The conjugated form of the verb or copula, as well as nominal forms that can be coordinated, combined with the copula, agree with these components, reflectively reacting to their form; compare: He liked the work.- He liked to work; The work was interesting.- It was interesting to work.

Minimal sentence schemes are the result of high abstraction: they include only such components, the presence of which is not determined by word connections, are completely freed from taking into account the combinability of words and record only specific facts of the syntactic organization of a sentence. The list of minimal schemes demonstrates the formal apparatus of a sentence, so this list is of great value for the typological formal syntactic characteristics of the language.

Minimum proposal schemes can be one-component or two-component. One-component schemes are equal to the predicative center of the sentence and are formed by such forms of it that do not vary according to the concordant categories: singular forms of the 3rd person (V S 3 /n> Cop S 3 / n), plural of the 3rd person (V p l 3, Ср l 3) and the infinitive of the verb or copula (Inf). Two-component schemes, in addition to the predicative center of the sentence, include another component (the nominative case form of the noun or the infinitive), which determines the form of the predicative center according to the concordant categories.

Minimal sentence schemes are combined into three blocks, differing both in the number of components (one-component and two-component) and in the form of one of the components (nominative and infinitive two-component schemes). At the same time, according to the nature of the predicative center of the sentence, the structural schemes of verbs (A) and copulas (B) differ. In class “A” (verbal), the predicative center of the sentence is elementary, this is the form of the verb (conjugated form or infinitive), which simultaneously expresses its material content and grammatical characteristics; in class “B” (connective), the predicative center of the sentence is complex, it consists of a copula (in conjugated form or in the infinitive), expressing only its grammatical characteristics, and a significant element - combined with a copula of the form of a name, adverb or infinitive, which expresses the real content (Tables 9, 10, 11).

Table 9

I block (two-component nominative)

Table 10

Block II (two-component infinitive)

Table 11

III block (one-component)

One-component sentences built according to the Inf structural scheme can be either verbal or connective, since their only component (predicative center) can be elementary or complex. In the first case, it is the infinitive of the verb (i.e., the significant word), which simultaneously carries the material content of the predicative center and its grammatical meaning; in the second, it is a copula infinitive, expressing only grammatical meaning, and therefore combined, forming a complex component, with the form of the name, which carries material content. Wed: I have to leave tomorrow; Make this song popular.

A special position in terms of distinguishing verbal and copular structural schemes is occupied by sentences of a two-component infinitive block. The position of the infinitive in them can be filled either with the infinitive of the verb - a significant word (V in f), or with a complex component - “infinitive copula + linking element” (Cop inf N 5, Cop inf N 2 ...pr/Adv pr, Cop inf Adj f/5): Being a teacher is difficult; It was unusual to be without a hat; It was rare to be together; Being cheerful (more cheerful) rarely happened to him.

A complex component of a sentence structure headed by an infinitive be, in these sentences it is not a carrier of predication: this function is performed here by the conjugated form of the verb in the InfV ​​f scheme and the conjugated forms of the copula in all other schemes; a complex component headed by an infinitive be, plays the role of a determinant of the form of the predicative center according to the concordant categories, i.e. the role of a component similar to the nominative case form of a noun (subject) in two-component schemes of the nominative block. In connection with the above and in accordance with the tradition of contrasting verbality and cohesion only in the position of the predicative center, sentences constructed according to the InfV ​​f scheme with a complex component in the infinitive position are considered as verbal, and sentences with a complex component in the infinitive position, constructed according to other two-component schemes infinitive block - like copulas.

With the copula infinitive, not all forms of names are possible that can be combined with the copula in the conjugated form: the copula infinitive does not allow nominative case forms of nouns and adjectives.

It should be said that in the InfCopInf scheme both positions can be replaced by complex components: Now being happy meant being healthy. The position of the first complex component is the position of the infinitive, which determines the form of the predicative center according to the concordant categories, similar to the position of the nominative case form of the noun (subject), and the position of the second complex component is the position in the predicative center of the sentence, headed by the conjugated form of the copula. Let us make the necessary explanations to the list of schemes. Recording the structural schemes of a sentence using symbols reflects the essential features of the morphological appearance of their components. When denoting the form of a component, generalizations are allowed based on abstraction from some facts that are not essential for analysis at a given level of abstraction. Thus, Adj denotes not only the adjective itself, but also the participle for which such a function is possible (i.e., passive); N2... pr denotes any reliable (non-prepositional or prepositional) form of a noun (except for forms of the nominative and instrumental cases), capable of forming a complex predicative center with a copula.

It is also assumed that symbols denote possible substitutes for the forms that are expressed by these symbols, and their possible modifications. So V f in scheme N 1 V f is not only the conjugated form of the verb, but also a verbal interjection (Whip-click) or the infinitive, transpositively acting here as the expressive equivalent of V f (Children cry) and N 1 is not only the form of the nominative case of the noun, but also the quantitative combination that replaces it (About a hundred cows were grazing in the meadow) or genitive case form in quantitative sense (There were a lot of guests!; They whined!).

The use of the Adj symbol in a one-component circuit requires special explanation Cop s 3/ n Adj fsn (It was hot). Shape type hot in this use they are considered as adverbs or isolated into a special part of speech (state category or predicative). But a systematic consideration of the syntactic functions of all classes of word forms in a language leads to combining them with short forms of adjectives. Short forms of adjectives, like conjugated forms of verbs, always act as the predicative center of a sentence; at the same time, like the conjugated forms of verbs, they either agree with the second component of the sentence scheme (in two-component schemes), or take the form of the neuter singular (in one-component schemes), which, along with the absence of the second component, is a sign of the one-component nature of the minimal sentence scheme.

Accordingly in the scheme InfCopAdj f / t /5 (It was hard to refuse) Adj f is a compatible short form of the adjective: its presence of a neuter form is a reaction to the uncharacterized nature of the first component (Inf) in number and gender. On the same grounds, verb forms are considered as compatible (V f ) and connectives (Cop f) in all schemes of block II. Thus, the schemes of block II are qualified as two-component with forms of coordination: it is precisely this interpretation that is suggested by consideration of the systemic relationships of these schemes in comparison with the schemes of block I.

Absence of the symbol Ср in the Inf scheme (He should be on duty; Don’t talk!; He won’t be recognized) reflects the fact that the modal meaning of infinitive sentences is created directly by the construction itself, accompanying the use of the infinitive as the predicative center of the sentence. This modal meaning is modified depending on many conditions, but always maintains a connection with the sphere of unreality. The use of copula in infinitive sentences is not always possible; it is not allowed by many modifications of their modal meanings. The function of the copula in infinitive sentences differs significantly from its function in sentences built on the basis of other structural schemes: the absence of a copula in infinitive sentences does not express the meaning of reality and the present tense and is not its zero form.

The order of symbols in schemes reflects the most common arrangement of components in the composition of generally informative, stylistically and expressively neutral statements, but is not among the constitutive features of the scheme: the order of components is insignificant for the formal organization of a sentence and relates to the sphere of its communicative organization.

The list of minimal sentence schemes includes only non-phraseological schemes, i.e. such samples that 1) do not regulate the lexical properties of the words filling the diagram; 2) assume clear syntactic connections between the components of the scheme.

Meanwhile, in the language there are phraseological schemes, which regulate not only the forms of the components, but also the lexical filling of the positions they open and on which sentences with unclear syntactic connections between the components are constructed. The meanings of sentences constructed according to phraseological schemes are determined by the meaning of the phraseological unit; they are unique and, as a rule, expressive. For example, an expressive form of agreement with the opinion of the interlocutor is conveyed by sentences formed by the double use of the word form, separated by the particle So:- Well, okay, says the master,- witch is a witch(M.B.); - So on and on,- Larka said in a carefree voice(V. Sh.); Drive like this; Stay like this.

A special place among phraseologized schemes is occupied by correlative examples of sentences like There is (was, will be, would be) something to do And There is nothing (was, will, would) be done; There is (was, will be, would be) someone to consult with and No one (was, will be, would be) to consult with; There is (was, will be, would be) where to rush And There is nowhere (was, will be, would be) to rush. Possessing the characteristics of phraseological schemes, they are distinguished by the fact that they do not belong to the sphere of expressive speech, but represent expressive and stylistically neutral ways of expressing the presence or absence of a generally conceivable situation, which are common for Russian speakers.

Parsing simple sentence

Scheme for parsing a simple sentence

1. Make a graphic analysis of the sentence: highlight the grammatical basis, indicate the method of expression of the subject, the type of the predicate and the method of its expression; emphasize the minor members of the sentence, indicate their categories and methods of expression.

2.Indicate the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

3. Determine the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

4.Indicate the type of proposal by the number of main members (two-part or one-part); For one-part sentences determine the variety (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal, nominal).

5. Characterize the proposal by the presence or absence of secondary members (common or non-common).

6. Characterize the proposal in terms of the presence or absence of structurally necessary members of the proposal (complete or incomplete); if incomplete, indicate which part of the sentence is missing.

7.Indicate whether the sentence is complicated (what makes it complicated: homogeneous, isolated members of the sentence, introductory words, appeals) or uncomplicated.

Note. When parsing part of a complex sentence as a simple one, the characteristics of the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring should be omitted; It is enough to indicate that this is a simple sentence as part of a complex one.

Example of parsing a simple sentence

Our sacredthe craft exists thousands of years (A. Akhmatova).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, common, complete, uncomplicated.

Main members: craft - subject, expressed by a noun; exists - simple verbal predicate, expressed by a verb.

Minor members: craft (what?) is ours- agreed upon definition, expressed by a pronoun; (what?) sacredhas been around for (how long?) thousands of years- a circumstance of time, expressed as a whole phrase.

Where should I goget away this January? (O. Mandelstam)

The sentence is interrogative, non-exclamatory, one-part, impersonal, common, complete, uncomplicated.

Main Member: get away - a simple verbal predicate, expressed by an infinitive.

Minor members: go (where?) where- adverb of place, expressed by a pronominal adverb; go (who?) to me- indirect object, expressed by a pronoun; go (when?) in January- a circumstance of time, expressed by a noun with a preposition; in January (what?) this- agreed upon definition, expressed by a pronoun.

In the cell, also illuminated by electric light, despite the morning hour, the clerkIvan Pavlovich with obvious pleasuredrilled Andstitched silk cord of paper... (M. Aldanov).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, widespread, complete, complicated by a separate agreed definition, an expressed participial phrase, a separate circumstance of concession, an expressed phrase with a preposition despite, homogeneous predicates.

Main members: Ivan Pavlovich - subject, expressed by a noun; drilled and stitched - homogeneous simple verbal predicates, expressed by verbs.

Minor members: Ivan Pavlovich (what?) clerk- application, expressed by a noun; drilled and stitched (where?) in the chamber- circumstance of place, expressed by a noun with a preposition; in a chamber (which one?) illuminated by electric light- a separate agreed definition, expressed by a participial phrase; drilled and stitched (despite what?) despite the morning hour- an isolated circumstance of assignment, expressed by a phrase with a preposition despite; drilled and stitched (how?) with pleasure- a circumstance of a course of action, expressed by a noun with a preposition; with pleasure (what?) obvious- agreed definition, expressed by an adjective; drilled and stitched (what?) papers- direct object, expressed by a noun; drilled and stitched (with what?) with a cord- indirect object, expressed by a noun; cord (what?) silk- agreed definition, expressed by an adjective. Same- conjunction, is not a member of the sentence.

2. Correlation of the concepts Sentence and Statement This problem has become relevant in connection with the study of the functional side of language, i.e. not only the study of linguistic facts, but the use of them by the speaker. Different linguistic schools have different approaches to this problem, but they all agree on one thing: considering a sentence not from the point of view of its syntactic features, but from the point of view of the communicative use of the sentence (for the purpose of communication). There are different approaches: - The statement is wider than the sentence, since the statement may not implement a structural diagram. *Do you want it with or without sugar? - Without. However, the basis of any statement is still a correlation with some proposal. - A sentence is equal to a statement. This point of view is reflected in scientific grammars. - A statement is a level of language above the sentence (Ir. Il. Kovtunova) What is a statement? A sentence is a unit of language. An utterance is a unit of speech because it is related to the functioning of language. Thus, an utterance is a segment of speech that has a communicative orientation, semantic integrity, which is the implementation of a language system (structural diagram), reflecting the norm of the language.

The predicative basis (structural diagram) of a simple sentence is a syntactic pattern that has its own formal organization and its own linguistic meaning, according to which a separate non-extended (elementary) sentence can be constructed.

Such predicative bases (structural diagrams) of a sentence are abstractions abstracted from an unlimited number of concrete sentences. The predicative basis of a sentence is organized by several (usually two) word forms that are in certain syntactic relationships with each other (non-single-component sentences), and also, possibly, only one word form (single-component sentences). In both cases, the forms of words no longer appear as morphological, but as syntactic units, enriched with many actual syntactic characteristics

Structural schemes are distinguished by a combination of the following characteristics: the formal structure of the scheme (the forms of words included in it and, in schemes organized by two forms, the relationship of these forms to each other); schema semantics; paradigmatic properties of sentences constructed according to this scheme; regular implementation system; distribution rules. Sentences completed according to one or another structural scheme are combined into a certain type of simple sentence.

To designate the components of the scheme, the following elementary alphabetic symbols are introduced, corresponding to the Latin names of parts of speech and the names of some forms: Vf - conjugated form of the verb (Latin verbum finitum); Vf 3s - conjugated verb in the form of 3 l. units hours (lat. singularis); Vf 3pl - conjugated verb in the 3 l form. pl. hours (lat. pluralis); Inf - infinitive; N - noun (Latin nomen - name, title); adj - adjective (lat. adjectivum); Pron - pronoun (lat. pronomen); Adv - adverb (lat. adverbium); Adv- o - predicative adverb ending in -o; Praed - predicative (lat. praedicatum); Part - participle (lat. participium); Praed part - participial predicate; interj - interjection (lat. interjectio); neg - negation (negation, lat. negatio); cop - copula (lat. copula); quant - quantitative (quantitative) value (lat. quantitas (quantity), (value)). With the symbol N, numbers from 1 to 6 indicate cases, respectively: 1 - im. n., 2 - kind. n., 3 - date. n., 4 - vin. n., 5 - tv. p., 6 - sentence P. ; with the symbol N, the number 2 with the following ellipsis (N 2 . . .) means: “a noun in the form of one of the oblique cases.”

The general classification of structural patterns of a simple sentence can be carried out on various grounds. Such grounds are: 1) freedom or phraseology of the scheme; 2) lexical limitation or unlimitedness of one of its components; 3) the presence or absence of a conjugated verb (Vf) in the scheme as a form that itself contains the meanings of tense and mood; 4) number of components (single-component or two-component circuits); 5) for two-component circuits - the presence or absence of formal similarity of components to each other (their coordination with each other;). In "Russian Grammar" a classification has been adopted in which the primary basis is the division into free and phraseological schemes. Free schemes conventionally include those in which one of the components is limited lexico-semantically. Free schemes (the majority of them, and they occupy a central place in the simple sentence system) are divided into two-component and one-component. Two-component schemes, in turn, are divided into schemes with a conjugated form of the verb and without a conjugated form of the verb in the original form. Within schemes with the conjugated form of the verb, subject-predicate and non-subject-predicate schemes are distinguished. Within the class of schemes without a conjugated form of the verb, schemes with lexically unrestricted components - subject-predicate and non-subject-predicate - and schemes with components limited lexico-semantically are distinguished.

sentence paradigm

System of forms of the structural diagram of a simple sentence. The student is studying, the student has studied, the student will study, the student would study if the student were studying!, the student is learning. . . (meaning “must study”), let the student study.

The totality of all forms of a word and, therefore, the totality of all particular paradigms of a word is called a complete paradigm. Thus, the complete paradigm of a noun is formed by two partial paradigms - singular. and many more h. The full paradigm also includes individual (not included in particular paradigms) forms, contrasted in their morphological significance with other forms - members of the full paradigm. For example, the complete paradigm of an adjective is formed by forms ranging from twenty-four to twenty-nine, distributed over a number of partial paradigms and including case forms of singular. h. husband , female and Wednesday R. , plural case forms. h., short forms units. and many more hours and compare the shape. degrees (comparative).

An incomplete paradigm is a paradigm that lacks either a particular paradigm characteristic of words of a given part of speech (for example, there is no paradigm of plural case forms in collective nouns), or one or more word forms that are traditionally uncommon or those whose formation for some reason it is difficult.

More on topic 10. Sentence structure diagram:

1. 1. General concept of SP, its multidimensional character and structural and semantic types.
2. The sentence as the basic unit of syntax. Signs of an offer. Actual division of a sentence and ways of expressing it

The concept of a structural scheme of a sentence arose in the depths of the structural (constructive) direction of syntactic science. The main idea is that all sentences are constructed according to certain models, the number of which can be finite, although the number of sentences realized in speech is infinite.

Structural scheme– an abstract model consisting of a minimum of components necessary to create a proposal.

Block diagrams can be minimal(CX contains only components of the grammatical basis) and expanded(in CX, in addition to the grammatical basis, they include components essential for the semantics of the sentence).

Examples:

5. Classification of proposals

There are various types of sentences in the Russian language.

According to the purpose of the statement :narrative,interrogative And incentive.

By intonation each of the proposals of these three groups can be exclamatory or non-exclamatory.

In relation to reality : affirmative / negative.

By structure : a) depending on the number of grammatical bases – simple And complex;

b) simple sentences are divided into one-piece And dvmustache the rest, i.e. having one or two main members as organizing centers of the proposal;

V) articulated And indivisible ( indivisible sentences do not distinguish either main or secondary members from their composition and cannot be distributed by new components. Hello. Thank you . How did you spend the weekend? –Amazing! Do you love classical music? –Undoubtedly . Yes , Certainly !

d) proposals differ according to the presence or absence of minor members common And undistributed;

d) complete / incomplete(in incomplete sentences one or more necessary members are omitted due to the conditions of the context);

e) complicated / uncomplicated(the sentence can be complicated by homogeneous members of the sentence, participial and participial phrases, introductory and inserted constructions).

Simple sentence. Formal organization of a simple sentence

Three aspects of considering a simple sentence.

The main members of a two-part sentence:

A) the subject and ways of expressing it;

B) types of predicate.

Principles of classification of minor members of a sentence.

Syncretic minor members of a sentence.

1. Three aspects of considering a simple sentence

In modern linguistics, a sentence is considered from three sides, or aspects:

– formal (structural);

– semantic (semantic);

– communicative.

Formal(or structural) aspect studies P from the point of view of its construction.

Semantic(or semantic) aspect considers the content side of P and depends on its lexical content. For example, sentences: He's sad. - He's sad. - He's sad. - He is sad. – are sentences of different formal classes, and from the point of view of the semantic aspect they convey the same content.

The formal and semantic aspects consider the sentence as an autonomous, self-sufficient unit.

Communicative aspect considers the sentence not in itself, but as part of the text, in the linguistic and extralinguistic (non-linguistic, depending on the situation) context in which it exists, i.e. as a unit of communication. So the proposal Ivan has arrived may be the answer to the following questions: 1) What have you heard about Ivan? 2) Who came? 3) What happened? The communicative aspect is manifested in current division sentences: division by topic(already known) and rhema(new).