Economic efficiency of crop cultivation article. Economic efficiency of using modern equipment and technology for cultivating agricultural crops in a structural unit. Economic efficiency of agricultural production

Economic efficiency of cash crop production

According to Ermolovich L.L., an integral condition for the growth of crop production is the correct use of arable land, improving the structure of crops. The effective use of arable land is largely determined by the structure of sown areas. The greater the share of the most effective crops in the structure of crops, the better the use of arable land as a whole. Therefore, a preliminary assessment of the economic efficiency of the main crops is carried out. The structure of crops must be in full accordance with the production direction of the farm, its specialization, ensure increased efficiency of crop production, and take into account the characteristics of the soil. Climate, provision of the economy with equipment and labor. It is advisable for each farm to select the most profitable crops in order to obtain the largest amount of products from 1 hectare of occupied area at the lowest cost of labor and money.

Economic assessment of crops helps to choose the right direction for economic development.

The effectiveness of agricultural crops is assessed separately by groups - commercial and feed crops.

The effectiveness of commercial crops is assessed using the following indicators: labor and money costs per 1 hectare; output in kind and in value terms per 1 hectare and 1 person hour; the amount of net income (profit) received from 1 hectare of crops; level of profitability. It is advisable to evaluate crops based on average data for the last 3-5 years. An example of determining the economic efficiency of commercial crops is given in Table 2.9

Economic efficiency of cash crop production Table 2.9

The greatest profit per 1 hectare of crops is provided by grains and legumes, perennial and annual grasses. If a farm is interested in increasing profits, it must increase the area under these crops. The highest labor productivity was achieved in the cultivation of grain and leguminous crops (1.2 rubles of products received per person hour). If the farm is not sufficiently provided with labor, then it is advisable to expand the crops of grain and leguminous crops.

In each specific farm, when assessing the efficiency of production of cash crops, the main indicator of efficiency is identified. For most farms, this is the amount of profit received per 1 hectare. The more profit a farm makes, the more money it can spend on purchasing improved seeds.

Calculation method:

• 1. I wrote out the yield and cost of 1 centner of products from f No. 9 of the AIC “Production and cost of crop production.”
• 2. Labor costs per 1 centner in man-hours were calculated by dividing the direct labor costs for products - total thousand-hours, for the collection of products in total.
• 3. The sales price of 1 centner was determined on the basis of data from f No. 7-APK “Product Sales” by dividing revenue (thousand rubles) by the number of products sold in kind.
• 4. The level of profitability was calculated by dividing profit by cost multiplied by 100%.

An important reserve for increasing the production of apricot fruits and increasing the economic efficiency of gardening is the selection of highly effective variety-rootstock combinations that fully correspond to the conditions of a given area. By selecting appropriate variety-rootstock combinations, you can change the size of trees, stimulate their early fruitfulness, productivity, and taste.

As the rich experience of world gardening has shown, the most effective type of garden today is a low-growing type of garden.

The undeniable advantage of small-sized trees is their higher productivity, since they are cultivated in dense plantings, and technological processes, care and harvesting are carried out with the least amount of labor and money.

To assess the efficiency of cultivating agricultural crops and producing crop products, a system of natural and cost indicators is used, reflecting the relationship between the final results and the costs incurred.

If crop products are produced primarily for sale, then the following system of indicators can be used:

profit per point-hectare, thousand rubles;

yield, c/ha;.

output of marketable products (revenue from sales) per 100 hectares of agricultural land, per employee or 1 person-hour (in centners or in value terms);

average selling price of 1 c (kg) of produced products;

the amount of profit per 100 hectares, 1 quintal of products, 1 person-hour;

level of profitability, %.

In practice, only four indicators are usually used: profit per point-hectare (thousand rubles), labor intensity of products (person*h/c), total cost (per 1 c) and profitability. For feed crops, the cost of 1 quintal of feed units is mainly calculated.

Economic assessment of new technologies for cultivating agricultural crops is carried out by comparing the results and costs of basic and new technologies. The initial data here can be both experimental values ​​(obtained during tests in field conditions) and calculated and analytical values ​​(actual yield and production costs according to technological maps of basic and new technologies). A technology with relatively low costs of labor and material resources will be more economically efficient. If with a new technology the yield does not increase, but the unit costs (per hectare of crops) decrease, then the economic effect of its implementation (E) is determined by the following formula:

E = F *(Zbt - Znt),

where F is the area sown with an agricultural crop using new technology;

Zbt and Znt are the costs of labor and material resources per unit area, respectively, for basic and new technology.

If cultivating a crop using a new technology leads to an increase in its yield, then economic efficiency is determined by the volume of production (gross yield) using the new technology and costs per 1 c in the basic and new technology:

E = Qn (Zbt - Znt),

where Qn is the volume of production using new technology, c;

Zbt and Znt - costs of labor and material resources per 1 quintal of products obtained, respectively, using basic and new technology

In general, the increase in yield far outstrips the increase in costs, resulting in a reduction in the cost of production. In our opinion, the product quality of the compared options is improving, which affects the market price of the product. However, in our calculations, the market value of the product is the same in all options. Despite this, the effectiveness of apricot cultivation in an intensive garden is obvious. The cost per unit of production is reduced, income and production profitability are increased

Economic assessment of agricultural crops and the effectiveness of their cultivation technologies

To assess the efficiency of cultivating crops and producing crop products, they use system of natural and cost indicators, reflecting the relationship between the final results and the costs incurred.

If crop products are produced primarily for sale, then the following can be used system of indicators˸

‣‣‣ profit per point-hectare, thousand rubles;

‣‣‣ yield, c/ha;

‣‣‣ output of marketable products (revenue from sales) per 100 hectares of agricultural land, per employee or 1 person-hour (in centners or in value terms);

‣‣‣ average selling price of 1 c (kg) of produced products;

‣‣‣ amount of profit per 100 hectares, 1 centner of products, 1 person-hour;

‣‣‣ level of profitability, %.

In practice, only four indicators are usually used: profit per point-hectare (thousand rubles), labor intensity of products (person h/c), total cost (per 1 c) and profitability. For feed crops, the cost of 1 quintal of feed units is mainly calculated.

Economic assessment of new technologies for cultivating agricultural crops is carried out by comparing the results and costs of basic and new technologies. The initial data here can be both experimental values ​​(obtained during tests in field conditions) and calculated and analytical values ​​(actual yield and production costs according to technological maps of basic and new technologies). A technology with relatively low costs of labor and material resources will be more economically efficient. If with a new technology the yield does not increase, but the unit costs decrease (per hectare of crops), then the economic effect of its implementation ( E) is determined by the following formula˸

E = F(Z bt – Z nt),

Where F– area under crops when using new technology;

Z BT and Z nt – costs of labor and material resources per unit area, respectively, for basic and new technology.

If cultivating a crop using a new technology leads to an increase in its yield, then economic efficiency is determined by the volume of production (gross yield) using the new technology and costs per 1 c in the basic and new technology˸

E = Q n ( Z bt – Z nt),

Where Q n – volume of production using new technology, c;

Z BT and Z nt – the cost of labor and material resources per 1 quintal of products obtained, respectively, using basic and new technology.

Economic assessment of agricultural crops and the effectiveness of their cultivation technologies - concept and types. Classification and features of the category “Economic assessment of agricultural crops and the effectiveness of their cultivation technologies” 2015, 2017-2018.

The efficiency of agricultural production characterizes the results of production and economic activities of agricultural organizations. In practice, it is expressed in an increase in the amount of products produced from each hectare of land, from each animal, while reducing the costs of its production.

The efficiency of agricultural production can be expressed using natural indicators, for example, the level and growth rate of crop yields, livestock and poultry productivity. However, it is necessary to know how much it cost the company to achieve this level of production. The lower the cost of producing a unit of product, the higher the efficiency of its production. To compare the magnitude of costs and results, the volume of different types of products produced is converted into cost form.

The economic efficiency of production is characterized by a system of indicators, the most important of which is the level of profitability. It is calculated by the ratio of profit to the total cost of goods sold. The profit of an enterprise is an important source of financing its economic activities, the growth of production assets and material incentives for workers.

The most important problem in assessing efficiency is the search for an adequate system of partial indicators, covering the most important aspects of the organization’s economic activity, which are subsequently combined into one generalizing or integral indicator. Integral indicators represent an attempt to assess the overall degree, dynamics and direction of the enterprise’s activities.

Currently, there is no single general indicator that determines the efficiency of crop cultivation. In this regard, many authors propose to evaluate efficiency based on the calculation of the general integral indicator of economic efficiency.

The article proposes a method for assessing the efficiency of cultivating an agricultural crop based on the profit indicator per 1 hectare of crops. This indicator characterizes the yield of profit received from the sale of a particular type of crop from the area sown with this crop.

We will calculate the integral indicator of the efficiency of cultivating agricultural crops in the Prosvet agricultural production complex by ranking the profit indicator per 1 hectare of crops for the period from 2004 to 2013. according to the following formula:

where In is the integral indicator of economic efficiency in the nth year;

Rn – estimated profit per 1 hectare of crop crop;

kn – coefficients that determine the significance of the indicator in the nth year, the sum of which should be equal to one (since the research is carried out over 10 years, the value of each coefficient is 0.1).

For the calculation, indicators of profit yield and sown area for crops were used: winter and spring grains, rapeseed, potatoes and sugar beets. The results of calculating the integral indicators are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. – Value of the integral indicator by type of crop

The higher the calculated value of the integral indicator, the higher the level of economic efficiency of crop cultivation.

From Table 1 it can be seen that in the SEC “Prosvet”, potatoes were most efficiently cultivated during the analyzed period, which is due to the profit from sales, which in 2012 and 2013. amounted to 710 and 562 million rubles. respectively. Cultivation of sugar beets and spring grains on the farm is also profitable.

Calculation of the integral indicator allows us to identify the most effective crop for cultivation. In addition, calculating this indicator for a specific crop allows us to identify the most profitable variety. This determines the advantage of the indicator over others.

Literature:

1. Savitskaya, G.V. Analysis of economic activities at agro-industrial complex enterprises: textbook, 6th edition, - Mn.; New knowledge, - 2006.-652s

2. Zhudro, M.K. Enterprise economy. Workshop: textbook / M.K. Zhudro - Minsk: BSEU, 2009. - 367 p.

UDC 633.1.003.13 T.S. Pechenina

METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF APPLYING RESOURCE-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES FOR CULTIVATION OF GRAIN CROPS

The most promising technologies for cultivating grain crops are considered to be those based on traditional, combined, minimum and zero tillage. With traditional technology, plowing is carried out with a plow with rotation of the layer; with combined technology, soil cultivation is carried out at different depths; minimal tillage involves non-moldboard tillage (including chopping and scattering straw across the field, peeling stubble); zero tillage involves sowing into uncultivated soil and over stubble. To select the necessary technologies and equipment, it is necessary to carry out calculations to determine the economic efficiency of possible options for using technologies. In this regard, methods for calculating the economic efficiency of crop cultivation technologies have been developed and applied. Such methodological recommendations are intended to calculate the possibility of practical application in agriculture of technologies that ensure profitable production of products with a minimum consumption of resources used.

According to the existing methodology for economic assessment of technologies for cultivating and harvesting agricultural crops, the overall (absolute) and comparative effectiveness of technologies and equipment is determined. Overall (absolute) efficiency shows the feasibility of using new technologies and is used in the absence of technologies taken as a basis for comparison. Comparative efficiency shows the amount of profit (loss) in relation to the compared option.

The main indicator of the overall (absolute) economic efficiency of a technology is profit:

Absolute value of balance sheet or net profit, rub.;

♦ relative value - profitability, i.e. the ratio of the absolute value of profit received to the costs incurred (cost).

An indicator of comparative economic efficiency is an increase in balance sheet profit and a decrease in the cost of production

production (work, services), self-supporting valuation - increase in profit (net) and the resulting reduction in technological or total cost. The latter is used in determining the economic efficiency of technologies for cultivating crops, the products of which are intended for on-farm consumption (seeds, feed), and profit from them is not determined. The methodology for determining the economic efficiency of technologies for cultivating and harvesting agricultural crops is shown in Fig. 1.

This technique considers a cost assessment, which does not allow taking into account all the factors that influence the efficiency of the production of grain crops, therefore, when cultivating grain crops, bioenergy analysis of technological processes in agricultural production and indicators of the yield of cultivated crops or the yield of agricultural products in physical terms are most often used.

One of the main tasks of modern agricultural technologies is to increase the coefficient of energy use of PAR (photosynthetic active solar radiation) by crops, primarily due to the increase in environmental and energy efficiency of managing technogenic energy flows in the form of fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural machinery, fuels and lubricants, etc. .

In solving the problem of rational use of energy resources in agriculture, an important role is given to an adequate analysis of energy flows implemented in agricultural technologies with full consideration of all categories of energy costs associated with the implementation of a set of technological

Rice. 1. Methodology for determining the economic efficiency of technologies for cultivating and harvesting agricultural crops (compiled by the author)

operations in the cultivation of agricultural crops.

Bioenergy analysis is carried out in accordance with the methodology for energy analysis of technological processes in agricultural production and represents the ratio of anthropogenic energy expended and biologically obtained in the crop (Fig. 2).

The indicator of energy efficiency of technologies is not universal and is applicable only in the production of energy resources, as well as food products measured in food calories. Therefore, it can be used to evaluate technologies for cultivating grain crops.

Calculation of the energy efficiency of agricultural technologies is carried out in accordance with the data of technological maps and standard energy equivalents, which are taken from reference books for all categories.

Agricultural yield is traditionally used to assess the economic efficiency of agriculture, and the ratio of yield (yield of agricultural products) and costs of its production is assessed.

The assessment of the effectiveness of resource-saving technologies of minimal tillage in the cultivation of grain crops carried out in this way connects the use of these technologies primarily with a reduction in energy and labor costs, which is confirmed by scientific research and work in different climatic zones of the Russian Federation and on a global scale. However, scientists have not yet come to a consensus on the issues of assessing economic efficiency, pointing out that the cost assessment does not take into account all costs, and energy analysis is quite labor-intensive and introduces additional errors into calculations by the presence of conversion factors (energy equivalents).

Resource-saving technologies of minimal tillage have a number of features, the most important of which, in the author’s opinion, is the gradual restoration of natural soil fertility, the impact on the soil structure and water-physical regime. This is indicated by the founder of the system of minimizing tillage I.E. Ovsinsky: “... the new system regulates moisture in the soil, as a result of which plants emerge and grow without rain during drought; in years with excessively rainy summers, plants suffer less from excess moisture; bacteria find the most favorable conditions for development in the soil, multiplying with incredible speed, they, in fact, ensure the effective fertility of the earth; gases, moisture, bacterial spores, various

Rice. 2. Methodology for energy analysis of technological processes in agricultural production (compiled by the author)

"City dust is absorbed from the atmosphere in the most energetic manner." This question is still relevant today. Thus, modern scientist E.V. Dudintsev wrote: “When sowing winter crops, the moisture content in the arable layer is important, which is necessary to obtain good seedlings. As studies have shown, surface treatment had some advantage in this, as in dry years more moisture accumulated than deep treatments and their aftereffects.” A I.P. Makarov argued that minimal tillage in zonal farming systems should be considered as the most important condition for preserving and increasing soil fertility, a means of protecting it from erosion, and reducing unproductive losses of moisture and nutrients. The above features cannot but leave an imprint on the methods for assessing the economic efficiency of using these technologies. Thus, according to the author of the article, it is necessary to consider this assessment from the standpoint of the impact on the soil, taking into account environmental and economic indicators.

Ecological and economic efficiency is calculated to assess the rationality of using economic and natural resources in agriculture as a single natural-economic complex, as well as to assess specific areas for increasing the economic efficiency of agricultural production, ensuring the preservation and reproduction of the natural environment.

The calculation of this indicator is carried out: when assessing the actual environmental and economic efficiency of ongoing activities, individual industries and agricultural production as a whole;

When assessing the actual results of environmental activities in agriculture;

When developing promising concepts, forecasts, comprehensive programs and other activities for the development of agriculture;

When justifying, forecasting and examining projects for the development of new equipment and technologies, production, non-production and other facilities in agriculture;

In the economic justification of environmental protection measures and their complexes in agriculture aimed at achieving standard quality of environmental parameters;

In a comparative assessment of the projected and actual environmental and economic indicators of agricultural development.

The assessment of the environmental and economic efficiency of agricultural production is carried out by enterprises (mills, associations, cooperatives, rental collectives, farms and other enterprises), districts, regions, territories and republics, industries and individual events.

The criterion for the environmental and economic efficiency of agricultural production is maximizing the solution to the problem of satisfying public demand for products obtained with optimal production costs while preserving and reproducing the environment. This criterion allows one to simultaneously assess the extent to which the production process satisfies social needs for agricultural products, the extent to which the industry complies with the maximum permissible standards for the use of the natural environment, and what economic benefits (or miscalculations) are achieved.

Let's consider the current methodology for determining the environmental and economic efficiency of agrotechnical methods for the production of agricultural crops.

To eliminate the negative consequences of a decrease in soil fertility, it is proposed to calculate the environmental and economic efficiency of individual agricultural practices or the use of EEU fertilizers, including the economic effect Eekon and the environmental effect, which in this case will be expressed through the effect of fertility Epl.

EEu = Eecon + Apple.

The economic effect can be determined by the well-known formula:

Eekon = UC - 3 = Dch,

where Y is the yield of agricultural crops, c/ha; C - sales price of 1 centner of products, rubles; 3 - costs for cultivating and harvesting crops, rubles/ha; Dch - net income, rub./ha.

It is advisable to associate the effect of soil fertility with an increase or decrease in the humus content in the soil, which in the vast majority of cases accurately reflects the trend of changes in soil fertility, as evidenced by the research of many scientists. Therefore, changes in soil humus content

is largely adequate to the transformation of soil fertility and, ultimately, a formula that takes into account environmental and economic changes occurring under the influence of agrotechnical measures, including the use of fertilizers, will be expressed as follows:

EEu = Dch ± Zeu,

where Gm and Gp are, respectively, the humus content in the soil after and before carrying out agrotechnical measures, cultivating a crop, t/ha; K - humification coefficient; Zeu - cost standards for the use of fertilizers, r./t.

Thus, the cost of additionally received or lost production as a result of changes in soil fertility will be reflected in the amount of net income, increasing or decreasing it and thereby adjusting the size of the environmental and economic effect.

Using the environmental-economic efficiency indicator, you can determine the level of total profitability:

where Usr is the level of total profitability; 3 - costs of carrying out agrotechnical practices, using fertilizers, rub.

For a more complete picture of the environmental and economic efficiency of using fertilizers, along with changes in the amount of humus, one can take into account changes in the content of basic nutrients in the soil - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. Taking this into account, the formula for the environmental and economic efficiency of using fertilizers will take the form

EEu = Dch ± (m - 1 p)Zeu ± ALRKhZmu,

y "" h to mu"

where SRK is the change in the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, kg/ha; Zmu - costs of using 1 kg of mineral fertilizers, rub.

Taking into account the environmental consequences and the need for reproduction, through comparison it is possible to determine the profitability of cultivating individual crops and farming as a whole. To evaluate crops, you can use the formula

Ea = (U - V)C - Z ±KZu,

where Ee is the environmental and economic efficiency of cultivating an agricultural crop, rub.; Y - yield, t/ha; B - seed consumption for crop reproduction, t/ha; C - selling price of 1 ton of cultivated crop, rub./t; 3 - costs of production, rub./ha; K - humification coefficient; Сг - humus balance, t/ha; Zu - costs associated with the application of fertilizers, r./t.

The Institute of Socio-Economic Problems of Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Russian Academy of Sciences proposed a cumulative assessment of production results. This assessment includes indicators of economic effect taking into account environmental consequences expressed in cost form: EEE = (C + ¥+ t) - (C + V) ± ± (C + V + t)d,n ± (C + U)e ,

where EEE is the environmental and economic efficiency of agricultural production; (C + V + t) - the cost of agricultural products produced; (C + V) - production costs; (C + V+ t)dn - the cost of additionally received (not received) products as a result of changes in environmental conditions; - the cost equivalent of changes in environmental parameters under the influence of production (determined by the level of costs necessary to eliminate negative consequences).

Another method for calculating indicators of environmental and economic efficiency consists in the cost assessment of environmental and economic damage caused to agricultural lands, which manifests itself in the form of a qualitative deterioration in their condition and, above all, in a decrease in soil fertility and losses of lost products as a result of a decrease in the productivity of agricultural land . It is calculated using the formula

where P1 is the environmental and economic damage from losses of soil fertility due to environmentally unbalanced farming, rubles; P1n - the amount of specific environmental and economic damage from a decrease in soil fertility, rubles/ha; - area of ​​the i"-th type of agricultural land with reduced fertility, hectares.

The amount of specific environmental and economic damage from lost soil fertility is determined by the amount of costs necessary to restore it Z, and the cost of actually lost agricultural products as a result of its reduction from 1 hectare of these lands P:

P1n = Z + P.

The costs necessary to restore lost fertility are calculated based on the cost estimate of the costs of eliminating the damage resulting from the loss of humus and nutrients in the soil:

where Z is the costs necessary to restore the yth type of soil indicator (content of humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc.), r./ha.

The costs of restoring soil fertility include the cost of Chu fertilizers and ameliorants, taking into account their delivery and costs of equipment.

acquisition, loading Chp, transportation Chp, unloading Chp and adding Chp, as can be seen from the formula

Z = Chu + Chp + Cht + Chr + Chv,

The costs of purchasing fertilizers and ameliorants are determined based on the actual amount of natural damage from a decrease in soil fertility, calculated on the basis of indicators characterizing the amount of lost humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients. These indicators are established by determining changes in the previous and subsequent agrochemical soil analysis. Nutrients per 1 ha are calculated using the formula

where is the volume of losses of the 1st soil component (humus - t/ha, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium - kg/ha); F - volumetric mass of a certain type of soil and mechanical composition; Yu - depth of the arable layer, cm; E; - the size of the decrease in the indicator of the g"-th soil component of humus, phosphorus or potassium), kg.

The loss of humus and nutrients per equivalent amount of organic and mineral fertilizers required to restore lost fertility is calculated using the formula

where is the volume of fertilizers required to restore losses of humus or nutrients, t/ha; Op - volume of loss of humus or nutrients, kg/ha; Hb - the rate of application of manure to the soil to restore 1 ton of humus or the percentage of nutrients in the corresponding standard fertilizers or their coefficients.

Costs for storage, transportation and application of fertilizers and ameliorants to the soil are carried out according to the relevant regional standards, adjusted for the price increase index, or existing prices for performing this type of work.

The cost of lost agricultural products due to a drop in crop yields due to lost soil fertility is determined by the formula

where Y is the amount of yield loss of the i"-th agricultural crop, c/ha; C is the purchase price in current or comparable prices of the i"-th type of agricultural product (main and secondary), r./c.

The assessment of crop shortfalls as a result of decreased land fertility should be carried out based on the volume of lost main, associated and by-products. Its total shortage is determined as the sum of the shortage for each crop.

The shortage of agricultural products is calculated by the difference in the average long-term crop yield before and after control soil analysis using the formula

where U1 is the average long-term yield of the 1st type of agricultural product before a decrease in fertility, c/ha; Y2 is the average long-term yield of the r"-th type of agricultural product during the period of decreased fertility, c/ha.

follows from the position of environmental and economic efficiency, which necessitates further research in this area.

Bibliography

1. Gafurov R.M. Improving the main links of the agricultural system in technologies for cultivating agricultural crops in the southern taiga-forest and steppe zones of the Russian Federation: dis. ... Dr. Agricultural Sciences Sciences: 06.01.01 / Rafael Mukhamedshinovich Gafurov. - M., 2002. - 484 p.

2. Dudintsev E.V. Improving soil cultivation, crop rotation, technologies for cultivating grain crops in the conditions of the Non-Chernozem Zone: dis. ... Dr. Agricultural Sciences Sciences: 06.01.01 / Evgeniy Valerianovich Dudintsev. - M., 1999. - 52 p.

3. Kovalenko N.Ya., Borovik E.A. Environmental Economics in Agriculture / Ed. N.Ya. Kovalenko. - M.: Agroconsult, 2000. - 116 p.

4. Nikiforov A.N. Methodology for energy analysis of technological processes in agricultural production. - M.: VIM, 1995. - 96 p.

5. Ovsinsky I.E. New farming system. - Vilna, 1899. - 140 p. (M., 1909. -106 p.).

6. Orsik L.S. Economic efficiency of technologies for cultivating and harvesting agricultural crops. - M.: Ephesus, 2001. - 72 p.

UDC 339.137:63 A.V. Tutukina

Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazeva

NON-PRICE COMPETITION IN AGRICULTURE

The problems of competition and competitiveness have always been considered by scientists in their works from different points of view.

“All economic life,” notes Paul Samuelson, is a mixture of elements of competition and monopoly. The predominant form is not perfect, but imperfect (monopolistic) competition. This is a statement of fact, not a moral condemnation."

Competition in agriculture stimulates agricultural producers to search for new methods of conquering the market. If previously price was one of the main factors of competitive advantage, today consumers are paying more and more attention to the quality characteristics of the product rather than price.

Agriculture operates under general economic laws, so they manifest themselves taking into account the specific features of the industry. Among these distinctive features, land plays an important role - the main means and subject of production. If we compare this factor

with others, for example, with minerals, then the land does not wear out, but, if used correctly, on the contrary, improves its quality parameters.

Other features of agriculture include:

The economic process of reproduction, closely intertwined with the natural process of development of living organisms;

Agricultural production takes place over vast areas and is dispersed across different climatic zones;

The created products take part in the further production process as raw materials for industrial enterprises;

The working period does not coincide with the period of production; it determines the seasonality of agricultural production and the harvest, as a rule, once a year;

Level and conditions of use of technology. The total need for energy resources is