Extreme situations with people in nature. Dangerous situations in natural conditions. Classification of extreme situations

Extreme situation- this is a situation that arises in nature or in the process of human activity, in which psychophysiological parameters can exceed the limits of compensation of the body, which leads to a violation of the safety of human life. For example, high and low temperatures, physical activity, damaging toxic doses of potent toxic substances (STS), high doses of radiation, etc.

When every person at home, at work or in the natural environment, can find himself in situations that are characterized by novelty and unexpectedness, prolonged and intense exposure to external unfavorable factors, and sometimes the presence of an immediate threat to life. Such situations that go beyond the usual are usually called extreme situations.

In an extreme situation, a person inevitably experiences a special state of emotional stress called stress. It causes stimulation of all body systems and has a great influence on human behavior and performance. The influence of stress on the behavior and capabilities of a particular individual, on changes in his performance, is extremely individual. Some act most effectively precisely in a state of high emotional stress - during exams, important competitions and in any life-threatening circumstances. And for others, such situations are psychologically demoralizing. “Psychological shock” sets in - severe inhibition appears or, conversely, fussiness, haste, and inability to act rationally.

A person finds himself in extreme situations for various reasons, but, perhaps, most often this happens through his own fault - as a result of a lack of experience in safe behavior or disregard for norms, safety rules, improvidence, and sometimes frivolity. For example, a person does not know what to do in a particular life-threatening situation, or he knows, but does not know how to help himself. Otherwise, he knows and can, but does not want to do what security conditions require (or simply does not want to know what exactly needs to be done). Faced with unforeseen circumstances, finding themselves in a complex, unusual environment, when quick, precise actions are needed, people become completely helpless, unable to solve the simplest but vital issues.

To reduce the likelihood of finding yourself in an extreme situation and increase your chances of maintaining health and life itself, you need to:

Know and take into account the risk factors (hazards) accompanying

our life;

Develop the ability to anticipate the possibility of dangerous situations;

Try to avoid getting into these situations.

37. Emergency. Classification by characteristics and their brief characteristics

Emergency is an unexpected, sudden situation in a certain territory or economic facility as a result of an accident, catastrophe, dangerous natural phenomenon or natural disaster that can lead to casualties, damage to human health or the environment, material losses and disruption of people’s living conditions. Emergencies are classified:

by reason of occurrence: intentional and unintentional;

by nature of occurrence: technogenic, natural, environmental, biological, anthropogenic, social and combined;

by speed of development: explosive, sudden, fleeting, smooth;

by scale of distribution of consequences: local, local, territorial, regional, federal, transboundary;

if possible, to prevent emergencies: inevitable (for example, natural) and preventable (for example, man-made, social).

Man-made emergencies include emergencies whose origin is associated with technical objects: explosions, fires, accidents at chemically hazardous objects, releases of radioactive substances at radiation hazardous objects, accidents with the release of environmentally hazardous substances, building collapses, accidents on life support systems, etc.

Natural emergencies include emergencies associated with the manifestation of natural forces: earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides, mudflows, hurricanes, tornadoes, storms, natural fires, etc.

Environmental disasters (ED) include abnormal changes in the state of the natural environment: pollution of the biosphere, destruction of the ozone layer, desertification, acid rain, etc.

Biological emergencies include epidemics, epizootics, and epiphytoties.

Social emergencies include events occurring in society: interethnic conflicts with the use of force, terrorism, robberies, violence, contradictions between states (wars).

Man-made emergencies are the result of erroneous human actions.

Emergency situations are characterized by qualitative and quantitative criteria. Qualitative criteria include: temporal (suddenness and speed of development of events); socio-ecological (human sacrifices, removal of large areas from economic circulation); socio-psychological (mass stress); economic. For example, a local emergency is when 10 people were injured; or for 100 people the conditions of life safety regulations were violated; or the damage does not exceed 1000 minimum wages, and the emergency zone does not extend beyond the boundaries of the facility.

The main causes of emergencies:

internal: complexity of technologies, insufficient qualifications of personnel, design flaws, physical and moral wear and tear of equipment, low labor and technological discipline;

external: natural disasters, unexpected interruption in the supply of electricity, gas, water, etc.

Situations that may arise as a result of human interaction with environment and pose a threat to his life, health and property:
1. all kinds of injuries, poisoning with plant and animal poisons,
2. infection with natural focal diseases, mountain sickness, heat stroke and hypothermia,
3. bites of poisonous animals and insects, infectious diseases, etc.

Environmental factors contributing to the development or emergence extreme situations:
1. air temperature and humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, barometric pressure level, wind, hurricane.
2. terrain, water sources, flora and fauna,

Factors that provide protective functions that contribute to the normal functioning of people in extreme situations natural environment:
1. clothing, emergency equipment.
2. signaling and communication devices, water and food supplies, emergency floats, improvised means used for various purposes.

Depending on the material conditions (equipment, equipment, the presence of emergency stowage) and the characteristics of climatic and geographical conditions, the same situation can have different consequences: say, an emergency landing of a plane in the desert is certainly more extreme than the same landing in the taiga. As a rule, the degree of extremeness affects the life time factor, which determines the possibility of survival.

The man in this extreme situation remains alone with nature. In the periodical press you can often read reports about sailors who were shipwrecked and found themselves on boats and rafts in the middle of a stormy ocean, about fishermen carried away on fragments of ice floes into the open sea, about travelers caught in a snowstorm, about tourists who lost their way and got lost in the taiga or desert. Often, until help arrives, those in distress have to exist autonomously, that is, on limited supplies of food and water. using existing equipment to support life.

In this regard, in last years A new field of medicine has emerged that deals with the issues of human survival during an autonomous stay in geographical areas of the Earth that are extremely difficult to inhabit, when an insurmountable problem can be fresh water, food, protection from the scorching rays of the sun or, conversely, from the freezing cold.

When living autonomously in a deserted area, satisfying even the most ordinary needs of life sometimes turns into an intractable problem. A person’s life becomes dependent not on the usual criteria - education, professional skills, financial situation, etc., but on completely different ones - solar radiation, wind strength, air temperature, the presence or absence of bodies of water, animals, edible plants.

A favorable outcome of autonomous existence largely depends on a person’s psychophysical qualities, physical fitness, endurance, etc. But these alone are often not enough for salvation. People die from heat and thirst, not suspecting that three steps away there is a saving water source; they freeze in the tundra, unable to build a shelter out of snow; die of hunger in a forest teeming with game; become victims of poisonous animals, not knowing how to provide first aid for a bite.

The basis for success in the fight against the forces of nature is a person’s ability to survive.

Survival is understood as active, expedient actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in conditions of autonomous existence.

These actions consist of overcoming mental stress, showing ingenuity, resourcefulness, efficiency in the use of emergency equipment and available resources of the natural environment and providing the body with food and water needs.

The main postulate of survival: a person can and must maintain health and life in the most severe physical and geographical conditions, if he is able to take advantage of everything that the environment provides.

Survival in extreme situations requires a person to have endurance and an unshakable belief that there are no hopeless situations. We have collected 5 stories whose heroes managed to survive in the most difficult conditions.

Long flight and 4 days of struggle

The record height from which a person managed to survive a fall is 10,160 meters. This record is listed in the Guinness Book and belongs to Vesna Vulović, the only survivor of the plane crash on January 26, 1972. She not only recovered, but also wanted to return to work again - she had no fear of flying, because she did not remember the moment of the disaster.

On August 24, 1981, 20-year-old Larisa Savitskaya and her husband were flying from their honeymoon on an An-24 plane from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Blagoveshchensk. In the sky at an altitude of 5220 meters, the plane in which the newlyweds were flying collided with a Tu-16.

Larisa Savitskaya was the only one of the 38 people who managed to survive. On a piece of aircraft measuring three by four meters, she fell in free fall for 8 minutes. She managed to reach the chair and squeeze into it.

Later, the woman claimed that at that moment she remembered an episode from the Italian film “Miracles Still Happen” where the heroine survives in similar conditions.

Rescue efforts were not very active. Graves have already been dug for all the victims of the plane crash. Larisa Savitskaya was eventually found last. She lived for three days among the wreckage of the plane and the bodies of the dead passengers. Despite numerous injuries - from a concussion to spinal injuries, with broken ribs and a broken arm - Larisa Savitskaya not only survived, but was also able to build herself something like a hut from the wreckage of the fuselage.
When the search plane flew over the crash site, Larisa even waved to the rescuers, but they mistook her for a geologist from a nearby expedition.

Larisa Savitskaya is twice included in the Guinness Book of Records: as a person who survived a fall from a great height, the second time as a person who received the minimum amount of compensation for physical damage in a plane crash - 75 rubles (in 1981 money).

On a small raft

On November 23, 1942, a German submarine torpedoed the English ship Belomond. All members of his crew were killed. Almost all. Sailor Lin Peng managed to survive. He was lucky - during his search on the surface of the water, he discovered a life raft with a supply of food.

Lin Peng, of course, understood that food and water would sooner or later run out, so from the first day of his “Robinsonade” he began preparing equipment for collecting rainwater and catching fish. He stretched out an awning over the raft and made a fishing line from threads of rope found on the raft; from a nail and wires from a flashlight - hooks; made of metal from a tin can - a knife that was used to cut up caught fish. Interesting fact: Lin Peng did not know how to swim, so he was tied to the raft all the time.

Lin Peng caught very little fish, but took care of its safety - he dried it on ropes stretched above the deck of his “ship”. For a hundred days his diet consisted of only fish and water. Sometimes seaweed was found overboard, the consumption of which prevented Lin Peng from contracting scurvy.

The bitter irony of Lin Peng's record-breaking voyage is that he could have been rescued several times. One day they refused to take him on board a cargo ship just because he was Chinese. Then the American Navy noticed him and even threw him a rescue buoy, but a storm broke out and prevented the Americans from completing the rescue mission. In addition, Lin Peng saw several German submarines, but for obvious reasons did not turn to them for help.

It was only in April 1943 that Lin Peng noticed that the color of the water had changed, and birds began to appear in the sky every now and then. He realized that he was in the coastal zone, which meant his chances of success increased many times over. On April 5, he was found by Brazilian fishermen, who immediately took him to the hospital. Surprisingly, Lin Peng was able to move independently after his journey. He lost only 9 kilograms during the forced “Robinsonade”.

Well-read cabin boy

"Robinsonade" is the survival of a person alone for a long time in the natural environment. The record holder in this “discipline” was Jeremy Beebs, who lived on the island for 74 years.

In 1911, the English schooner Beautiful Bliss sank during a hurricane in the South Pacific. Only 14-year-old cabin boy Jeremy Bibs managed to get to the shore and escape on an uninhabited island. The boy was helped by his erudition and love of reading - he knew Daniel Defoe's novel by heart.

Following the example of the hero of his favorite book, Bibs began to keep a wooden calendar, built a hut, learned to hunt, ate fruit and drank coconut milk. While Biebs lived on the island, two world wars occurred in the world, and the atomic bomb and a personal computer. He didn't know anything about it. We found Biebs by accident. In 1985, the crew of a German ship unexpectedly discovered the record holder among Robinsons, who had already reached the age of 88, and brought him home.

Father's daughter

In the story about Larisa Savitskaya, we recalled the film “Miracles Still Happen.” It is based on real events. On December 24, 1971, a Lockheed L-188 Electra of the Peruvian airline LANSA fell into a vast thunderstorm area, was struck by lightning, entered a turbulence zone and began to disintegrate in the air at an altitude of 3.2 kilometers. He fell into the jungle, 500 kilometers from Lima.

The only survivor was 17-year-old schoolgirl Juliana Margaret Kepke. At the time of the fall, the girl was fastened to a chair. Her collarbone was broken, her right arm was injured, and she was blind in one eye. What helped Juliana survive was that her father was a famous zoologist, who instilled in his daughter the skills to survive in extreme conditions from childhood. Immediately after the crash, having given up trying to find her mother among the bodies of the dead, the girl examined her luggage for food, but found only a few candies - the same result.

Juliana then found a stream not far from the crash site and followed its course. Only nine days later she was lucky enough to go to a boat on the river bank. The girl used gasoline from a canister to treat the wound on her right shoulder, in which at least 40 larvae had already bred.

The owners of the boat, who turned out to be local lumberjacks, appeared only the next day. Juliana was fed, her wounds were treated and she was taken to a hospital in a nearby village.

Alone with the snow

On October 13, 1972, a plane carrying players of the Uruguayan rugby team Old Christians from Montevideo, as well as their relatives and sponsors, crashed in the high Andes region. 27 people survived the fall. Later, another 8 people died due to an avalanche, and three more died from their wounds.

The Uruguayans realized that there was nowhere to wait for help 11 days after the accident, when they said on the radio that their search had been stopped and they were declared dead. The difficult situation in which the passengers found themselves was aggravated by the fact that supplies were running out very quickly. Having miraculously survived the crash, they made a difficult decision - to eat the meat of the dead.

The victims were rescued only 72 days after the disaster. Only thanks to the fact that the group equipped three people on the road who needed to cross the Andes and report what had happened. Two people overcame the most difficult transition. Z

and for 11 days, without equipment or warm clothing, they walked 55 kilometers through the snow-covered Andes and went to a mountain river, where they met a Chilean shepherd, who informed the authorities about the surviving passengers.

Nature presents us with severe trials - earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, storms, tornadoes, forest fires, avalanches, snow drifts, etc. These natural processes arise as a result of the action of elemental forces in nature and can cause numerous human casualties, cause significant material damage. Such phenomena are usually called natural disasters. They are classified as natural emergencies. They are characterized by unpredictability and uncertainty of the time of onset.

Video: avalanche, forest fire, earthquake model.

But other types of situations are also possible, which also arise suddenly, often unexpectedly: a change in climatic and geographical conditions, a sharp change in natural conditions, illness, poisoning, bites and other injuries to the body that require emergency medical care, forced autonomous existence. At the same time, assistance to those who find themselves in such a situation from the outside, i.e. from other people, is excluded or limited. Such situations are called extreme.

Video: thunderstorm, hurricane 98.

For example, a person suddenly gets lost in the forest. He doesn’t know exactly where he is, in which direction to go, he has no food. The beautiful forest begins to seem sinister to him. Night is coming. There's nothing to eat. Lonely and scary. I want to go home. Thoughts are confused.

If it is necessary to change your usual place of residence, i.e. when changing climatic and geographical living conditions, the risk of finding yourself in an extreme situation arises due to a violation of: temperature conditions (sharp transition from cold to heat and vice versa); daily regime as a result of changing time zones, solar regime; diet and drinking regimen. This situation is not unexpected. You know in advance about your upcoming move, trip or flight (for example, on vacation). Therefore, you need to prepare for new conditions in advance.

The reasons for this may be such sudden natural phenomena as a strong cold snap, rain (rain), blizzard, blizzard, heavy snowfall and frost, extreme heat, drought, etc. In this case, a person located far from populated areas is forced change the schedule and route. Because of this, the time of his return is delayed, which can lead to a lack of food and water, forced starvation, exposure to unfavorable environmental factors (frostbite, hypothermia, overwork, overheating of the body, thermal and solar blow, etc.). If the settlement is several dozen kilometers away, and bad weather makes it difficult to navigate and move, the problem of long-term survival arises.

Video: tornadoes, sandstorms

Diseases or injuries to the human body that require emergency medical care are not so rare among travelers, tourists, as well as people whose profession involves being in the natural environment. They can occur as a result of injuries (bruises, dislocations, fractures, muscle strains), poisoning with plant and animal poisons, animal bites, heat strokes and hypothermia, and infectious diseases. Depending on the degree of their adverse effects, a threat to human health and life may arise.

Autonomous existence is the most dangerous extreme situation, since the situation of a person who finds himself alone with nature, as a rule, arises unexpectedly and forcedly. Let's consider the reasons for such situations.
Loss of orientation on the ground, especially often as a result of the inability to use a compass, navigate, maintain the direction of movement, and avoid obstacles. However, this can happen not only to inexperienced tourists.
Loss of a group as a result of falling behind or being separated from it, or untimely access to the group meeting place.
Vehicle accident (airplane, car, ship, etc.).

However, not every autonomous existence should be considered an ex-tremal situation. For example, a group on a hike is in an autonomous existence. But she is provided with food, knows her route and follows it without incident. The same applies to various research expeditions.
Another thing is that during a hike or expedition, circumstances may arise that lead to an extreme situation: for example, food will run out, or someone’s backpack with equipment will be carried away during the crossing.
Of course, it is impossible to predict and describe all possible situations and give specific advice on how to act in them. But, as you will see later, in all such cases you have to solve one, main task - to survive, to survive.

There is a difference in the concepts of “natural disaster (natural emergency) and “extreme situation in nature.”
- We need to prepare in advance for changes in climatic and geographical conditions.
- A sharp change in natural conditions or illness (injury) can lead to an extreme situation in nature.
- Not every situation regarding the autonomous existence of a person in natural conditions may be considered extreme.

Survival is an active, purposeful activity aimed at preserving life, health and performance in conditions of autonomous existence.

Excerpts from the book by Andrei Ilyichev “ Great encyclopedia survival":
How many times have I and my comrades extricated myself from the clutches of death that were almost closing on the throat. How many times, looking back, we were surprised at what we managed to create. And they are not some kind of supermen - ordinary people, without mountains of muscles and super-strong-willed chins, who do not neglect everyday comfort. Average. So why were we able and survived, while others died in less extreme situations? A natural disaster is a natural process.

REMEMBER!
An extreme situation in natural conditions is a sudden change in the situation when outside help is limited or impossible.

REMEMBER!
Overcoming an extreme situation in nature largely depends on your actions.

There will be a file here: /data/edu/files/n1461168497.pptx (Natural hazards)

The entire history of human development is the evolution of the use of the natural environment in the process of human life, so his connection with nature has always been the closest. Later, thanks to technological progress, man created an artificial habitat that guaranteed him a safer and more comfortable existence. However, no matter how perfect and automated this comfortable world may be, a person in it always exists only at the expense of nature and its resources, therefore he cannot avoid contact with it, and therefore experience its influence, including in extreme situations .

They can arise as a result of human interaction with the environment and pose a threat to his life, health and property. For example, all kinds of injuries, poisoning by plant and animal poisons, infection with natural focal diseases, mountain sickness, heat stroke and hypothermia, bites of poisonous animals and insects, infectious diseases. A number of extreme situations (cold, heat, hunger, thirst, overwork, environmental poisoning, physical pain), which acquire special significance under certain circumstances, can be classified as environmental. The degree of their adverse effects can be so pronounced that it leads to the development of disease and stress.

Environmental factors contributing to the development or occurrence of extreme situations: air temperature and humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, barometric pressure level, wind, hurricane. These also include terrain, water sources, flora and fauna, photoperiods (polar day and night), and fluctuations in the Earth’s magnetic field.

Factors that provide protective functions that contribute to the normal functioning of people in extreme situations of the natural environment: clothing, emergency equipment, signaling and communication devices, water and food supplies, emergency floats, improvised means used for various purposes.

Depending on the material conditions (equipment, equipment, the presence of emergency stowage) and the characteristics of climatic and geographical conditions, the same situation can have different consequences; say, a forced landing of an airplane in the desert is certainly more extreme than the same landing in the taiga.

Extreme situations usually occur when a person is forced to be at a considerable distance from his habitable place. Depending on professional activity, lifestyle and habits, various extreme situations are possible.

Such a danger is possible primarily for people whose profession is directly related to being in the natural environment. These are not only geologists, archaeologists, hunters, fishermen, but also military personnel, long-distance drivers, workers Agriculture etc. Prerequisites for such situations may be:

A) insufficient qualifications. A heavy truck driver, accustomed to good roads, suddenly found himself on a bad dirt road and his vehicle got stuck. This forces him to seek help from people, to go to a populated area, and for this he needs to be able to navigate the area. The situation can be aggravated by perishable or urgent cargo;

b) sudden change in weather conditions. The climber was caught on the way by snow and rain and severe cold. He is forced to change the schedule and the calculated route, so the return time is delayed, which can lead to food shortages and forced starvation. The simplest extreme situation. And if at the end of the route he must be picked up by a helicopter, then bad weather can pose a problem for long-term survival;

V) failure of equipment and vehicles. A tractor driver who finds himself in a car with a stalled engine in a snowy winter, at a temperature of -20-30 ° C, is at risk, since in such conditions the distance in deep snow
The 5-6 km distance to the central estate is not easy to overcome. Will there be clothing suitable for walking in the cabin, and most importantly, shoes?

The risk of ending up in an extreme situation increases for people forced to change their usual place of residence. Changes in climatic and geographical conditions can be aggravated by insufficient preparation or equipment of the traveler. This option applies not only to people whose profession requires frequent travel - military personnel, construction workers, but also to ordinary citizens traveling to the south, to the mountains or to other unusual or exotic places.

Less likely, but most dangerous, is a situation of forced autonomy. A person who finds himself alone with nature experiences the influence of not only natural factors (temperature, solar radiation, humidity), but also psychogenic ones - fear of loneliness, stress, which is especially dangerous when it is necessary to act decisively and quickly. The effect of these factors can be so pronounced that it can lead to the development of stress. The danger of a situation of forced autonomy also lies in the fact that any person can be exposed to it in the event of, for example, a transport accident or in the most prosaic situation (loss of orientation in a suburban forest, and there are no matches, no compass, no food supplies at hand).

We must not forget about the possible cases when a traveler or tourist using water from untested sources runs the risk of getting poisoned so seriously that it could pose a threat to his life, especially if this happened in a remote area where qualified medical care is not available. It is always necessary to remember about the possible disruption of the ecological balance under human influence, and that more than 70% of water sources have water unsuitable for human consumption.

All of the above leads us to the conclusion that to prevent danger and increase human survival in extreme natural conditions it is necessary:

To achieve advanced training of specialists;

Reduce the degree of risk by improving the reliability of machinery and equipment;

Level up physical development and fitness;

Conduct special training for survival in extreme situations in natural conditions, including preparation of equipment and equipment;

Teach people the correct behavior when forced to change climatic and geographical living conditions.