Yesenin and Isadora Duncan: love story and facts. Love stories: poet and dancer d) If direct speech is an exclamatory sentence with a call to action

The marriage of Sergei Yesenin and Isadora Duncan lasted two years according to documents and two times less - in fact. Language barrier (he didn’t really know foreign languages, she spoke in broken Russian), the age difference (she was almost 20 years older than him), the violent temperament of both - the poet and the dancer classically “didn’t get along.” All of them family life fit into a long honeymoon, a honeymoon lasting almost a year, on which Duncan took her poet with a “golden head” after registering at the registry office of the Khamovnichesky district of Moscow. In the USA and Europe they were photographed a lot for the local press - thanks to the trip, many photographs remained..

Yesenin and Duncan in Dusseldorf, 1922. Photo courtesy of the Moscow State Museum of Sergei Yesenin

Isadora Duncan came to the USSR for the dream of freedom. The dancer toured here many times before the revolution, and when in 1921, People's Commissar of Education Anatoly Lunacharsky invited her to open his own dance school in Soviet Russia, she agreed with delight. The People's Commissariat of Education, of course, kept silent about the fact that she would have to raise a significant amount of money to create a school on her own, as well as the fact that she would live from hand to mouth and in a poorly heated room. “From now on, I will only be a comrade among comrades, I will develop an extensive plan of work for this generation of humanity. Farewell to inequality, injustice and the animal rudeness of the old world, which made my school unrealizable!” – Duncan wrote enthusiastically, setting off on her journey.

– The new dance revived by Duncan and its propaganda were for her the main meaning of life, a consolation after the tragic loss of both children. Isadora Duncan was a truly extraordinary creative person. She abandoned the classical canons of dance, the sham conventions, she revived the ancient spirit, the connection between man and nature and with the divine. She was surrounded by a special train when she even just walked across the stage. You didn't have to be a dance expert to understand this. You had to be a Poet - like Sergei Yesenin! He felt it all, and it was close to him.

Isadora Duncan in 1919. Photo courtesy of the Moscow State Museum of Sergei Yesenin

The meeting took place on the poet’s birthday, October 3, 1921, with the avant-garde artist Georges Yakulov. As Duncan’s press secretary at the time, Ilya Schneider, recalls, Yesenin burst into the workshop shouting: “Where is Duncan?” And within a matter of minutes he was on his knees in front of her, reclining on the sofa. She stroked his head, he looked at her - that’s how they talked the whole evening. “He read his poems to me, I didn’t understand anything, but I hear that this is music and that these poems were written by a genius!” Duncan later told Schneider.

Svetlana Shetrakova, director of the Moscow State Museum of Sergei Yesenin:

– Sometimes they say about Yesenin that in his feelings for Duncan there was more love for her fame than for herself. This is certainly not the case. He was imbued with the secret harmony of her dance, which he expressed in his work. In terms of skill and talent, they were on the same wavelength, forming a union of “flying stars of grace...”. Yesenin, in his own way, could not help but be worried about Duncan’s fame; it excited his creativity. They had a lot in common - they were both people of the future and great artists.

Photo courtesy of the Moscow State Museum of Sergei Yesenin

Quite quickly, Yesenin and Duncan began to live together, but they registered the relationship only before traveling to the USA in order to avoid problems with the morality police. The marriage was registered in the registry office of the Khamovnichesky district of Moscow. Ilya Shneider recalled that before the wedding, Duncan asked him to falsify the date of birth in her passport to hide the age difference - she was 18 years older than Yesenin. “This is for Ezenin. He and I don’t feel these fifteen years of difference, but it’s written here... And tomorrow we’ll give our passports into the wrong hands... It might be unpleasant for him,” she said. In the registry office, the age difference has actually decreased - to 10 years.

Isadora Duncan (center) with Sergei Yesenin and adopted daughter Irma Duncan on their wedding day. Photo courtesy of the Moscow State Museum of Sergei Yesenin

Their relationship was strange to those around them. Yesenin was often rude to Duncan, but she seemed to like it. A typical episode is recalled in his “Novel Without Lies” by poet Anatoly Mariengof, a contemporary of both: “When Yesenin somehow rudely in his heart pushed away Isidora Duncan, who was clinging to him, she exclaimed enthusiastically:

– Ruska lubow!

She treated him with maternal tenderness - as he himself later formulated in a conversation with journalist Galina Benislavskaya, whom he left in 1921 for Isadora. “And how tender she was with me, like a mother. She said that I looked like her dead son. In general, there was a lot of tenderness in her,” Yesenina Benislavskaya cites these words in her memoirs. However, he did not even allow the thought of returning to his wife, and cut off any attempts by Benislavskaya to lead the conversation in this direction: “It’s the end for me. Completely the end.”

Svetlana Shetrakova, director of the Moscow State Museum of Sergei Yesenin:

– They like to savor the details of Yesenin’s personal life, especially to discuss which of his women he loved more. There is absolutely no point in doing this. He was a poet, so every new meeting was a lift-off for him, an upsurge of spirit, expressed in creativity. These feelings, like heavenly fire, were very strong, so they could not last long. Yesenin and Duncan needed each other - albeit for a short time, but so necessary for two truly extraordinary personalities.

On their American-European journey, they lived a whole life in which there was everything - scandals, jealousy, Yesenin’s attempts to escape from his mother’s care into a brothel, swearing, assault, breaking mirrors in hotel rooms.

Berlin, 1922. Photo courtesy of the Moscow State Museum of Sergei Yesenin

The journey for which they got married simply could not help but take them in different directions. In the USSR, Isadora was a great dancer, but abroad no one was in a hurry to recognize Yesenin as a great poet. From America he writes a letter to Vsevolod Rozhdestvensky, full of resentment. Once in New York, Yesenin went for a walk. His attention was attracted by the window of a newsstand, or more precisely, by his own photograph on the front page of one of the newspapers. “I bought a good dozen newspapers from him, I’m rushing home, I’m thinking - I need to send it to this one, to the other one. And I ask someone to translate the signature under the portrait. They translate it for me: “Sergei Yesenin, a Russian man, the husband of the famous, incomparable, charming dancer Isadora Duncan , whose immortal talent..." etc. etc. I was so angry that I tore this newspaper into small pieces and for a long time afterwards I could not calm down. So much for the glory! That evening I went down to the restaurant and, I remember, I started drinking heavily. I was drinking and crying. I really wanted to go back home.”

Svetlana Shetrakova, director of the Moscow State Museum of Sergei Yesenin:

– It seems that under that photo the American journalist also noted Yesenin’s athletic build and suggested that he was a good athlete. Of course it hurt creative person, who was loved by his country and believed that the whole world would fall in love with his boundless poetry.

Lido, 1922. Photo courtesy of the Moscow State Museum of Sergei Yesenin

Maxim Gorky describes one of his meetings with the couple almost with horror, calling the dancer “elderly, heavy, with a red, ugly face, wrapped in a brick-colored dress, she was spinning, squirming in a cramped room, clutching a bouquet of crumpled, withered flowers to her chest, and on a thick There was a smile on her face that said nothing. This famous woman, glorified by thousands of European aesthetes, subtle connoisseurs of plastic arts, next to the small, amazing Ryazan poet, was the perfect personification of everything that he did not need. There is nothing preconceived here. ; no, I'm talking about the impression of that have a hard day, when, looking at this woman, I thought: how can she feel the meaning of such sighs of the poet: “It would be nice, smiling at the haystack, to chew hay with the muzzle of the moon!”

Svetlana Shetrakova, director of the Moscow State Museum of Sergei Yesenin:

– Gorky and other compatriots of Yesenin one way or another expressed their opinion on the relationship between Yesenin and Duncan. This is interesting, but not entirely important. The main thing is that there is poetry and creativity that outgrow the framework of personal perceptions. In different forms and types of art, these individuals equally felt and expressed the spiritual strength and attraction of man to the Universe. It seems to me that everyone who in one way or another recalled meetings with Yesenin and Duncan was convinced of this.

Ellis Island, USA, 1922. Photo courtesy of the Moscow State Museum of Sergei Yesenin

Yesenin returned from his trip to Moscow alone in August 1923. More precisely, they returned together, but Isadora immediately left for Paris, telling Ilya Schneider: “I brought this child home, but I have nothing more in common with him.” In October, Yesenin sends her a telegram: “I love someone else. Married and happy.” The “other” was Galina Benislavskaya, whom Yesenin actually did not marry. His last wife was Sophia Tolstaya. The wedding took place in 1925.

Paris, 1922. Photo courtesy of the Moscow State Museum of Sergei Yesenin

At the end of the same year, Yesenin was found dead in the Leningrad Angleterre Hotel. Isadora Duncan, who survived her ex-husband by two years, reacted almost coldly to the news of his death. “I cried so much that I have no more tears,” she telegrammed to Ilya Schneider.

Svetlana Shetrakova, director of the Moscow State Museum of Sergei Yesenin:

– “My Confession,” Duncan’s autobiography, stops at the meeting with Yesenin. One can only guess what this queen of gestures could write... I think, based on many statements, only the joy of meeting Russia, which, in the words of Duncan herself, may be the birthplace of “art not bought with gold,” and most importantly, a bright talent capable understand her boundless creativity.

“And he called some woman of over forty years old a bad girl and his dear...” - so Sergey Yesenin wrote about his wife, Isadora Duncan. Their union lasted only three years. Constant scandals and stormy showdowns, however, were fruitful for creativity. A lot separated them: a language barrier (he did not speak English, she knew a few words in Russian), an 18-year difference in age and mentality. What they had in common was that they were equal in terms of talent and popularity. She was a world famous American dancer; he became a world famous Russian poet.

Isadora Duncan's romance with Yesenin was as short-lived as her romance with the Soviet regime. She enthusiastically accepted the 1917 revolution and expected great changes from it. She herself was called a revolutionary, but in a different element - choreography. Isadora Duncan danced without pointe shoes or a corset, in light chitons, barefoot. She was called "the living embodiment of the soul of dance" and was later recognized as the founder of modern dance.

However, Duncan’s choreography was assessed ambiguously: her dance vocabulary was often called meager, they said that she was too old and ponderous to dance and was more involved in pantomime.

In 1921, she wrote to the People's Commissar of Education of the USSR, Lunacharsky: “I am tired of bourgeois, commercial art. I want to dance for the masses, for working people who need my art and who never had the money to watch me.” In response, Lunacharsky invited Duncan to Moscow with a proposal to open a dance school.

When Isadora went to Russia, she expected anything but what the fortune teller predicted for her: she would get married in a new country. She was 44 years old and had never been married. On the evening when 26-year-old Yesenin first saw Isadora Duncan, she was dancing to “The Internationale” in a red chiton, symbolizing the victory of the revolution. They met and communicated specifically: all she said to him in Russian was “golden head”, “angel” and “tschort”.

Duncan and Yesenin got married in the USSR in 1922. Soon after that they went abroad - the dancer went on tour in America and Europe. But Yesenin was presented there exclusively as the husband of the famous Duncan; he drank a lot and found no use for himself. About America he wrote: “The Americans are a very primitive people in terms of their internal culture. The dominion of the dollar has consumed in them all aspirations for any complex issues.”

The union of the poet and dancer was often ridiculed; in Moscow Isadora was nicknamed “Dunka the Communist,” and in angry epigrams they wrote: “Where did the airplane take Yesenin? To ancient Athens, to the ruins of Duncan."

In 1923 they separated. Both died tragically soon after the separation. Yesenin was found hanged in the Angleterre Hotel, Isadora Duncan also died from suffocation - a long scarf got tangled in the wheel of a convertible.

The name of Isadora Duncan will forever go down in the history of dance, although she was not the only dancer who destroyed traditional ideas about classical choreography - at the beginning of the twentieth century she could compete with her in popularity

Both critics and readers often idealize their idols: poets and writers. But these are ordinary people with their passions, sins, weaknesses and vices, which are reflected in their work. In obscene poems, for example. Today, when icons are made from classics, forgetting about their earthly essence, they try not to remember these poems either in school or university classrooms. In addition, profanity is prohibited by law. If things continue like this, and the State Duma continues to ban everything, then we will soon forget that in Russian literature there were such popularly beloved authors as V. Erofeev, V. Vysotsky, V. Sorokin, V. Pelevin and many others. Mayakovsky, Lermontov, Pushkin, and, of course, Sergei Yesenin, who himself called himself a hooligan, brawler and obscenity, have poems with profanity.

There's only one thing left for me to do

There's only one thing left for me to do:

Fingers in the mouth and a cheerful whistle.

Notoriety has spread

That I am a bawdy and a brawler.

Oh! what a funny loss!

There are many funny losses in life.

I'm ashamed that I believed in God.

It’s sad for me that I don’t believe it now.

Golden, distant distances!

Everyday death burns everything.

And I was obscene and scandalous

To burn brighter.

The poet's gift is to caress and scribble,

There is a fatal stamp on it.

White rose with black toad

I wanted to get married on earth.

Let them not come true, let them not come true

These thoughts of rosy days.

But if the devils were nesting in the soul -

This means that angels lived in it.

It's for this fun that it's muddy,

Going with her to another land,

I want at the last minute

Ask those who will be with me -

So that for all my grave sins,

For disbelief in grace

They put me in a Russian shirt

To die under icons.

Why are you looking at those blue splashes like that?

The favorite of women, in a drunken stupor, more than once recited poems of very dubious content in public. Although I rarely wrote it down. They were born spontaneously and did not linger in the poet’s memory. However, there were still a few poems left in the drafts, where the author expressed his thoughts and emotions, resorting to taboo vocabulary.

Yesenin was seriously mentally ill, and it was to this period that almost all of his frivolous verses date back. The poet lost faith in love, in social justice, in new system. He was confused, lost the meaning of existence, and became disillusioned with his creativity. The world around him appeared in gray tones.

This is clearly seen in the poem, full of drunken bravado and deep despair.

Harmonica rash. Boredom... Boredom

Rash, harmonica. Boredom... Boredom...

The accordionist's fingers flow like a wave.

Drink with me, you lousy bitch.

Drink with me.

They loved you, they abused you -

Unbearable.

Why are you looking at those blue splashes like that?

Or do you want a punch in the face?

I'd like to have you stuffed in the garden,

Scare the crows.

Tormented me to the bone

From all sides.

Rash, harmonica. Rash, my frequent one.

Drink, otter, drink.

I’d rather have that busty one over there -

She's dumber.

I’m not the first among women...

Quite a few of you

But with someone like you and a bitch

Only for the first time.

The more painful it is, the louder it is,

Here and there.

I won't commit suicide

Go to hell.

To your pack of dogs

It's time to catch a cold.

Darling, I'm crying

Sorry Sorry…

Here the Ryazan rake seeks to prove to everyone, and first of all, to himself, that his chaotic life was not in vain. And although the motives for suicide are increasingly breaking through into him, Yesenin still has hope that he will be able to escape from the deep and vicious whirlpool of drunkenness and riotous life. He exclaims: “I won’t commit suicide, go to hell.”

The favorite of women in a drunken stupor has repeatedly recited poems of very dubious content in public

The wind blows from the south

The poet wrote the poem “The Wind Blows from the South” after he invited a girl to visit, who refused to continue the acquaintance, knowing about the difficult character and far from secular manners of her gentleman.

The wind blows from the south,

And the moon rose

What the fuck are you doing?

Didn't come at night?

The poem is presented in an aggressive and harsh form, and its meaning is that the lyrical hero can easily find a replacement for the intractable young lady, and will be able to drag any other beauty into bed.

Sing, sing. On the damn guitar

A similar leitmotif is contained in the stanzas of the work “Sing, sing. On damn guitar", where the poet again returns to the theme of death.

Sing, sing. On the damn guitar

Your fingers dance in a semicircle.

I would choke in this frenzy,

My last, only friend.

Don't look at her wrists

And silk flowing from her shoulders.

I was looking for happiness in this woman,

And I accidentally found death.

I didn't know that love is an infection

I didn't know love was a plague.

Came up with a narrowed eye

The bully was driven crazy.

Sing, my friend. Remind me again

Our former violent early.

Let her kiss each other,

Young, beautiful trash.

Oh, wait. I don't scold her.

Oh, wait. I don't curse her.

Let me play about myself

Under this bass string.

The pink dome of my days is flowing.

In the heart of dreams there are golden sums.

I touched a lot of girls

He pressed a lot of women in the corner.

Yes! there is a bitter truth of the earth,

I spied with a childish eye:

Males lick in line

Bitch leaking juice.

So why should I be jealous of her?

So why should I be sick like that?

Our life is a sheet and a bed.

Our life is a kiss and a whirlwind.

Sing, sing! On a fatal scale

These hands are a fatal disaster.

You just know, fuck them

Alas, the poet’s prophecy regarding himself did not come true. The last day of December 1925 turned out to be a holiday with tears in our eyes.

The poet lost faith in love, in social justice, in the new system

On this day, Muscovites and numerous guests of the capital buried Sergei Yesenin. An hour before the solemn striking of the chimes, his best friend, poet Anatoly Mariengof, was crying in his room on Tverskoy Boulevard.

He could not understand how people who had recently walked with a mournful look behind the poet’s coffin were now preening themselves, twirling in front of the mirror, and tying their ties. And at midnight they will congratulate each other on the New Year and clink glasses of champagne.

He shared these sorrowful thoughts with his wife. His wife then said to him philosophically:

This is life, Tolya!

Live hot water bottle

All night they sat on the ottoman, looking through photographs in which there was a young, perky, mocking Sergei. They recited his magical ones by heart. Anatoly Borisovich also recalled how, before his marriage, he and Yesenin lived in Moscow, without having their own roof over their heads.

By the way, the great poet never received an apartment in the capital, despite his crazy fame. “After all, he’s spending the night somewhere now, so let him live there,” an official of the Krasnopresnensky district administration threw up his hands with irresistible logic, where, after passing through five bureaucratic authorities, a paper was received from Trotsky’s office with a proposal to provide living space to Yesenin. “How much do we have in Moscow, and why should we give everyone an apartment?”

Yesenin was saved from “homelessness” by his friends. But mostly - friends. At first, Yesenin lived with Anatoly Mariengof, huddling with friends or renting a corner for a while. Brothers in the literary workshop were separated so rarely that they gave the whole of Moscow reason to talk about intimacy with each other.

The great poet never received an apartment in the capital, despite his crazy fame

And in fact, they even had to sleep in the same bed! What are you going to do if there is nothing to heat the apartment with, and you can only write down poems while wearing warm gloves!

One day, a little-known Moscow poetess asked Sergei to help her get a job. The girl was pink-cheeked, steep-hipped, with thick, soft shoulders. The poet offered to pay her the salary of a good typist. To do this, she had to come to her friends at night, undress, lie down under the covers and leave when the bed was warm. Yesenin promised that during the procedure of undressing and dressing they would not look at the girl.

For three days the already famous poets of that time went to a warm bed. On the fourth, the young writer could not stand it and indignantly refused the easy but strange service. To the perplexed question of true gentlemen: “What’s the matter?”, she angrily exclaimed:

I didn’t hire myself to warm the sheets of the saints!

They say that Mariengof, out of friendly motives, incited Yesenin against Zinaida Reich, arousing in him unreasonable jealousy. As a result, Sergei divorced the woman he loved. Since then, his family life has not worked out.

Although Zinaida and Reich and their children are a poet. However, it is difficult to imagine Sergei Yesenin, the owner of a light walk and a lover of noisy feasts, as a respectable father of a family and a faithful husband.

Mariengof, out of friendly motives, incited Yesenin against Zinaida Reich

He walked forward through life with long strides, as if he was in a hurry to get through it as quickly as possible. Isadora Duncan even gave the poet a gold watch, but he still remained at odds with time.

Dancer Isadora Duncan

Marriage to the famous French dancer Duncan was perceived by those around the poet as his desire to finally solve the housing problem. Then a caustic ditty immediately began to sound on the Moscow streets:

Tolya walks around unwashed,

And Seryozha is clean.

That's why Seryozha is sleeping

With Dunya on Prechistenka.

Meanwhile, Yesenin’s feeling, which flared up sharply before everyone’s eyes, cannot be called anything other than love.

But that heavy love in which passion prevails. Yesenin gave himself to her without hesitation, without controlling his words and actions. However, there were few words - he did not know either English or French, and Isadora did not speak Russian well. But one of her first sayings about Yesenin was “”. And when he roughly pushed her away, she joyfully exclaimed: “Russian love!”

The seductress of many European celebrities with refined tastes and manners, the behavior of the explosive Russian poet with a golden-haired head was to her heart. And he, yesterday’s provincial peasant, the conqueror of the capital’s beauties, apparently wanted to reduce this refined woman, caressed by salon life, to the level of a village girl.

It was no coincidence that he called her “Dunka” behind her back among his friends. Isadora knelt before him, but he preferred the restless life between heaven and earth to her sweet captivity.

Sergei Yesenin and Isadora Duncan - a love story

In the Duncan mansion they practically did not know what water was - they quenched their thirst with French wines, cognac and champagne. The trip with “Dunka” abroad made a grave impression on Yesenin. The complacency of the well-fed, vulgar bourgeois, and against their background, the dancer, noticeably heavier from drunkenness, before our eyes - all this depressed Yesenin. After another scandal in Paris, Isadora imprisoned her “prince” in a private madhouse. The poet spent three days with the “schizos,” fearing for his sanity every second.

He develops persecution mania. In Russia, this disease will intensify and weaken the already overly sensitive nervous psyche. Alas, even close people treated the poet’s illness as a manifestation of suspiciousness, another eccentricity.

Yes, Yesenin was, in fact, suspicious, afraid of syphilis, the scourge of troubled times, and every now and then he had his blood tested. But he was really being watched - he was surrounded by secret agents of the Cheka, he was often provoked into scandals and dragged to the police. Suffice it to say that in five years five criminal cases were opened against Yesenin, and in Lately he was wanted!

Diagnosis: persecution mania

Dzerzhinsky’s favorite, the adventurer and murderer Blumkin, was waving a revolver in front of his nose, some people in black overtook him in the dark and demanded huge money in return for peace of mind, they stole his manuscripts, beat him and robbed him repeatedly. What about friends? It was they who pushed Yesenin to.

They ate and drank at his expense, being jealous, they could not forgive Yesenin for what they themselves were deprived of - genius and beauty, just that. The fact that he scattered handfuls of gold from his sonorous soul.

He will plow the earth, write poetry

Yesenin's lifestyle and creativity were completely alien to the Soviet regime. She was afraid of his colossal influence on an agitated society, on young people. All her attempts to reason with and tame the poet were unsuccessful.

Then the persecution began in magazines and at public debates, humiliation with the issuance of cut fees to him. The poet, aware of the uniqueness and power of his gift, could not bear this. His psyche was completely shaken; in the last year Yesenin experienced visual hallucinations.

What did he think shortly before his death, hiding in a Moscow clinic for the mentally ill from Themis, blinded by the Bolsheviks?

He was surrounded by secret agents of the Cheka, he was often provoked into scandals and dragged to the police

Even there he was besieged by countless creditors. And what lies ahead - poverty, because Yesenin still sent money to the village, supported his sisters, but where to lay his head? Not on prison bunks! Return to the village? Did Mayakovsky write: “he will plow the land, write poetry”?

No, Yesenin was poisoned by both fame and metropolitan life, and the poverty and greed of the peasants led him to despair. Although in Moscow he was gnawed by a terrible loneliness, aggravated by the close and idle attention of a public greedy for sensations. From this loneliness such painful forebodings were born:

I'm scared - because the soul is passing,

Like youth and like love.

He has already said goodbye to love and youth, is it really still necessary to part with his soul forever? Perhaps one of the main tragedies of Yesenin’s life is the loss of faith. He had no support from the outside, and he was losing confidence in his own abilities, being by the age of 30 both mentally and physically ill.

And yet there was support from the outside, but in December 1925 it also gave way. For five years, Galina Benislavskaya relentlessly followed Yesenin. His executor, keeper of the poet's manuscripts and cherished thoughts, she forgave him all his infidelities. And she always allowed the homeless poet to come to her, moreover, she looked for him all over Moscow when he disappeared from time to time. She pulled him out of the whirlpool of tavern life, for which Yesenin’s “friends” once nearly killed her.

But Benislavskaya could not forgive him for his marriage - already the fourth! - to Sophia, the granddaughter of Leo Tolstoy (this marriage also ended in failure). That’s why Galina didn’t want to come to the sick poet in the clinic for a very important conversation. Perhaps she would have been able to protect her beloved Seryozha from a terrible act in the cold winter of 1925.

He has already said goodbye to love and youth; is he really yet to part with his soul?

After Yesenin’s death, a wave of suicides swept across Russia. But Galya wanted to live - in order to write the truth about her relationship with the great poet, in order to collect and prepare for publication all of Yesenin’s vast creative heritage. A year later this work was completed.

Then Benislavskaya came to Vagankovo, smoked a pack of cigarettes, wrote a farewell note on it and... She had to play Russian roulette to the bitter end, since there was only one bullet in the cylinder of her revolver. Near the Yesenin hill there are now two graves of the people closest to him: his mother and Galina.

VIDEO: Sergey Yesenin reads. Confession of a hooligan

Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS		OFFERS
A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition B) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial phrase C) violation of the aspectual-temporal correlation of verb forms D) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech D) violation in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members		1) Crazy misterious story Yesenin and Isadora Duncan will never cease to interest those who seek to learn the incredible secrets of love. 2) From time to time in the basement, Liesel, having forgotten herself, listened to the voice of the accordion sounding in her ears. 3) The St. Petersburg period in the works of A.S. Pushkin’s work is not only characterized by greater stylistic freedom, but also by breaking genre boundaries. 4) The sparkling stars in the sky sparkled and shimmered with all the colors of the rainbow. 5) According to the committee’s resolution, it is necessary to reward particularly distinguished employees. 6) “Here is our new contender for the award!” - said the dean, pointing to the third-year student. 7) Isadora Duncan renounced her rights to the inheritance of the deceased Yesenin, saying that “take the money to his mother and sisters.” 8) Blok himself was never published in Scythians, although at that time he maintained warm relations with many participants in the almanac. 9) Before the thunder struck, Lisa and I ran from the yard into the house.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G	D

Explanation (see also Rule below).

A) the incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition in sentence 5 is that after the prepositions “thanks to,” “according to,” “contrary to,” “like,” nouns are used only in the dative case form WHAT? and in no other.

Here is the correct spelling: According to the resolution of the committee, it is necessary to reward particularly distinguished employees.

Rule 7.7.1

7.7 INCORRECT USE OF THE CASE FORM OF A NOUN WITH A PREPOSITION

This type includes incorrectly constructed sentences with derived prepositions and the non-derivative preposition “po”.

7.7.1 Using the correct case form of a noun with derived prepositions “thanks to”, “according to”, “contrary to”, “like”, “contrary”, “contrary”

After the prepositions “thanks to”, “according to”, “contrary to”, “like” and other nouns are used only in the dative case (to whom? to what?) and in no other.

Let's look at the sentences with errors:

Example 1. True success can only be achieved through (what?) persistence, determination and (what?) deep knowledge person. If the words “persistence, purposefulness” are in the dative case (which is true!), then the phrase “deep knowledge” is used in the genitive case, it needs to be corrected by writing “deep knowledge”.

Example 2. According to (what?) traditions established in the navy, crossing the equator was considered significant event . We replace the case: according to (what?) “established traditions.”

Example 3. It was decided to carry out work on the strait, contrary to (what?) established rules, not in summer, but in winter. We replace: “contrary to established rules.”

Note 1. The preposition “thanks to” is used only when talking about the reasons that caused a positive result. Therefore, phrases with this preposition in combination with something negative should be considered unsuccessful: Thanks to my mother's death, I grew up early. In this sentence you need to use the simple preposition “because of”.

Note 2. The preposition “thanks to” is called derivative because it was formed from the gerund “thanks to.” And these are completely different parts of speech. To the participle we pose the question “what are we doing?” and separated by commas either as a single word or as part of an adverbial phrase.

Compare: He successfully defended thesis and, (doing what?) thanks to (who?) the project manager and (who else?) comrades for their help and support, he left the audience. The participle “thanks to” is an additive action to the predicate “went out.”

He successfully defended his thesis thanks to (what?) the help of the project manager and his comrades. There is no way to ask the question “what are you doing?” this is not an additional action, this is a pretext. And there are no commas. A comma in sentences with the word “thanks to” can serve as a hint: it does not exist with a preposition.

7.7.2 With a noun there is a preposition “by”

The non-derivative preposition “by” in the meaning “after something” is used with a noun only in the form of the prepositional case, and not the dative case

Therefore, the sentences below are constructed wrong:

Upon arrival Yu When he arrived in Moscow he felt unwell.

Upon arrival at In Venice, I immediately visited several of my old acquaintances.

Upon completion Yu construction workers left the site in perfect order.

Upon completion Yu English language courses I received a certificate.

In these sentences, the preposition “by” means “after something,” so the word after it had to be used in the prepositional form, not the dative case:

upon arrival in Moscow (= after arriving in Moscow), upon arrival in Venice (= after arriving in Venice), upon completion of construction (= after completion of construction), upon completion of courses (= after completion).

The following construction of these sentences would be correct:

Upon arrival in Moscow, he felt unwell.

Upon arrival in Venice, I immediately visited several of my old acquaintances.

Upon completion of construction, the workers left the site in perfect order.

Upon completion of the English language courses, I received a certificate.

Remember:

upon arrival (= after arrival),

upon arrival (= after arrival),

upon completion (= after completion),

upon completion (= after finishing).

7.7.3 With a noun there is a derived preposition “due to”, “due to”, “in case”, “provided”, “with help” and others

These prepositions also arose as a result of the transition from independent parts of speech and require genitive case from the nouns behind them.

Due to (who? what?) bad weather;

Due to (who? what?) frosts;

In case of (who? what?) success

B) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial phrase - in sentence 4: in correctly constructed sentences with a participial phrase, the main (or qualifying word) cannot stand inside the participial phrase. His place is either before or after him. You can change the sentence like this: Stars, sparkling in the sky, sparkled and shimmered with all the colors of the rainbow.

Rule 7.1.2

7.1. USE OF PARTICIPAL SPEECHES

INTRODUCTION

A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. For example, in the sentence Graduates who successfully pass the exam become applicants

word Graduates- the main word,

those who passed - participle,

those who passed (how?) successfully and passed (what?) the exam are participle-dependent words.

Thus, the participle phrase in this sentence is successfully passed the exam. If you change the order of words and write the same sentence differently, placing the turn before main word ( Successfully passed the exam Graduates become applicants), only the punctuation will change, but the phrase remains unchanged.

Very important: before starting work with task 7 to find errors in a sentence with a participle, we advise you to solve and study task 16, which tests the ability to put commas with correctly constructed participial and participial phrases.

The goal of the task is to find one such sentence in which grammatical norms are violated when using a participial phrase. Of course, the search must begin with finding the sacrament. Remember that the participle you are looking for must certainly be in full form: the short form never forms a participial phrase, but is a predicate.

To successfully complete this task you need to know:

• rules for agreeing the participle and the main (or qualified) word;
• rules for the location of the participial phrase in relation to the main word;
• time and type of participles (present, past; perfect, imperfect);
• participle voice (active or passive)

Please note that that in a sentence with a participial phrase, not one, but two or even three errors can be made.

Note for teachers: keep in mind that the authors of various manuals have different points of view on classification, as well as on the types of errors that can be classified as a certain type. The classification adopted at RESHU is based on the classification of I.P. Tsybulko.

We classify all types of possible grammatical errors when using the participial phrase.

7.1.1 Violation of agreement between the participle and the word being defined

The rule according to which single participles (as well as those included in the participle phrase) are consistent with the main (= defined) word, requires the participle to be placed in the same gender, number and case as the main word:

About children (which ones?) returning from a trip; for an exhibition (WHAT?) being prepared at the museum.

Therefore, we simply find a sentence in which there is a full participle, and its ending does not correspond to (or) gender, (or) case, (or) number of the main word.

Type 1, the lightest

I had the opportunity to communicate with guests, those present at the opening of the exhibition.

What is the reason for the error? The participle is not consistent with the word to which it must obey, that is, the ending must be different. We pose a question from a noun and change the ending of the participle, that is, we agree on the words.

I had a chance to chat with guests(what MIMI?), present at the opening of the exhibition.

In these examples, the noun and its participle are next to each other, the error is easy to see. But this doesn't always happen.

Type 2, more difficult

Consider sentences with grammatical errors.

I want to find the words to the song heard recently.

These sentences contain two nouns: author, book; lyrics. Which of them has a participle phrase attached to it? We think about the meaning. What was published, the author or his book? What do you want to find, words or a song?

Here is the corrected version:

I want to find the words of the song (Which one?), HEARD recently.

Type 3, even more difficult

The endings of participles sometimes fulfill a very important meaning-distinguishing mission.. Let's think about the meaning!

Let's compare two sentences:

The sound of the sea (what kind?), which woke me up, was very strong. What woke you up? It turns out that the sea. The sea cannot wake you up.

The noise (what?) of the sea that woke me up was very strong. What woke you up? It turns out that noise. And the noise can wake you up. This is the right option.

I heard the heavy steps (what?) of a bear, chasing me. Footsteps cannot pursue.

I heard the heavy steps of a bear (WHAT?), chasing me. The bear may chase. This is the right option.

Children of employees (which ones?), having any diseases, receive discounted vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle “having” refers to the word “employees.” It turns out that employees will be sick, and the children of sick employees will receive vouchers. This is the wrong option.

Children (what?) of employees, having any diseases, receive discounted vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle “having” refers to the word “children,” and we understand that it is the children who have illnesses and they need vouchers.

Type 4, variant

Often there are sentences in which there are phrases of two words, the first of which is part of the whole indicated by the second, for example: each of their participants, one of all, any of those named, some of them, some of the gifts.. A participial phrase can be attached to each of the nouns, depending on the meaning: in such phrases, the participle (participial phrase) can be agreed with any word. It would be an error if the participle “freezes” and has no connection with any of the words.

Consider sentences with grammatical errors.

Each participant who received the maximum number of points was given the right to perform one more number.

The participle can be agreed with both the word “to each” and the word “participants”.

Each (which one?) of the participants, who received the maximum number of points, was given the right to perform one more number

Each of the participants (which ones?), who received the maximum number of points, was given the right to perform one more number.

Please note that an error would be a discrepancy between NEITHER the first word and NOR the second:

Incorrect: Each of the participants who received... or Each of the participants who received... This is not possible.

In explanations of RESHU, the variant of agreement with the ending IM is more often used.

Similarly true: Part of the books (which ones?), received as a gift, will go as a gift.

Or Part (what) of books, received as a gift, will go as a gift.

Incorrect: Some of the books received as a gift will be given as a gift.

NOTE: This type of error when checking essays is considered a coordination error.

7.1.2 Participial phrase and place of the main word

In correctly constructed sentences with participial phrases the main (or qualifying word) cannot stand inside a participial phrase. His place is either before or after him. Remember that this depends on the placement of punctuation marks!!!

Consider sentences with grammatical errors.

It is necessary to carefully check the sent documentation for examination.

We walked along the strewn alley fallen leaves.

Presenter Street the city was free.

Created novel by a young author caused lively debate.

note: With this construction of the sentence, it is completely unclear whether to put a comma.

Here is the corrected version:

Must be checked carefully documentation, sent for examination. Or: Need to check carefully sent for examination documentation.

We walked along alley, strewn with fallen leaves. Or: We walked along strewn with fallen leaves alley.

Street, leading to the city, was free. Or: Leading into the city Street was free.

7.1.3. Participle phrases including irregular forms of participles

In accordance with the norms for the formation of participles, in modern Russian literary language Forms of participles in –shchy, formed from perfective verbs with the meaning of the future tense, are not used: there are no words pleasing, helping, reading, able. According to the editors of I DECIDE, such erroneous forms should be presented in task 6, but, since in the manuals of I.P. Tsybulko there are similar examples, we consider it important to note this type too.

Consider sentences with grammatical errors.

Until I found person, who can help me.

A valuable prize awaits participant, who finds the answer to this question.

These sentences need to be corrected because future participles are not formed from perfect verbs. There is no future tense for participles..

Here is the corrected version:

We replace the non-existent participle with a verb in the conditional mood.

Until I found a person who can help me.

A valuable prize awaits the person who finds the answer to this question.

7.1.4. Participle phrases including irregular forms of voice of participles

This type of error was in Unified State Exam assignments past years (until 2015). In the books of I.P. Tsybulko 2015-2017 there are no such tasks. This type is the most difficult to recognize, and the error is due to the fact that the participle is used in the wrong voice, in other words, the active is used instead of the passive.

Consider sentences with grammatical errors.

Documentation, heading for examination,

Contest, organized by the organizers

Foam, pouring into the bath, has a pleasant aroma.

Here is the corrected version:

Documentation, sent for examination, needs to be checked carefully.

Contest, conducted by the organizers, the participants really liked it.

The foam that we pour into the bath has a pleasant aroma.

C) violation in the use of the aspect-tense of the verb in sentence 9. Correct: Before the thunder had time to clap, Lisa and I ran from the yard into the house.

Rule 7.5.4

7.5. VIOLATION OF TENSIONAL CORRESPONDENCE OF VERBS AND VERB FORMS

INTRODUCTION

In order to complete this task and understand its significance, you need to remember what the time of a sentence and the moment of speech are.

Most of the events that are, or were, or will be discussed are related to the moment of speech: they either last constantly, or now, or were, or will be. Events can take place simultaneously or sequentially, be completed or incomplete. What parts of speech have the category of tense? Of course, these are verbs and their forms, participles and gerunds. What do we know about this?

All verb forms have a TYPE category:

Imperfect, questions do not have the prefix C: what to do, what by doing;

Perfect, questions have the prefix C: what to do, what to do.

Verb forms in the indicative mood have the category TENSE:

Present (all forms);

Future (only for verbs);

Past (all forms).

If a sentence contains several verb forms, be it two predicates, or a gerund and a predicate, or a participle and a predicate, they must necessarily correlate with each other in time and aspect. If this condition is violated, we speak of a violation of type-temporal correlation or mismatch of tenses.

7.5.1 There are two in a sentence homogeneous predicates, unreasonably having different TIMES.

This is the most common type of error in textbooks for preparing for the Unified State Exam.

What does unreasonable mean? This means that there are no conditions for using predicates of different tenses. There is a requirement for homogeneous predicates: they must have ONE and the same time. I emphasize that it is in Unified State Exam assignments, since in fiction Even in lively colloquial speech there are deviations from this norm, but this is always stylistically justified.

Let's look at some examples.

It rained all night and stopped in the morning. What's wrong here? “pouring” is the predicate of the present tense; "stopped" past tense. Obviously, the message was written after the rain had stopped, because at night it was unclear whether it would stop in the morning. Therefore, the sentence must be corrected by placing both verbs in the past tense.

It rained all night and stopped in the morning. It will not be possible to make two predicates in the present tense: It rains all night and STOPS in the morning, because in such a sentence the idea is conveyed that this always happens, all the time. Compare: The sun rises every morning and sets every night.

The grandmother knitted a scarf for her grandson and gives it to him for his birthday. Incorrect, because “tied” is of the past tense, but “gives” of the present tense. You need to correct it by putting both verbs in the past tense.

The grandmother knitted a scarf for her grandson and gave it to him for his birthday. First I knitted it and then gave it as a gift. It is possible to put both predicates at the present time, but the meaning will change: The grandmother KNITS a scarf for her grandson and gives it to him for his birthday. It’s as if grandma either constantly gives scarves as gifts, or someone talks about it as an event in the past.

So: with homogeneous predicate terms, in tasks Unified State Exam homogeneous the predicates must have the SAME tense.

7.5.2 The sentence contains two homogeneous predicates that unreasonably have different VIEW.

For homogeneous predicates the following rule applies:

If both actions occur simultaneously or the time is not defined, then the view should be the same.

For example: Parents and children must learn to respect and understand each other's interests. What's wrong: respect is an imperfect form, understand is a perfect form. We put both parts of the predicate in imperfect form:

Parents and children must learn to respect and understand each other's interests.

It is not possible to put it into perfect: from the verb “respect” the form “respect” has a different meaning.

7.5.3 The sentence contains several homogeneous predicates that unreasonably have different TYPES and TIMES.

Unfortunately, there are no strict rules and conditions here. If actions occur sequentially, then there may be different correct options: it all depends on the meaning of the sentence.

I didn’t work for a long time due to illness, then I got a job several times in different companies, but now I make good money. Indicators of actions occurring sequentially are the words then, now. Let’s analyze the types of verbs: didn’t work (nonsov.), got a job (nesov.), earn money (nesov.).

I didn’t work for a long time due to illness, but then I got a job in a small company and now I make good money. Indicators of actions occurring sequentially are the words then, now. Let’s analyze the types of verbs: didn’t work (non-sov.), got a job (sov.), earn money (nesov.).

I didn’t work for a long time due to illness, but then I got a job in a small company and earned money for an apartment. Indicators of actions occurring sequentially are the word then. Let’s analyze the types of verbs: didn’t work (non-sov.), got a job (sov.), earned (sov.).

At the same time, there is no violation in the form-time neither in the first, nor in the second, nor in the third example. But in this example there is an error:

Mom listened to me attentively, then laughed and told a similar story.

Correct options:

Mom listened to me attentively, then LAUGHED and told a similar story.

Mom LISTENS to me carefully, laughs and TELLS a similar story.

Mom listened to me and LAUGHED, and then TOLD a similar story.

7.5.4 The temporal-specific correlation between the predicates of a complex sentence is broken.

Since the two parts of a complex sentence are always connected grammatically, the relationship in time and type and time of the predicates is an absolute requirement.

Let's look at the simplest examples.

When spring comes, streams flow. “Coming” - nonsense, present; “flowed” - owl, past. The same laws apply here as I do for homogeneous predicates.

This will be true:

When spring comes, streams FLOW.

When spring CAME, streams began to flow.

Another example with an error:

We have put in so much effort and nothing is working. “attached” - owl, past; “it doesn’t work out” - nonsense, present.

This will be true:

We put in so much effort and nothing HAPPENED.

We put in so much effort and nothing works.

7.5.4 Errors in sentences with gerunds associated with a violation of tense correlation

Here the condition is:

The tense and type of the participle should not contradict the predicate in meaning.

Example with error:

After preparing the omelette, add eggs to it. “having prepared” - owl, past; “put” is a verb in the imperative mood. DO is allowed for such a predicate. But try this advice. Cook first and then add eggs? The error occurred because having prepared in a sentence it has a perfect form, that is, it denotes a completed additional action. To make the recipe grammatically correct, let's change the form of the gerund to imperfect.

When preparing an omelet, add the eggs first. (remove into it, he's not ready yet)

Similar example:

After reading a book, do not forget to make bookmarks in it. “having read” - owl, past; “don’t forget” - verb in the imperative mood

Bookmarks are made while reading, that is, it will be true:

While reading a book, don't forget to bookmark it.

Another error:

After submitting your essay, do not forget to check Difficult words By " Spelling dictionary". It is impossible to check after you have already submitted the work.

A handing over -

7.5.5 Errors in sentences with participles associated with violation of temporal correlation

can also be found in tasks. At the moment there are no such examples in the manuals.

D) the incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech in sentence 7 is that when trying to convey indirect speech containing a request, the wrong conjunction was used and the wrong form of the verb was used

Let's give the correct spelling: Isadora Duncan renounced her rights to the inheritance of the deceased Yesenin, saying that the money should be taken to his mother and sisters.

Rule 7.9.2

7.9 IMPROPER CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES WITH ANOTHER SPEECH

This task tests students' ability to correctly construct sentences with quotations and indirect speech: out of 9 sentences on the right, you need to find one that contains an error.

The rules set out below will deal with quoting and indirect speech, these are very close, but not identical units.

In everyday life, especially often in oral speech, we often use the transmission of someone’s words on our own behalf, the so-called indirect speech.

Sentences with indirect speech are complex sentences consisting of two parts (the words of the author and indirect speech), which are connected by conjunctions what, as if, to, or pronouns and adverbs who, what, which, how, where, when, why etc., or a particle whether.

For example: They told me it was my brother. She demanded that I look into her eyes and asked if I remembered minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. We talked about how the birds I caught lived.

Sentences with indirect speech serve to convey someone else's speech on behalf of the speaker, and not the one who actually said it. Unlike sentences with direct speech, they convey only the content of someone else's speech, but cannot convey all the features of its form and intonation.

Let's try to restore the sentences: from indirect speech we will translate into sentences with direct speech:

They told me it was my brother. - They told me: “It was your brother.”

She demanded that I look into her eyes and asked if I remembered minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. - She said: “Look me in the eyes!” And then she demanded: “Do you remember the minnows, our meetings, our quarrels, picnics? Do you remember?

A friend asked: “How do the birds you caught live?”

As can be seen from the examples, the sentences coincide only in meaning, but the verbs, pronouns, and conjunctions change. Let us consider in detail the rules for translating direct speech into indirect speech: this is very important both for writing an essay and for completing task 7.

7.9.1 Basic rule:

When replacing sentences with direct speech with sentences with indirect speech, special attention should be paid to the correct use of personal and possessive pronouns, as well as verbs associated with them, since in indirect speech we convey other people’s words on our own behalf.

Sentence with direct speech	Correctly formed indirect speech	Incorrectly formed indirect speech
The father said: " I I'll be back late."	Father said that He true yeah It's late.	My father said that I would be back late.
We asked: “A You where did you come from?	We asked where He I arrived.	We asked where you came from.
I admitted: " Yours Mikhail took the books.”	I admitted that their Mikhail took the books.	I admitted that “Mikhail took your books.”
The children shouted: " We not guilty!"	The children shouted that They not guilty.	The children shouted that “it’s not our fault.”
Please note that that quotation marks can help to detect an error, but you cannot rely solely on them, since quotation marks appear both in the application and in sentences with quotes without errors, and not in all tasks.

7.9.2 There are a number of additional rules,

associated with the peculiarity of translating direct speech into indirect speech, their compliance is also checked in task 7.

a) If direct speech is a declarative sentence,

What. Example: The secretary replied: “I complied with the request.” – The secretary replied that he complied with the request. The pronoun has been changed!

b) If direct speech is an interrogative sentence,

then when replacing it with a subordinate clause the role subordinating conjunctions perform interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles, which stood in direct question. There is no question mark after an indirect question. Example: “What did you manage to accomplish?” - the teacher asked the students. – The teacher asked the students what they had accomplished so far. The pronoun has been changed!

c) When in direct speech – interrogative sentence there are no interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles,

when replacing it with an indirect one, the particle is used to communicate whether. Example: “Are you correcting the text?” - the secretary asked impatiently. – The secretary asked impatiently if we were correcting the text. The pronoun has been changed!

d) If direct speech is an exclamatory sentence with a call to action,

then it is replaced by an explanatory subordinate clause with the conjunction to. Example: The father shouted to his son: “Come back!” - The father shouted to his son to come back. Pronoun added!

e) Particles and words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence

(addresses, interjections, introductory words, complex sentences) and contained in direct speech are omitted when replacing it with indirect speech. Example: “Ivan Petrovich, draw up an estimate for the next quarter,” the director asked the chief accountant. – The director asked the chief accountant to draw up an estimate for the next quarter.

7.9.3. Special rules for citing.

When writing essays, there is often a need to quote either the desired fragment of the source text, or to quote a statement from memory, organically including the quotation in a sentence. There are three ways to introduce a quote into your speech:

1) using direct speech, observing all punctuation marks, for example: Pushkin said: “All ages are submissive to love” or “All ages are submissive to love,” said Pushkin. This is the easiest way, but it is not always convenient. Such sentences will be found as true!

2) using subordinate clause, that is, using conjunctions, for example: Pushkin said that “all ages are submissive to love”. Please note the changed punctuation. This method no different from the transmission of indirect speech.

3) a quote can be included in your text using introductory words, For example: As Pushkin said, “all ages are submissive to love”.

Note that in nothing can be changed from the quote: what is enclosed in quotation marks is conveyed absolutely accurately, without any distortion. If you need to include only part of a quotation in your text, use special characters (ellipses, various types brackets), but this is not relevant to this task, since there are no punctuation errors in task 7.

Let's look at some features of citation.

a) How to avoid a mistake if there is a quote with a pronoun?

On the one hand, quotes cannot be changed, on the other hand, the pronoun cannot be left. If you just paste a quote, there will be errors: Napoleon once remarked that " I I can lose this battle, but I can’t lose a minute.”. Or like this: In his memoirs, Korolenko wrote that he always “ I I saw undoubted intelligence in Chekhov’s face.”

In both sentences you need:

firstly, replace the pronoun “I” with “HE” and exclude the pronoun from the quote:

secondly, change the verbs by associating them with new pronouns and also exclude them from the quote, so we know that nothing can be changed.

With such changes, the quotes will certainly “suffer”, and if we can keep the second sentence as follows: Korolenko wrote that He always “saw undoubted intelligence in Chekhov’s face”, then Napoleon’s statement cannot be preserved. Therefore, we safely remove the quotation marks and replace the quote with indirect speech: Napoleon once remarked that he can lose this battle, but not Maybe lose a minute.

b) Particularly noteworthy are cases of erroneous combination of two ways of introducing a quotation in a sentence,

which causes a grammatical error. As we already know, a quote can be entered either as subordinate clause, or using introductory words. This is what happens when two methods are combined:

Wrong: According to Maupassant, What“love is strong as death, but fragile as glass”.

Right: According to Maupassant, “love is strong as death, but fragile as glass.”

Wrong: As P.I. Tchaikovsky stated, What“inspiration is born only from work and during work”.

Right: As P.I. Tchaikovsky argued, “inspiration is born only from work and during work.”

Thus, we formulate the rule: When using introductory words, the conjunction is not used.

c) In students’ works there are also cases when a quotation is introduced using introductory words,

but direct speech is framed as a separate sentence. This is not only a violation of punctuation, it is a violation of the rules for constructing a sentence with a quotation.

Wrong: According to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: “Only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important things with your eyes.”

Right: According to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, “only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important things with your eyes.”

Wrong: According to L. N. Tolstoy: “Art is the highest manifestation of power in man”.

Right: According to L.N. Tolstoy, “art is the highest manifestation of power in man.”

E) the error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members in sentence 3 is that the parts of the double conjunction do NOT come before the homogeneous members.

Let's rearrange the first part: The St. Petersburg period in the works of A.S. Pushkin is characterized not only by greater stylistic freedom, BUT ALSO by the breaking of genre boundaries.

Rule 7.4.6

7.4. FEATURES OF USING COMPLEX SENTENCES

INTRODUCTION

As you know, there are three types of complex sentences: compound, complex and non-union. Each of these types has its own semantic and grammatical features associated with the presence or absence of a conjunction, the meaning of the conjunction, the order of the parts and intonation. The simplest and most understandable in their structure are compound and non-union proposals. Complex sentences have rich possibilities for detailed presentation of thoughts, means subordinating connection are able to express shades of relationships between grammatical parts. At the same time, the more complex structure of such sentences becomes one of the reasons for violation of syntactic norms when using them. To avoid grammatical errors in complex sentences, you must remember the following rules.

7.4.1. In sequential submission, the same words should not be repeated. It was this violation that helped

S. Ya. Marshak to achieve a comic effect in a famous poem:

Here's a dog without a tail

Who pulls the cat by the collar,

Which scares and catches the tit,

Which cleverly steals wheat,

Which is stored in a dark closet

In the house that Jack built.

Use different conjunctions different types subordinate clauses, replace them with participial phrases to avoid such annoying repetitions. For example: I had to go to the city where my parents had previously lived, who arrived in 95, which was a real test for them. This is a very bad proposal. Correcting: I had to go to the city where my parents had previously lived, who arrived in 1995: this year was a real test for them.

7.4.2 You cannot use subordinating and coordinating conjunctions at the same time for the connection between the main and subordinate clause: As soon as lightning flashed, but suddenly hail began to fall. To correct this sentence, you must leave one of the conjunctions: Lightning just flashed, but suddenly hail began to fall or As soon as the lightning flashed, hail suddenly fell.. In the first sentence the conjunction “how” was removed, in the second the conjunction “but”.

7.4.3 Subordinating and coordinating conjunctions that are close in meaning cannot be repeated: Parents say it's as if we don't help around the house at all.. To express syntactic relations, one conjunction is sufficient: My parents say that we don't help at all around the house. The conjunction “as if” was removed from the second sentence. Possibly another way: My parents are angry that we don't help at all around the house. The choice of conjunction always depends on the meaning that we want to add to our statement.

In the book "Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing for Print Workers" D.E. Rosenthal writes about it this way:

"there is a pleonastic use of conjunctions (setting a series of unambiguous conjunctions), for example: “The conditions for a further rise in livestock farming on a number of collective farms were present, but nevertheless, a turning point has not yet occurred.”, noting that this is an error.

7.4.4. Do not omit necessary demonstrative words in the main clause. Mom always went to stores where food was cheaper. This sentence will receive grammatical and semantic completeness if main part add the necessary index word: Mom always went to THOSE (SAME) stores where products were cheaper.

7.4.5.Use of the conjunction that in the subordinate clause in the presence of a particle whether is a blunder: We did not hear whether he came to the appointed place.. Correct option: We did not hear whether he arrived at the appointed place.

7.4.6. Irregular shape Demonstrative words in subordinate clauses or they are not needed at all is also a mistake.

The article raises the problem that... That's right: the problem of WHAT? WHAT? mercy, mutual assistance...

This error is associated not so much with the structure of a complex sentence, but with control norms. It is absolutely necessary to know which verb or noun controls which forms of nouns and pronouns. For example:

We were worried (about/about) that the weather would not get worse. True “ABOUT THAT”

The heroine of the story is worried (about/that) that she does not find support. Correct: "THEM"

Here is a list of frequently used phrases in which errors are made. The correct questions are given. This list is far from complete.

Believing in something

Confidence in what

Worthy of what

Filled with what

Can't get enough of anyone

Summarize what

What is the need?

Contempt for anyone or anything

Filled with something

To shun what

Characteristic for whom, what

Convinced of what

Typical for whom, what

Full of something

Marvel at what

Admire someone or what

7.4.7. Incorrect word order in a sentence, in which the subordinate clause can be attributed to different words, leads to misunderstanding and is an error.

Let's look at an example: Students completing assignments test work for ninth graders who were previously considered difficult began to make fewer mistakes. According to the meaning of the sentence, it turns out that previously ninth-graders were difficult. The attributive clause must be placed after the word work; these tasks were previously considered difficult. Despite the fact that this error is easily detected upon careful reading, in written works it occurs very often. Here's how it should be: Students began making fewer mistakes on tests that were previously considered difficult for ninth-graders.

The right column lists 5 types of grammatical errors, the left column contains five sentences containing these errors, and 4 sentences containing no errors. For each correct match found, 1 point is given. Thus, you can get from 0 to 5 points for this task.

What is a grammatical error?

Grammatical errors are divided into morphological, word-formation and syntactic. Therefore, in tasks there can be no spelling or punctuation errors.

If a word is formed incorrectly, this is a word formation error (to mock, underline, etc.). And this is checked in task 6. If the form of a word is formed incorrectly, this is a morphological error (directors, higher, and so on). And this is also checked in task 6.

And only mistakes syntactic are checked in task 7. Syntactic - means errors in the construction of phrases and sentences, because these are the units of language that are studied in syntax.

In the 2015-2016 school year, students should be able to see and identify 10 types of errors. Moreover, each individual task can have combinations of 5 different types. Here is a list of syntax error types that are checked:

1) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

2) error in constructing a complex sentence

3) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

4) violation of the connection between subject and predicate

5) violation of aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms

6) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases

7) error in constructing a compound with indirect speech

8) error in the use of the case form of the noun

9) error in the use of numerals

10) error when using homogeneous terms

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COMPLETING THE TASK

1. If a sentence contains a participle/gerund/word in quotation marks, etc., this does not automatically mean that an error has been found. It will be exactly like this: in one sentence there can be a gerund, homogeneous members, and indirect speech. And this HARD sentence may be completely correct. Or maybe there will be an error in it. So you can't guess...

2. Don’t rush through task 8 in testing mode. Open tasks with an explanation. The explanation will provide a specific analysis of exactly THIS in the example task. If necessary, open the RULE link; a link to it will be attached to each of the five types.

3. Please note that under type, e.g. violation in the construction of sentences with a participial phrase as many as SIX different errors are hidden, one way or another related to the participial phrase. That is why it will be indicated: See paragraph 7.1.2 or 7.4.3. This will be exactly the part of the rule that is needed for explanations. For example, what constitutes an error in the use of a pledge in a participial phrase will be written in the “Directory”, in paragraph 7.1.3. Point to link

The story of Isadora Duncan and Sergei Yesenin is probably familiar to many. But do you know how their romance began? When Yesenin saw his future muse dancing the famous dance with a scarf, he was captivated by her plasticity, he wanted to shout that he was in love, but Sergei did not know English... He expressed himself with gestures, made faces, cursed in Russian, but Duncan did not understood what the poet wanted to say.

Then Yesenin said: “Go away, everyone,” took off his shoes and began to dance a wild dance around the goddess, at the end of which he simply fell on his face and hugged her knees. Smiling, Isadora stroked the poet’s flaxen curls and tenderly uttered one of the few Russian words she knew: “Angel,” but after a second, looking into his eyes, she added: “Chiort.” Their crazy, unpredictable, mysterious, full of passion, happy and at the same time tragic story will never cease to interest those who seek to understand the incredible secrets of love.

Chapter 1 - Faithful Galya 1

Chapter 2 - Golden Head 2

Chapter 3 - Isadora 3

Chapter 4 - Taming 4

Chapter 5 - Nadya 5

Chapter 6 - Moving 6

Chapter 7 - Adio, Isadora!

7

Chapter 8 - Jealousy 8

Chapter 9 - Wedding 9

Chapter 10 - Berlin 10

Chapter 11 - Escape 11

Chapter 12 - Longing 12

Chapter 13 - Walk 13

Chapter 14 - America 14

Chapter 15 - Paris 16

Chapter 16 - Love is a Plague 17

Chapter 17 - Funny Couple 18

Chapter 18 - Maison de santé 19

Chapter 19 - And again Moscow 20

Chapter 20 - "My dears! Good!"

21

Chapter 21 - Sergun 22

Chapter 22 - Russian love 24

Chapter 23 - "Goodbye, my friend, goodbye!"
26
Chapter 24 - Towards love... 27

Olga Ter-Ghazaryan
Yesenin and Isadora Duncan

One soul for two Chapter 1 Vernaya Galya

The frosty silence was broken by a hysterically cawing crow. Suddenly aroused, the woman nervously pulled her hands out of the cuffs of her coat and reached into her pocket. With trembling fingers, she pulled out a cigarette from a gray-brown patterned box with the inscription “Mosaic” and took a drag. At the tombstone there were still fresh flowers, apparently brought recently by one of the fans. It was three o'clock in the afternoon. Not a soul around.

Having smoked one cigarette, the woman immediately began to smoke another. She exhaled the smoke noisily and took a drag. She seemed to be somewhere far away, in her thoughts. One after another, visions flashed before her inner gaze.

Here she is in the Great Hall of the Conservatory. It's cold and they don't heat it. There is clamor, swearing and laughter all around. Shershenevich appears on the stage, followed by the long and important Mariengof in ridiculous top hats with some young, handsome boy of short stature. The "Trial of the Imagists" begins. Speakers come from different groups: neoclassicists, acmeists, symbolists. Then a boy appears, wearing a short, open deerskin jacket, and begins to read poetry, with his hands in his trouser pockets:

Spit, wind, with armfuls of leaves, -
I'm just like you, hooligan...

His impetuous voice flows, captivating listeners with a melodic and clear rhythm. Every sound reverberates with unbridled prowess and pressure. A sheaf of golden hair sways around the thrown back head. Yes, that’s how she saw him for the first time. After reading the poem, the boy fell silent for a moment, and immediately enthusiastic spectators began to ask him to read it again and again. He smiled. Galya had never seen such a smile on anyone else. It seemed as if the lights were turned on in the hall - it suddenly became light all around. She looked in amazement at the stage from where this radiance was pouring.

Waking up from her thoughts, the woman looked around. It was getting dark. With fingers blue from the cold, she opened the pack of Mosaics and counted the remaining cigarettes. Five. Five more. So she still has time. She nervously lit another cigarette.

Yes, from the moment they met, her whole life turned out to be subordinate to Him. She became his friend, guardian angel, nanny. Her love grew stronger day by day and all his many vicissitudes with women did not affect her in any way. Yes, of course, she suffered painfully, biting her lips and lying for hours in melancholy oblivion when he was with others. However, only she knew what it would take for her to appear before him again as if nothing had happened. Sometimes she wrote him long, hysterical letters, begging him to pay attention to her and not to throw himself away with her love. It seemed to her that such devotion should be appreciated, but he, so frivolous, always had someone more important than her.

“Dear Galya! You are close to me as a friend, but I don’t love you at all as a woman,” he answered her one day. Then she often heard these words from him: “Galya, you are very good, you are my closest, best friend, but I don’t love you. You should have been born a man. You have a masculine character and a masculine mindset.” She listened to him silently with a smile and calmly answered: “Sergei Alexandrovich, I am not encroaching on your freedom, and you have nothing to worry about.”

“So. The last one left,” Galya frantically tapped the paper cigarette holder on the box and put it in her mouth. The December evening darkness enveloped her from all sides. "What time is it? Five? Six? How long has she been here already?" She looked incessantly at the round sign on a black cross, blurring before her eyes, where his name was inscribed in white lifeless letters. Her heart suddenly ached terribly - Galya remembered how he left with his old woman, Duncan, "Dunka", for Berlin, and she, in a fit of cowardice and her painful melancholy, thought that if he died now, his death would be a relief for her. Then she could be free in her actions. Oh, how could she, even for a second, wish for his death?! Her breath caught in her throat and a burning lump rose in her throat. With unseeing eyes she now looked at the marble slab near the cross.

With difficulty opening her clenched teeth, the woman took a pencil out of her pocket, tore open the stack of Mosaics and wrote on the back with an unsteady hand:

“I committed suicide here, although I know that after this even more dogs will be blamed on Yesenin. But he and I won’t care. Everything that is most precious to me is in this grave, so in the end I don’t give a damn about Sosnovsky and the public opinion that Sosnovsky on occasion."

For some time she stood motionless, clutching a piece of gray cardboard in her numb fingers. Then she decided to add: “December 3, 1926,” in case they didn’t find her right away.

Galya took out a revolver and a knife from her coat, with which she had often walked recently along the troubled streets of Moscow. In the darkness, the metal of the weapon gleamed dully. She closed her eyes tightly, painfully, and large tears rolled down from under her long eyelashes. Putting the pistol in her pocket, she hastily wrote on the packet: “If the Finn is stuck in the grave after the shot, it means that even then I did not regret it. If it’s a pity, I will throw it far away.” She looked at the thin blade of the knife for a few more seconds, and then resolutely grasped it in her left hand. Not knowing where to put the cardboard box with the suicide note, the woman put it in her pocket, which for some reason was now unbearably heavy and pulling her to the ground. The right hand slid for the revolver. The little “bulldog” burned his palm with icy cold. Galya took a deep breath and put the gun to her chest. Without a second's hesitation, she pulled the trigger. Only a few moments later did a slight click reach her consciousness. Misfire! Everything went cold inside. Her breathing stole, and the woman helplessly gasped at the frosty air. A strong trembling ran through her body. Galya pulled out a piece of paper and for some reason scrawled almost by touch: “1 misfire.”