If people know that war is bad, why do people fight? The limits of sanity: What makes us fight for our beliefs? Why and why people fight

The 21st century is in the yard, but things are still there. Maybe it's about some deep foundations of humanity? War... War has always been a part of human history. Moreover, there is evidence that chimpanzees and ants also wage war. Why are we doing this? Here are the ten most common hypotheses. Of course, they are not only different, but also similar in their own way.

“Never in this world does hatred cease with hatred” (“Dhammapada” I, 5).

A number of evolutionary psychologists believe that the whole point, as you might guess, is in evolution (they have such an answer to any question!): strong and warlike men more often than others gained access to women and other resources, producing more offspring. Actually, all this was done for the sake of mating: alliances were created with other men, raids were planned, etc. When families began to be created in a slightly more civilized manner, warlike coalitions came in handy in order to select resources for their family. Thus, we are told, society and the state arose. In other words, the idea of ​​an army is inseparable from the idea of ​​the state. And not only psychologists, but also philosophers have written a lot about this, just remember Jose Ortega y Gasset.

This hypothesis, however, has an interesting branch that traces our belligerence back to the last common ancestor of humans and apes. Since chimpanzees exhibit behavior similar to human warfare, this seems at least logical. In other words, men became warriors long before our species and even our clan appeared.

2. Revenge on predators

Essayist Barbara Ehrenreich believes that the above hypothesis does not fit well with the facts. In her opinion, the roots of war should be sought in the ancient fear of predatory animals. Throughout human evolution (and especially in its early stages), our ancestors were faced with the task of hiding, running away, and saving themselves from predators that were both stronger and faster. But as soon as the bipeds had suitable weapons at their disposal, the hunter and the prey changed places. Apparently, hunting predators was carried out for ritual purposes, and over time, people replaced the animals, and we began to carry out bloody raids on our neighbors. Ms. Ehrenreich tries to prove her case by citing the fact that for most people, war is not a psychologically comfortable event and a radical restructuring of the psyche is required in the process of some kind of rituals (magic spells from high stands, shamanic evocation of the spirit of patriotism, invocation of the spirits of ancestors, the idea of honor of the uniform and banner, all these endless parades). War, she concludes, is an example of learned behavior, not innate behavior.

3. Persuasive Hawk

When public debate over a conflict with a country flares up, there are always hawks demanding an end to tensions through military action and doves calling for negotiations. Nobel Prize winner in economics Daniel Kahneman co-authored a paper with Jonathan Renshon arguing that hawks win more often because this is the ideology that meets our innate optimistic (sic!) aspirations. “Psychological research has shown that the vast majority of people believe that they are smarter, more attractive and more talented than the average person, and therefore overestimate their chances of success,” the scientific duo wrote in Foreign Policy magazine. - In addition, people have the illusion that they have everything under control. They constantly exaggerate the extent of their influence over the consequences of their actions.”

In other words, we go to war because we mistakenly believe that victory is inevitable.

A slightly different, but very similar view of the situation says: as soon as we understand that we are seen as a threat (especially if they are afraid of us), we cross the psychological rubicon and abandon a rational view of things, preferring risk. So, instead of exhausting all peaceful alternatives first, we go to war to please the hawks.

4. Overpopulation

Thomas Malthus taught that war is the inevitable result of population growth in conditions of limited access to resources. This idea is still popular today. Stanford economist Ran Ambramicki explains: The world's population is growing exponentially, but growth in food production is lagging. If we, sensing the approach of a catastrophe, begin to save and have fewer children, the situation remains under control. Otherwise, nature achieves the same effect itself - with the help of wars, famines and epidemics.

5. Youthful enthusiasm

This hypothesis is especially popular now. It is believed that the surge in cruelty (including war) is a consequence of an increase in the proportion of young people deprived of the opportunity to express themselves in a peaceful field. If their energy is not directed outward, they will fight among themselves and cause harm to our society.

6. Herd mentality

In times of crisis, society's instinct of self-preservation turns on. All rationality is abandoned. Dissent is suppressed. The only value is the unity of the ranks. There are only “us” and “them”. For many people with an immature psyche (as you can read, for example, from Erich Fromm) this is a great opportunity to solve the eternal problem of their psychological identity, and it is no wonder that they grab it at the first opportunity.

7. Continue trading

Some sociologists (especially those influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx) believe that the roots of war should not be sought in the murky waters of evolution or psychology. In their opinion, war is just a type of political maneuver that developed in parallel with the formation of civilization. We always enter into negotiations with someone - both in groups and individually. We are constantly faced with questions about the distribution of resources, about social justice, etc. A proponent of this model, Dan Reuter, wrote that war should not be perceived as a refusal of diplomacy, it is a continuation of trade relations by other means. With the outbreak of war, negotiations do not stop, and as soon as the parties manage to come to an agreement, peace is concluded.

8. Fear of death

This hypothesis is based on the fact that people form cultural groups (tribes and peoples) because they need to know that after death something will remain of them. This is one of those calming airbags that makes us not afraid of death. And we are always afraid that someone will destroy our culture and erase the memory of us from the face of the earth. And so we sharpen our swords and arouse the warlike spirit, so that, just in case, we will attack first. We are ready to die for our culture so that something remains after us. This feeling is brought up in us with patriotic stories about our ancestors who defeated the enemy both on the Kulikovo Field and on the Kursk Bulge. We are proud of them to be sure that later they will be proud of us in the same way.

9. Primitive aggression

Aggression is an instinct that promotes survival. An animal, so as not to be killed by a stronger and hungrier representative of the same species, demonstrates a refusal of aggression and a readiness to obey (look at how a kitten plays with an adult: I only bite you for fun). On the one hand, we behave in a similar way. On the other hand, man as a social animal in the process of social development has developed other survival strategies: in special cases, aggression is permitted - in relation to a pre-designated enemy.

10. Reversible social adaptation

At the beginning of the 20th century, anthropologist Margaret Mead suggested that war is not necessarily a consequence of our aggressive, competitive nature. It is, rather, a social adaptation that we could easily refuse of our own free will. To do this, it is not at all necessary to carry out social reforms and wait until everyone around becomes better. You can start with yourself. There is even a good textbook on this topic, which is already a couple of thousand years old. It's called Dhammapada.

Prepared using materials from io9.

"-Uncle Yura, are you a spy? -You see, Pavlik..." WIKIPEDIA: "At the beginning of 1212, thousands of peasants (including children and teenagers) from Germany and France gathered into an army to conquer the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem (according to According to some reports, the French children did not go to Jerusalem, but to Paris to the court of Philip Augustus, where a certain preacher promised to present the king with a letter from Jesus Christ and perform miracles; Philip ordered the children to be sent home).

In May 1212, when the German people's army passed through Cologne, there were about twenty-five thousand children and teenagers in its ranks, heading for Italy in order to reach Palestine by sea. In the chronicles of the 13th century, this campaign is mentioned more than fifty times, which was called the “Children’s Crusade.”

In France in May of the same year, the shepherd Stephen from Cloix had a vision: Jesus “appeared” to him in the form of a white monk, ordering him to stand at the head of a new Crusade, in which only children would take part, in order to free him without weapons with the name of God on his lips. Jerusalem. Perhaps the idea of ​​a children's crusade was associated with the "holiness" and "purity" of young souls, as well as the judgment that they could not be physically harmed by weapons. The shepherd began to preach so passionately that the children ran away from home after him. Vendôme was declared the gathering place for the “holy army”, where by mid-summer it was estimated that more than 30,000 teenagers had gathered. Stephen was considered a miracle worker. In July, singing psalms and banners, they set off for Marseilles to sail to the Holy Land, but no one thought about ships in advance. Criminals often joined the army; playing the role of participants, they lived off the alms of pious Catholics.

The crusade was supported by the Franciscan order.

On July 25, 1212, German crusaders arrived in Speyer. A local chronicler made the following entry: “And a great pilgrimage took place, men and maidens, young men and old men walked, and they were all common people.”

On August 20, the army reached Piacenza. A local chronicler noted that they asked for directions to the sea: back in Germany they set out on a campaign, assured that “the sea would part before them,” since the Lord would help them achieve their sacred goal. On those same days, a crowd of children who came here from Cologne was seen in Cremona.

German children suffered terrible hardships crossing the Alps on the way from Germany to Italy, and those who survived the journey faced hostility in Italy from local residents who still remembered the sack of Italy by the crusaders under Frederick Barbarossa. The road to the sea across the plain was much easier for French children. Having reached Marseille, the participants of the campaign prayed every day for the sea to part before them. Finally, two local merchants - Hugo Ferreus and Guillaume Porcus - “had mercy” on them and placed at their disposal 7 ships, each of which could accommodate about 700 knights, to sail to the Holy Land. Then their trace was lost, and only 18 years later, in 1230, a monk appeared in Europe accompanying the children (both German and French children, in all likelihood, were accompanied by clergy, although this has not been proven in any way), and said that the ships with the young crusaders arrived to the shores of Algeria, where they were already waiting for them. It turned out that the merchants provided them with ships not out of mercy, but in agreement with Muslim slave traders."

Sections: Primary School

Class: 4

Goals and objectives:

• summarize and systematize students’ knowledge about the causes of wars on earth;
• improve the ability to work in groups;
• teach children to draw conclusions, analyze, observe;
• cultivate patriotic feelings.

Techniques:

• cluster
• syncwine

Equipment:

• textbook “The world around us”. 4th grade. N. F. Vinogradova; M., “Ventana-Graf”, 2006;
• illustration of a reproduction of V.V. Vereshchagin’s painting “The Apotheosis of War”;
• sheets with texts for group work;
• thematic sheets for creating a cluster;
• Constitution of the Russian Federation.

During the classes

I. Calling stage.

• Students' answers to teacher's questions.
  • Who has quarreled with other people in their life?
  • What was the reason for your quarrels?
  • How did you feel?
  • How did your quarrels end?
  • What happens if countries quarrel among themselves? (wars occur)
• Lesson topic message.
• Work in groups (5 groups). Compiling a cluster “Why do people fight?”
• Students make assumptions, the teacher records them on the board.

II. Conception stage. Work in groups. Cluster addition.

• Students work in five groups.

I gr., II gr., III gr.: texts on pieces of paper;

IV and V groups: work according to the textbook (p. 131)

Group I:

“What is war and why do people fight?

Rivals in the art of warfare
Know no peace among yourselves;
Bring tribute to the dark glory,
And revel in enmity!
Let the world freeze before you,
Marveling at the terrible celebrations
No one will regret you
Nobody will bother you.

(A.S. Pushkin)

What a complex and eternal question! And there are so many answers to it: by force, for oil, for money, for land, for the homeland, for faith, for an idea, for freedom, for happiness, simply out of the desire to kill - the list goes on and on... War is armed struggle between states or peoples, between classes within a state. As you know, a war is easy to start, difficult to end, and impossible to win. But in our time, wars have long been fought not for the sake of victory, but solely for the sake of satisfying someone’s personal and narrow corporate interests - that’s the worst thing! After all, everyone agrees that war is terrible, but wars don’t stop because of it.”

Group II:

“Why are we fighting? The question that any sane person has probably asked himself has remained unanswered for more than one millennium. What makes one person grab a gun and go kill another person? The modern generation sees war as a fun and interesting toy, where there are exploits, tightly clenched teeth, shots from a distance and grenades drilling the ground where you simply cannot die. The worst thing about war is that in it the value of one single life, one single candle burning in the twilight of other people's destinies and another person's death is lost. A single death, woven into a spindle of other deaths, is not perceived by humanity as a tragedy. It is perceived as another unfortunate loss, another mistake, another proof that there is no war without losses.”

III group:

“Historians have calculated that in 5,600 years there were only 294 years of peace on Earth. Imagine! Only 294 years in 5600 years!!! Humanity is tired of war, the Earth is tired of our cruelty and hatred! When will wars end on Earth? This is written very clearly in the Bible, in the prophecy of Isaiah. "Then the wolf will live with the lamb, and the leopard will lie down with the kid; and the calf, and the young lion, and the ox will be together, and a little child will lead them. And the cow will feed with the bear, and their cubs will lie down together, and the lion shall eat straw like the ox. And the child shall play in the asp's den, and the little child shall stretch out his hand into the viper's nest. They shall not do evil or harm in all my holy mountain, for the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea. .
Apparently, when Isaiah’s prophecy comes true, wars on Earth will end...”

Groups IV and V - work according to the textbook(p. 131, paragraph I)

During independent work, students study the material, discuss it in groups and share it with the class.

As a result of the discussion of the studied material, the cluster is supplemented.

• Discussion in groups. Continue the statement:

War is... (death, pain, grief, sadness, murder, robbery, robbery, violence, tears, horror...)

• Examination of a reproduction of V.V. Vereshchagin’s painting “The Apotheosis of War” and conversation with students.

Teacher: “V. V. Vereshchagin knew what war brought with it. He depicted her in his paintings. And he himself died in the explosion of the battleship Petropavlovsk during the Russian-Japanese War, together with his friend S. O. Makarov, the commander of the Russian squadron.”

What did Vereshchagin depict in his painting?

How did he do it?

How does this picture make you feel?

Independent work using the textbook, p. 131, I and II paragraph.

What kind of wars are there?

What responsibility does every citizen of the country have?

Collective creation of a cluster:

• Reading Article 59 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
• Answers on questions:

What wars were fought on Russian territory?

What heroes and commanders do you know?

How did the Russian people fight their enemies?

• Work in groups with proverbs. Divide the proverbs into 2 groups, determine their theme (“Defense of the Motherland”, “War and Peace”).

Proverbs:

1. Take care of your beloved land like your own mother.
2. The hero who stands up for his homeland.
3. Peace builds, but war destroys.
4. A skilled warrior will not flinch in battle.
5. A bad peace is better than a good quarrel.
6. Go fearlessly into battle beyond your native land.
7. We don’t want someone else’s land, but we won’t give up ours either.
8. Light will conquer darkness, and peace will conquer war.
9. He who fights bravely in battle honestly defends his homeland.
10. Peace is the virtue of civilization, war is its crime.

III. Reflection.

Name the topic of the lesson. What question do you want to ask? (“When will wars end on Earth?”)

Are there wars happening in the world now?

How to prevent wars?

Why should we know about wars and remember them?

Give an antonym for the word “war”.

• Compiling syncwine into groups based on the topic of the lesson.

Group I.

War.
Invading, liberating.
Kills, destroys, destroys.
Let wars disappear on Earth!
Death.

Lesson summary.

Final words from the teacher. Reading a quote from the healer Vanga: “The day will come when lies will disappear from the face of the Earth. There will be no violence and theft. The wars will stop, the survivors will know the value of life and will protect it.”

IV. Homework.

Optionally:

1. Draw a poster on the topic: “Yes to peace, no to war!”
2. Write an essay on the topic: “Why do people fight?”

List of used literature.

1. http://www. AURORA Forum.ru/
2. “Technology for the development of critical thinking.” Institute for Educational Development “Smena”. St. Petersburg, 2005

This is one of the main problems addressed by V.M. Bogomolov in the text proposed for analysis. Indeed, sometimes a person’s selflessness, his willingness to sacrifice his own life in the name of a great goal and noble aspiration amazes the wildest imagination.

So, the author refers to “such a case”, telling the story of the fearless crew of the ship “Swallow”, which transported ammunition during the war. One of the enemy shells, writes Bogomolov, hits the barge, but the fighters and crew of the longboat do not cut the cable or drop their weapons, “fleeing for their lives.” On the contrary, “Swallow” approached the burning barge,” and people immediately rushed to put out the fire, because in this situation, the priority for everyone was not life, not the desire to get to the shore unharmed, but saving the ammunition that was so necessary to repel the morning attack enemy.

The Swallow team accomplishes a real feat, not thinking “that every moment any box can explode.” These people walk, looking mortal danger in the face, sparing no effort for the sake of triumph over the enemy, and this step is so natural for them, the need to save supplies at all costs is so obvious that no one even thinks about retreat: “ The soldiers took off their greatcoats...covered the flames with them,” because they know how invaluable courage is, which “paves the way” to victory.

Often during a war, a person puts aside all selfishness in the face of a nationwide disaster, thinks first of all about others, which means he can even sacrifice himself in the name of saving many people, even completely strangers to him. So, Sotnikov is the main character of the work of the same name by V.V. Bykova - even under torture refuses to give evidence to the police, and before “liquidation” she tries to save people at the cost of her own life, declaring herself guilty of wounding one of the German officers, and admitting that she is a partisan. We see that for a brave person, ready to undertake a feat, the paramount thing is not his own salvation, but love for the Motherland, for people.

Heroism is a trait of strong people, because it is what makes a person fight until victory, not give up in the face of pain, despair and any difficulties.

Thus, the hero of Boris Polevoy’s story “The Tale of a Real Man,” Alexey Meresyev, having been shot down in battle over occupied territory, made his way through the forest for many kilometers with damaged feet. Having lost both legs, the hero takes the helm again, wanting to do as much as possible for his country. It is inner strength that makes a person decide not to give up at any cost in the name of fighting for a common cause, in the name of a “sacred” duty.

To summarize, it is worth noting that the answer to the question raised by Vladimir Maksimovich Bogomolov is obvious. A person with invincible willpower can show himself to be a true hero, because he is endowed with a feeling of deep love and respect for the Fatherland, a sincere desire to do everything in his power to help his people cope with a common tragedy.

Updated: 2017-04-02

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Useful material on the topic

0 Report: Why do people fight?

Russia, Perm region, Perm, village. New Lyady

MAOU "Secondary School No. 129"

Primary school teacher

Porokhnitskaya G.G.

Introduction

Main part

Chapter 1. What is war

Chapter 2. Why people fight

Chapter 3. When will wars end on earth?

Practical part: survey of schoolchildren and analysis of the data obtained

Conclusion

Bibliography

Application

Introduction

I have a little sister, she is one year old. I often enjoy playing with her. She's very sweet. Mom and Dad say that everyone is so sweet and nice when they are children. Why do people change with age? Where does anger, aggression, hatred come from in them?... Recently, my dad and I watched the film “300 Spartans”, and I was amazed by their method of raising small children. Children were raised to be warriors from childhood. For what? I asked my dad about this, and he said that the whole history of mankind is the history of wars, as long as there are people, they fight for as long, and the winners then rewrite history. His answer really surprised me, and I decided to look into this difficult question - why do people fight?

Hypothesis: people fight because they lack something.

The purpose of my work: to establish the causes of wars on Earth

Objectives: find out

​ what is war

 why people fight

​ how to prevent wars

​ why we should know about wars and remember them

​conduct a survey, analyze and draw conclusions

Chapter 1. What is war

Rivals in the art of warfare

Know no peace among yourselves;

Bring tribute to the dark glory,

And revel in enmity!

Let the world freeze before you,

Marveling at the terrible celebrations

No one will regret you

Nobody will bother you.

A.S. Pushkin

War is an armed struggle between states or peoples, between classes within a state. War between people practically means the same thing as fights between animals: a violent resolution of rivalry in which the strongest wins. True, he is not always right. As you know, a war is easy to start, difficult to end, and impossible to win. (Slide 2)

The Cold War is a policy of increasing tension and hostility in relations between countries.

A war of nerves is about the mutual nervous tension of someone.

War is a conflict between political entities (states, tribes, political groups, etc.), occurring in the form of military (combat) actions between their armed forces. As a rule, war aims to impose one's will on the opponent. According to Clausewitz, “war is the continuation of politics by other means.” The main means of achieving the goals of war is organized armed struggle as the main and decisive means, as well as economic, diplomatic, ideological, informational and other means of struggle. In this sense, war is organized armed violence, the purpose of which is to achieve political goals. (Slide 3)

Total war is armed violence taken to extreme limits. The main means in war is the army. (Wikipedia). (Slide 4)

Chapter 2. Why people fight

Why do people fight? What a complex and eternal question! And there are so many answers to it: by force, for oil, for money, for land, for the Motherland, for faith, for an idea, because of religion, for freedom, simply out of the desire to kill - the list goes on and on. (Slide 5)

Because of religion - the Crusades, the Arab-Israeli wars

for natural resources for happiness

people fight for power for cheap labor

for wealth for the Motherland

(USSR against Nazi Germany)

(1941-1945)

for the territory

(fascist Germany against the countries of the anti-German coalition of 1939-1945)

Wars have existed almost as long as humans have existed on Earth. Historians estimate that in 5,600 years there were only 294 years of peace on Earth. Imagine! In the beginning, people fought to seize other people's territory or property. (Slide 6)

Leaders of a country or tribe usually start wars as soon as they realize that someone is threatening them. Like animals, people protect their territory, their families and food supplies. Civilized peoples today live in territories that their ancestors once conquered.

Sometimes it happened that soldiers fought with each other without giving themselves a clear account of why they were doing it. They simply submitted to their superiors, who in turn reported to someone else. (Slide 7)

Man often imitates animals. He threatens before he acts. Of course, he does not make a war cry or howl, but all this is successfully replaced by intimidation on the radio, in newspapers or on television.

Often something else happens - the enemies do not fight, but try to intimidate each other, creating huge armies and accumulating stocks of weapons. If they turn to military action, it is done by the hands of small tribes and groups. They receive weapons and begin to feel strong, after which they begin to fight among themselves. (Slide 8)

Difference in psychology

People noticed that some nationalities cannot get along with others. The steppe dwellers are constantly at war with the people of the forest, the highlanders - with the inhabitants of the plains, the poor and hot-tempered southerners - with the rich and phlegmatic northerners. The difference in psychology between the highlanders and the lowlanders is visible. Highlanders are more impulsive, less restrained, more “wild”. From the point of view of a civilized person, the inhabitants of the plains are calmer and more patient. (slide 9)

Only on the plain could the saying “alone in the field is not a warrior” be born. There is only one warrior in the mountains: the paths are narrow, it’s hard for two of you to pass each other. With a successful combination of circumstances, some 300 Spartans in the gorge could block the path of the thousands of Persian army. You can't outflank them in the mountains. And this circumstance could not but affect the mentality of mountain peoples. The Highlander is a straightforward and psychologically timid person. (Slide 10)

The difference in psychology (as, in general, any other difference - in skin color, for example) gives rise to a “psychological difference in potential”, which is fraught with breakdown. Therefore, there is a constant “spark” between the highlanders and the lowlanders. (Slide 11)

For example: Tibetans in China, Chechens in Russia. This was very clearly demonstrated in the former Yugoslavia. There, 2/3 of the territory is mountains. Bosniaks and Kosovars are mostly mountain dwellers, but Serbs mostly live on the plains. (Slide 12)

The religion of the mountain and lowland inhabitants is also different, which gives these conflicts an interreligious flavor. (Slide 13)

In order to somehow solve the problem of the highlanders and lowlanders, under Stalin, for example, a special method was used to pacify the highlanders - the forcible relocation of the highlanders to the plain. The mountaineers, cut off from the mountains, became calmer, at least outwardly. (Slide 14)

To avoid wars, you still need to be able to negotiate!

Wars are a consequence of tension in the earth’s crust (Slide 15)

According to the Institute of Chemical Physics, it is believed that the issue is plate tectonics, which is influenced by processes in the sun. Magnetic anomalies occur in the mountains. These anomalies intensify before earthquakes. Magnetic vibrations affect the speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solutions; a person is 70% water, and his brain is 90%! Magnetic anomalies manifest themselves most clearly in behavioral reactions. For example, locusts increase fertility. People's aggressiveness increases and bursts of genius appear. During years of increased magnetic activity, the most works of art are born.

As a rule, it usually happens like this: first there is some kind of interethnic massacre, and then the earthquake itself. After which everything immediately calms down. This is exactly what happened in Karabakh, Spitak, Chechnya, and Romania. (Slide 16)

It's all because of the climate(Slide 17)

According to the Moscow Energy Institute, the formation of the national mentality is influenced by climate change. For example, during the cold season, more works of art, religions, and philosophies are created. This is like a rise in the spirituality of civilization.

According to the calculations of this institute, Russia will be the epicenter of global climate change, and very strong warming is predicted. In some areas (Taimyr, Yamal, Novaya Zemlya), in about 25 years the average annual temperature will increase by 6–8 degrees.

In connection with warming, the mentality of people may also change; Russians will have more of the traits of southerners - hot temper, increased excitability.

Chapter 3. When will wars end on earth?

Humanity is tired of war, the Earth is tired of our cruel hatred! (Slide 18)

When will wars end on Earth? This is very clearly written in the Bible, in the prophecy of Isaiah: “Then the wolf will live with the lamb, and the leopard will lie down with the kid; and the calf, and the young lion, and the ox will be together, and a little child will lead them. And the cow will graze with the she-bear, and their cubs will lie down together, and the lion will eat straw like the ox. And the child will play over the asp's hole, and the child will stretch out his hand into the snake's nest. They will not do evil or harm in all My holy mountain, for the earth will be filled with the knowledge of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea.

Apparently, when Isaiah’s prophecy comes true, wars on Earth will end.”

Every sensible person understands how much grief war brings! People want to live in peace and harmony, they want to build houses, sow fields, raise children and be confident in the future. We are residents of a peaceful country! But if enemies attack our land, everyone will defend the Fatherland! .. (Slide 19)

In proverbs, the Russian people expressed their attitude towards the war:

Take care of your beloved Earth, like your own mother.

The hero who stands up for his homeland.

Peace builds, but war destroys.

A skilled warrior will not flinch in battle.

A bad peace is better than a good quarrel.

Go fearlessly into battle beyond your native land.

We don’t want someone else’s land, but we won’t give up ours either.

Light will conquer darkness, and peace will conquer war.

He who fights bravely in battle honestly defends his homeland.

Peace is the virtue of civilization, war is its crime.

“The day will come when lies will disappear from the face of the earth. There will be no violence and theft. The wars will stop, the survivors will know the value of life and will protect it.” (Slide 20)

Practical part

I developed a questionnaire to study the causes of quarrels among children of school age, and ways to resolve conflict situations. Students from grades 2b, 3a, and 4a, totaling 64 people, took part in the survey. During my research, the following emerged: (Slide 21)

* all children quarrel at least once in their lives, while 60% feel offended,

* all respondents – 100% like being friends,

* only 20% of quarrels end in a real fight,

* in 80% of cases a quarrel leads to a subsequent truce, and in another 70% to friendship,

* only 10% of quarrels last more than one day,

* 50% of junior schoolchildren already have permanent enemies,

* all schoolchildren love to smile, but for no reason – 60%,

* 100% of children want to be friends, not quarrel. (Slide 22)

Conclusion: Based on the above figures, I conclude that quarrels and resentments are an integral part of the life of any person. But, having let off “steam” - negative energy, we again look for friendship and good relationships.

Questionnaire

(Choose answer)

1.Have you quarreled with other people in your life? (yes, no)

2.What was the cause of the quarrel? (personal insult, material values, I don’t know)

3. How did you feel at the same time? (resentment, hatred, disappointment)

4.How do your quarrels usually end? (truce, friendship, fight)

5.How long do your quarrels last? (a few minutes, a few days, a long time)

6.How long do you hold a grudge? (I forget right away, a few days, I always remember, I write it down)

7.How often do you use your fists? (never, sometimes, always)

8.Do you often resolve matters peacefully? (always, sometimes, never)

9.Do you often smile at others? (always, depends on mood, never)

10. Do you have any enemies? (yes, no, I don’t know)

11.Which do you prefer: being friends or quarreling? (to be friends, to quarrel)

Analysis of personal data:

Conclusion

The significance of the work I did is that I was able to learn about what war is, to understand that the causes of wars are different.

In a discussion with classmates, various ways to prevent fights and quarrels were found, because they are also the causes of wars. (Slide 23)

The survey I conducted showed how different people are in character, and that there is kindness in everyone. What a wonderful quality this is! After all, a good person will never start a war! (Slide 24)

Selecting proverbs about war, I was once again convinced of how wise the Russian people are!

I also realized that all people need to know and remember that war is evil, and everything must be done to prevent the outbreak of wars.

I think that every person should understand that living in peace is happiness! (Slide 24)

Bibliography

1. A.S. Pushkin, collection of poems.

2. Bible.

3. Great children's encyclopedia (military secrets). Moscow 2005

4. World history, encyclopedia. Moscow 2007

5. Magazine "Ogonyok", 1999. No. 24.

6. Internet resources