Europe at the beginning of modern times. The first bourgeois revolutions. Presentation on the topic "Bourgeois revolution in England" in powerpoint format Presentation on the topic English bourgeois revolution

1. Causes of the RevolutionPolitics of Charles Stewart
Farm:
1. Trade in monopolies by the English king.
2.Rising prices for goods.
3.Economic crisis.
Policy:
1. England expected the king to fight Spain, but he went
to an alliance with her.
2. Conflict between the king and parliament over the introduction
new taxes for the war with Scotland.
Society and Church:
1. Church taxes weighed heavily on all Englishmen.
2. Inconsistency of the Church of England with ideas
Protestantism.

2. The beginning of the revolution.

Van Dyck.
Charles I King of England
The treasury is empty. In the country
Hunger riots began.
Military action against
England started
Scotland. Charles I
petitions were received from
demand to convene
parliament.
Karl, who needed
money, collected in 1640
"Long Parliament" for
obtaining the right from him
introduction of new taxes. IN
exchange for this parliament
demanded:

2. The beginning of the revolution.

do not dissolve parliament without
the consent of both chambers,
limit the powers of the Secret
advice,
abolish monopolies
the right to impose taxes belongs
only to parliament,
limit the arbitrariness of bishops,
streamline legal proceedings.
All this was recorded in the "Great
remonstrations" - document,
containing the basic requirements
parliament.
Exercise.
Rewrite the main points
Remonstrations in a notebook. Using
document on pages 118-119, define in
what articles of the Great Remonstrance were
these requirements are outlined.

17th century engraving

answer.
do not dissolve parliament without the consent of both
Chambers, article No. 125;
limit the powers of the Privy Council, article
№ 130;
abolish monopolies, article No. 115;
the right to impose taxes belongs only to
Parliament, Article No. 120;
limit the arbitrariness of bishops, article No. 132;
streamline legal proceedings, article No. 140.

2. The beginning of the revolution.

Long Parliament
Presbyterians
(moderate)
- defended the interests
large landowners
bankers, merchants.
Were not interested
in deepening the revolution.
Independents (radicals)
- defended the interests
middle layer, fine
bourgeoisie.
Interested in more
radical reforms.

Karl tried to arrest the leaders
parliament, but could not, and soon
fled to the north of the country, where
there were his supporters to collect
troops.
August 1642 – Charles declared war
parliament. The king's army consisted
from the cavaliers, they were opposed
round-headed.
At first, luck was on the king's side,
approached London.
Parliament urgently carries out military
reform, during which
army management are called upon
talented people of non-nobles
origin.
These events began
civil war in
England.

3. Civil war of 1642-1648.

Oliver Cromwell. Medallion of the 17th century.
These days the leader
the most decisive parliamentarians
became O. Cromwell.
With the outbreak of the war he became
officer and turned
your squad in Grozny
subdivision.
Cromwell's Cavalry
clad in armor
nicknamed
"iron-sided".
Soon the first ones arrived
victory.

Battle of Naseby

June 14, 1645

Geographical position

The Battle of Naseby through the eyes of contemporaries

Troop composition

Parliamentary army of the “new model”
Commander-in-Chief: Thomas Fairfax
Infantry: 7 thousand people
Cavalry: 6.5 thousand
Army of King Charles I
Infantry: 4 thousand people
Cavalry: 4 thousand

Generals

Charles I Stuart
commander in chief
royal
troops
Prince Rupert
commanding
right wing
royal troops

Generals

Sir Thomas Fairfax,
commander in chief
parliamentary troops
Sir Oliver Cromwell -
cavalry commander

Battle of Naseby

Flight of King Charles I
TO
A
R
l
I
cavalry
cavalry
Retreat of the King's troops
Prince Ruprecht
infantry
infantry
Cromwell
L o r d
F e r f a c s

3. Civil war of 1642-1648.

June 14, 1645 near the village of Naseby
Karl was defeated and disappeared into
Scotland.
In documents discovered on the battlefield
the English king called
monarchs of Europe begin
intervention.
Parliament confiscated the king's lands,
his supporters and bishops. They
went on sale.
Parliament freed the noble farmers from feudal
payments to the crown.
Subordinated the church to parliament.
However, all these innovations are not
improved the lives of ordinary people.
The Independents demanded
continuation of the revolution.
Battle of Naseby.

3. Civil war of 1642-1648.
In February 1648, Charles I entered
in cahoots with the Scots and again
started a war.
In August 1648 the army of Parliament
managed to defeat the king and his
Preston's supporters.
The civil war is over
victory of parliament.
The Scots handed over the king
to the English Parliament.
The Presbyterians were ready
make peace with the king
certain conditions.
Charles I

3. Civil war of 1642-1648.

A number of laws of parliament gave
broad rights for the rich, and
the people still did not have
no political rights, no
land.
John Lilburn headed
levellers (levellers),
who believed that all people
equal before God and
demanding universal
voting rights,
establishment of the republic.
John Lilburn.
17th century engraving.

3. Civil war of 1642-1648.

Were more revolutionary
diggers are configured (true
equalizers), people from
the poorest segments of the population.
Gerald Winstanley stated,
that people should be equal
not only politically, but also
economically. He offered
create classless
state. Called his
capture supporters
empty lands.
Parliament will later suppress
the Leveller movement and
diggers.
J. Winstanley in prison.
Modern miniature.

In December 1648
Colonel Pride by force
expelled from parliament
Presbyterians who wanted
negotiate with the king.
Soon the House of Lords was
liquidated. All
power passed to
lower house
parliament - chamber
communities
Meeting of the Long Parliament.
17th century engraving

4. Establishment of the English Republic.

In January 1649
began
investigation over
king.
Assignment: read
document. Orally
draw a conclusion about
what he was like
sentence
English
to the king. What
served
basis for
such a sentence?
From the verdict of the Supreme Court
chambers above the king.
January 20, 1649
A true trial of reason and conscience
convinced that he... Carl Stewart is guilty
in raising a war against parliament and
people... guilty of state
treason, murders, robberies, fires,
violence, devastation, harm and
misfortune of the nation committed... in
named war. This court decided
what are all these betrayals and crimes?
he... Karl Stewart - like a tyrant, a traitor,
murderer and as an enemy of the good people of this
nation - must be put to death through
cutting off the head from the body.

Compare your findings with the proposed
answer.
Charles I Stuart was sentenced by the English people
to the most cruel punishment - the death penalty
through cutting off the head.
The basis for such a harsh sentence
Charles I was accused of inciting
civil war between supporters
parliament and royalists, supporters of the king.
During this war, England and its people were
great harm has been done.

4. Establishment of the English Republic.

30 January 1649 Charles I
was publicly executed in
presence
crowded crowd.
19 May 1649 England
was proclaimed
republic.
Execution of Charles I.

Lesson assignment:

1. Who was interested in the revolution in
England?
2. The interests of which segments of society during
were the revolutions satisfied?

Homework.
Main task:
Working with concepts and dates written in
notebooks, according to paragraph 16 (design
notes).
Individual task:
Messages:
1. O. Cromwell - Lord Protector.
2. Stuart Restoration.
Historical letter with errors

Revolutions of the 17th – 18th centuries. usually called bourgeois. They occurred in Holland, England and France - the leading countries in global manufacturing and trade. These revolutions were crucial for the development of modernization processes in European countries. They destroyed the foundations of the traditional way of life and class system. Power passed to entrepreneurs interested in innovation and production development. Bourgeois revolutions ultimately provided entrepreneurs with influence on the socio-political life of their countries.

Main milestones: popular Iconoclastic uprising of 1566, general uprising of 1572 in the northern provinces, uprising of 1576 in the southern provinces, creation of the Union of Utrecht (1579).

It ended with the liberation of the northern provinces (the territory of the modern state of the Netherlands) from Spanish rule and the formation of the bourgeois Republic of the United Provinces (the southern provinces were conquered by Spain by 1585). The first successful bourgeois revolution in history.

English Revolution of the 17th century(also known as English Civil War) - the process of transition in England from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional one, in which the power of the king is limited by the power of parliament, and civil liberties are also guaranteed. The revolution opened the way to the industrial revolution in England and the capitalist development of the country.

The revolution took the form of conflict And authorities (parliament against ), which resulted in a civil war, as well as a form of religious war between And . In the English Revolution, although it played a secondary role, there was also an element of national struggle (between, And ).

Causes of the bourgeois revolution in England:

contradictions between the emerging capitalist and old feudal structures; dissatisfaction with Stuart policies; contradictions between the Anglican Church and the ideology of Puritanism. The main driving forces of the revolution: the urban lower classes and the peasantry, led by the new bourgeois nobility - the gentry. The reason for the revolution: the dissolution of the “Short Parliament” by Charles I.

The prerequisites for the English bourgeois revolution were the economic and political crisis in England in the 17th century. Economic crisis:

Fencing.

The introduction of new duties by the king without the permission of parliament.

The king's monopoly on the production and sale of certain goods within the country.

Illegal extortions.

Trading monopolies.

Rising prices.

Disorder of trade and industry.

Increased emigration.

Political crisis:

Change of the ruling dynasty.

Confrontation between the king and parliament.

Embezzlement.

Short-sighted foreign policy.

Marriage of Charles I to a Catholic.

Charles I dissolves parliament.

Persecution of the Puritans.

Tightening censorship.

During the revolution (1640-1649), two civil wars took place in England: in 1642-1646 and in 1648. between supporters of the Long Parliament and royalists - supporters of the king. Parliament was supported by merchants, entrepreneurs, the new nobility, farmers, craftsmen and apprentices of London and the south-eastern counties. The old order was defended by the royalists - large landowners with peasants dependent on them, court officials, and the English church.

Created Oliver Cromwell(1599-1658) the parliamentary army inflicted decisive defeats on the royal army at the battles of Nezvi (1645) and Peston (1648). Under popular pressure, the king was executed in 1649, and England was proclaimed a republic. Rich merchants, entrepreneurs and the new nobility were in power. Parliament became unicameral - all legislative power belonged to the House of Commons. Executive power was formally entrusted to a council, which was led by the military elite led by Cromwell. The revolutionary camp was not united either socially or religiously. During the revolution, three main trends were finally determined in the Puritan camp:

Presbyterians (right wing of the revolution, big bourgeoisie and upper gentry); independents (middle and petty nobility, middle strata of the urban bourgeoisie); Levellers.

The tithe was not abolished either. The Republic has done nothing about unemployment and high prices. The new nobles and bourgeoisie, who needed to protect their property, supported the establishment of sole and unlimited power, and in 1653 a military dictatorship was established in England - Cromwell’s protectorate. The protector's power was much greater than that of the king before the revolution. Cromwell confirmed all the laws of the Long Parliament protecting the interests of the new nobility and bourgeoisie

The foreign policy of the Lord Protector was beneficial for the English bourgeoisie. In 1654, Cromwell victoriously ended the war with Holland, England's main rival in world maritime trade. He then defeated Spain. After the death of Cromwell (1658), the new nobility and bourgeoisie sought to restore the monarchy, which would protect the new order established during the revolution. In 1660, the restoration of the Stuart dynasty was carried out, agreeing to recognize the main gains of the revolution. The new king Charles II (1630-1685) signed a document confirming all the privileges of the new nobility and bourgeoisie received during the revolution.

Thus, England became not an absolute monarchy, but power obtained as a result of compromise and respect for the interests of the new nobility and bourgeoisie. However, the monarchs violated their obligations, increasingly dissolved parliament and showed a penchant for Catholicism. In 1688-1689 a coup d'état was carried out, which historians call the “glorious revolution”. The English crown was transferred to the ruler of Holland, the Protestant William III of Orange, who was married to the daughter of James II, Mary.

So, we can highlight the main stages of the bourgeois revolution in England:

Civil wars. Change of forms of government (1640-1649).

Republican rule (1640 – 1653).

Military dictatorship - Cromwell's protectorate (1653 -1658).

Restoration of the monarchy (1659 – 1660).

Lesson plan 1. Teacher's story: 1. Reasons for the revolution. 2. The course of the revolution. 3. Protest movements. 4.Cromwell's Protectorate. 5. Completion of the revolution. 6.Creation of a parliamentary monarchy. 7.Creation of parties. 2. Work in a group. 3. Individual work. 4. Summing up the lesson.

The course of the revolution of 1640 - the convening of the Long Parliament. The beginning of the revolution is the beginning of the war between parliament and the king. EnglishEnglishRoundheadsRoundheadsCavaliersCavaliers Supporters of the King Supporters of Parliament Creation of a new type of army 1645 1645 - defeat of the king's army at the Battle of Naseby

Creation of Whig parties Whigs were a party to which the bourgeoisie and gentry belonged, who defended the rights of parliament and advocated reform. Tory - The Tories were the party to which large landlords and clergy belonged, who advocated the preservation of traditions.

Conclusions 1. The war between the king and parliament ended in the victory of the “roundheads”. 2. Destruction of traditional society. 3. Abolition of the absolute monarchy. 4. Establishment of a parliamentary monarchy in the country. 5. The rise to power of wealthy landowners and the bourgeoisie. 6. Creating conditions for the development of capitalism.

Lesson plan 1. Teacher's story: 1. Reasons for the revolution. 2. The course of the revolution. 3. Protest movements. 4.Cromwell's Protectorate. 5. Completion of the revolution. 6.Creation of a parliamentary monarchy. 7.Creation of parties. 2. Group work – 10 minutes 3. Individual work. 4. Summing up the lesson.

Questions for discussion in the group 1. Name the reasons for the English revolution. 2. Name the main events of the English Revolution. What forces won it? 3. Explain the concept of protectorate. When and by whom was it installed? 4. What event happened in 1688? 5. What form of government was established in England after the events of 1688? 6. What two parties appeared in England?

Individual work. On “3” Below are the reasons for the revolution in England. Please indicate the wrong answer. 1) Parliament's dissatisfaction with the Stuarts' desire to rule alone; 2) Parliament's dissatisfaction with the economic policies of the Stuarts; 3) Embezzlement and bribery at the royal court; 4) Translating the Bible into English and conducting services in this language.

Individual work. On “4”, use the “+” or “-” sign to indicate whether you agree with these judgments:) The revolution in England destroyed absolutism. 2) The English Revolution established a parliamentary monarchy in the country. 3) The Stuart restoration restored the power of this dynasty for 200 years. 4) After the revolution, capitalism began to develop in the country. 5) The English Parliament became unicameral. 6)Catholicism became the state religion in the country.

Individual work. On “5” 1) Answer the question: What was common and what differences existed in the views of Levellers and Diggers? levellersdiggers Differences 1.… ……………… 2………… ……………… General ……………………………………………

Homework § (tasks in IEP)

Bourgeois revolutions

XVI - XIX centuries in Europe

DZ: Paragraphs 32 – 36 - give an assessment of the person who made the greatest impression on you, give reasons why? (written)

Lesson Plan

Prerequisites and results of bourgeois revolutions.
Revolution 1566-1609 in the Netherlands.
Exacerbation of contradictions in English society at the beginning of the 17th century.
The beginning of the revolution in England. Revolution in the USA

5. The crisis of absolutism and the beginning of the revolution in France.

The first steps of the revolution in France. The Convention and the Jacobin dictatorship in France.
Thermidorian dictatorship and the Directory. The regime of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Lesson objectives:

Analyze the main stages of the “New Time” using the example of bourgeois revolutions. Find out the features of each of the revolutions and their common features.

Draw a conclusion about the significance of bourgeois revolutions.

Comparison Questions

Rev-ia in the Netherlands

Dates of the revolution.

(s260-261 p. 32)

Reasons and reason

(p.263-268 p.32)

Revolution in the USA

Main events

(p.282-289 p.34)

French bourgeois revolution

Results and results

Consequences of the revolution

Sources of income of the Spanish king in the 16th century:

Netherlands – 2 million florins
Italy – 1 million florins
New World – ½ million florins
Spain – ½ million florins.

Comparison Questions

Rev-ia in the Netherlands

Dates of the revolution.

(s260-261 p. 32)

Reasons and reason

The Netherlands was under Spanish rule. Ruinous tariffs on wool; merchants were denied access to the Spanish colonies

Main events

Reason: in 1566, the nobles filed a petition demanding an end to religious persecution and the convening of the Estates General. The government did not comply with the demands.

1566 iconoclastic uprisings in Flanders.

Results and results

rebellion against Spanish rule

The revolution ended in victory in the north of the country and defeat in the south.

Consequences of the revolution

1580 - The States General declared independence.

Spain recognized the independence of the Republic of the United Provinces

Execution of the English king

From Macaulay's "Milton"

“We mourn the violence that accompanies revolutions. But the fury of these violence will always be proportionate to the ferocity and ignorance of the people; and the ferocity and ignorance of the people will be proportional to the oppression and humiliation under which they are accustomed to spend their lives... The Lords of Church and State have reaped only that what they sowed... If the people attacked them with blind rage, it was only because they demanded equally blind obedience from them.

Do you think it was necessary

for the victory of the revolution the execution of the king?

"Bill of Rights" 1689

Parliament approved all laws

The king was deprived of the right:

suspend the operation of laws or their execution;
establish and collect taxes for the needs of the crown;
to form and maintain a standing army in peacetime.

A constitutional monarchy was established in England

Bill of rights

Parliament is the highest legislative body

House of Lords

House of Commons

Parliament buildings

(Palace of Westminster)

The Cabinet of Ministers is the executive body of government

Comparison Questions

English bourgeois revolution

Dates of the revolution.

(p.263-268 p.32)

Reasons and reason

Dissatisfaction with the Stuart policies. The gap between parliament and the king.

Main events

Reason: dissolution of parliament by the king in 1640.

1640 - convening of a new parliament. Civil wars (1640-1649) Military dictatorship-protectorate of O. Cromwell. 1649-Execution of the king. 1649-Proclamation of the Republic. 1660-Restoration of the monarchy

Results and results

a limited monarchy was established

Consequences of the revolution

Conditions were created for the further development of capitalism

Boston Tea Party

IN 1773 The East India Company received the right to duty-free import of tea.

This led to the ruin of many merchants.

The colonists refused to buy tea.

In Boston, the governor decided to unload the tea.

Members of the organization "Sons of Liberty" disguised as Indians, they boarded English ships and threw 45 tons of tea overboard.

The closure of the Boston port, the prohibition of meetings of citizens and the quartering of British soldiers in the city further aggravated conflict between the mother country and the colonies .

"Declaration of Independence"

Declaration of Independence, which became the most important document developed during the work of the congress. The Declaration of Independence was the first document to refer to colonies as "USA".

Third President of the United States

Education USA

Signing of the Declaration of Independence

painting by John Trumbull

Separation of powers:

Authorities

Executive

Legislative

Judicial

The president

USA congress

Supreme

US Congress

White House, residence of the President of the United States

US Supreme Court building

Comparison Questions

Revolution in the USA

Dates of the revolution.

Reasons and reason

Strengthening colonial oppression of England

Main events

An obstacle to the development of capitalism.

1773-"Boston Tea Party"; 1774-First Continental Congress; 1775 - beginning of the armed struggle; 1775 - The Second Continental Congress adopted the US Declaration of Independence; 1777 - surrender of the English army at Saratoga; 1787-Adoption of the Constitution

Results and results

1783 - England recognized the independence of the United States. A republic was created.

Consequences of the revolution

Industrial development of the USA. The international position of the new state was strengthened. BUT: slavery was not abolished in the southern states of the USA.

1. Compare: - the causes and results of the English and French revolutions; -causes and results of the Revolutions in the Netherlands and the USA

2. Give arguments in favor of the claims that the Dutch revolution was the first bourgeois revolution; the revolution in the USA was a national liberation revolution that created the first Constitution and a new form of government - a republic; The English Revolution brought the industrial revolution.

3.What changes have you seen in the structure of European society?

4.Prove that the New Age is the era that laid the foundations of modern civilization.

Lesson reflection

today I found out...
it was difficult…
I realized that...
I learned…
It was interesting to know that...
I was surprised...
I wanted to know more about the personality….

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Fokina Lidia Petrovna

primary school teacher

MCOU "Secondary school st. Evsino"

Iskitimsky district

Novosibirsk region

Website http://linda6035.ucoz.ru/

Slide 1

REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND
MBOU "Lyceum No. 12", Novosibirsk teacher of the VKK Stadnichuk T.M.

Slide 2

ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION
At the beginning of the 17th century, England was one of the most economically developed countries: manufacturing production developed rapidly, especially in cloth making - the export of raw materials was prohibited, and finished products were traded. New industries also developed: cotton, soap, glass, and silk manufactories.

Slide 3

ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION
Trade grew rapidly. Merchants became increasingly respected people. Maritime trading companies were created and operated successfully; they spread their influence throughout the world.
MOSCOW TRADING COMPANY
EAST INDIAN TRADING COMPANY
AFRICAN TRADING COMPANY

Slide 4

ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION
There was a growing number of Puritans in the country, declaring the need to cleanse the Anglican Church from magnificent divine services, demanding the abolition of the positions of bishops, accusing them of serving not God, but the king. Among the Puritans there were many representatives of the new nobility, wealthy merchants, craftsmen, factory owners, and wealthy peasants.

Slide 5

CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
After the death of Elizabeth I, the English throne passed to James I Stuart (1603 - 1625), who sought to follow the formula “from God is the king, from the king is the law”: he sought to limit the influence of parliament, introduced a state monopoly on trade, supported the old guild system, defended the Anglican church and persecuted the Puritans.

Slide 6

CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
The persecution of the Puritans led to the fact that many of them were forced to leave their “hardened in superstitions” homeland and head to the unknown and harsh shores of North America in the hope of freeing themselves there from the hated king and church.

Slide 7

CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
In 1625, Charles I (1625-1649), son of James Stuart, became the new king. There were no significant changes in the internal policy of the state. He strove for sole rule. He waged ruinous wars with Spain and France. Was influenced by the Duke of Buckingham.

Slide 8

CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
In 1628, Parliament, taking advantage of the government's difficulties caused by the war simultaneously with three states - France, Spain and Austria, forced the king to sign the “Petition of Right”.
PETITION OF RIGHT Prohibition of collecting taxes without the approval of Parliament. Immunity of the inhabitants of England. Prohibition on the use of military laws in peacetime.

Slide 9

CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
As soon as Charles I tried to violate the “Petition...”, Parliament protested violently. Then the king dissolved this obstinate parliament and did not convene it for 11 years. Thus, the causes of the revolution were: the strengthening of absolutism in England; the existence of a royal monopoly on trade; religious differences between Anglicans and Puritans; foreign policy of kings that is unfavorable to the bourgeoisie.

Slide 10

THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION
The reason for the start of the revolution was an uprising in Scotland, where English bishops began to forcibly introduce worship on the model of the Anglican Church. It showed the weakness of the king and absolutism.

Slide 11

THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION
Money was needed for the war, and Charles I had to convene a parliament, which went down in history as the Long Parliament (it did not disperse for 12 years). This event was the beginning of the revolution.

Slide 12

THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION
Parliament, where the majority of deputies were Puritans, carried out a number of important reforms: courts such as the Star Chamber and the High Commission were abolished; censorship of bishops and police was prohibited; Parliament was given the right to set taxes; all trade monopoly patents were abolished; Parliament established control over all the king's ministers; Parliament had to meet at least once every 3 years. At the same time, it could be dissolved only at its own request.

Slide 13

THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION
The king's assistants, the Earl of Strafford and Archbishop Laud, were put on trial. Strafford was accused of treason. Four years later, Archbishop Laud was executed.

Slide 14

CIVIL WAR
In January 1642, after an unsuccessful attempt to arrest the leaders of the rebellious parliament, Charles I fled London to the north of the country. At the end of August 1642, Charles I raised the royal standard on the roof of Nottingham Castle. A civil war between the king and parliament began.
"CAVALIERS" - Northern and Western Counties
"ROUNDHEADS" - South Eastern Counties

Slide 15

CIVIL WAR
At first, military operations did not bring victories to Parliament, since the king’s army, where most of the nobles served, was better acquainted with the art of combat. The soldiers were mercenaries who fought for the highest bidder. By the end of 1642, the king was 50 kilometers from London and continued to advance.

Slide 16

CIVIL WAR
Nevertheless, at the beginning of 1645, the House of Commons took measures to strengthen the army of parliament, creating a single army. The creator of the new army was the nobleman Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658), who received the rank of lieutenant general. His cavalry units were nicknamed “ironsides” for their iron discipline and steadfastness in battle.

Slide 17

CIVIL WAR
In this army, in order to become an officer, noble birth was not required at all. Among the colonels were shoemaker Houston, cabman Pride, boilermaker Fox, and others. Many officers were very young.

Slide 18

CIVIL WAR
The army of Parliament, which included Cromwell’s cavalry, defeated the king’s army on June 14, 1645, near the village of Naseby. Charles I fled, followed by his entire army.
Naseby
London

Slide 19

CIVIL WAR
Charles I tried to take refuge in Scotland. However, the Scots handed over Charles I to Parliament in February 1647 for 400 thousand pounds sterling. The first civil war is over.

Slide 20

PARLIAMENT REFORM
The defeat of the army of "cavaliers" made it possible for the parliament, the majority of which were moderate Puritans, to carry out important reforms: landowner nobles were freed from feudal taxes; merchants now could not buy permission to trade; the church submitted completely to parliament; royal and episcopal lands were confiscated.

Slide 21

SECOND CIVIL WAR
But the Puritans, who served in the army and were more determined, demanded freedom of religion and greater restrictions on royal power.

Slide 22

SECOND CIVIL WAR
Oliver Cromwell could not allow the moderates to form an alliance with the king. In the winter of 1647, the king was placed under guard in the castle. In this situation, the army carried out a purge of parliament - expelled all moderate Puritans (the operation was led by Colonel Pride, hence the name “Pride’s Purge”). The remaining members of parliament supported the army's demand.