Europe at the beginning of modern times. The first bourgeois revolutions. Causes and beginning of the English revolution of the 17th century Presentation of centuries of revolutions in England

Bourgeois revolutions

XVI - XIX centuries in Europe

DZ: Paragraphs 32 – 36 - give an assessment of the person who made the greatest impression on you, give reasons why? (written)

Lesson Plan

Prerequisites and results of bourgeois revolutions.
Revolution 1566-1609 in the Netherlands.
Exacerbation of contradictions in English society at the beginning of the 17th century.
The beginning of the revolution in England. Revolution in the USA

5. The crisis of absolutism and the beginning of the revolution in France.

The first steps of the revolution in France. The Convention and the Jacobin dictatorship in France.
Thermidorian dictatorship and the Directory. The regime of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Lesson objectives:

Analyze the main stages of the “New Time” using the example of bourgeois revolutions. Find out the features of each of the revolutions and their common features.

Draw a conclusion about the significance of bourgeois revolutions.

Comparison Questions

Rev-ia in the Netherlands

Dates of the revolution.

(s260-261 p. 32)

Reasons and reason

(p.263-268 p.32)

Revolution in the USA

Main events

(p.282-289 p.34)

French bourgeois revolution

Results and results

Consequences of the revolution

Sources of income of the Spanish king in the 16th century:

Netherlands – 2 million florins
Italy – 1 million florins
New World – ½ million florins
Spain – ½ million florins.

Comparison Questions

Rev-ia in the Netherlands

Dates of the revolution.

(s260-261 p. 32)

Reasons and reason

The Netherlands was under Spanish rule. Ruinous tariffs on wool; merchants were denied access to the Spanish colonies

Main events

Reason: in 1566, the nobles filed a petition demanding an end to religious persecution and the convening of the Estates General. The government did not comply with the demands.

1566 iconoclastic uprisings in Flanders.

Results and results

rebellion against Spanish rule

The revolution ended in victory in the north of the country and defeat in the south.

Consequences of the revolution

1580 - The States General declared independence.

Spain recognized the independence of the Republic of the United Provinces

Execution of the English king

From Macaulay's "Milton"

“We mourn the violence that accompanies revolutions. But the fury of these violence will always be proportionate to the ferocity and ignorance of the people; and the ferocity and ignorance of the people will be proportional to the oppression and humiliation under which they are accustomed to spend their lives... The Lords of Church and State have reaped only that what they sowed... If the people attacked them with blind rage, it was only because they demanded equally blind obedience from them.

Do you think it was necessary

for the victory of the revolution the execution of the king?

"Bill of Rights" 1689

Parliament approved all laws

The king was deprived of the right:

suspend the operation of laws or their execution;
establish and collect taxes for the needs of the crown;
to form and maintain a standing army in peacetime.

A constitutional monarchy was established in England

Bill of rights

Parliament is the highest legislative body

House of Lords

House of Commons

Parliament buildings

(Palace of Westminster)

The Cabinet of Ministers is the executive body of government

Comparison Questions

English bourgeois revolution

Dates of the revolution.

(p.263-268 p.32)

Reasons and reason

Dissatisfaction with the Stuart policies. The gap between parliament and the king.

Main events

Reason: dissolution of parliament by the king in 1640.

1640 - convening of a new parliament. Civil wars (1640-1649) Military dictatorship-protectorate of O. Cromwell. 1649-Execution of the king. 1649-Proclamation of the Republic. 1660-Restoration of the monarchy

Results and results

a limited monarchy was established

Consequences of the revolution

Conditions have been created for further development capitalism

Boston Tea Party

IN 1773 The East India Company received the right to duty-free import of tea.

This led to the ruin of many merchants.

The colonists refused to buy tea.

In Boston, the governor decided to unload the tea.

Members of the organization "Sons of Liberty" disguised as Indians, they boarded English ships and threw 45 tons of tea overboard.

The closure of the Boston port, the prohibition of meetings of citizens and the quartering of British soldiers in the city further aggravated conflict between the mother country and the colonies .

"Declaration of Independence"

Declaration of Independence, which became the most important document developed during the work of the congress. The Declaration of Independence was the first document to refer to colonies as "USA".

Third President of the United States

Education USA

Signing of the Declaration of Independence

painting by John Trumbull

Separation of powers:

Authorities

Executive

Legislative

Judicial

The president

USA congress

Supreme

US Congress

White House, residence of the President of the United States

US Supreme Court building

Comparison Questions

Revolution in the USA

Dates of the revolution.

Reasons and reason

Strengthening colonial oppression of England

Main events

An obstacle to the development of capitalism.

1773-"Boston Tea Party"; 1774-First Continental Congress; 1775 - beginning of the armed struggle; 1775 - The Second Continental Congress adopted the US Declaration of Independence; 1777 - surrender of the English army at Saratoga; 1787-Adoption of the Constitution

Results and results

1783 - England recognized the independence of the United States. A republic was created.

Consequences of the revolution

Industrial development of the USA. The international position of the new state was strengthened. BUT: slavery was not abolished in the southern states of the USA.

1. Compare: - the causes and results of the English and French revolutions; -causes and results of the Revolutions in the Netherlands and the USA

2. Give arguments in favor of the claims that the Dutch revolution was the first bourgeois revolution; the revolution in the USA was a national liberation revolution that created the first Constitution and a new form of government - a republic; The English Revolution brought the industrial revolution.

3.What changes have you seen in the structure of European society?

4.Prove that the New Age is the era that laid the foundations of modern civilization.

Lesson reflection

today I found out...
it was difficult…
I realized that...
I learned…
It was interesting to know that...
I was surprised...
I wanted to know more about the personality….

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Fokina Lidia Petrovna

primary school teacher

MCOU "Secondary school st. Evsino"

Iskitimsky district

Novosibirsk region

Website http://linda6035.ucoz.ru/

English revolution of the 17th century. Parliamentary stage 1640-1642. Review work (15 min.) Write:

Option I: 1) The bourgeois revolution is...; 2) Explain what a “political equilibrium” system is; 3) Write the causes and results of the Dutch Revolution
Option II: 1) Tasks of the bourgeois revolution 2) Features of international relations 3) The course of the Dutch revolution
Option III: 1) Causes and results of the Thirty Years' War 2) Explain the concepts of “diplomacy” and 3) international law
All options: remember and write what political system was typical for England during the Tudor era. Describe how this affected other areas of life in the country

Parliament against the king. Revolution in England:

1. England on the eve of the revolution. Stuarts on the throne.
2. Puritan ethics and way of life of English society.
3. Causes of the revolution.
4. The struggle of Charles I with parliament.

England in the 17th century

In economics:

English market

agricultural

England in the 17th century In the social sphere:

nobility

new – gentry

Turning into the bourgeoisie

(increase income,

rebuild the economy on a capitalist basis)

peasantry

Freeholders

Wealthy peasants with the right to freely own land

Copyholders

(land based on contract)

Leaseholders

(ownership of land with the right to lease it)

Ruined peasants

Hired agricultural workers

Beggars, vagabonds

Political structure

Absolute monarch - king

(since 1603 the Tudor dynasty was replaced by the Stuart dynasty)

Parliament

(convened and dissolved by the king)

House of Commons

(elected, consisted of gentry)

House of Lords

(appointed by the king, consisted of the old nobility)

The Stuarts wanted to weaken the role of parliament, or even completely destroy it.

1629 – dissolution of parliament

Religious question Puritanism is a type of Protestant teaching Presbyterians Independents Key points:

“cleansing” of the Anglican Church from pompous rituals and idolatry
abolition of the church's subordination to the king
hard work and thrift
entertainment is sinful
special appearance, more modest

Replacing bishops with elders (presbyters), relied on gentry and merchants

Full self-government of the church community, based on the people, the petty and middle bourgeoisie, the insolvent part of the gentry

Exacerbation of social contradictions Causes of the English Revolution

Absolute power of the king.
Conflict between king and parliament.
Violation of the rights of subjects (illegal arrests and executions).
Embezzlement and bribery at court and among officials.
Economic policy king: high taxes, support for the guild system, monopolies on production and trade in goods, feudal payments in favor of the crown.
Foreign policy: rapprochement with Spain and France.
Defense of the Church of England and persecution of the Puritans.

Parliamentary stage of the revolution

1628 – The “Petition of Right” was submitted by Parliament to the King. Demand to respect the rights of parliament
1630s Complicating Anglo-Scottish relations due to Scotland's desire for independence. Attempt in 1637 Introduce Anglican rites into the Scottish Church
April-May 1640 – convening a “short parliament” to introduce a tax. Parliament repeated the request of 1628. In response - dissolution => unrest in the country
November 1640 Convening a “long” parliament (12 years)
1642 The king rejected the Great Remonstrance and tried to arrest the opposition
The king fled from the capital and began to gather associates (cavaliers)

1629 – the king’s answer: dissolution of parliament
Discontent of the Scots => the Scottish army occupied the north of England => 1639. Signing of the peace treaty (preservation union, granting freedom in ecclesiastical and secular matters)
Having learned about the attempt to violate the peace treaties, the defeat of the British at the Battle of Newburn in 1640
Parliament repeated the demands, the King's closest associates (Laud and Stafford) were arrested; dissolution of the Star Chamber and the High Commission; 1641 The Great Remonstrance was adopted - a set of accusations and complaints about abuses of royal power
The people and the police came to the defense of the opposition

Need to know

Cavaliers
Roundheads
Puritanism
Opposition
Great Remonstration
Petition of Right
Presbyterians
Independents
Stuarts

Homework

§ 11 – retelling
Learn notes in notebooks
h. 3 page 11 (p)
V. 2.4 (y)
learn terms

Slide 2

Let's check ourselves...

Slide 3

Let's work on the concept

What is a bourgeois revolution?

Transformations promoting the replacement of the feudal system with a capitalist (bourgeois) one
A revolution is a radical upheaval that leads to the replacement of one system by another.

Slide 4

Causes of the revolution

Contradictions between the emerging capitalist and old feudal structures.

Slide 5

Dissatisfaction with the policy of the Stuarts, aggravation of relations between parliament and the king.

Slide 6

Contradictions between the Anglican Church and the ideology of Puritanism.

Slide 7

Reason for revolution

1640 The House of Lords is the upper house. The House of Commons is the lower house. Short and Long Parliaments. Thus began an open confrontation between parliament and the king.

Slide 8

In January 1642, the king used force against the opposition

He tried to arrest the leaders of the rebellious parliament. But the London police (militia) rose to defend parliament. Armed detachments of peasants and artisans flocked to the capital.

Slide 9

The king leaves the capital and goes to the north of the country.

The first (parliamentary) stage of the revolution has ended. In history it is called peaceful. Now both sides (king and parliament) began preparing for a war called the Civil War.

Civil war is a war between citizens of the same country (compatriots).

Slide 10

Thus, the country was divided into two camps

Exercise. What strata of English society do you think could clash in the civil war: peasants, artisans, royal court, old nobles, gentry, bourgeoisie?

Slide 11

I Civil War 1642-1646

Slide 12

The first defeats in the war with royal army pushed parliament to urgently carry out military reform (1644)

Slide 13

The first victories of the army of parliament

Battle of Naseby (June 1645).
Battle of Marston Moor, 2 July 1644.

Slide 14

After the defeat of the king's army at Naseby, he himself, disguised as a servant, flees to Scotland. But in February 1647, the Scots sold Charles I to the English Parliament for 400 thousand pounds sterling. Hostilities ceased for a while. The First Civil War is over.

Slide 15

New laws

abolition of the king's feudal rights;
land received from the king by knightly law becomes private property;
the peasants remain only holders of the land, retaining all responsibilities towards the landlords.

Slide 16

What is happening at this time in the English Parliament?

Pamphlets (accusatory writings) played an important role in this political struggle. The pamphlets of John Lilburne, the leader of the Levellers, were especially popular.

Political struggle:

Presbyterians:
- defended the interests of the middle layer, the petty bourgeoisie.
- interested in reforms.
Independents:
- defended the interests of large landowners, bankers, and merchants.
- They were not interested in deepening the revolution.

Slide 17

Lilburn's pamphlets

Objectives of political reforms.

He opposed the monarchical form of government and the existence of the House of Lords, for a republic, against all feudal privileges, for the equality of all before the law, and defended freedom of religious beliefs.
He defended the inviolability of person and property, freedom of the press. Of great importance for deepening the revolution were L.'s demands for the abolition of monopolies and patents, the abolition of tithes, and the easing of the tax burden. In 1646, by order of the House of Lords, he was thrown into prison. (until 1648)

Slide 18

Second Civil War (1648-1649)

King Charles I, dreaming of restoring royal power (monarchy) in England, entered into a conspiracy with the Scots and led a Scottish army that invaded the north of England in February 1648.
In August 1648, the army of Parliament managed to defeat the king and his supporters at Preston.
The civil war ended in parliamentary victory.

Slide 19

The Scots handed the king over to the English Parliament.
The Presbyterians were ready to make peace with the king on certain conditions.
In December 1648, Colonel Pride forcibly expelled the Presbyterians from Parliament who wanted to come to an agreement with the king. (“Pride Purge”).

In January 1649, the investigation of the king began.
On January 26, the king of England, Scotland and Ireland was sentenced to death for “criminal acts against the English parliament and people.”

Slide 20

Execution of Charles Stuart

On January 30, 1649, Charles Stuart was executed as a “traitor and tyrant.” Charles I was executed in the 49th year of his life and in the 24th year of his reign.

Slide 21

The execution of the king caused outrage among European monarchs. Political and trade ties were curtailed or reduced to a minimum. France, Spain and Austria sent an official protest and tried to organize an armed intervention, but could not reach an agreement among themselves. Russia, where Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov ruled, expelled all English merchants.
On February 3, 1649, immediately after the execution of Charles I, his son Prince Charles, who fled to Holland, with the support of other monarchies, declared himself the rightful king of England.

Slide 22

The death of the king was not the end of the revolution...

May 19, 1649 - England is declared a republic.
March 17, 1649 - an act of parliament on the uselessness and burdensomeness of royal power for the country.
March 19, 1649 - the House of Lords is dissolved. All power passed to the lower house of parliament - the House of Commons.

Authorities:

legislative - Parliament (House of Commons);
executive - the State Council of 41 people, headed by Cromwell.

Slide 23

But actually...

The dictatorship of Cromwell was established in England. The army obeyed him. Parliament and the Council of State were completely dependent on the will of Cromwell and his inner circle.

Dictatorship is unlimited power.

Slide 24

Results of the Civil War

The king's civil war with Parliament ended in victory for the Puritans (Calvinist Protestants).
Charles I was executed and the monarchy was destroyed.
Parliament declared the country a republic.
But in the life of the urban lower classes and the peasantry, almost nothing has changed.

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English bourgeois revolution History teacher Bobeyko T.S.

James I of England (1603 - 1625) (James I (VI) Charles I (1625 - 1649) (Charles I)

Using the information from the textbook (pp. 140-143), write down the reasons for the English Revolution. The absolute power of the king. Conflict between king and parliament. Violation of the rights of subjects (illegal arrests and executions). Embezzlement and bribery at court and among officials. Economic policy of the king: high taxes, support for the guild system, monopolies on the production and trade of goods, feudal payments in favor of the crown. Foreign policy: rapprochement with Spain and France. Defense of the Church of England and persecution of the Puritans.

1660 1688 1689 1707 Using the textbook material, mark the events of the revolution associated with the dates:

The reason for the revolution: The dissolution of the “Short Parliament” by King Charles I (April-May 1640), which he convened after an 11-year break in order to obtain money for the war with Scotland. Why did the convening of the “Long Parliament” and its first decisions become the beginning of the revolution in England ?Use paragraph 4 p.143 The king's power was limited by law: the House of Commons could be dissolved only with its consent.

Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658 Think about why the king's army was victorious at first? Army of the “new model” parliament: regiments were recruited from volunteer soldiers; they were appointed to officer positions based on merit, not origin; unified command and strict discipline were introduced; cavalry was created; taxes were introduced to support the parliament's army. First Civil War 1642-1646

Determine the territory that was under the king's rule. Draw conclusions. First Civil War 1642-1646

Parliament passes new laws abolishing feudal payments from landowners to the king; the lands of the king, his supporters and the church were sold in large sections; merchants did not have to buy permission to trade; the church was subordinate to parliament. What segments of society benefit from the new laws?

Conflict between parliament and army The army demanded a trial of the king, the dissolution of parliament and voting rights for all adult men. Parliament wanted a compromise with the king on the terms of recognition of the reforms. 1648 – “Pride’s Purge” the army expelled moderate Puritans from parliament who were inclined to compromise with the king (the operation was led by Colonel Pride)

The trial of King Charles I (January 1649) Charles I: “England has never been an elective monarchy, but for nearly a thousand years it has been a hereditary monarchy. I am not in the capacity of a court of authority... I do not see the House of Lords, which (together with the commons) constitutes Parliament... Show me the legal grounds (of the court), based on the words of God, Scripture or... the constitution of the kingdom, and I will answer ". From the court verdict: “... Karl Stuart - as a tyrant, traitor, murderer and as an enemy good people this nation - must be put to death by cutting off the head from the body."

"The king alone has the right to convene or dissolve parliament, and it is therefore absurd to accuse him of treason against parliament, over which he towered as the highest legal authority in the country." Earl of Manchester, Member of the House of Lords “It is unlikely that even one person in 20 would agree with the statement that the king, and not parliament, started the war. Without preliminary clarification of this circumstance, it is impossible to accuse the king of high treason.” Earl of Northemberland, Member of the House of Lords Opinions on the Court

Execution of the English King on January 30, 1649 From Macaulay's Milton "We mourn the violence that accompanies revolutions. But the fury of these violence will always be in proportion to the ferocity and ignorance of the people; and the ferocity and ignorance of the people will be in proportion to the oppression and humiliation under which they are accustomed to carry out their lives... The rulers of the Church and the state reaped only what they sowed... If the people attacked them with blind rage, it was only because they demanded from them equally blind obedience. Do you think it was necessary for victory revolution execution of the king?

Levellers John Lilburne Diggers Gerard Winstanley equal suffrage for men a republic with a unicameral parliament (House of Commons) responsibility of the House of Commons to the people toleration and separation of church and state a people's republic equality political equality property (land is a public domain) abolition of large land holdings of the lords

Problems of England Parliament has lost influence, a strong government is needed Discontent among the lower classes: they did not receive land; fencing continued; mass unemployment; high cost Ireland separated from England Royalist uprisings 1653-1658 Oliver Cromwell's protectorate (military dictatorship) conquest of Scotland conquest of Ireland Struggle with Holland for supremacy at sea 1651-1654 Struggle with Spain for colonies “The keys to the continent hang on his belt”

Restoration (restoration) of the Stuart dynasty 1660 Parliament called Charles II, the son of the executed king, to the throne. The revolution is over. The Republic ceased to exist. Charles II did not keep his promise to parliament: to declare amnesty (forgiveness) to all participants in the revolution, not to encroach on property acquired during civil wars. He dealt with some members of the tribunal that tried the king. He began to persecute the Puritans and pander to the Catholics. Philippe de Champaigne. Charles II of England. 1653

Glorious Revolution 1688 King James II Stuart A coup d'etat overthrew King James II Stuart, who sought to restore absolutism and Catholicism. The ruler of the Netherlands, William of Orange, became the new king of England under the name William III. The coup received widespread support among various sectors of English society. William III of Orange

Parliament approved all laws. The king was deprived of the right to: suspend laws or their execution; establish and collect taxes for the needs of the crown; to form and maintain a standing army in peacetime. “Bill of Rights” 1689 A constitutional monarchy was established in England. Bill of Rights 1689.

Great Britain 1707 Treaty of Union of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland The two kingdoms had previously been in a state of personal union, beginning with King James VI of Scotland, who became King James I of England in 1603. England and Scotland had different parliaments and governments. After the Act of Union was approved by both parliaments, the Scottish Parliament was dissolved and the country was governed by a single parliament and government.

Houses of Parliament (Palace of Westminster) Parliamentary monarchy Parliament is the highest legislative body House of Lords House of Commons Cabinet of Ministers is the executive body of government

Results of the English Revolution Absolutism was destroyed. A constitutional monarchy was established. Large landowners and entrepreneurs came to power. Favorable conditions were created for the development of capitalism. The creation of a colonial empire began. Freedom of religion was established.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/LongParliament.jpg/200px-LongParliament.jpg - meeting of the Long Parliament http://libcom.org/files/images/history/digrhil2.jpg - diggers http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/King_Charles_I_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg/480px-King_Charles_I_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg - Charles I http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/ 6/63/JamesIEngland.jpg/280px-JamesIEngland.jpg -James I http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ru/f/fb/Stuart_Arms_1.png -coat of arms of the Stuart dynasty http://upload.wikimedia.org /wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cooper%2C_Oliver_Cromwell.jpg/220px-Cooper%2C_Oliver_Cromwell.jpg – Oliver Cromwell http://planetolog.ru/maps/history/003.gif - map of England in the 17th century http: //russkoedelo.org/novosti/2011/images/june/ExecutionOfCharlesI.630.jpg - execution of Charles I Sources used

http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/4308/e675xa.55/0_3d997_d2c6933c_L.jpg - Charles II http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg/ 297px-English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg -Bill of Rights http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/William_III_of_England.jpg/471px-William_III_of_England.jpg -William of Orange (William III) http://upload .wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/James_II_1633-1701.jpg/220px-James_II_1633-1701.jpg - James II http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Treaty_of_Union .jpg - Treaty of Union http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg/799px-Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp. jpg -Houses of Parliament (Palace of Westminster) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Levellers"_Manifest.jpg/390px-Levellers"_Manifest.jpg - title page of the Levellers' manifesto http:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/John_Lilburne.jpg/220px-John_Lilburne.jpg -John Lilburne

Europe at the beginning of modern times. First bourgeois revolutions State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Moscow State University instrument making and
computer science"
Department of KB and SP 4
Europe at the beginning of a new one
time.
The first bourgeois
revolution
Completed by first-year student Yuri Martynov
Teacher – Danoyan Valery
Levovich

Presentation plan:

1. Prerequisites for great geographical discoveries
2. Features of the social structure of Western European
society at the beginning of modern times.
3. The first bourgeois revolutions.

Prerequisites for great geographical discoveries:

The cause of the Great Geographical Discoveries (GDO) was the search by Europeans for new sea routes to
China and India, which were famous as countries of untold wealth, but trade
by land was difficult due to the Arab, Mongol-Tatar and Turkish conquests. VGO steel
possible thanks to advances in navigation and shipbuilding. - The Portuguese discovered the cape in 1487
Good Hope; - Christopher Columbus discovered the New World in 1492 (called
later America after the name of Amerigo Vespucci who described it); - Portuguese Vasco da Gama paved the way
journey to India in 1498; - The Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan made the first circumnavigation of the world (1480-1521)
journey; - In the 17th century. Europeans discovered Australia and New Zealand. As a result, VGOs begin
colonial empires take shape, wealth flows into Europe, which entails a “revolution
prices”, facilitating the initial accumulation of capital. Trade routes have moved.
A capitalist class emerges. The most important idea of the West is taking shape: an active attitude to life,
desire to know the world, the desire to transform it in the interests of man.

Columbus sets foot on new lands for the first time.

Features of the social structure of Western European society at the beginning of modern times.

During the New Age period Western Europe happened
processes that led to the approval of new socio-economic relations and the formation of new political
institutions. The needs of various social groups in
organizational association to express their interests
and struggles for political influence and power led to
formation of prototypes of modern political parties.

The first bourgeois revolutions

In states where capitalism developed rapidly, the bourgeoisie
began to be burdened by the noble state and strive for its
destruction. This situation caused the bourgeois revolution.
The Reformation and the Peasants' War in Germany were the first of
battles of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.

Bourgeois revolution in Germany

The second major uprising of the bourgeoisie against the existing
order appeared in the Dutch Revolution of 1566-1609,
which bore a national liberation overtones of the struggle against
Spanish rule.

The English bourgeois revolution occupies a special place in history
Western Europe. Parliament, which existed since 1265, secured
by the end of the 16th century, legislative functions. The king was forced
take his position into account. Attempts to limit the powers of the chamber
communities undertaken by the Stuarts - James I and Charles I,
were perceived as a violation of “ancient rights and freedoms”, new
the nobility saw them as an attempt to reduce their own political influence in the country. Increase in taxes, renewal of old ones
taxes that had not been collected for centuries were painfully perceived
merchants. The deterioration of the situation of various groups of the population was expressed in dissatisfaction with the royal authority and the Anglican Church. The hostility of the English towards the Scots was added (Jacob Stuart was
Scotsman).

Bourgeois revolution in England

In thirteen years (1640-1653) there were two civil wars in England.
wars, execution of King Charles I, Proclamation of the Republic, establishment of the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. The protectorate has changed
the restoration of the Stuarts (1660-1689) and the accession to the throne of William of Orange. In 1689, Parliament approved the Bill of Rights, which vested all legislative power in Parliament. Formally
The prime minister was appointed by the king, but he became the leader of the party that won the elections (Whigs or Tories). He formed the cabinet of ministers. When the executive branch loses confidence
parliament either the resignation of the old and the appointment of a new one took place
head of government, or dissolution of parliament with mandatory
immediate calling of new elections.