Philip 4 handsome short biography. Philip IV the Fair, King of France (1268–1314). War of Flanders

The French king Philip IV, nicknamed handsome for his unusually attractive appearance, left today's contemporaries with a conflicting opinion about himself as a ruler and a person. From historical sources that have survived to our times, it follows that he had a meekness unusual for a ruler, trusted even those who were not worth it, was pious and did not miss a single service. But contrary to such information, the state policy pursued by him spoke eloquently of the king’s unbending will, strength of character and determination. An important role in resolving state issues was played by those close to Philip the Fair - the keeper of the seal Guillaume Nogaret, the coadjutor of France Enguerrand Marigny and the chancellor Pierre Flotte. At the age of seventeen, Philip IV ascended the throne and began his reign by resolving state issues related to Sicily and Aragonia.His parents were Philip III and Isabella of Aragon. The birthplace of the future king was Fontainebleau, where he was born in 1268. During his reign, Sicily continued to belong to Aragon. His relationship with the English king Edward I, who was a vassal of Philip IV, was conflictual. Such a difficult situation often escalated into hostilities between states, each of the warring parties looking for allies. Scotland took the side of France and, with its military actions against Edward I, forced him to conclude a truce with Philip IV in 1297. Against the backdrop of the military actions waged by the French ruler in Spain and Italy, his relations with Pope Boniface VIII, who had previously been an adherent of the policies of Philip IV in these countries, sharply deteriorated. The first conflicts began in 1296, when the French king vetoed the export of gold and silver outside the country. This action was in response to the pope's decision prohibiting the laity from receiving subsidies from the clergy. Having lost part of his income, dad cancels his decision. In response to this, the king allows the funds that went to the pope from the French clergy to be exported from the country.The constant enmity between the king and Boniface led to the fact that the pope in the spring of 1303 excommunicated Philip the Fair from the church and freed 7 provinces belonging to the church from vassalage. In response to these actions, Philip the Fair declared Boniface a false pope and a heretic. After which he sent Nogare with a large sum of money to Italy to organize a conspiracy against Boniface. At this time, the pope himself was in Anagni and was preparing to publicly curse the king. The day before he was captured by Nogare and spent three days in the hands of the conspirators. After the release of Boniface by the inhabitants of Anagna, the pope's mind was damaged and in October 1303 he died. In 1307, the king began his actions against the Templar Order, which began with the arrest of 140 knights and grandmaster Jacques de Molay. The reason for everything was the king’s large debts to the powerful order. In March 1303 Jacques Molay was publicly burned in the square, but before that he managed to place a curse on the king and the entire Capetian family. The military campaign against Flanders planned by Philip in 1314 did not take place due to the illness of the king, who died on November 29 of this year. The tragic event is associated with the curse of Jacques de Molay.

Parents

Philip III the Bold.

Isabella of Aragon.

French king (1285-1314) from the Capetian dynasty. Expanded the territory of the royal domain. Made the papacy dependent on the French kings (Avignon capture of the popes). Convened the first Estates General (1302). He obtained from the pope the abolition of the Templar Order (1312).

Philip the Fair was born in Fontainebleau in 1268. His father, Philip III the Bold, in his first marriage was married to Isabella of Aragon, who bore him three sons: Louis, Philip the Fair and Charles of Valois. For the second time he married Mary of Brabant, Countess of Flanders, Queen of Sicily and Jerusalem.

Philip IV was crowned at Reims at the age of seventeen. He came to power after the death of his father during a campaign in Aragon. In 1284, Philip married Joan, Queen of Navarre and Countess of Champagne. From this marriage he had three sons - Louis X the Grumpy, Charles IV the Handsome and Philip V the Long and a daughter Isabella.

Under Philip IV, the foundations for all subsequent French diplomacy were laid. His reign was marked by a large number of negotiations, which were aimed either at territorial acquisitions or, conversely, at preventing wars. All this contributed to the development and improvement of French diplomacy. She began to play a very important ROLE, concluding profitable alliances, bringing to life powerful coalitions. Previously, France's diplomatic relations with foreign countries were limited to rare and short-term missions. Negotiations were conducted mostly orally. Only under Philip were written diplomatic relations established, and embassies became a frequent occurrence.

The Sicilian and Aragonese issues, which Philip the Fair inherited from his father, were resolved diplomatically. He immediately stopped hostilities and did not support the claims of his brother Karl Valois, who dreamed of becoming the Aragonese (or Sicilian) king. In order to resolve the conflict, a real international congress was even convened in Tarascon in 1291 - something like the congresses of modern times - at which representatives of the pope, French, English, Neapolitan and Aragonese kings were present and where pan-European affairs were discussed.

In relations with the English king Edward I, Philip's policy was tougher. Conflicts often occurred between the subjects of the two states. Taking advantage of one of them, Philip in 1295 summoned the English king, as his vassal, to the court of the Parisian parliament. Edward refused to submit, and war was declared on him. But already in 1297, Edward, busy with a difficult war in Scotland, concluded a truce with Philip, and in 1303 - a peace, according to which Guienne was left to the English king. The kings even sealed their union with family ties - Philip's daughter Isabella became the wife of Edward's son and successor, Edward II.

And in foreign policy, as in domestic policy, Philip IV followed the advice of his legalists, who were entirely indebted to him for their advancement through the ranks. These were mainly petty knights or people from the bourgeoisie, newly minted nobles. With the help of legalists, in most cases educated in law schools in Italy and France and who became skilled defenders of royal interests, Philip tried to realize his grandiose international plans. He implemented them primarily with the help of diplomatic art, and not weapons. The French king liked to give his seizures an outwardly legal form. That is why trials became so widespread under him. Almost every major enterprise during the reign of Philip IV took the form of a process. His lawyers, acting under various names - “royal notaries”, “king’s knights”, “king’s men” - and committing lawlessness in defending the interests of the king, invariably covered themselves behind the semblance of law.

France was turning into a strong feudal monarchy, which led to a clash with the papacy, which, having defeated the Holy Roman Empire, continued to powerfully interfere in the affairs of European sovereigns and claim dominance in Europe and “the whole world.”

In the confrontation with Pope Benedict VIII, the diplomatic talents of Philip IV were fully revealed. Boniface VIII was elected to the papal throne in December 1294, when he was 76 years old. An expert in church law, he was distinguished by extraordinary dexterity in business and was known for his inexhaustible energy and tenacity in defending the ideas of papal supremacy.

The reforms introduced by the French king in the state apparatus, as well as the war on practically two fronts with England in Guienne and Flanders, all cost a lot of money. Therefore, Philip (as well as the English king Edward I) imposed a tax on church property. Boniface responded in 1296 with a formidable bull, prohibiting, under pain of excommunication, secular sovereigns from imposing any taxes on the clergy, and the clergy from paying anything without papal permission. This prohibition struck at one of the fundamental rights of the monarch.

Then the French and English kings began to take away the estates of everyone who obeyed the pope. Philip went even further: by a special decree he prohibited the export of gold and silver from the kingdom, and thus the Roman Curia lost all revenues from France. A sharp controversy followed: indignant messages from the pope and anonymous pamphlets from champions of royal interests. However, when two years later the French and English kings made peace, the Pope, formally invited to the French-English peace negotiations, was forced to temporarily retreat. At this time he fought against strong opposition from the cardinals, led by the Colonnas. Boniface feared that the Columns would ally with the French king.

For several years, Philip IV kept the pope under constant threat of an alliance with his worst enemies in Italy and at the same time occasionally provided the pope with the financial assistance that he so needed.

Boniface VIII still managed to suppress the opposition. This success, as well as the huge crowds of pilgrims who descended on Rome on the occasion of the anniversary of 1300, made him feel his strength. He appeared before tens of thousands of people assembled and, in the most defiant manner, declared his claim to supreme power in worldly affairs.

However, the French king decided that he would not allow the pope to interfere not only in the worldly, but even in the church affairs of his country. In 1301, the previous dispute about the taxation of the clergy grew into a general dispute about the rights of the papal throne and the French king. Another reason for the aggravation of relations was the case of the papal legate, sent to Philip to collect money for the crusade and detained in France.

The papal legate, Bishop of Pamiers Bernard Sesse, having failed to achieve concessions, began to threaten Philip with an interdict. Philip ordered the legate to be arrested and taken into custody in Sanly. He demanded that the pope depose Bernard and allow him to be brought before a secular court.

The pope responded by insisting on the immediate release of the legate. Boniface deprived the French king of the right to collect taxes from the clergy and forbade the French clergy to pay anything to the king without the permission of the pope. He accused Philip IV of seizing church property, tyrannical acts and other offenses and announced his decision to convene the French clergy to a church council, which was to open in Rome on November 1, 1302. Boniface suggested that the king appear there himself or send his representatives. “However,” the bull ended, “we will not fail to carry it out even in the event of your absence. And you will hear God’s verdict pronounced through our lips.”

Philip ordered this bull to be solemnly burned on the porch of Notre Dame Cathedral. A skillful campaign against the pope followed, organized by famous legalists. Forgeries were used: fictitious papal bulls and fictitious responses to them by the king. These fakes were accepted by many as the truth. Playing on national feelings, the legalists presented the matter as Boniface's desire to turn France into a vassal state. Universities, monasteries and cities took the side of the king, voices were heard, demands to convene a Church Council and remove the unworthy pope. This time the council should take place not in Rome, but in France. Not stopping in time, but fighting this wave of national feeling, Boniface made a fatal miscalculation.

In April 1302, Philip IV convened the first ever Estates General in Paris. They were attended by representatives of the clergy, barons and prosecutors of the main northern and southern cities. To arouse the indignation of the deputies, a forged papal bull was read to them, in which the pope’s claims were strengthened and sharpened. After this, Chancellor Flott addressed the delegates with a question: can the king count on the support of the estates if he takes measures to protect the honor and independence of the state, as well as to rid the French church of violating its rights? The states supported the king's line.

In May 1302, a revolt broke out in Flanders, caused by the heavy burden of taxes. In the famous “Battle of the Spurs” at Courtrai, the militia of the Flemish cities inflicted a severe defeat on the royal knights. All of Flanders was cleared of the French.

Then Boniface, inspired by the defeat of Philip IV, responded to the decision of the Estates General with the famous bull, which formulated the papal maximum program. There are two swords - spiritual and secular. The spiritual sword is in the hands of the pope, the secular sword is in the hands of the sovereigns, but the sovereigns can only use it for the church, in accordance with the will of the pope. “Spiritual power must establish earthly power, and judge it if it has deviated from the true path...” Submission to the pope was declared a dogma of faith, and not only the rebellious Philip, but the entire French people were declared deprived of salvation if they did not submit to the will of Boniface.

In April 1303, the pope excommunicated the king and freed the seven ecclesiastical provinces in the Rhone basin from vassalage and from the oath of allegiance to the king. Then Philip declared Boniface a false pope (indeed, there were some doubts about the legality of his election), a heretic and even a warlock.

Boniface had gone too far: neither kings nor peoples could be intimidated with anathemas. The legalists processed public opinion accordingly: the king's emissaries scurried all over France, convincing his subjects of the correctness of Philip's actions. The French king demanded to convene an ecumenical council, but at the same time said that the pope should be at this council as a prisoner and accused. From words he moved on to action.

One of the prominent (and most cunning) members of the royal council, legist Guillaume Nogaret, was sent to the pope with a summons to a church council. Boniface at that time, however, did not live in Rome, but in his hometown of Anagni (where, according to some sources, he retired, hiding from the Roman nobility led by the Columns), where on September 8 he was preparing to announce a new bull, pronouncing the final curse on Philip But after the meeting with Nogare, dad fell ill and died on October 11.

The popes' claims to supremacy were defeated in the struggle with royal power. An important consequence of the struggle of Philip IV with Boniface VII was that the king for the first time established a precedent for appealing papal decisions to the Ecumenical Council, which was thus placed above the pope. This idea was subsequently destined to play an important role both during the schism in the Western Church and several centuries later.

In 1304, at the head of an army of 60,000, the king undertook a new campaign in Flanders. In the end, he managed, as a result not so much of military action as of deft diplomatic maneuvers, to impose peace on Flanders in 1305. The Flemings retained all their rights and privileges. However, they had to pay a large indemnity. As a pledge for paying the ransom, the king took for himself lands on the right bank of the Lys with the cities of Lille, Douai, Bethune and Orsha. Philip was supposed to return them after receiving the money, but he treacherously violated the agreement and left them with France forever.

After the pontificate of Benedict XI, which lasted only a few months, the cardinals in June 1305 elected the archbishop of Bordeaux, Bertrand de Gault, who went down in history as Pope Clement V. The new pope, who was granted a permanent residence in the city of Avignon, first of all appointed to the college of cardinals several Frenchmen and thus ensured the election of “French” popes in the future.

Philip's moral triumph was immortalized in the bull of Clement V, which recognized Philip's "zeal" in the dispute with Boniface as "good and just" and the king himself as a "champion of religion." Until his death, Clement remained an obedient executor of the will of the French king.

Meanwhile, French diplomacy showed extraordinary activity and nurtured aggressive plans. The policy of seizing various border possessions that were part of the empire became traditional under Philip IV. In the border strip between France and Germany there were many large and small feudal principalities that were only formally dependent on the empire, between which there were endless territorial disputes. As soon as one of them relied on the empire in these disputes, the other side immediately turned to France for help. The rulers of these principalities traded alliances. The tactics of royal diplomacy in these areas were always to have their own Francophile party, “trusted” people, and, when the occasion was right, to annex this or that possession. French influence spread to all disputed areas of the Franco-German border, to the Lorraine possessions, to Lyon, which finally recognized the sovereignty of the French king in 1312, to Valenciennes, whose townspeople rebelled against their count and demanded “to belong to the French kingdom.”

During the reign of Emperor Albrecht of Austria, during his meeting with Philip IV in Vaucouleurs, secret negotiations allegedly took place. Philip secretly undertook to help Albrecht retain the imperial crown in the hereditary possession of the House of Habsburg, in return for which Albrecht had to cede vast territories to Philip IV - the left bank of the Rhine and the Rhone valley. Whatever the actual content of the secret negotiations in Vaucouleurs, they leave no doubt that the left bank of the Rhine and the program of broad territorial conquests were already in the field of attention of French diplomacy.

With the death of Albrecht of Austria, killed in 1308, the plans of French diplomacy became completely grandiose. There is a well-known phrase that many historians attribute to Philip: “We who want to round off our possessions...”

To do this, Philip decided to try to elevate his brother Charles of Valois, who was created more for battles and tournaments than for politics, to the imperial throne.

One of King Philip IV's trusted men, the tireless legalist Pierre Dubois, presented the king with a confidential note. He recommended that Philip himself be crowned Holy Roman Emperor with the help of Clement V, bypassing his brother Charles of Valois. The management of such an empire (almost all of Western Europe) required another person, and not a “regular of tournaments”, imbued with knightly romance, the legalist wrote.

Dubois dreamed of annexing the left bank of the Rhine or Provence, Savoy to France and gaining the rights that the empire had in Lombardy and Venice. Through dynastic ties, the French king would control Italy and Spain. “Then,” Dubois concludes his cherished thoughts, “Philip would lead European politics from France... He would restore internal peace in Germany and Italy and after that he could lead all Western nations under his banner to the conquest of Palestine.”

However, the prospect of a worldwide Capetian monarchy was too great a danger for all her neighbors. Everyone took up arms against this, and first of all the German princes and even Pope Clement V. Through their joint efforts, the plans of French diplomacy were failed, and not Valois, but Henry of Luxembourg was elevated to the German throne.

Thus, despite the sophisticated maneuvers of Philip IV and his legists, despite bribery and intimidation, he failed to seize the empire for the second time. The third attempt was thwarted by Philip's death in 1314.

Speaking about Philip IV, one cannot fail to mention the so-called process of the Templar Order. This order was very rich, engaged in usury and more than once provided loans to the French king and other high-ranking officials at high interest rates. Abbot John Trittenheim categorically states that the Order of the Templars was the richest order, owning not only huge amounts of money, but also lands, cities, and castles scattered throughout Europe.

By order of Philip, in 1307, all members of the Templar Order throughout France were arrested on the same day. They were accused of desecration of the cross, idolatry and sodomy. At the same time, it is by no means impossible that Philip believed much of what was said about the Templars among the people (they were reproached for secularism and pride, for dark rituals and much more). However, money played the biggest role in the king’s decision. According to some reports, Philip the Fair owed this rich order a huge amount.

Clement V convened a general church council in the city of Vienne in October 1311, where, under pressure from the French court, it was decided to abolish the Templar Order and confiscate its property, which happened in April 1312. Initially, the confiscated funds were intended to be transferred to another order and used to organize new crusades, but most of this huge property went to Philip himself and other monarchs, who also banned the Templar order in their territories and profited from their wealth.

By the end of the reign of Philip IV, France had become the most powerful power in Europe: papal power was defeated, the German Empire lost all influence, its princes were some in the pay of Philip, others were in the pay of the English king.

Source."100 great diplomats" Mussky I.A.

PHILIP IV THE BEAUTIFUL(Philippe IV le Bel) (1268, Fontainebleau - November 29, 1314, ibid.), king of France from 1285.

The goal of the reign of Philip the Fair was to create a powerful state and strong royal power; One of the ways to achieve this goal was to round off the borders of France. In 1295, Philip began a war with England for Guienne, of which the English kings were dukes; having found fault with formal violations of the suzerain rights of the French crown, he captured Guienne, but in 1299 he had to leave it and concentrate on the war with Flanders. In 1297-1301 Philip captured all of Flanders, supported by the Flemish townspeople who were in conflict with their count, but French rule soon became hated by the Flemings, and in 1302, as a result of a general uprising, the so-called "Matins of Bruges", the French were expelled from the country. Philip moved his army to Flanders, but on July 2, 1302, at the Battle of Courtrai, for the first time in history, the foot militia of Flemish cities completely defeated the French knightly cavalry. On August 18, 1304, the French army took revenge at the town of Mont-en-Peleve, and the next year Flanders submitted to Philip the Fair.

In 1297, a conflict broke out between France and the papacy, caused by the fact that Pope Boniface VIII, a supporter of the worldwide domination of the Church, issued a bull prohibiting secular authorities from demanding taxes from clergy, and thereby paying them, which he was always in need of money and intolerant of interference in the royal prerogatives. Philip could not allow power. When in 1300 the king arrested the papal legate who had made insulting remarks against Philip, the pope declared that the clergy was not subject to the jurisdiction of the royal court. The king, in the fight against a supranational force - the church - decided to rely on the emerging nation and in April 1302 convened the first General States in the history of France, which supported their monarch. Boniface VIII in response issued a bull proclaiming submission to the papal throne not only in matters of faith, but also in politics as a prerequisite for the salvation of the soul and excommunicated the king from the church. Philip sent a military detachment to Italy to arrest the pope, who could not stand the humiliation, went crazy and soon died. Philip achieved the subordination of the papal throne to his power and the transfer of the seat of the curia from Rome to the formally independent, but surrounded on all sides by the possessions of France, Avignon (1308).

In 1307, Philip attacked the Templars, a wealthy spiritual knightly order independent of the crown. They were arrested throughout France and tried on clearly falsified charges of heresy, unnatural vices and alliance with Muslims. The States General, convened in 1308, approved the actions of the king, and the pope in 1311, under pressure from France, banned the order, most of whose wealth went to the treasury. In March 1314, the highest dignitaries of the order were burned, including Grand Master Jacques de Molay, who before his death cursed the king and promised him a quick death.

In the same 1314, Philip conceived a new campaign against Flanders, where anti-French forces intensified. On August 1, he convened the States General, which agreed to the introduction of an emergency war tax - the first act of taxation in history with the sanction of popular representation. But the campaign did not take place, because in November the king died, apparently from a stroke, although rumor attributed his death to the curse of Jacques de Molay or poisoning by the Templars.

Contemporaries did not like Philip the Handsome; people close to him were afraid of the rational cruelty of this unusually handsome and surprisingly impassive man. The violence against the pope caused outrage throughout the Christian world. Large feudal lords were dissatisfied with the infringement of their rights and the strengthening of the central administration, which consisted of rootless people. The tax-paying class was outraged by the increase in taxes, the so-called “damage” of the coin, i.e., a decrease in its gold content while forcing its denomination to remain the same, which led to inflation. Philip's heirs were forced to soften his centralization policy.

D. E. Kharitonovich

Philip IV (1268-1314) - King of France since 1285. Continuing the work of his ancestors, especially his grandfather, King Louis IX Saint, but in new conditions and by other means, he sought to strengthen royal power by weakening the political power of large feudal lords and eliminating the power of the popes over France. These new conditions were the growth of cities, the strengthening of the third estate, i.e. formally the entire unprivileged population of the country, but in fact the urban elite; development of French national identity. Philip IV made the new means of achieving the goals of centralization of the monarchy the administrative apparatus subordinate only to him, made up of humble people who owe everything to him, and the legal strengthening of royal power on the basis of Roman law, as opposed to church and common law, which in one way or another limited the omnipotence of the crown by biblical commandments or tradition. It was under Philip that the highest bodies of power - the Paris Parliament, the Supreme Court and the Court of Accounts (Treasury) - from more or less regular meetings of the highest nobility gradually turned into permanent institutions, in which they served mainly legists - experts in Roman law, who came from among petty knights or rich city dwellers.

Guarding the interests of his country, the king tried to expand it. So, in 1295-1299. he fought with King Edward I of England for the Duchy of Aquitaine (Guyenne) in southwestern France, which the English kings owned as vassals of the French kings. Having found fault with formal violations of undefined feudal rights, Philip summoned Edward I to court, knowing that he, busy with the war with Scotland, would not be able to appear, and this was considered a serious violation of the laws. Edward, fearing a clash with France, offered Philip IV the Duchy of Aquitaine as collateral for 40 days as a guarantee of appearance. However, having occupied Guienne, Philip refused to return it. In 1299, he still had to do this, because the county of Flanders, also a vassal of the French crown, but allied with England, was threatening from the north of France.

The war between France and Flanders began back in 1297, when Philip defeated the Count of Flanders at the Battle of Furne. In 1299, the French king occupied almost all of Flanders, relying on the townspeople who were dissatisfied with their count, and in 1301 he captured him. But soon the Flemings, disappointed with French rule, rebelled against Philip. May 18, 1302 went down in history under the name “Matins of Bruges” - on this day there was an uprising of the inhabitants of the city of Bruges, accompanied by the extermination of the French garrison and the French who were in Bruges. In response to this, Philip moved his army to Flanders. On July 11, 1302, at the Battle of Courtrai, for the first time in history, the foot militia of the Flemish cities completely defeated the mounted knightly army. The spurs taken from the killed knights were dumped in the city square of Courtrai; This battle was called the "Battle of the Golden Spurs". On August 18, 1304, in the battle of Mont-en-Pevel, the French army took revenge for the defeat at Courtrai. The following year, the Flemings officially submitted to the French king.

During the war with England and Flanders, the conflict between France and the papacy intensified. Contradictions between them emerged under Saint Louis, who resolutely rejected any interference by Rome in the affairs of the French state and the French church. However, Louis's deep piety prevented these contradictions from turning into an acute conflict. Relations between Philip and Pope Boniface VIII were initially friendly. But in 1296, the Pope issued a bull categorically prohibiting the clergy from paying taxes to secular authorities, and from demanding them without the special permission of the Roman Curia. This decree was only one of a number of similar ones adopted by Popes throughout the 11th-13th centuries. and aimed at liberating the church from state power and giving it a special supranational and supranational status. Philip, firstly, who needed money to wage war with England and Flanders and, secondly, who believed that all classes, including the clergy, should help their country, banned the export of gold and silver from the country in 1297, thereby depriving the Pope of all church fees and taxes coming from France. Boniface backed down, canceled the bull, and even, as a sign of special affection for France, canonized Saint Louis. However, the peace did not last long. The king demanded that all subjects of the kingdom be subject to a single royal court, while the Pope insisted on the special jurisdiction of the church.

Philip, in the fight against such a powerful force as the papacy, decided to rely on the nation and convened in April 1302 the first Estates General in French history - a legislative meeting of representatives of the three classes of the country: the clergy, the nobility and the third estate. At this meeting, the first lay chancellor and custodian of the seal in the history of France, Pierre de Flotte, announced a harshly worded response to the Pope. The nobles and townspeople expressed their full support for the king. The clergy behaved more cautiously: they only sent Boniface a request to allow the French clergy not to participate in the Council convened by the Pope to condemn Philip. Boniface did not agree, but the French clergy was still not represented at the Council that opened in the fall of 1302. There the Pope announced the bull “The One Holy One” (papal bulls were named after the first words), in which he declared that complete submission to the Pope in all matters, both spiritual and secular, was a condition for the salvation of the soul. In 1303, Boniface VIII excommunicated Philip and released his subjects from the oath. In response, the king convened a meeting of the highest nobility and clergy, at which the new chancellor and keeper of the seal of the French kingdom, Guillaume Nogaret de Saint-Felix, accused Boniface of heresy and all kinds of atrocities. Philip, with the consent of the said assembly, sent a small military detachment to Italy led by Nogare and the enemy of the Pope, Ciara Colonna. The Pope, having learned about this, fled from Rome to the city of Alanya (now Anagni). On September 7, 1303, Nogaret and Colonna entered Alagna under the French royal banner and, with the support of the city residents, arrested the Pope. Boniface showed considerable courage, refusing to renounce his rank, despite all the threats. Some chroniclers claimed that Chiara Colonna struck the Pope in the face with a hand clad in an iron glove. A few days later, the mood of the townspeople changed, they expelled Nogare's detachment and freed the Pope. However, Boniface went crazy from the shocks he suffered and died, according to some versions, of hunger, because he refused to eat for fear of poisoning. 10 months later, his successor Benedict XI also died. Rumor blamed Philip for this death, who allegedly ordered the poisoning of the new Pope.

In 1305, after several months of struggle, the Frenchman Bertrand de Gault was elevated to the papal throne, taking the name Clement V. This Pope was obedient to Philip in everything. He fully justified his position in the conflict with Boniface, lifted the king’s excommunication, but refused to fulfill Philip’s demand to condemn the deceased for heresy and unnatural vices and posthumously execute him - dig up the corpse and burn it. At the request of Philip, in 1308, Clement V transferred the papal throne from Rome to Avignon, which was then located in territory not directly subject to the French king, but which was in his sphere of influence. Thus began the “Avignon Captivity of the Popes,” when Roman high priests turned into French court bishops. The power of the French crown over the Catholic Church became almost absolute, which was manifested, in particular, in the trial of the Knights Templar. They were accused of heresy, unnatural vices, money-grubbing and alliance with Muslims, and evidence was obtained through cruel torture, and evidence obtained by the same investigator from different people who did not know each other sometimes coincided verbatim.

In 1308, Philip again convened the Estates General, which approved the king's actions against the Templars. A wave of trials swept across France; Pope Clement V timidly tried to protest, but in the end he confirmed all the charges against the Templars, recognized their executions as legal and in 1311 abolished the order.

Having dealt with the Templars, Philip again turned his gaze towards Flanders, where anti-French forces again intensified. The king decided on a new campaign and, due to a lack of funds, convened the Estates General for the third time on August 1, 1314, this time to approve an emergency tax that would provide funds for waging war with Flanders. It was from this time that the Estates General began to influence the financial affairs of the country. However, the campaign did not take place - on November 20, 1314, Philip died, most likely from a stroke. But, since Pope Clement V and Chancellor Nogare, who condemned the Templars to martyrdom, died shortly before the king, rumor explained Philip’s death by their curse or poisoning committed by the Templars, avenging their brothers.

King Philip the Fair was not liked by his contemporaries, and the violence against the Pope caused outrage throughout the Christian world. People close to the king were afraid of the cold, rational cruelty of this unusually handsome and surprisingly impassive man. Large feudal lords could not forgive the king for strengthening the central administration, limiting their rights, including the right to mint their own coins, and the king’s preference for rootless officials. The tax-paying class was outraged by the king's financial policies. In an effort to fill the treasury, Philip sold and rented out various positions, made forced loans from cities, reduced the amount of gold in the coin while maintaining its face value, which led to inflation and increased cost of living; and the minting of coins became the exclusive privilege of the sovereign. The population responded to the king's policies with uprisings.

The family life of Philip the Handsome was happy. In 1284, he married Joan of Navarre (1270-1305), who brought her husband the kingdom of Navarre and the county of Champagne as a dowry. They had four children: Louis, King of Navarre (1289-1316), also known as Louis X the Grumpy, King of France from 1314; Philip, Count of Poitiers (1291-1322), also known as Philip V the Long, King of France from 1316; Isabella (1292-1358), married in 1308 to Edward II (1281-1327), king of England from 1307; Charles, Count de la Marche (1294-1328), also known as Charles IV, King of France since 1322. After the death of Jeanne, Philip did not remarry, despite the most lucrative offers. Rumor claimed that he loved the queen so much that after her death he did not know any women at all.

The married life of the children Philip and Jeanne was not so happy. Isabella, who hated her husband, who paid much less attention to his wife than to his favorites, took part in the rebellion that broke out in 1327 and cost Edward II his crown and life. Shortly before Philip's death, in 1314, a scandal broke out in which the wives of his sons were involved. Two of them were convicted of adultery, and the third was convicted of aiding them. The former were sentenced to life imprisonment, the latter to repentance in a monastery. The sentencing of the adulterous princesses and the execution of their lovers were carried out publicly. Contemporaries and descendants wondered: why did the king not try to hide the shame of his family? There is no answer to this day, because the thoughts and feelings of Philip the Handsome, this extremely reserved and always imperturbable person, were not known even to his closest associates. Perhaps, being a devoted husband, he hated adultery; perhaps, possessing an extremely developed sense of royal dignity, he believed that princesses had no right to human weaknesses; Perhaps, considering the royal power responsible for the inviolability of legality in the country, he strictly demanded compliance with the laws (and adultery was considered a crime in the Middle Ages) from everyone without exception, regardless of position. In any case, it is very likely that this event hastened Philip's death.

Philip IV (Philippe IV le Bel) remains somewhat of a mysterious figure for historians. On the one hand, all the policies he pursued make one think that he was a man of iron will and rare energy, accustomed to pursuing his goal with unshakable persistence. Meanwhile, the testimony of people who personally knew the king is in strange contradiction with this opinion. The chronicler William the Scotsman wrote about Philip that the king had a beautiful and noble appearance, graceful manners and behaved very impressively. With all this, he was distinguished by extraordinary meekness and modesty, avoided obscene conversations with disgust, carefully attended divine services, performed fasts with precision and wore a hair shirt. He was kind, forgiving and willing to place complete trust in people who did not deserve it. They, according to William, were the culprits of all those troubles and abuses that marked his reign, the introduction of oppressive taxes, extraordinary levies and systematic damage to coins. Another chronicler, Giovanni Vilani, wrote that Philip was very handsome, gifted with a serious mind, but he hunted a lot and liked to entrust other people with the affairs of government. Geoffrey also reports that the king easily obeyed bad advice. Thus, we have to admit that a large role in Philip’s politics was played by his associates: Chancellor Pierre Flotte, Guardian of the Seal Guillaume Nogaret and Coadjutor of the Kingdom Enguerrand Marigny. All these were humble people, elevated to the heights of power by the king himself.

Philip IV the Fair was born in Fontainebleau in 1268 to Philip III and Isabella of Aragon. Philip ascended the throne at the age of seventeen and first of all set about resolving the Sicilian and Aragonese issues that he inherited from his father.

He immediately stopped hostilities and did nothing to support the claims of his brother Charles of Valois, who dreamed of becoming the Aragonese (or, at worst, Sicilian) king. Negotiations, however, dragged on for another ten years and ended with Sicily remaining with the Aragonese dynasty. In relations with the English king Edward I, Philip's policy was more energetic. Clashes often occurred between the subjects of the two states. Taking advantage of one of them, Philip in 1295 summoned the English king, as his vassal, to the court of the Parisian parliament. Edward refused to submit, and war was declared on him. Both opponents were looking for allies. Emperor Adolf, the counts of Holland, Geldern, Brabant and Savoy, as well as the King of Castile, became Edward's supporters. Philip's allies were the Count of Burgundy, the Duke of Lorraine, the Count of Luxembourg and the Scots. However, of these, only the Scots and Count of Flanders Guy Dampierre had a real influence on events. Edward himself, busy with a difficult war in Scotland, concluded a truce with Philip in 1297, and in 1303 a peace, according to which Guienne was left to the English king. The entire burden of the war fell on the shoulders of the Flemings. In 1297, the French army invaded Flanders. Philip himself besieged Lille, and Count Robert of Artois won a victory at Fournes (largely thanks to the betrayal of the nobility, among whom there were many adherents of the French party). After this, Lille surrendered. In 1299, Charles of Valois captured Douai, passed through Bruges and entered Ghent in May 1300.

He met no resistance anywhere. Count Guy surrendered along with his two sons and 51 knights. The king deprived him of his possessions as a rebel and annexed Flanders to his kingdom. In 1301, Philip toured his new possessions and was greeted everywhere with expressions of submission. But he immediately tried to extract maximum benefit from his new acquisition and imposed heavy taxes on the country. This caused discontent, and the harsh management of Jacques of Chatillon further increased hatred of the French. When riots began in Bruges in 1301, Jacques sentenced those responsible to huge fines, ordered the city wall to be broken and a citadel built in the city. Then in May 1302 a second, much more powerful uprising broke out. Within one day, the people killed 1,200 French knights and 2,000 soldiers in the city. After this, all of Flanders took up arms. In June, a French army led by Robert Artois approached. But in a stubborn battle at Courtray it was completely defeated. Up to 6,000 French knights fell along with their commander. Thousands of spurs taken from the dead were piled up in the Mastricht church as trophies of victory. Philip could not let such a shame go unrevenged. In 1304, at the head of an army of 60,000, the king approached the borders of Flanders. In August, in a stubborn battle at Mons-en-Null, the Flemings were defeated, but retreated to Lille in good order. After several attacks, Philip made peace with the son of Guy Dampierre, Robert of Bethune, who was in his captivity. Philip agreed to return the country to him, while the Flemings retained all their rights and privileges.

However, for the release of their count and other prisoners, the cities had to pay a large indemnity. As a pledge for paying the ransom, the king took for himself lands on the right bank of the Lys with the cities of Lille, Douai, Bethune and Orsha. He was supposed to return them after receiving the money, but he treacherously violated the agreement and left them with France forever.

These events unfolded against the backdrop of contradictions with the pope that worsened every year. At first, nothing seemed to foretell this conflict. None of the European kings was as beloved by Pope Boniface VIII as Philip the Fair. Back in 1290, when the pope was only Cardinal Benedetto Gaetani and came to France as papal legate, he admired the piety of the young king. Having ascended the throne in 1294, Boniface zealously supported the policies of the French king in Spain and Italy. The first signs of mutual distrust appeared in 1296. In August, the pope promulgated a bull in which he forbade the laity to demand and receive subsidies from the clergy. By a strange coincidence, and perhaps in response to the bull, Philip at the same time prohibited the export of gold and silver from France: by this he destroyed one of the main sources of papal income, because the French church could no longer send any money to Rome. Even then a quarrel could have arisen, but Boniface’s position on the papal throne was still fragile, the cardinals begged him to stop the scandals caused by the bull, and he gave in to them.

In 1297, a bull was promulgated, which actually abolished the previous one. Apparently, the pope expected the king to also make concessions. Philip allowed the pope's income, which he received from the French clergy, to be exported to Rome, but continued to oppress the church, and soon new clashes with the pope occurred. The Archbishop of Narbonne complained to Boniface that the royal dignitaries had taken away his fief power over some of the vassals of his see and were generally causing him various insults. The Pope sent Bishop Bernard Sessé of Pamiers as legate to Paris on this matter. At the same time, he was instructed to demand the release of the Count of Flanders from captivity and the fulfillment of the previously given promise to participate in the crusade. Bernard, known for his arrogance and hot temper, was absolutely not the person who could be entrusted with such a delicate task. Having failed to achieve concessions, he began to threaten Philip with an interdict and generally spoke so harshly that he infuriated the usually cool-headed Philip. The king sent two members of his council to Pamiers and the county of Toulouse to collect evidence to accuse Bernard of disobedience. During the investigation, it turned out that the bishop often used inappropriate expressions during his sermons and incited his flock against royal power. Philip ordered the legate to be arrested and taken into custody in Sanli. He also demanded that the pope depose Bernard and allow him to be brought before a secular court. The pope responded to the king with an angry letter, demanded the immediate release of his legate, threatened Philip with excommunication and ordered him to appear at his trial in order to justify himself from accusations of tyranny and misgovernment. Philip ordered this bull to be solemnly burned on the porch of Notre Dame Cathedral.

In April 1302, he convened the first ever Estates General in Paris. They were attended by representatives of the clergy, barons and prosecutors of the main northern and southern cities. To arouse the indignation of the deputies, a forged papal bull was read to them, in which the pope’s claims were strengthened and sharpened. After this, Chancellor Flott turned to them with a question: can the king count on the support of the estates if he takes measures to protect the honor and independence of the state, as well as to rid the French church of violations of its rights? The nobles and city deputies replied that they were ready to support the king. The clergy, after a short hesitation, also joined the opinion of the other two classes. After this, for a year the opponents hesitated to take decisive measures, but the hostility between them grew. Finally, in April 1303, Boniface excommunicated the king and freed the seven ecclesiastical provinces in the Rhone basin from vassalage and from the oath of allegiance to the king. This measure, however, had no effect. Philip declared Boniface a false pope (indeed, there were some doubts about the legality of his election), a heretic and even a warlock. He demanded that an ecumenical council be convened to hear these accusations, but at the same time he said that the pope should be at this council as a prisoner and accused. From words he moved on to action. In the summer, Nogare, loyal to him, went to Italy with a large sum of money. Soon he entered into relations with Boniface's enemies and formed an extensive conspiracy against him. The Pope was at that time in Anagni, where on September 8 he wanted to publicly curse Philip.

Best of the day

On the eve of this day, the conspirators burst into the papal palace, surrounded Boniface, showered him with all sorts of insults and demanded his abdication. Nogaret threatened to put him in chains and take him to the council in Lyon as a criminal to sentence him. Dad withstood these attacks with dignity. For three days he was in the hands of his enemies. Finally, the people of Ananya freed him. But from the humiliations he suffered, Boniface fell into such disorder that he went crazy and died on October 11. His humiliation and death had dire consequences for the papacy. The new Pope Benedict XI excommunicated Nogaret, but stopped the persecution of Philip himself. In the summer of 1304 he died. In his place, the Archbishop of Bordeaux, Bertrand du Gotha, was elected, taking the name of Clement V. He did not go to Italy, but was ordained in Lyon. In 1309 he settled in Avignon and turned this city into a papal residence. Until his death, he remained an obedient executor of the will of the French king. In addition to many other concessions to Philip, Clement agreed in 1307 with the accusations against the Templar Order. In October, 140 French knights of this order were arrested and a trial began against them on charges of heresy. In 1312, the pope declared the order destroyed. Philip, who owed the Templars huge sums, took possession of all their wealth. In March 1313, the Grand Master of the Order, Jacques Molay, was burned. Before his death, he cursed the entire Capetian family and predicted its imminent degeneration.

In 1314, Philip conceived a new campaign against Flanders, where anti-French forces were intensifying. On August 1, he convened the States General, which agreed to introduce an emergency war tax, the first act of taxation in history with the sanction of popular representation. Soon after the execution, Philip began to suffer from a debilitating illness that doctors could not recognize.

And the campaign did not take place, because on November 29, 1314, in the 46th year of his life in Fontainebleau, the king died, apparently from a stroke, although rumor attributed his death to the curse of Jacques de Molay or poisoning by the Templars.

The reign of Philip IV the Fair, who ascended to the French throne at the age of seventeen, after the death of his father Philip III, on October 5, 1285, is considered by historians not only as one of the most important periods in the history of France, but also as one of the most controversial.

This reign seems important because the French kingdom reaches the pinnacle of its power: the largest state in terms of population in the Christian Western world (13-15 million or a third of the entire Catholic world), real economic prosperity (it is enough to cite as an example the increase in arable land or the rise of the fair in Champagne). In addition, the power of the monarch is strengthening so much that in Philip they see the first ruler of a new type in Europe: the state is more powerful and centralized than ever, the king’s entourage is legalists - well-mannered and educated people, real experts in the field of law.

However, this rosy picture is not consistent with other facts. Thus, the apparent economic prosperity only masks a sluggish crisis, as evidenced by numerous shocks in the financial market (under Philip, monetary policy was extremely, as they now say, voluntaristic). And at the end of his reign, the fairs in Champagne could not withstand the competition with the sea trade of the Italians, and in addition, literally the next day after the death of the king, a devastating famine of 1315-1317 broke out. Moreover, if you look closely, you can see that the king did not know his kingdom well: he did not even realize how far its borders extended, he was unable to establish direct taxes, and effective and clear management of the state remained elusive. It is unlikely that the king’s popularity was added to by a chain of dubious, semi-political, semi-secular scandals, in particular, the trial of the bishop of the city of Troyes, Guichard, who was accused of murdering the queen through witchcraft, or the trial of the Bishop of Pamiers, Bernard Sesset, a trial that complicated the already difficult relations between the king and dad. What about the Templar trial? What about the imprisonment of the king’s daughters-in-law and the execution of their lovers? In general, the identity of King Philip the Fair remains mysterious. Who was he? The core of French policy or a simple tool in the hands of its advisers? The authors of the chronicles - the king's contemporaries - are inclined mainly to the second option - they, in particular, reproach the king for inept monetary and tax policies, explaining this by the fact that the king was given worthless advice by incompetent advisers. But, despite such uncertainty in assessments, the king is still seen as a “non-classical” monarch of the Middle Ages. Although chroniclers insist that France treated him with respect, which, however, he supposedly owes to the authority of his grandfather, Philip Augustus, who undertook economic and political reforms aimed at strengthening central power.

The leitmotif of historians contemporary with Philip the Fair is regret about the era of “His Majesty Saint Louis,” which is considered almost as a golden age, while Philip IV is characterized as “the antipode of Saint Louis.” But, despite all this, historians agree on one thing: a new era began with this king. However, it is hardly worth exaggerating the “modernity” of Philip the Fair and France of his time.

And yet, the reign of Philip IV the Fair constituted a turning point in the history of medieval France: he expanded the kingdom by annexing new lands (shortly before his death he annexed Lyon and its surroundings to France), forced the church and feudal rulers to obey the orders of the king and suppressed all independent power. The royal administration under him covered all aspects of society: cities, feudal nobility, clergy - everyone came under its control. His reign seemed to his contemporaries a time of cruel oppression and despotism. But behind all this a new era was already visible. With the help of a large corporation of lawyers, the king took advantage of every opportunity to establish royal courts everywhere and introduce Roman law. By the end of his life, all judicial power in the country passed exclusively to the crown, and public life acquired a completely different character than under his predecessors.

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ranto 13.06.2006 06:53:22

There are FEW articles of this quality on the Internet - thank you!

An extraordinary personality, despite everything.
Zhanna 17.07.2008 01:23:03

I first learned about the personality of Philip the Handsome from the series of books by Maurice Druon “Cursed Kings,” which I read when I was 15 years old. A contradictory, extraordinary personality and somehow immensely attractive. Now I’m re-reading books and wanted to find information on the Internet.

(under the name Philip I) Co-ruler: Juanna I (-) Predecessor: Henry I the Fat Successor: Louis X the Grumpy

Count of Champagne

August 16 - April 4 Co-ruler: Joan I (-) Predecessor: Henry I the Fat Successor: Louis X the Grumpy Birth: April 8/June
Fontainebleau, France Death: November 29 ( 1314-11-29 )
Fontainebleau, France Buried: Abbey of Saint-Denis, Paris, France Genus: Capetians Father: Philip III the Bold Mother: Isabella of Aragon Spouse: (from 16 August) Joanna I, Queen of Navarre Children: sons: Louis X the Grumpy, Philip V the Long, Charles IV the Handsome, Robert daughters: Margarita, Blanca, Isabella of France

Characteristic

His reign played an important role in the decline of the political power of the feudal lords and the strengthening of monarchism in France. He continued the work of his father and grandfather, but the conditions of his era, character traits and intrigues of court advisers at times led to aggression and cruelty in the king’s policies. Despite this, Philip's reign strengthened French influence in Europe. Many of his actions, from the war with Flanders to the execution of the Templars, were aimed at replenishing the country's budget and strengthening the army.

Litigation with the English king

Edward I's homage to King Philip

Philip's advisors, brought up in the spirit of the traditions of Roman law, always tried to find a “legitimate” basis for the king’s demands and harassment and framed the most important diplomatic disputes in the form of trials. Philip's entire reign was filled with quarrels, “trials,” and diplomatic litigiousness of the most shameless nature.

So, for example, having confirmed the ownership of Guyen for the English king Edward I, Philip, after a number of quibbles, summoned him to court, knowing that Edward, who was at war with the Scots at that time, could not appear. Edward, fearing war with Philip, sent an embassy to him and allowed him to occupy Guienne for forty days. Philip took the dukedom and, according to the conditions, did not want to leave it. Diplomatic negotiations began, which led to the outbreak of hostilities; but in the end Philip gave Guienne so that the English king would still take the oath to him and recognize himself as his vassal. This happened in - gg. Military operations against England ended because the allies of the British, the Flemings, guided by independent interests, began to disturb the north of the kingdom.

War of Flanders

Philip IV managed to win over the Flemish urban population; The Count of Flanders was left almost alone before the invading French army and was captured, and Flanders was annexed to France. In the same year, 1301, unrest began among the conquered Flemings, who were oppressed by the French governor Chatillon and other proteges of Philip. The uprising spread throughout the country, and at the Battle of Courtrai (1302) the French were completely defeated. After this, the war lasted more than two years with varying success; Only in 1305 were the Flemings forced to cede quite a large part of their territory to Philip, recognize the vassalage of the remaining lands, hand over about 3,000 citizens for execution, destroy fortresses, etc. The war with Flanders dragged on mainly because the attention of Philip the Fair was diverted by the struggle with Pope Boniface VIII.

Fight with dad. Avignon Captivity of the Popes

Seal of King Philip IV the Fair (1286)

This compliance did not lead, however, to a lasting peace with Philip, who was tempted by the wealth of the French church. The legalists surrounding the king, especially Guillaume Nogaret and Pierre Dubois, advised the king to remove entire categories of criminal cases from the jurisdiction of church justice. In 1300, relations between Rome and France became very tense. Bishop of Pamiers Bernard Sesse, sent by Boniface to Philip as a special legate, behaved extremely impudently: he was a representative of that party in Languedoc that especially hated the northern French. The king brought a lawsuit against him and demanded that the pope deprive him of the priesthood; the bishop was accused not only of insulting the king, but also of treason and other crimes.

The pope in December 1301 responded to Philip by accusing him of encroaching on spiritual authority and demanded him to appear before his court. At the same time, he sent the bull “Ausculta fili” to the king, in which he emphasized the fullness of papal power and its superiority over all (without exception) secular power. The king (according to legend, having burned this bull) convened the Estates General in April 1302 (the first in French history). Nobles and representatives of the cities expressed unconditional support for the royal policy. The clergy turned to the Pope with a request not to go to Rome, where he called them to the council that was being prepared against Philip. Boniface did not agree, but the priests still did not go to Rome, because Philip forbade them.

At the council, which took place in the fall of 1302, in the bull “Unam Sanctam” Boniface again confirmed his opinion about the supremacy of spiritual power over secular power, the “spiritual sword” over the “secular.” In 1303, Boniface freed part of the lands subject to Philip from the vassal oath, and the king, in response, convened a meeting of senior clergy and secular barons, before which Nogaret accused Boniface of all sorts of atrocities.

Soon after this, Nogaret with a small retinue left for Italy to arrest the pope, who had mortal enemies there, which greatly facilitated the task of the French agent. Dad left for Anagni, not knowing that the city's residents were ready to betray him. Nogare and his companions freely entered the city, entered the palace and here behaved quite rudely, almost using violence (there is a version about a slap in the face given to the pope). Two days later, the mood of the residents of Ananya changed and they freed the pope. A few days later, Boniface VIII died, and 10 months later his successor, Boniface IX, also died. This death happened very opportunely for the French king, so popular rumor attributed it to poisoning.

The administration was highly centralized; This was especially noticeable in the provinces where feudal traditions were still strong. The rights of feudal lords were significantly limited (for example, in the minting of coins). The king was not liked for his too greedy economic policy.

Philip's extremely energetic foreign policy regarding England, Germany, Savoy and all border possessions, often leading to an increase in French possessions, was his only achievement that was appreciated by both his contemporaries and subsequent generations.

Death

Posthumous tombstone of Philip IV the Fair

Philip IV the Fair died on November 29, 1314, at the age of 47, in his place of birth - Fontainebleau, probably the cause of his death was a massive stroke. Many associated his death with the curse of the Grand Master of the Templar Order, Jacques de Molay, who, before his execution on March 18, 1314 in Paris, predicted Philip's death in less than a year. He was buried in the Basilica of the Abbey of Saint-Denis near Paris. He was succeeded by his son Louis X the Grumpy.

Family and children

He was married from 16 August 1284 to Joan I (11 January 1272 – 4 April 1305), Queen of Navarre, and Countess of Champagne from 1274. This marriage made it possible to annex the royal domain of Champagne, and also led to the first unification of France and Navarre within a personal union (until 1328).

From this union seven children were born:

While still a fairly young widower (37 years old), Philip IV did not remarry, remaining faithful to the memory of his late wife.

Literature

Dominique Poirel. Philippe le Bel. Perrin, collection: Passé Simple, Paris, 1991. 461 p. ISBN 978-2-262-00749-2
Sylvie Le Clech. Philippe IV le Bel et les derniers Capétiens. Tallandier, collection: La France au fil de ses rois, 2002 ISBN 978-2-235-02315-3
Georges Bordonove. Philippe le Bel, roi de fer. Le Grand livre du mois, Paris, 1984 ISBN 978-2-7242-3271-4
Joseph Strayer. The reign of Philip the Fair. 1980.
Favier, Jean. Philippe le Bel
Boutaric. La France sous Philippe le Bel. P. 1861
Jolly. Philippe le Bel. P., 1869
B. Zeller. Philippe le Bel et ses trois fils. P., 1885
Maurice Druon. Iron King. The first book in the “Cursed Kings” series (The Iron King. The Prisoner of Chateau-Gaillard. Translated from French. M., 1981)

Links

Faciens misericordiam - August 12, 1308
Commissioners	Gilles Aycelin Guillaume Durand Guillaume de Bonnet Raynaud de La Porte Matthieu de Naples Jean de Mantoue Jean de Montlaur Guillaume Argani
Protagonists	Clement V Philip the Handsome
Other	Templars Jacques de Molay
Portal:Templars