The physical essence of gravitational electromagnetic strong weak. Fundamental interactions. Trends in merging interactions
The interactions of material objects and systems observed in nature are very diverse. However, as physical studies have shown, all interactions can be attributed to four types of fundamental interactions:
– gravitational;
– electromagnetic;
– strong;
- weak.
Gravitational interaction manifests itself in the mutual attraction of any material objects that have mass. It is transmitted through the gravitational field and is determined by a fundamental law of nature - the law of universal gravitation, formulated by I. Newton: between two material points of mass m1 and m2 located at a distance r from each other, force acts F, directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them:
F = G? (m1m2)/r2. Where G- gravitational constant. According to quantum theory G" fields, the carriers of gravitational interaction are gravitons - particles with zero mass, quanta of the gravitational field.
Electromagnetic interaction is caused by electric charges and is transmitted through electric and magnetic fields. An electric field arises in the presence of electric charges, and a magnetic field occurs when they move. A changing magnetic field generates an alternating electric field, which in turn is a source of an alternating magnetic field.
Electromagnetic interaction is described by the fundamental laws of electrostatics and electrodynamics: the law pendant, by law Ampere and others - and in a generalized form - electromagnetic theory Maxwell, connecting electric and magnetic fields. The production, transformation and application of electric and magnetic fields serve as the basis for the creation of a variety of modern technical means.
According to quantum electrodynamics, the carriers of electromagnetic interaction are photons - quanta of the electromagnetic field with zero mass.
The strong interaction ensures the connection of nucleons in the nucleus. It is determined by nuclear forces that have charge independence, short-range action, saturation and other properties. The strong interaction is responsible for the stability of atomic nuclei. The stronger the interaction of nucleons in a nucleus, the more stable the nucleus. As the number of nucleons in the nucleus and, consequently, the size of the nucleus increases, the specific binding energy decreases and the nucleus can decay.
It is assumed that the strong interaction is transmitted by gluons - particles that “glue” quarks that are part of protons, neutrons and other particles.
All elementary particles except the photon participate in weak interaction. It determines most of the decays of elementary particles, the interaction of neutrinos with matter and other processes. The weak interaction manifests itself mainly in the processes of beta decay of atomic nuclei. The carriers of the weak interaction are intermediate, or vector, bosons - particles with a mass approximately 100 times greater than the mass of protons and neutrons.
Chapter III. Main theoretical results. 3.1. Unified field theory is the theory of physical vacuum.
Deductive method construction of physical theories allowed the author to first geometrize the equations of electrodynamics (solve the minimum program) and then geometrize the fields of matter and thus complete Einstein’s maximum program to create a unified field theory. However, it turned out that the final completion of the unified field theory program was the construction of the theory of physical vacuum.
The first thing we must demand from a unified field theory is:
a) a geometric approach to the problem of combining gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak interactions based on exact solutions of equations (vacuum equations);
b) prediction of new types of interactions;
c) unification of the theory of relativity and quantum theory, i.e. construction of a perfect (in accordance with Einstein’s opinion) quantum theory;
Let us briefly show how the theory of physical vacuum satisfies these requirements.
3.2. Unification of electro-gravitational interactions.
Let's say that we need to create a physical theory that describes such an elementary particle as a proton. This particle has mass, electrical charge, nuclear charge, spin and other physical characteristics. This means that the proton has a superinteraction and requires superunification of interactions for its theoretical description.
By superunification of interactions, physicists understand the unification of gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak interactions. Currently, this work is carried out on the basis of an inductive approach, when the theory is built by describing large number experimental data. Despite the significant expenditure of material and mental resources, the solution to this problem is far from complete. From the point of view of A. Einstein, the inductive approach to the construction of complex physical theories is futile, since such theories turn out to be “meaningless”, describing a huge amount of disparate experimental data.
In addition, theories such as Maxwell-Dirac electrodynamics or Einstein’s theory of gravity belong to the class of fundamental ones. Solving the field equations of these theories leads to a fundamental potential of the Coulomb-Newtonian form:
In the region where the above fundamental theories are valid, the Coulomb and Newton potentials absolutely accurately describe electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena. Unlike the theory of electromagnetism and gravity, strong and weak interactions are described on the basis of phenomenological theories. In such theories, interaction potentials are not found from solutions of equations, but are introduced by their creators, as they say, “by hand.” For example, to describe the nuclear interaction of protons or neutrons with the nuclei of various elements (iron, copper, gold, etc.) in modern scientific literature there are about a dozen hand-written nuclear potentials.
Any researcher with common sense understands that combining a fundamental theory with a phenomenological one is like crossing a cow with a motorcycle! Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to build a fundamental theory of strong and weak interactions, and only after that does it become possible to informally unify them.
But even in the case when we have two fundamental theories, such as, for example, the classical electrodynamics of Maxwell-Lorentz and Einstein’s theory of gravity, their informal unification is impossible. Indeed, the Maxwell-Lorentz theory considers the electromagnetic field against the background of flat space, while in Einstein's theory the gravitational field has a geometric nature and is considered as a curvature of space. To combine these two theories it is necessary: either to consider both fields as given against the background of flat space (like the electromagnetic field in Maxwell-Lorentz electrodynamics), or to reduce both fields to the curvature of space (like the gravitational field in Einstein’s theory of gravity).
From the equations of the physical vacuum follow fully geometrized Einstein equations (B.1), which do not formally combine gravitational and electromagnetic interactions, since in these Equations both gravitational and electromagnetic fields turn out to be geometrized. Exact solution of these equations results in a unified electro-gravitational potential, which describes the unified electro-gravitational interactions in a non-formal way.
A solution that describes a spherically symmetric stable vacuum excitation with mass M and charge Ze(i.e. a particle with these characteristics) contains two constants: its gravitational radius r g and electromagnetic radius r e. These radii determine the Ricci torsion and Riemann curvature generated by the mass and charge of the particle. If the mass and charge become zero (the particle goes into vacuum), then both radii disappear. In this case, the torsion and curvature of the Weizenbeck space also vanish, i.e. the space of events becomes flat (absolute vacuum).
Gravitational r g and electromagnetic r e radii form three-dimensional spheres from which the gravitational and electromagnetic fields of particles begin ( see fig. 24). For all elementary particles, the electromagnetic radius is much greater than the gravitational radius. For example, for an electron r g= 9.84xl0 -56, and r e= 5.6x10 -13 cm. Although these radii have a finite value, the density of the gravitational and electromagnetic matter of the particle (this follows from the exact solution of the vacuum equations) is concentrated at a point. Therefore, in most experiments, the electron behaves like a point particle.
Rice. 24. A spherically symmetric particle with mass and charge born from a vacuum consists of two spheres with radii r g and r e. Letters G And E denote static gravitational and electromagnetic fields, respectively.
3.3. Unification of gravitational, electromagnetic and strong interactions.
A great achievement of the theory of physical vacuum is a whole series of new interaction potentials obtained from solving the vacuum equations (A) and (B). These potentials appear as a complement to the Coulomb-Newtonian interaction. One of these potentials decreases with distance faster than 1/r, i.e. the forces generated by it act (like nuclear ones) at short distances. In addition, this potential is non-zero, even when the charge of the particle is zero ( rice. 25). A similar property of charge independence of nuclear forces was discovered experimentally long ago.
Rice. 25. Potential energy of nuclear interaction found from solving the vacuum equations. Relation between nuclear and electromagnetic radii r N = | r e|/2,8.
Rice. 26. Theoretical calculations obtained from solving the vacuum equations (solid curve) are quite well confirmed by experiments on the electro-nuclear interaction of protons and copper nuclei.
On rice. 25 the potential energy of interaction of a neutron (neutron charge is zero) and a proton with a nucleus is presented. For comparison, the Coulomb potential energy of repulsion between the proton and the nucleus is given. The figure shows that at small distances from the nucleus, Coulomb repulsion is replaced by nuclear attraction, which is described by a new constant r N- nuclear radius. From experimental data it was possible to establish that the value of this constant is about 10 -14 cm. Accordingly, the forces generated by the new constant and the new potential begin to act at distances ( r I) from the center of the core. It is at these distances that nuclear forces begin to act.
r I = (100 - 200)r N= 10 -12 cm.
On rice. 25 nuclear radius is determined by the relation r N = |r e|/2.8 where the value of the electromagnetic radius module calculated for the process of interaction between a proton and a copper nucleus is equal to: | r e| = 8.9x10 -15 cm.
On the. rice. 26 An experimental curve describing the scattering of protons with an energy of 17 MeV on copper nuclei is presented. The solid line in the same figure indicates the theoretical curve obtained based on solutions to the vacuum equations. Good agreement between the curves suggests that the short-range interaction potential with the nuclear radius found from the solution of the vacuum equations r N= 10 -15 cm. Nothing was said here about gravitational interactions, since for elementary particles they are much weaker than nuclear and electromagnetic ones.
The advantage of the vacuum approach in a unified description of gravitational, electromagnetic and nuclear interactions over those currently accepted is that our approach is fundamental and does not require the introduction of nuclear potentials “by hand”.
3.4. Relationship between weak and torsional interactions.
Weak interactions usually mean processes involving one of the most mysterious elementary particles - neutrinos. Neutrinos have no mass or charge, but only spin - their own rotation. This particle does not tolerate anything other than rotation. Thus, a neutrino is one of the varieties of a dynamic torsion field in its pure form.
The simplest of the processes in which weak interactions are manifested is the decay of a neutron (the neutron is unstable and has an average lifetime of 12 minutes) according to the scheme:
n® p + + e - + v
Where p+- proton, e-- electron, v- antineutrino. Modern science believes that electron and proton interact with each other according to Coulomb's law as particles with opposite charges. They cannot form a long-living neutral particle - a neutron with dimensions of the order of 10 -13 cm, since the electron, under the influence of gravity, must instantly “fall onto the proton”. In addition, even if it were possible to assume that the neutron consists of oppositely charged particles, then during its decay electromagnetic radiation should be observed, which would lead to a violation of the spin conservation law. The fact is that the neutron, proton and electron each have a spin of +1/2 or -1/2.
Let's assume that the initial spin of the neutron was -1/2. Then the total spin of the electron, proton and photon should also be equal to -1/2. But the total spin of an electron and a proton can have values -1, 0, +1, and a photon can have a spin of -1 or +1. Consequently, the spin of the electron-proton-photon system can take values 0, 1, 2, but not -1/2.
Solutions of the vacuum equations for particles with spin showed that for them there is a new constant r s- spin radius, which describes the torsion field of a rotating particle. This field generates torsion interactions at short distances and allows a new approach to the problem of the formation of a neutron from a proton, electron and antineutrino.
On rice. 27 qualitative graphs of the potential energy of interaction of a proton with a spin with an electron and a positron, obtained from solving vacuum equations, are presented. The graph shows that at a distance of about
r s = |r e|/3 = 1.9x10 -13 cm.
From the center of the proton there is a “torsion well” in which an electron can remain for quite a long time when it, together with a proton, forms a neutron. An electron cannot fall onto a rotating proton, since the torsional repulsive force at short distances exceeds the Coulomb force of attraction. On the other hand, the torsion addition to the Coulomb potential energy has axial symmetry and very strongly depends on the orientation of the proton spin. This orientation is given by the angle q between the direction of the proton spin and the radius vector drawn to the observation point,
Ha rice. 27 the orientation of the proton spin is chosen so that the angle q equal to zero. At angle q= 90° the torsion addition becomes zero and in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the proton spin, the electron and proton interact according to Coulomb’s law.
The existence of a torsion field near a rotating proton and a torsion well during the interaction of a proton and an electron suggests that when a neutron “breaks up” into a proton and an electron, a torsion field is emitted, which has no charge and mass and transfers only spin. This is precisely the property that antineutrinos (or neutrinos) have.
From the analysis of the potential energy depicted in rice. 27, it follows that when there is no electromagnetic interaction in it ( r e= 0) and only torsion interaction remains ( r s No. 0), then the potential energy becomes zero. This means that free torsion radiation, carrying only spin, does not interact (or interacts weakly) with ordinary matter. This, apparently, explains the observed high penetrating ability of torsion radiation - neutrinos.
Rice. 27. Potential energy of interaction of a spinning proton, obtained from the solution of vacuum equations: a) - electron with proton at | r e |/ r s, b) - the same with the positron.
When an electron is in a “torsion well” near a proton, its energy is negative. For a neutron to decay into a proton and an electron, it is necessary for the neutron to absorb positive torsion energy, i.e. neutrino according to the scheme:
v+n® p + + e -
This scheme is completely analogous to the process of ionization of an atom under the influence of an external electromagnetic radiation g
g + a ® a + + e -
Where a +- ionized atom and e-- electron. The difference is that the electron in the atom is in a Coulomb well, and the electron in the neutron is held by the torsion potential.
Thus, in the theory of vacuum there is a deep connection between the torsion field and weak interactions.
3.5. The crisis in spin physics and a possible way out of it.
Modern theory elementary particles belong to the class of inductive particles. It is based on experimental data obtained using accelerators. Inductive theories are descriptive in nature and must be adjusted each time as new data becomes available.
About 40 years ago, experiments were begun at the University of Rochester on the scattering of spin-polarized protons on polarized targets consisting of protons. Subsequently, this entire direction in the theory of elementary particles was called spin physics.
Rice. 28. Experimental data on the torsion interaction of polarized nucleons depending on the relative orientation of their spins. Horizontal arrows show the direction and magnitude (arrow thickness) of torsional interaction. The vertical arrow indicates the direction of the orbital momentum of the scattered particle.
The main result obtained by spin physics is that during interactions at small distances (about 10 -12 cm), the spin of particles begins to play a significant role. It was found that torsion (or spin-spin) interactions determine the magnitude and nature of the forces acting between polarized particles (see. rice. 28).
Rice. 29. Superpotential energy obtained from solving the vacuum equations. The dependence on the orientation of the target spin is shown: a) - interaction of protons and a polarized nucleus at r e/r N = -2, r N/r s= 1.5; b) - the same for neutrons at r e/r N = 0, r N/r s= 1.5. Corner q is measured from the spin of the nucleus to the radius vector drawn to the observation point.
The nature of the torsion interactions of nucleons discovered in the experiment turned out to be so complex that the amendments made to the theory made the theory meaningless. It has reached the point where theorists lack ideas to describe new experimental data. This “mental crisis” of the theory is further aggravated by the fact that the cost of an experiment in spin physics is growing as it becomes more complex and has now approached the cost of an accelerator, which has led to a material crisis. The consequence of this state of affairs was the freezing of funding for the construction of new accelerators in some countries.
There can be only one way out of the current critical situation - in the construction of a deductive theory of elementary particles. This is precisely the opportunity that the theory of physical vacuum provides us with. Solutions of its equations lead to an interaction potential - a superpotential, which includes:
r g- gravitational radius,
r e- electromagnetic radius,
r N- nuclear radius and
r s- spin radius,
responsible for gravitational ( r g), electromagnetic ( r e), nuclear ( r N) and spin-torsion ( r s) interactions.
On rice. 29 qualitative graphs of superpotential energy obtained from solving the vacuum equations are presented.
The graph shows a strong dependence of the interaction of particles on the orientation of the spins, which is observed in spin physics experiments. Of course, the final answer will be given when thorough research is carried out based on solutions to the vacuum equations.
3.6. Scalar electromagnetic field and transmission of electromagnetic energy over a single wire.
The vacuum equations, as befits the equations of the unified field theory, transform into known physical equations in various special cases. If we limit ourselves to considering weak electromagnetic fields and the movement of charges at not too high speeds, then equations similar to Maxwell’s equations of electrodynamics will follow from the vacuum equation (B.1). Under weak fields in in this case are understood as electromagnetic fields whose strength satisfies the inequality E, H<< 10 -16 ед. СГСЕ. Такие слабые электромагнитные поля встречаются на расстояниях порядка r >> 10 -13 cm from elementary particles, i.e. at distances where the effect of nuclear and weak interactions becomes insignificant. It can be considered that in our Everyday life we are always dealing with weak electromagnetic fields. On the other hand, the movement of particles at not too high speeds means that the energies of charged particles are not too high and, due to a lack of energy, they do not enter, for example, into nuclear reactions.
If we restrict ourselves to the case when the particle charges are constant ( e = const), then weak electromagnetic fields in vacuum theory are described by a vector potential (the same as in Maxwell’s electrodynamics), through which six independent components of the electromagnetic field are determined: three components electric field E and three components of the magnetic field H.
In the general case, the potential of the electromagnetic field in vacuum electrodynamics turns out to be a symmetric tensor of the second rank, which gives rise to additional components of the electromagnetic field. Exact solution of the equations of vacuum electrodynamics for charges for which e No. const, predicts the existence of a new scalar electromagnetic field of the form:
S = - de(t) / rc dt
Where r- distance from the charge to the observation point, With- speed of light, e(t)- variable charge.
In ordinary electrodynamics, such a scalar field is absent due to the fact that the potential in it is a vector. If a charged particle e moves at speed V and falls into a scalar electromagnetic field S, then a force acts on it F S:
F S = eSV = - e V
Since the movement of charges represents an electric current, this means that the scalar field and the force generated by this field should reveal themselves in experiments with currents.
The above formulas were obtained under the assumption that the charges of particles change with time and, it would seem, have no relation to real phenomena, since the charges of elementary particles are constant. However, these formulas are quite applicable to a system consisting of a large number of constant charges, when the number of these charges changes over time. Experiments of this kind were carried out by Nikola Tesla at the beginning of the 20th century. To study electrodynamic systems with variable charge, Tesla used a charged sphere (see Fig. Fig. 29 a). When the sphere was discharged to the ground, a scalar field S arose around the sphere. In addition, a current I flowed through one conductor, which did not obey Kirchhoff’s laws, since the circuit turned out to be open. At the same time, a force was applied to the conductor F S, directed along the conductor (as opposed to ordinary magnetic forces acting perpendicular to the current).
The existence of forces acting on a conductor carrying current and directed along the conductor was discovered by A.M. Ampere. Subsequently, longitudinal forces were experimentally confirmed in the experiments of many researchers, namely in the experiments of R. Sigalov, G. Nikolaev and others. In addition, in the works of G. Nikolaev, the connection between the scalar electromagnetic field and the action of longitudinal forces was first established. However, G. Nikolaev never associated a scalar field with a variable charge.
Rice. 29 a. In variable charge electrodynamics, current flows through one wire.
Single-wire transmission of electrical energy has received its further development in the works of S.V. Avramenko. Instead of a charged sphere, S.V. Avramenko proposed using a Tesla transformer, in which the secondary winding at the output of the transformer has only one end. The second end is simply insulated and remains inside the transformer. If an alternating voltage with a frequency of several hundred Hertz is applied to the primary winding, then an alternating charge appears on the secondary winding, which generates a scalar field and longitudinal force F S. S.V. Avramenko places a special device on one wire coming out of the transformer - an Avramenko plug, which makes two from one wire. If you now connect a normal load in the form of a light bulb or an electric motor to two wires, the light bulb lights up, and the motor begins to rotate due to the electricity that is transmitted through one wire. A similar installation, transmitting 1 kW of power over one wire, was developed and patented at the All-Russian Research Institute of Electrification Agriculture. Work is also underway there to create a single-wire line with a capacity of 5 kW or more.
3.7. Torsion radiation in electrodynamics.
We have already noted that a neutrino is a torsion radiation, which, as follows from solving the vacuum equations, accompanies the exit of an electron from a torsion well during the decay of a neutron. In this regard, the question immediately arises: is there not torsion radiation during the accelerated movement of an electron, generated by its own spin?
The vacuum theory answers this question positively. The fact is that the field emitted by an accelerated electron is related to the third derivative of the coordinate with respect to time. Vacuum theory makes it possible to take into account the electron’s own rotation - its spin - in the classical equations of motion and show that the radiation field consists of three parts:
E rad = E e + T et + T t
First part of electron emission E e generated by the charge of the electron, i.e. has a purely electromagnetic nature. This part has been studied quite well by modern physics. Second part T et has a mixed electro-torsional nature, since it is generated by both the electron charge and its spin. Finally, the third part of the radiation T t created only by the spin of the electron. Regarding the latter, we can say that an electron emits neutrinos during accelerated motion, but with very low energies!
Several years ago, devices were created and patented in Russia that confirmed the theoretical predictions of the vacuum theory regarding the existence of torsion radiation in electrodynamics generated by the electron spin. These devices were called torsion generators.
Rice. thirty. Schematic diagram of Akimov's torsion generator.
On rice. thirty shows a schematic diagram of Akimov's patented torsion generator. It consists of a cylindrical capacitor 3, the inner plate of which is supplied with a negative voltage, and the outer plate is supplied with a positive voltage from a constant voltage source 2. A magnet is placed inside the cylindrical capacitor, which is a source of not only a static magnetic field, but also a static torsion field. This field is generated (as well as the magnetic one) by the total spin of the electrons. In addition, pure spin (static neutrino) vacuum polarization occurs between the plates of the capacitor, created by the potential difference. To create torsion radiation of a given frequency, an alternating electromagnetic field (control signal) 1 will be applied to the capacitor plates.
Rice. 31. Akimov torsion generator.
Under the influence of an alternating electromagnetic field 1 of a given frequency, the orientation of the spins (with the same frequency) of the electrons inside the magnet and the polarized spins between the plates of the capacitor changes. The result is dynamic torsion radiation with high penetrating ability.
On rice. 31 The internal structure of the Akimov generator is presented. From the point of view of electromagnetism, the design of a torsion generator looks paradoxical, since its elemental base is built on completely different principles. For example, a torsion signal can be transmitted along a single metal wire.
Torsion generators of the type shown in rice. 31 are widely used in Russia in various experiments and even technologies, which will be discussed below.
3.8. The quantum theory that Einstein dreamed of has been found.
Modern quantum theory of matter also belongs to the inductive class. According to Nobel laureate, creator of the theory of quarks M. Gell-Mann, quantum theory is a science that we know how to use, but do not fully understand. A. Einstein also shared a similar opinion, believing that it was incomplete. According to A. Einstein, the “perfect quantum theory” will be found on the path of improvement general theory relativity, i.e. on the way to constructing a deductive theory. It is precisely this quantum theory that follows from the equations of the physical vacuum.
The main differences between quantum theory and classical theory are that:
a) the theory contains a new constant h - Planck’s constant;
b) there are stationary states and the quantum nature of particle motion;
c) to describe quantum phenomena, a universal physical quantity is used - a complex wave function that satisfies the Schrödinger equation and has a probabilistic interpretation;
d) there is particle-wave dualism and an optical-mechanical analogy;
e) the Heisenberg uncertainty relation is satisfied;
f) a Hilbert state space arises.
All these properties (except for the specific value of Planck's constant) appear in the theory of physical vacuum when studying the problem of matter motion in fully geometrized Einstein equations (B.1).
The solution to equations (B.1), which describes a stable spherically symmetric massive (charged or not) particle, simultaneously leads to two ideas about the distribution density of its matter:
a) as the matter density of a point particle and
b) as a field tangle formed by a complex torsion field (field of inertia).
Field-particle dualism, arising in the theory of vacuum, is completely analogous to the dualism of modern quantum theory. However, there is a difference in the physical interpretation of the wave function in vacuum theory. Firstly, it satisfies the Schrödinger equation only in a linear approximation, and with an arbitrary quantum constant (a generalized analogue of Planck’s constant). Secondly, in vacuum theory, the wave function is determined through a real physical field - the field of inertia, but, being normalized to unity, receives a probabilistic interpretation similar to the wave function of modern quantum theory.
Stationary states particles in vacuum theory are a consequence of an expanded interpretation of the principle of inertia when using locally inertial frames of reference. As noted earlier (see rice. 6), in general relativistic electrodynamics, an electron in an atom can move acceleratedly in the Coulomb field of the nucleus, but without radiation, if the reference frame associated with it is locally inertial.
Quantization stationary states in the theory of vacuum is explained by the fact that in it the particle is a purely field formation extended in space. When a field, extended object is located in a limited space, its physical characteristics, such as energy, momentum, etc., take on discrete values. If the particle is free, then the spectrum of its physical characteristics becomes continuous.
The main difficulties of modern quantum theory arise from a misunderstanding of the physical nature of the wave function and an attempt to represent an extended object as a point or as a plane wave. A point in classical field theory describes a test particle that does not have its own field. Therefore, quantum theory, which follows from the theory of vacuum, must be considered as a way to describe the motion of a particle taking into account its own field. This could not be done in the old quantum theory for the simple reason that the density of matter of a particle and the density of the field created by it are of a different nature. There was no universal physical characteristic to uniformly describe both densities. Now such a physical characteristic has appeared in the form of a field of inertia - a torsion field, which turns out to be truly universal, since all types of matter are subject to the phenomenon of inertia.
On rice. 32 it is shown how the inertia field determines the matter density of a particle taking into account its own field.
Rice. 32. Vacuum quantum mechanics abandons the concept of a test particle and describes the particle taking into account its own field, using the universal physical field - the field of inertia.
As for the specific value of Planck's constant, it apparently should be considered as an empirical fact characterizing the geometric dimensions of the hydrogen atom.
It turned out to be interesting that the vacuum quantum theory also allows for a probabilistic interpretation, satisfying the principle of correspondence with the old theory. The probabilistic interpretation of the motion of an extended object first appeared in physics in classical Liouville mechanics. In this mechanics, when considering the movement of a drop of liquid as a single whole, a special point of the drop is identified - its center of mass. As the shape of the drop changes, the position of the center of mass inside it also changes. If the density of the drop is variable, then the center of mass is most likely located in the region where the density of the drop is maximum. Therefore, the density of the substance of a drop turns out to be proportional to the probability density of finding the center of mass at a particular point in space inside the drop.
In quantum theory, instead of a drop of liquid, we have a field clot formed by the inertia field of the particle. Just like a drop, this field clot can change shape, which, in turn, leads to a change in the position of the center of mass of the clot inside it. Describing the movement of a field clot as a single whole through its center of mass, we inevitably come to a probabilistic description of the movement.
An extended drop can be considered as a set of point particles, each of which is characterized by three coordinates x, y, z and momentum with three components p x, p y, p z. In Liouville mechanics, the coordinates of points inside a drop form configuration space(generally speaking, infinitely dimensional). If we additionally associate impulses with each point of the configuration space of the drop, we get phase space. In Liouville mechanics, a theorem on the conservation of phase volume has been proven, which leads to an uncertainty relation of the form:
D pDx = const
Here Dx is considered as a scatter of coordinates of points inside the drop, and Dp as the spread of their corresponding impulses. Let us assume that the drop takes the shape of a line (stretches into a line), then its momentum is strictly defined, since the scatter Dp= 0. But each point of the line becomes equal, so the coordinate of the drop is not determined due to the relation Dx = Ґ , which follows from the theorem on the conservation of the phase volume of a drop.
In field theory for a field bunch consisting of a set of plane waves, the theorem on the conservation of phase volume is written as:
DpDx = p
Where Dx is the scatter of field cluster coordinates, and Dp- scatter of wave vectors of plane waves forming a field bunch. If we multiply both sides of the equality by h and enter the designation р = hk, then we get the well-known Heisenberg uncertainty relation:
DpDx = p h
This relationship is also true for a field bunch formed by a set of plane waves of the inertial field in quantum theory, which follows from the theory of physical vacuum.
3.9. Quantization in the Solar System.
The new quantum theory allows us to expand our understanding of the scope of quantum phenomena. Currently, it is believed that quantum theory is applicable only to the description of microworld phenomena. To describe such macrophenomena as the movement of planets around the Sun, the idea of a planet as a test particle that does not have its own field is still used. However, a more accurate description of the motion of planets is achieved when the planet’s own field is taken into account. This is precisely the opportunity that the new quantum theory provides us with, using the inertia field as the wave function in the Schrödinger equation.
Table 3.
The simplest semiclassical consideration of the problem of the motion of planets around the Sun, taking into account their own field, leads to a formula for quantizing the average distances from the Sun to the planets (and asteroid belts) according to the formula:
r = r 0 (n + 1/2), where n = 1, 2, 3 ...
Here r 0= 0.2851 a.u. = const - new "planetary constant". Recall that the distance from the Sun to the Earth is 1 AU. = 150000000 km. IN table No. 3 a comparison is given of the theoretical calculations obtained using the above formula with the experimental results.
As can be seen from the table, the substance in solar system forms a system of discrete levels, fairly well described by a formula derived from a new idea of the nature of the wave function of quantum theory.
The intensity of each interaction is usually characterized by the interaction constant, which is a dimensionless parameter that determines the probability of processes caused by this type of interaction.
Gravitational interaction. The constant of this interaction is of the order of . The range is not limited. Gravitational interaction is universal; all particles, without exception, are subject to it. However, in the processes of the microworld this interaction does not play a significant role. There is an assumption that this interaction is transmitted by gravitons (gravitational field quanta). However, to date, no experimental facts have been discovered that would confirm their existence.
Electromagnetic interaction. The interaction constant is approximately , the range of action is not limited.
Strong interaction. This type of interaction ensures the connection of nucleons in the nucleus. The interaction constant has a value of the order of 10. The greatest distance at which the strong interaction manifests itself is a value of the order of m.
Weak interaction. This interaction is responsible for all types of decay of nuclei, including electron K-capture, for the processes of decay of elementary particles and for the processes of interaction of neutrinos with matter. The order of magnitude of the constant of this interaction is . The weak interaction, like the strong one, is short-range.
Let's return to the Yukawa particle. According to his theory, there is a particle that transmits the strong interaction, just as a photon is a carrier of electromagnetic interaction, it was called a meson (intermediate). This particle must have a mass intermediate between the masses of the electron and proton and be . Since photons not only transmit electromagnetic interaction, but also exist in a free state, therefore, free mesons must also exist.
In 1937, a meson (muon) was discovered in cosmic rays, which, however, did not exhibit strong interaction with matter. The desired particle was also discovered in cosmic rays 10 years later by Powell and Occhialini, and they called it a meson (pion).
There are positive, negative and neutral mesons.
The charge of mesons is equal to the elementary charge. The mass of charged mesons is the same and is equal to 273, the mass of the electrically neutral meson is slightly less and is 264. The spin of all three mesons is zero; The lifetime of charged mesons is 2.6 s, and the lifetime of a meson is 0.8 s.
All three particles are not stable.
Elementary particles are usually divided into four classes:
1. Photons(electromagnetic field quanta). They participate in electromagnetic interaction, but do not manifest themselves in any way in strong or weak interactions.
2. Leptons. These include particles that do not have a strong interaction: electrons and positrons, muons, as well as all types of neutrinos. All leptons have spin equal to ½. All leptons are carriers of the weak interaction. Charged leptons also participate in electromagnetic interaction. Leptons are considered truly elementary particles. They do not disintegrate into their constituent parts, have no internal structure, and have no detectable upper limit (m).
The last two classes make up complex particles that have an internal structure: mesons and baryons. They are often grouped into one family and called hadrons.
All three mesons, as well as K-mesons, belong to this family. The class of baryons includes nucleons, which are carriers of the strong interaction.
As already mentioned, the Schrödinger equation does not satisfy the requirements of the principle of relativity - it is not invariant with respect to Lorentz transformations.
In 1928, the Englishman Dirac obtained a relativistic quantum mechanical equation for the electron, from which the existence of spin and the electron’s own magnetic moment naturally followed. This equation made it possible to predict the existence of an antiparticle in relation to the electron - the positron.
From the Dirac equation it turned out that the energy of a free particle can have both positive and negative values.
Between the greatest negative energy and the least positive energy there is an interval of energies that cannot be realized. The width of this interval is . Consequently, two regions of energy eigenvalues are obtained: one begins from and extends to + , the other begins from and extends to . According to Dirac, a vacuum is a space in which all allowed levels with negative energy values are completely filled with electrons (according to the Pauli principle), and those with positive ones are free. Since all levels below the forbidden band, without exception, are occupied, the electrons located at these levels do not manifest themselves in any way. If one of the electrons at a negative level is given energy, then this electron will go into a state with positive energy, then it will behave there like an ordinary particle with a negative charge and positive mass. A vacancy (hole) formed in a combination of negative levels will be perceived as a particle with a positive charge and mass. This first theoretically predicted particle was called the positron.
The birth of an electron-positron pair occurs when -photons pass through matter. This is one of the processes leading to absorption - radiation by matter. The minimum quantum energy required for the birth of an electron-positron pair is 1.02 MeV (which coincided with Dirac’s calculations) and the equation for such a reaction has the form:
Where X is the nucleus in the force field of which an electron-positron pair is born; It is precisely this that receives the excess impulse - the quantum.
Dirac's theory seemed too "crazy" to his contemporaries and was recognized only after Anderson discovered the positron in cosmic radiation in 1932. When an electron meets a positron, annihilation occurs, i.e. the electron returns to the negative level again.
In a slightly modified form, the Dirac equation is applicable to other particles with half-integer spin. Consequently, for each such particle there is its own antiparticle.
Almost all elementary particles, as already mentioned, belong to one of two families:
1. Leptons.
2. Hadrons.
The main difference between them is that hadrons participate in the strong and electromagnetic interactions, while leptons do not.
Leptons are considered truly elementary particles. There were only four of them: electron (), muon (), electron neutrino (), muon neutrino. The lepton and its neutrino were later discovered. They do not break down into their component parts; do not reveal any internal structure; have no definable dimensions.
Hadrons more complex particles; they have an internal structure and participate in strong nuclear interactions. This family of particles can be divided into two classes:
mesons and baryons(proton, neutron, -baryons). The last four types of baryons can ultimately decay into protons and neutrons.
In 1963, Gell-Mann and, independently, Zweig expressed the idea that all known hadrons are built from three truly elementary particles - quarks, which have a fractional charge.
u-quark q = + ; d – quark q = - ; s – quark q = - .
Until 1974, all known hadrons could be represented as a combination of these three hypothetical particles, but the heavy meson discovered that year did not fit into the three-quark scheme.
Based on the deep symmetry of nature, some physicists have hypothesized the existence of a fourth quark, which is called the “charm” quark; its charge is equal to q = +. This quark differs from the others in the presence of a property or quantum number C = +1 - called “charm” or “charm”.
The newly discovered meson turned out to be a combination of a “charm” quark and its antiquark.
Further discoveries of new hadrons required the introduction of the fifth (c) and sixth (t) quarks. The difference between quarks came to be called “color” and “flavor.”
1. Fundamental physical interactions: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak; main characteristics and meaning in nature. The special role of electromagnetic interactions.
Fundamental Interactions– qualitatively different types of interaction between elementary particles and bodies composed of them
Evolution of theories of fundamental interactions:
Before the 19th century:
Gravitational (Galileo, Newton-1687);
Electrical (Gilbert, Cavendish-1773 and Coulomb-1785);
Magnetic (Gilbert, Epinus-1759 and Coulomb-1789)
Turn of the 19th and 20th centuries:
Electromagnetic (electromagnetic theory of Maxwell-1863);
Gravitational (Einstein's general theory of relativity-1915)
The role of gravitational interactions in nature:
Gravitational interactions:
Law of universal gravitation;
The force of attraction between the planets of the solar system;
gravity
The role of electromagnetic interactions in nature: Electromagnetic interactions:
Coulomb's Law;
Intra- and interatomic interactions;
Friction force, elastic force,...;
Electromagnetic waves (light) The role of strong interactions in nature: Strong interactions:
Short range (~10 -13 m);
About 1000 times stronger than electromagnetic ones;
They decrease approximately exponentially;
Are saturated;
Responsible for the stability of the atomic nucleus
The role of weak interactions in nature Weak interactions:
Very short range (~10 -18 m);
About 100 times weaker than electromagnetic ones;
Are saturated;
Responsible for the mutual transformations of elementary particles
2. Electric charge and its basic properties: bipolarity, discreteness, invariance; microscopic carriers of electric charges, the concept of quarks; law of conservation of electric charge; physical models of charged bodies.
Electric charge - this is a physical scalar quantity that characterizes the property of particles or bodies to enter into electromagnetic force interactions;
*denoted by q or Q;
*measured in SI units in coulombs
Basic properties of electric charge:
Bipolarity:
there are electric charges of two signs - positive (glass rod) and negative (ebony rod);
* like charges repel, and unlike charges attract Additivity:
*the electric charge of a physical body is equal to the algebraic sum of the electric charges of the charged particles located in it - microscopic carriers of electric charge Discreteness:
Basic properties of electric charge
Equality of modules of positive and negative elementary electric charges:
the electron and proton charge moduli are equal with high accuracy
Invariance:
the magnitude of the electric charge does not depend on the frame of reference in which it is measured
this distinguishes it from body weight
Conservation Law:
*the algebraic sum of the electric charges of bodies (body parts, elementary particles) that make up a closed system remains unchanged during any interactions between them; including annihilation (disappearance) of matter
electron – carrier of negative elementary electric charge (
proton – carrier of positive elementary electric charge ()
quark- a hypothetical fundamental particle in the Standard Model that has an electrical charge that is a multiple of e/3
3. Coulomb's law: physical essence and significance in electrodynamics; vector form of writing the law and the principle of superposition of electrostatic forces; methods of experimental verification of the law and the limits of its applicability.
Coulomb's law - Two stationary point electric charges located in a vacuum interact with each other with forces proportional to the magnitude of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
Vector form of writing Coulomb's law
Methods for experimental verification of Coulomb's law
1. Cavendish method (1773):
2. Rutherford method:
Rutherford's experiments on the scattering of alpha particles by gold nuclei (1906)
experiments on elastic scattering of electrons with energy of the order of 10 +9 eV
GRAVITY AND ITS PHYSICAL ESSENCE
Gadzhiev S.Sh., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Prof.
Non-governmental educational institution of higher professional education “Social Pedagogical Institute”, Derbent
Abstract: The article examines the phenomena of movement of natural forces, and according to these forces other phenomena that allow us to reveal the essence of knowledge of natural phenomena in general, and, in particular, the mysteries of “gravity” and (or) the physical essence of gravity. The universal law of interaction of system forces and the universal method based on it serve as the key to understanding natural phenomena and processes. From the comprehensive analysis of the interaction of system bodies, it turns out that the reason for the non-disclosure physical entity The law of universal gravitation turned out to be the absence in nature of the gravitational pull of bodies towards each other.
Keywords: knowledge of natural phenomena, law, method, interaction of bodies.
Abstract: This article examines the phenomenon of motion the forces of nature, and these forces other phenomena, allowing to discover the essence of knowledge of natural phenomena in general and, in particular, the puzzle of "gravitation" and (or) the physical nature of gravity. Universal law of the interaction of forces and systems based on it are the key universal method of knowledge of natural phenomena and processes. Of conducted a comprehensive analysis of the interaction of physical bodies appears that the reason is not solved the essence of the law of universal gravitation was in the nature of the absence of gravity as such bodies to each other.
Keywords: knowledge of natural phenomena, law, method, interacting bodies.
The history of the origin of the idea of universal gravitation
Academician S.I. Vavilov in his book “Isaac Newton” cites the well-known story that Newton’s discovery of universal gravitation was prompted by the unexpected fall of an apple from a tree in Woolsthorpe. This story is apparently reliable and is not a legend. Stekeley conveys the following scene relating to Newton’s old age: “The weather was hot in London (at Newton’s) after dinner; we went into the garden and drank tea in the shade of several apple trees; there were only
the two of us. By the way, Ser Isaac told me that he was in such a situation when the idea of gravity first occurred to him. It was caused by an apple falling while he was sitting deep in thought. Why do apples fall vertically, he thought to himself, why not to the side, but always to the center of the Earth. There must be an attractive force in matter concentrated at the center of the Earth. If matter pulls other matter in this way, then there must be a proportionality to its quantity. Therefore, the apple attracts the Earth just as the Earth attracts the apple. There must, therefore, be a force similar to that which we call gravity, extending throughout the entire universe.”
For some reason, Stekelei's story remained little known, but a similar retelling of Voltaire from the words of Newton's niece spread throughout the world. I liked the story, they began to show an apple, which supposedly served as the reason for the emergence of “Principles”, poets and philosophers used a grateful metaphor, comparing Newton’s apple with the apple that killed Adam, or with the apple of Paris; people far from science liked the simple mechanics of the emergence of a complex scientific idea. There are other fictitious legends. As we see, here Newton gave his assumption about the occurring phenomenon without revealing its physical mechanism, and, naturally, this seemed to him a real guess at the essence of the natural phenomenon.
Although gravity is the most clearly noticeable of all four fundamental forces of nature, which acts on everything and all of us, starting from childhood, when we barely stood up and fell, unable to stay on our feet. However, it still remains an unsolved mystery of nature.
More than three hundred years have passed since the discovery of the law of universal gravitation, established by Newton in the form mathematical formula, and the physical mechanism of gravitational attraction of bodies towards each other has not yet been identified.
The reason for everything is the absence as such of the law of universal gravitation in general, and due to the absence of gravity of any bodies towards each other in nature. All processes occurring and attributed to “gravity” are carried out by the gravitational field, and not by gravity, attributed to the nature of the forces of the gravitational field. Gravity is not gravitation. Nothing can create the attraction of bodies towards each other, including gravity. Any physical field does its work. Do we attribute the concept of “gravity” to the action of a known magnetic field? No. Because repulsion is also observed at the same time. The whole reason lies in the interaction, that is, in the direction of movement of these (considered) magnetic fields.
It is believed that according to Einstein, space and time are the form of existence of matter. In reality, no one can argue or doubt that space and time determine the location and duration of existence of matter, including all kinds of physical fields. The basis of the entire Universe is space, where material components take place, as well as all known and not yet identified physical fields, and
time determines the duration of existence of material bodies and the duration of natural phenomena and processes.
The ideas that have arisen about the curvature of space and even worse, when they believe that matter is a curved space. Then it turns out that matter is absent in nature, it becomes space, that is, matter turns into curved space. It follows from this that space exists in two states: curved and uncurved. They just cannot indicate the location and transformation or transition of matter into curved space. The distribution (or presence) of energy in space cannot be taken as the curvature of space itself. The statement that it is not the ray that changes its direction when passing by the Sun, but the curved space that directs it in this way, should be considered unfounded. To change the direction of movement, a certain force must be applied, which could provide a reason to justify this or that phenomenon. In other words, such unfounded statements cause nothing more than the irony of a sober mind. It turns out that there is no matter in nature, only curved and uncurved space remains.
Time was unnecessarily “stuck” to space and, “at the behest of a pike,” it was called four-dimensional space. As a result, of the three fundamental components of the Universe, only one space remains, to which many hypothetical assumptions are attributed, which have already entered into the everyday life of scientists, without having a real physical idea of such multidimensional spaces. However, such multidimensionalities of space are just speculative constructions, not based on practice, which mislead many generations.
In any case, it remains obvious that nature is based on three fundamental components: space, time, matter. Without their independent existence, naturally, the occurrence of any phenomena and processes is unthinkable. The simplest example. The body is moving. This requires space, time and also the body itself (matter). Which of them can be excluded from this phenomenon? Syncretism, that is, unity, was provided to them by Nature itself. Why unite them in parts: space-time, space-body (matter), or unite time with matter? They are united without us and forever. This is the “Holy Trinity”, without which nothing can exist.
If matter disappears (removes), then time and space will remain unclaimed. It is not possible to get rid of space and time. They are absolute, that is, eternal and unchanging fundamental principles, like matter, for everything that exists in the universe. Naturally, for the presence (existence) of matter, space is necessary as a container, and time is necessary for the duration of existence. Consequently, all these three components of the Universe itself enter into their functions, providing all natural phenomena and processes. The task of science is to understand the physical mechanism and
the reason for the occurrence of phenomena and processes, that is, to get to the essence of these patterns of phenomena and answer the question: why does this happen this way and not otherwise?
Matter (mass) cannot change the geometry of space. It only concentrates the flow of gravitons, and the gravitational field does not belong to any planet or other cosmic bodies, just as light does not belong to the focusing lens. It's a completely different matter when we consider the magnetic field created by the magnet itself. In other words, a magnet emits its field into space, and the light and gravitational field in the phenomena under consideration do not belong to these bodies. They come from outside from other emitters. For example. Light can enter the lens from any source. We are not saying that the lens bends space, although there is a real similarity in curvature, that is, a change in the direction of the flow of light. A similar picture is observed with the gravitational field when passing through massive cosmic bodies.
Here we find an analogy between the flow of light and the gravitational field. When the direction of light through the lens is bent, we observe the refraction of light and cannot in any way claim that the light enters the curved space near the lens. In contrast, the magnetic field created by the magnet itself belongs to the magnet, and the gravitational field does not belong to any body with which they interact. The lens only concentrates or can, depending on the shape of the lens (optical glass), scatter the light flux. The same can be said about the concentration of the gravitational field flow, carried out by a large mass of spherical bodies in space.
The gravitational field is created not by gravity, but by the pushing of bodies
A comprehensive analysis of the interaction of system forces shows that attraction is an apparent phenomenon, just as the rotation of the Sun, stars and planets around our Earth previously seemed to be.
It is known that the search for fundamental laws of nature remains another grandiose task of science. The nature of forces is recognized by the phenomena of motion, when a change in the amount of motion occurs in time. To identify the nature of the physical essence of gravitational forces, which determines the heaviness of a body, it is necessary to look for the cause of the occurrence of such heaviness by the phenomena of movement of interacting material bodies of the system under consideration.
There is no doubt that all attempts to understand the physical nature of gravity
invariably ended in failure. Even G. Galileo came to the conclusion on this issue that we do not know anything except the name, which for this special case is known as “gravity”.
I. Newton, faced with the problem of explaining the nature of gravity, was forced to admit that he could not derive the cause of gravity from phenomena.
M. Kline writes that Newton explained the limited success of his program as follows: “That gravity should be an internal, inherent and essential attribute of matter, thereby enabling any body to act on another at a distance through a vacuum, without any intermediary, with by which and through which action and force could be transmitted from one body to another, seems to me such a blatant absurdity that, in my deep conviction, not a single person who is at all experienced in philosophical matters and endowed with the ability to think will agree with it "
Newton clearly realized that the law of universal gravitation he discovered was a description, not an explanation. Therefore, he wrote to Richard Bentley: “Sometimes you talk about gravity as something essential and inherent in matter. I beg you not to attribute this concept to me, for I do not at all pretend to know the causes of gravity, and therefore I will not waste time considering them.” There, further, M. Klein writes that H. Huygens was surprised that Newton took the trouble to perform many cumbersome calculations, without having the slightest basis for this, other than the mathematical law of universal gravitation. Huygens considered the idea of gravity absurd on the grounds that its action, transmitted through empty space, excluded any mechanism. G. W. Leibniz also criticized Newton’s works on the theory of gravitation, believing that the famous formula for gravitational forces is nothing more than a computational rule that does not deserve the name of a law of nature. "Leibniz compared this law with Aristotle's animistic explanation of the falling of a stone to the ground by reference to the stone's 'desire' to return to its natural place."
Newton himself did not believe that the nature of gravity could not be discovered. He simply believed that the level of knowledge of his time was insufficient to solve this problem, and hoped that the nature of gravity would be studied by others. However, his followers elevated this temporary refusal of Newton to explain gravity into an unshakable principle of science, which should limit itself only to the description of phenomena, without deeply revealing their causes, which are still inaccessible to human understanding.
This approach to solving problems is typical of some researchers when it is difficult to understand natural phenomena. This method was used to limit the solution to the fluidized bed problem. Some even decided to accept fluidization as a new state of matter and abandon further search for the physical essence of this phenomenon. The special interest of scientists in this issue “faded” all over the world after we discovered the real physical essence of the inhomogeneous fluidized state and published the results in a number of countries abroad.
An age-old problem remains the explanation of the “negative” result of the Michelson-Morley experiment. Due to the absence, over a certain period of time, of a real unambiguous explanation of the result of this one experiment and
Due to their impotence, researchers began to question the entire foundation of classical mechanics, including the immutable laws of conservation. As a result, they introduced dependencies that were not characteristic of nature: mass, time and space on the speed of movement of bodies. The solution to this problem and the real approach we have found may well be final. Let's hope that they will hear us, understand us, objectively evaluate us and accept our decision, which will return the steadfastness of the foundations of classical mechanics. This topic should be discussed in detail in separate work. Despite the widespread law of universal gravitation, no one has yet been able to explain its physical mechanism, and the nature of its action remains undisclosed.
At the present stage of development of science, it seems to us that gravity arises not because of gravity, but as a result of pushing caused by the resistance exerted by a body when a gravitational field passes through it.
Analyzing the real essence of the observed phenomena, we can come to the conclusion that “attraction” is an apparent phenomenon. It is not bodies that attract, but they are pushed towards each other or they are moved away from each other.
In nature, apparently, there is no physical mechanism for the “attraction” of bodies, since attraction at a distance without external action is not observed. The interaction of bodies determines only their pushing and repulsion. The mechanism of the observed (in reality, apparent) “attractive force” of two bodies includes nudging due to a change in the momentum (or momentum) of the third body interacting with them.
This third body, which determines our apparent attraction to the Earth, is the gravitational field (i.e. gravitons), which exerts pressure on everything. material bodies, which in reality creates gravity, which we mistake for “gravity” to the Earth.
A similar picture is observed here, as at one time it was believed that the Earth is the center of the Universe, and everything celestial bodies moving around her. In the gravitational field, the “attraction” to the Earth also seemed obvious, but in reality, every particle of the planet itself and the surrounding atmosphere experiences the pressure (force) of the gravitational field directed perpendicular to the Earth’s surface. Consequently, it is not the Earth that attracts to itself, but it itself experiences the pressure force of gravitons, which imparts “gravity” to all the material constituent elements of the Earth’s system.
There is a significant difference in the phenomena of gravitational field and electromagnetic interaction. In electromagnetic fields there is attraction and repulsion, but in a gravitational field only gravity arises. Apparently, in electric charges, some charged bodies emit an electric field, while others receive it, like a magnet, where the lines of force always come from north pole and head towards the south pole, which they enter. IN
As a result, like components repel, and opposite components of these fields push bodies towards each other.
In contrast, the gravitational field permeates all bodies. In this case, the resistance exerted by material bodies to the gravitational field causes pressure, which causes heaviness. This gravitational energy, created by the gravitational field in massive bodies, turns into heat, thanks to which the corresponding temperature arises and is maintained in the depths of planets and stars indefinitely. This replenishes the heat (energy) lost by radiation from the stars, the Sun and the planets.
The force of gravity caused by gravitation is a real result of interaction, caused by a change in the momentum of gravitons, and “gravity” is an imaginary, apparent idea of the phenomena of falling bodies, which we observe in everyday life.
Unfortunately, in physics the concepts of gravity, gravitation, attraction and heaviness are mixed up. Bodies do not tend to attract each other. The approaching of bodies is a forced phenomenon, caused by a third material body or physical fields: magnetic, electric, gravitational and other known and still unknown forces.
We do not even assume the possibility of the phenomenon of cosmic bodies repelling each other at a distance, and we do not imagine anything about the necessity of the “law of universal repulsion.” This is while a physical explanation of the essence and well-known “law of universal gravitation” has not yet been found. The answer to the physical essence of the phenomena of attraction and gravitation has not been found due to the fact that they do not exist. In nature, only pushing and pushing are observed. Consequently, gravity cannot create either gravitation or attraction that is absent in nature.
Gravity causes gravity and thereby returns the thermal energy scattered in outer space. Basically, the energy of the gravitational field is concentrated in massive cosmic bodies, where it turns into mass, and the mass, in turn, accumulates gravitational energy. It is obvious that the divine law of circulation is manifested here too. As energy accumulates in the Sun and stars, radiation is resumed, which again leads to the return of energy to the general cycle of natural phenomena.
So, we can say that the problem of “heat death” of the Universe disappears (disappears). The imaginary fear turned out to be a forced invention of the researchers.
All living things in nature, its charms, and the harmony of the universe owe to the divine laws of circulation and, in particular, the concentration and return of energy to the cycle of energy, where gravity plays the most important role. In the absence of a gravitational field there would be neither life nor heat. Then everything could freeze. The Sun would cool down, and all the stars and other luminaries would go out. However, the divinely charming laws: circulation, re-creation,
reproduction, renewal, renewal - dominate and maintain the stability of living and inanimate nature.
It is curious that in appearance the law of universal gravitation and Coulomb’s law of interaction of electric charges are identical. This remarkable feature in their similarity helps us to uncover the mechanism of gravity created by the gravitational field. It only remains to find out why attraction and repulsion are observed in electric charges, and in the gravitational field there is only an “attraction” that seems to us.
A similar picture to gravitational attraction is observed when iron filings (objects) are attracted to a magnet. Here we also observe only attraction and do not observe the inherent repulsion of the poles of the same name.
The question arises. Why are iron objects attracted to both the north and the south poles magnet, and there is no repulsion, like in a gravitational field? How can we explain the mechanism of such a coincidence?
Of course, force arises when the impulse changes, i.e. amount of movement. A change in the latter at a constant mass can only be determined by a change in the speed of the material body. With a change in speed, the energy state of the body changes in accordance with the principle of energy, which states: any change in speed causes an increase or decrease in the energy of the body. Consequently, the reason for such a coincidence of the forces of “attraction” in such different phenomena is explained by a change in the momentum (amount of motion) of the magnetic and gravitational flows fields when interacting with the corresponding material bodies. It should be emphasized that in nature, as such, the existence of attraction between bodies is not possible. Therefore, H. Huygens quite rightly considered the idea of gravity absurd.
In reality, the gravitational field permeates bodies, pushing them in their direction of movement. Then what we get is not the law of gravitation, but the law of the motion of bodies in a gravitational field under the influence of the energy of decelerating gravitons caused by the resistance of material bodies to the gravitational field.
Summarizing the above, it follows that the reason for the inability to reveal the physical essence of the law of universal gravitation turned out to be the absence of gravity of bodies as such in nature.
The analysis shows that in nature, so familiar to us for so many years, the “gravitation” of bodies towards each other is absent, and the observed convergence of bodies is caused by pushing them towards each other by a third body. Physical fields can also act as a third body, including the gravitational field, which “presses” all material bodies to the surface of massive cosmic formations - planets and stars.
The universal law of interaction between the fields of forces of a system significantly facilitates the solution of many problems, along with many problems of phenomena and processes of nature, including cosmology.
It is gratifying that the mathematical expression (description) of Newton’s law of universal gravitation also finds its deep scientific justification in the identified physical essence.
It turned out to be quite appropriate for understanding natural phenomena when one proceeds from the universal law of interaction between the fields of forces of the system, which serves as a universal key for identifying the essence of observed phenomena and processes in the entire universe.
Literature:
1. Vavilov S.I. Isaac Newton. - M. - L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1945. -230 p.;
2. Klein M. Mathematics. Search for truth: Transl. from English/Ed. IN AND. Arshinova, Yu.V. Sachkova. - M.: Mir, 1988. - 295 pp.;
3. Gadzhiev S.Sh. Interaction of system forces in technological processes (analysis, theory, practice). - Makhachkala: DSU Publishing House, 1993. - 210 p.
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