Phraseologisms with the word carefully. Phraseologisms are examples of catchphrases in the Russian language. How do phraseological units differ from phraseological combinations, proverbs and sayings, and popular expressions?

Phraseology is a branch of the science of language that studies stable combinations of words. Phraseologism is a stable combination of words, or a stable expression. Used to name objects, signs, actions. It is an expression that arose once, became popular and became entrenched in people's speech. The expression is endowed with imagery and may have a figurative meaning. Over time, an expression can take on a broad meaning in everyday life, partially including the original meaning or completely excluding it.

Lexical meaning has a phraseological unit as a whole. The words included in a phraseological unit individually do not convey the meaning of the entire expression. Phraseologisms can be synonymous (at the end of the world, where the raven did not bring bones) and antonymous (raise to heaven - trample into the dirt). A phraseological unit in a sentence is one member of the sentence. Phraseologisms reflect a person and his activities: work (golden hands, playing the fool), relationships in society (bosom friend, putting a spoke in the wheels), personal qualities (turning up his nose, sour face), etc. Phraseologisms make a statement expressive and create imagery. Set expressions are used in works of art, journalism, and everyday speech. Set expressions are also called idioms. There are many idioms in other languages - English, Japanese, Chinese, French.

To clearly see the use of phraseological units, refer to their list or on the page below.

There are so many phrases and phrases in the Russian language that with a literal translation, we won’t go far - the new generation of the Russian people is no worse than the same foreigners. We are forgetting the mighty and rich Russian language, we are borrowing more and more Western words and terms...

Today we will look at examples of the most famous set expressions; Let's learn together to understand, “decipher” and understand the meaning and secret meaning of Russian phraseological units. So, what is a “phraseological unit”?

Phraseologism- this is typical only given language a stable combination of words, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the words included in it, taken individually. Due to the fact that a phraseological unit (or idiom) cannot be translated literally (the meaning is lost), difficulties in translation and understanding often arise. On the other hand, such phraseological units give the language a bright emotional coloring...

We often say established phrases without delving into their meaning. Why, for example, do they say “goal like a falcon”? Why is it “they bring water to the offended”? Let's understand the real meaning of these expressions!

"Goal like a Falcon"

“As naked as a falcon,” we say about extreme poverty. But this saying has nothing to do with birds. Although ornithologists claim that falcons actually lose their feathers during molting and become almost naked!

“Falcon” in ancient times in Rus' was called a ram, a weapon made of iron or wood in the shape of a cylinder. He was hung on chains and swung, thus breaking through the walls and gates of enemy fortresses. The surface of this weapon was flat and smooth, simply put, bare.

In those days, the word “falcon” was used to describe cylindrical tools: an iron crowbar, a pestle for grinding grain in a mortar, etc. Falcons were actively used in Rus' before the advent of firearms at the end of the 15th century.

"Hot spot"

The expression “green place” is found in the Orthodox funeral prayer (“... in a green place, in a place of peace ...”). This is how heaven is called in texts in Church Slavonic.

Ironically, the meaning of this expression was rethought by the democratic intelligentsia of the times of Alexander Pushkin. The language game was that our climate does not allow growing grapes, so in Rus' intoxicating drinks were produced mainly from cereals (beer, vodka). In other words, a hot place means a drunken place.

“They carry water for the offended”

There are several versions of the origin of this saying, but the most plausible seems to be the one associated with the history of St. Petersburg water carriers.

The price of imported water in the 19th century was about 7 kopecks in silver per year, and of course there were always greedy traders who inflated the price in order to make money. For this illegal act, such unfortunate entrepreneurs were taken away from their horse and forced to carry barrels in a cart on themselves.

"Sieve Friend"

“We’re not at the front here, dear friend!” We don’t need “languages”...

It is believed that a friend is called this by analogy with sieve bread, usually wheat. To prepare such bread, much finer flour is used than in rye. To remove impurities from it and make the culinary product more “airy”, not a sieve is used, but a device with a smaller cell - a sieve. That's why the bread was called sieve bread. It was quite expensive, was considered a symbol of prosperity and was put on the table to treat the most dear guests.

The word “sieve” when applied to a friend means the “highest standard” of friendship. Of course, this phrase is sometimes used in an ironic tone.

"7 Fridays a week"

In the old days, Friday was a market day, on which it was customary to fulfill various trading obligations. On Friday they received the goods, and agreed to give the money for it on the next market day (Friday of the next week). Those who broke such promises were said to have seven Fridays a week.

But this is not the only explanation! Friday was previously considered a day free from work, so a similar phrase was used to describe a slacker who had a day off every day.

“Where Makar didn’t drive his calves”

One of the versions of the origin of this saying is as follows: Peter I was on a working trip to the Ryazan land and communicated with the people in an “informal setting.” It so happened that all the men he met on the way called themselves Makars. The king was very surprised at first, and then said: “You will all be Makars from now on!”

Allegedly, from then on, “Makar” became a collective image of the Russian peasant and all peasants (not only Ryazan) began to be called Makars.

"Sharashkin's office"

Yours strange name the office got it from the dialect word “sharan” (“trash”, “golytba”, “crook”). In the old days, this was the name given to a dubious association of swindlers and deceivers, but today it is simply an “undignified, unreliable” organization.

“If we don’t wash, we just roll”

In the old days, skilled laundresses knew that well-rolled linen would be fresh, even if the washing was not done at all brilliantly. Therefore, having made a mistake in washing, they achieved the desired impression “not by washing, but by rolling.”

"Drunk drunk"

We find this expression in Alexander Pushkin, in the novel “Eugene Onegin”, when talking about Lensky’s neighbor, Zaretsky:

Falling off a Kalmyk horse,
Like a drunk Zyuzya, and the French
Got captured...

The fact is that in the Pskov region, where Pushkin was in exile for a long time, “zyuzya” is called a pig. In general, “as drunk as a drunk” is an analogue of the colloquial expression “drunk as a pig.”

"Dividing the skin of an unkilled bear»

It is noteworthy that back in the 30s of the 20th century in Russia it was customary to say: “Sell the skin of an unkilled bear.” This version of the expression seems closer to the original source, and more logical, because there is no benefit from a “divided” skin; it is valued only when it remains intact. The primary source is the fable “The Bear and Two Comrades” by the French poet and fabulist Jean La Fontaine (1621 -1695).

"Retired Goat Drummer"

In the old days, among traveling troupes, the main actor was a learned, trained bear, followed by a “goat,” and behind her a mummer with a goat skin on his head—a drummer.

His task was to beat a homemade drum, inviting the audience. Eating odd jobs or handouts is quite unpleasant, and then the “goat” is not real, it’s retired.

“The promised one has been waiting for three years”

According to one version, it is a reference to a text from the Bible, to the book of the prophet Daniel. It says: “Blessed is he who waits and attains one thousand and thirty-five days,” that is, three years and 240 days. The biblical call for patient waiting was humorously reinterpreted by the people, because the full saying goes like this: “They wait for the promised for three years, but refuse the fourth.”

"Good riddance"

In one of Ivan Aksakov’s poems you can read about a road that is “straight as an arrow, with a wide surface that spreads like a tablecloth.” This is how in Rus' people were seen off on a long journey, and no bad meaning was put into them.

This original meaning of the phraseological unit is present in Explanatory dictionary Ozhegova. But it also says that in modern language the expression has the opposite meaning: “An expression of indifference to someone’s departure, departure, as well as a desire to get out, wherever.” An excellent example of how ironics rethink stable etiquette forms in language!

“Shout to the entire Ivanovskaya”

In the old days, the square in the Kremlin on which the bell tower of Ivan the Great stands was called Ivanovskaya. On this square, clerks announced decrees, orders and other documents concerning the residents of Moscow and all the peoples of Russia. So that everyone could hear clearly, the clerk read very loudly, shouting throughout Ivanovskaya.

"Pull the gimp"

What is a gimp and why does it need to be pulled? This is a copper, silver or gold thread used in gold embroidery for embroidering patterns on clothes and carpets. Such a thin thread was made by drawing - repeated rolling and pulling through increasingly smaller holes.

Pulling out the rigmarole was a very painstaking task, requiring a lot of time and patience. In our language, the expression “pull the ropes” has been fixed in its figurative meaning - to do something long, tedious, the result of which is not immediately visible.

Nowadays, it is understood as a boring conversation, a tedious conversation.

"Japanese policeman!"

"Japanese policeman!" - a stable curse word in Russian.

Appeared after the Otsu Incident, when policeman Tsuda Sanzo attacked Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich.

In his youth, Tsarevich Nicholas, the future Tsar Nicholas II, traveled to the countries of the East. The Tsarevich and his friends had as much fun as they could. Their riotous fun, which violated eastern traditions, was not very popular with the local residents, and finally, in the Japanese town of Otsu, a local policeman, outraged by the tactlessness of the Europeans, rushed at the crown prince and hit him on the head with a saber. The saber was in its sheath, so Nikolai escaped with a slight fright.

This event had a significant resonance in Russia. A Japanese policeman, instead of ensuring the safety of people, rushes at a man with a saber just because he laughs too loudly!

Of course, this minor incident would have long been forgotten if the expression “Japanese policeman” had not also turned out to be a successful euphemism. When a person utters the first sound in a drawn-out manner, it seems that he is about to swear. However, the speaker is just remembering an old political scandal, which, most likely, he has never heard of.

Disservice

“Your constant praise is a real disservice.”

Its meaning is unsolicited help, a service that does more harm than good.

And the Primary Source was I. A. Krylov’s fable “The Hermit and the Bear.” It tells how the Bear, wanting to help his friend the Hermit smack a fly that had landed on his forehead, killed the Hermit himself along with it. But this expression is not in the fable: it developed and entered folklore later.

Shelve

“Now you’ll put it on the back burner, and then you’ll forget it completely.”

The meaning of this phraseological unit is simple - to give the matter a long delay, to delay its decision for a long time.

This expression has a funny story.

Once Tsar Alexei, the father of Peter I, ordered a long box to be installed in the village of Kolomenskoye in front of his palace, where anyone could drop their complaint. Complaints were received, but it was very difficult to wait for a solution: months and years passed. The people renamed this “long” box “long”.

It is possible that the expression, if not born, was fixed in speech later, in “presences” - institutions of the 19th century. The officials of that time, accepting various petitions, complaints and petitions, undoubtedly sorted them, putting them in different boxes. “Long” could be called the one where the most leisurely tasks were postponed. It is clear that the petitioners were afraid of such a box.

rain cats and dogs – pouring like buckets
face like thunder - darker than a cloud
storm in a teacup - storm in a glass of water, much ado about nothing
chase rainbows – chase the unattainable
lightning-fast - lightning fast
have one "s head in the clouds - soar in the clouds
be snowed under – to be overloaded with work
be under the weather– to be unwell
twist in the wind – to languish
under and cloud – under suspicion
as right as rain - in perfect order
for a rainy day - for a rainy day
bolt from the blue – out of the blue

21 August 2018, 01:24

Goal like a falcon
The expression means extreme poverty, need.

Arshin swallowed
An expression denoting a person standing at attention or adopting a majestic, arrogant pose with a straight back.

Scapegoat
This is the name given to a person who has been given all the blame for some kind of failure or failure.

Screams at the top of Ivanovo
That is, he screams loudly, at the top of his voice, attracting attention.

Clear out these Augean stables
Deal with an incredibly neglected mess of cyclopean proportions.

bosom friend
Now a positive expression denoting a long-time and trusted friend. Previously it was negative, because I meant drinking buddy.

03 April 2013, 00:25

I
It won’t be me if... - I won’t justify my character, myself, my habits, if... It won’t be me if I don’t achieve my goal.
I will give you! (colloquially fam.) - an expression of threat. I'll let you steal apples!
I am for you (those, for you; colloquial) - used to express prohibition, threat. I'll lie on the couch for you!
I you (him, you, them; colloquial) - used to express a threat. Find out this very hour who dared to talk to me, I him! A. Pushkin.

APPLE
The apples have a horse color: with dark round small spots on the fur. Six dapple grays were walking at a fast trot from the Nikolsky Gate. A.N. Tolstoy.
An apple of discord is something that gives rise to a quarrel, discord, an object of contention [in ancient Greek. the myth of the apple presented by Paris to the goddess Aphrodite as a prize for beauty, and which served as the cause of discord between her and the goddesses Hera and Athena]. Among the movables was the famous tarantass, which almost served as a bone of contention between mother and son. M. Saltykov-Shchedrin.
There is nowhere for the apple to fall (colloquial) - (translated) about extreme cramped conditions. There is such a crush that there is no room for an apple to fall. N. Gogol. There were so many people in the church that there was nowhere for an apple to fall. A. Pisemsky.

BERRY
Our (one, our) field berry (colloquial fam.) - similar to someone. or suitable for smb. a person completely his own in spirit and behavior. Both in his position and in his mood, he was our berry. M Gorky.

LANGUAGE
Sticking out your tongue (run) (spacious) - quickly, without taking a breath. He rushed home, sticking out his tongue.
Keep your mouth shut - remain silent, don’t speak when you don’t need to. He knows how to keep his mouth shut.
Long tongue (who has) - (translated) about a talkative person. I don't like long tongues.
To bite your tongue is to refrain from speaking, to remain silent. Then Ivan Ignatich noticed that he had let it slip and bit his tongue. A. Pushkin.
Evil tongues - translation. about gossipers, slanderers, about people who spread malicious rumors about someone/something. Ah, evil tongues are worse than a pistol. A. Griboyedov. All this is said by evil tongues.
Broken tongue - distorted, with an incorrect pronunciation (about language, speech). On a broken line French he had difficulty explaining what he needed.
In the language - in your speech, in your words. Why, I’ll tell you straight, should I be so intemperate with my tongue? A. Griboyedov. Sharp on the tongue.
In language - 1) used to denote a strong desire to say, speak out, pronounce something. These objections were on my tongue last spring. M. Saltykov-Shchedrin. There’s a word on the tip of my tongue, I can’t catch it. M. Gorky. 2) in speech, conversation. A drunk has what is on his mind and on his tongue. Proverb.
Common language (with someone - something) mutual understanding between someone - something. Find mutual language with colleagues.
Hold your tongue (colloquial) - refrain from speaking, remain silent. Hold your tongue, it's too crowded here.
Swallow your tongue - about a silent person who cannot or does not want to say anything. - Tell me what's on your mind?
Well!.. why did you swallow your tongue? P. Melnikov-Pechersky.
Loose your tongue (colloquial) - 1) (to someone or something) to give an opportunity, encourage or force to talk. Your honey and velvety beer have loosened my tongue today. A.A. Pushkin. An unexpected circumstance happened that loosened his tongue. G. Uspensky. 2) (without additional) start talking, start talking a lot (after silence). It’s true that I loosened my tongue at the wrong time. I. Nikitin.
It came off the tongue - unexpectedly, suddenly become said, pronounced (colloquial). A final, inspired sound escaped his lips. I. Turgenev. The stupid word just rolled out of my mouth. I. Turgenev.
To pull or pull the tongue (colloquial) - to force one to speak, to speak out. No one is pulling your tongue.
A well-hung or hanging tongue about a person who speaks smartly, smoothly, well. He has a good tongue.
A tongue without bones (colloquial translation) - about a person who says unnecessary things. Now your tongue is boneless, now it’s boneless; he keeps on talking and talking. A. Ostrovsky.
The tongue will not dare to say - there is no determination to say. I wouldn't dare tell him now that I love him. L. Tolstoy, How did your tongue turn?
To wag your tongue (scratch, chat, grind; colloquial) - talk (in vain, to no avail, to pass time). Talk with your tongue, but don’t give free rein to your hands. Proverb.
Swallow your tongue - very tasty. They cook great cabbage soup - you'll swallow your tongue. P. Melnikov-Pechersky.
The tongue has loosened - someone (colloquial) - someone. got talking, started talking a lot (after silence). Tongues were loosened and a frank conversation began. Melnikov-Pechersky.
Scratch your tongue (colloquial) - talk in vain, to no avail, to pass time. Are you tired of scratching your tongue yet?
The tongue itches (colloquial) - there is a desire, I want to say, to speak out. My tongue itches to admit everything,

03 April 2013, 00:24

SKIRT
In a skirt (colloquial joke or ironic obsolete) - in a female form (usually equivalent to the word “woman” when applied to a word denoting some kind of profession, occupation, among those considered in bourgeois society to be the exclusive or predominant property of men ). Professor in a skirt (i.e. female professor). Sorry for my frankness, a sparrow can give any philosopher in a skirt ten points ahead. Chekhov.
hold on to whose skirt (colloquial fam. joke) - transl. not to show any independence, to obey someone in everything. What do you thank me for? - Because you don’t overdue, you don’t hold on to a woman’s skirt. L. Tolstoy.

HUMOR
Gallows humor [translation from German. Galgenhumor] (ironic) - jokes, witticisms of a person who is in desperate need of replenishment, who is in danger of death.

03 April 2013, 00:24

ENCYCLOPEDIA
A walking encyclopedia (joking) is a person from whom you can always make inquiries on a wide variety of subjects. We had our own walking encyclopedia in our class.

STAGE
By stage or stage (historical) - under the protection of special escort teams (about the method of transferring those arrested by the police in Tsarist Russia). For lack of legal identity, he was sent to his place of residence. A. Ostrovsky. In stages we lead thieves and convicts in chains. Nekrasov.

03 April 2013, 00:24

STEP
A few (or two, three) steps away - very close, very close. He lives two steps away from us.
At every step - incessantly, every now and then; everywhere, everywhere. Here, at every step, in the face of nature, his soul opened up to peaceful, soothing impressions. Goncharov. There are typos at every turn in this book.
Not one step or not a single step (do not move away, do not let go, etc.) - without leaving even a close distance. We will be with you, not a step away from you. Sukhovo-Kobylin. Sit with the patient day and night, without leaving a single step! A. Pushkin. Now I won’t let her go even one step away from me. A. Ostrovsky.
One step from what to what - transfer. about an easy transition from one thing to another, about a close connection between something. From hatred to love there is only one step, it is known. A. Pushkin. From the great to the ridiculous there is one step. Proverb.
First steps - transfer. initial period in some. activities. First steps in the career field. Achieve success from the first steps.
The first step (to take) is transfer. take the initiative in something, act first. I won't take the first step. L. Tolstoy.
Step by step (obsolete) - slowly, quietly. The animals trudge along step by step, their souls barely holding on. Krylov.
Step by step - gradually, measuredly, steadily. Step by step, the couple reached the descent machine among the crowd. Leukin. Step by step we got to the heart of the matter.
It is impossible (or cannot) take a step without someone - it is impossible (or cannot) be without someone. Without him, Mr. Polutykin could not take a step. Turgenev.
Step not to take for what - nothing to do (for achieving something.). Turgenev did not take a step to return the property so illegally taken from him. Grigorovich.

CRAZY
A stray bullet is about a bullet that accidentally hits someone. Chu! long shot... A stray bullet buzzed. Lermontov. Killed by a stray bullet.
Easy money is money obtained without much effort. - I sewed this when I was still in the service. Then I had crazy money. A. Ostrovsky.

A CAP
Without hats (colloquial) - with bare heads. Without hats they crowd at the entrance. A.K. Tolstoy. A thief's hat is on fire - a saying about a guilty person who gives himself away.
Under a red hat - to become a soldier. How long does it take to fall under the red cap?
According to Senka, a hat (colloquial) - he deserves no more than what he has, that’s exactly what he deserves.
Let's throw our hats (colloquial fam.) - an expression of cheeky self-praise towards the enemy, meaning the confidence that the enemy is very easy to defeat. And if he comes to us with a new army, to a hungry land, we will throw our hats at them. A.K. Tolstoy.
Twist your hat - put it on one side in a jaunty manner. Reckless and cheerful, he rides on a black horse, with his arms akimbo and his hat pulled back in a smart manner. Gogol.
To break one's hat - to whom (colloquial) - to bow humbly, ingratiatingly. Men in white shirts broke their hats in front of us. Babel.
To the head (to come, to appear; colloquial) - to the very end, to the end of something. Get dressed, mother, otherwise you'll come to a hat showdown. Leskov.
Casual acquaintance (colloquial) - an acquaintance devoid of any intimacy, in which they only bow when they meet. Our acquaintance was casual.
Cap acquaintance (colloquial) - an acquaintance with the Crimea there is only a casual acquaintance. I don’t really know anything about him, he’s just a casual acquaintance.

03 April 2013, 00:21

TEA
For tea (to give, to take; spacious, fam.) - reward for small services (to a doorman, waiter, etc.) in addition to salary.
Tip (give, take) - reward for small services (to a doorman, waiter, etc.) in addition to salary (pre-revolutionary custom). Here's a couple of rubles for your tip. Gogol. I’ll try to give you a tip, maybe I’ll find a room. Leukin.
For a cup of tea (to invite, call, etc.; colloquial) - to visit, to spend time over tea with a treat. In the fall of 1765, Catherine invited the dignitaries closest to the court to a cup of tea. Shishkov.
Tea and sugar or tea and sugar! (colloquially outdated) - greeting, good wishes to those who were caught drinking tea. - Tea and sugar! said Smolokurov, greeting his acquaintance. “You’re welcome for tea,” answered the corpulent, bald merchant. Melnikov-Pechersky.

HOUR
Admiral's hour (joking) - time to drink and have a snack. [From the time of Peter I, when meetings of the admiralty boards ended at 11 a.m. and it was time for lunch.]
For an hour (ironically) - for a short time, temporarily. “A Knight for an Hour” (the title of Nekrasov’s poem). King for a day.
Not by days, but by hours (colloquial) - very quickly, soon. And the child grows there by leaps and bounds. A. Pushkin.
The hour is uneven - used in the meaning. introductory word to express fear of something. unexpected in the meaning: what if. - That’s it, you know, it’s better to have a receipt. The hour is uneven... anything can happen. Gogol.
From hour to hour (about something expected) - every minute, in the very near future. A thunderstorm could break out any hour now. The entire Korolev family, who had been waiting for their Volodya from hour to hour, rushed to the windows. Chekhov. Any hour now we should have expected Pugachev’s attack. A. Pushkin.
Hour by hour [hour without stroke.] - with each passing hour (to indicate the gradual strengthening or weakening of the degree of something). From hour to hour, danger and work become more dangerous and difficult. A. Pushkin. It doesn't get any easier hour by hour.

03 April 2013, 00:19

QUEEN
Queen of Heaven (obsolete) is one of the names of the Mother of God. A drunkard and a libertine such that the Queen of Heaven would not even bring him. Chekhov.

KINGDOM
Kingdom of heaven to whom (obsolete) - used when mentioning a deceased person, original. like a wish to go to heaven. I had an uncle - may he rest in heaven! Grigorovich.

TSAR
Someone who has a king in his head or with a king (or with his own king) in his head is smart; opposite without a king in my head (colloquial). You can go everywhere. - there would be a king in my head. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Somewhat stupid and, as they say, without a king in his head. Gogol. He liked to present himself more as an executor of someone else's idea than with his own king in his head. Dostoevsky.
Under Tsar Pea (joking) - in the immemorial past, a very long time ago. This all happened under Tsar Gorokh.

COLOR
In (in) the color of something (years, strength, etc.) - in the period of full development, blossoming of something. He died in the bloom of better days. Lermontov. Fades in the bloom of youth alive. A. Pushkin.

FLOWERS
These are only (or more) flowers (colloquial) - transl. about the very beginning, the embryo of something, mainly. bad, unwanted. These are flowers, and the berries are ahead. Proverb. - Just wait... These are still flowers, but there will already be berries! Saltykov-Shchedrin. These are just flowers, and the real fruit is ahead. Dostoevsky.

WHOLE
Entirely and completely (new) - the same as entirely, used for greater expressiveness.
In general - in general, without touching on particulars or details. As far as I can tell, (the commissioner) is a rather private person. But overall he seems nice. N. Nikitin.

PRICE
In price - very expensive, very expensive, highly valued. This product is now in price.
A penny is the price of something - 1) about a very cheap thing; 2) transfer about something that has no meaning. Take the money from him, the whole price is worthless to him. A. Ostrovsky.
At an expensive price - transfer. by spending a lot of effort, after a lot of stress, losses. The victory came at a high price.
To know the price of someone or something is peren. be able to appreciate, correctly evaluate someone. Know your worth. Know the price of flattery.
There is no price for someone - 1) about a very expensive thing; 2) transfer About someone of great importance, valuable in some way. relationships. This Annushka was good, submissive, serious - just like her mother. There would be no price for her if she had gotten another husband. Mamin-Sibiryak.

GYPSY
Gypsy sweat (breaks through; jokingly, outdated) - chills, feeling of cold. But as soon as the cold starts, the gypsy sweat will begin to break through. Leukin.

03 April 2013, 00:18

HAM
Hamovo's spawn (despise, abuse, obsolete) - original. was used by people from the privileged classes to designate people from the exploited classes of society and was widely used as a curse word. [After the name of the biblical Ham, the disrespectful son of Noah.] - Why did he file a crime against me? Well, aren't you a boorish brat? Chekhov.

CHARACTER
In whose character - characteristic of someone. It's not in your nature to regret it. Turgenev.
Maintain character (colloquial) - do not reveal weaknesses, remain firm, true to yourself. He remained silent for three days, maintaining his temper.

HATA
My house is on the edge (colloquial) - this doesn’t concern me, it’s a silent matter, I don’t want to deal with anything. Let the one who is to blame answer, my house is on the edge.

GRAB, GRAB
There are not enough stars from the sky (colloquial upon.) - nothing outstanding, modest abilities. He is an experienced engineer, but there are not enough stars in the sky.
Grabbing the head or hair (colloquial) - transl. come to your senses, come to your senses, remembering that something has been done. not this way. After these troubles, he grabbed his head, but it was too late to do anything.
Grab your wits - become smarter, come to your senses. - And now they’ve come to their senses, but it’s too late, my friend: everyone has long known that he is our regimental sharper. L. Tolstoy.
Enough hot to tears (colloquial fam.) - translated. experience something unpleasant.
Grab the quick (colloquial) - greatly excite, excite, touching something. intimate, very dear, important to someone. He touched many people with his story.
Enough (intercept) over the edge (colloquial fam.) - say something. unnecessary, to do something. completely inappropriate. Well, okay, I got excited and went overboard - is it really possible to be angry with an old man? Kuprin.
Grab-praise (spacious) - grabbed, began to look for (something that had disappeared, lost). Grab, grab, no chervonets! Saltykov-Shchedrin. The next morning, praise and praise, there is no Parasha, and that’s enough! Grigorovich.

03 April 2013, 00:16

FACT
The fact is that (colloquial) - the fact is that... [under the influence of the expression “the fact is that” is sometimes wrong, they also say “the fact is that”]. The fact is that I forgot my books at home.

FANFARE
To blow a fanfare [wrong, the interpretation of the word “fanfare” as a “trumpet” in general] (iron.) - translated. make a fuss about something, talk noisily about something, proclaim something.

STYLE
Keep the style (spacious) - put on airs, force yourself. Nervous, keep it in style.
Not a style (spacious) - not suitable, should not be. It's not fashionable to do this.

FERT
stand (look, stare, etc.) with your arms akimbo (so that it looks like the letter “f”), cheekily, brazenly. Hands on hips, look with enthusiasm, look with fervor - we look and just spit. Dostoevsky. The guy is a craftsman - he looks like a devil. Nekrasov.

FIG
To look (look) at a book and see a fig (colloquial fam.) - to understand nothing. I, brother, if it’s written in German, then I look at the book and see a fig. Leukin. Another looks at the matter and sees it as a fig. Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Fig with butter (spacious, fam.) - about the fruitless outcome of something. affairs, requests. You'll get a fig with butter.
Fig leaf - 1) an image of a leaf (originally a fig leaf) in place of the genitals of naked figures in sculpture; 2) transfer a hypocritical cover for deliberately shameless actions and dishonest actions. They cover themselves with fig leaves so that no one notices what is being done behind them. Sheller-Mikhailov.

INCENSE
To smoke or burn incense to someone (book) - translated. flatter, flatteringly praise someone. I smoked incense for others, but I carried you in the shrine of my heart. Baratynsky.

FLAG
To keep (your) flag where (marine) - to have a stay (on some kind of ship). The admiral held the flag on the battleship.
Stay behind the flag - trans. fall behind others, fail to achieve the goal. Auntie completed the difficult mission so quickly and deftly that all the rival parties remained behind the flag. Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Under whose flag (mar.) - having someone on board. (which is indicated by raising a certain flag). The squadron sailed under the flag of the fleet commander.

BACKGROUND
Von Baron (colloquially joked) is an arrogant, arrogant, overly self-important person. What kind of von baron are you that you can’t even say a word?

FRONT
Change the front (book) - change the line of behavior, the direction of activity.
On two fronts - in two directions. You can't work on two fronts. ugh
Fu-you, well-you (colloquial) - 1) used to express surprise (with exclamation intonation). - Fu-you, well-you got scared! Even the veins are shaking. Chekhov. 2) used to express smug satisfaction. - She married a good man and a rich man, and walked like a peahen... Ew, well, well! Is it not life? A. Ostrovsky.

LB
That's a pound! (spacious) - an expression of surprise or disappointment. That's a pound! Was I really that drunk! Leukin.
Not a pound of raisins (colloquial joke) - not a trifle, not a trifle. This is not a pound of raisins!

CASE
Man in a case - trans. a person isolated in a circle of narrow, philistine interests, afraid of any innovations and assessing every matter from an official, formal point of view [from the title of the story. A.P. Chekhov]. It’s not at all interesting to talk to him, he’s a man in a case.

The Russian language is one of the most beautiful and rich languages in the world. Over the long history of its formation, it has undergone many transformations, changes and has been imbued with various vocabulary expressions that help make the conversation clearer and understandable, or figurative and tortuous, and sentences more elegant.

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One of these vocabulary phrases in sentences of the Russian language is rightfully considered to be considered in the article. These are proverbs and sayings, carefully collected over the centuries by our ancestors. They make the dialogue between people more rich, beautiful, and similar to literary language.

It is incredibly interesting to find the meanings of certain types of phraseological units. You can spend your whole life studying this direction in the Russian language. Let's try to answer the question of how and when it is appropriate to use phraseological units in a conversation.

What is a phraseological unit

A phraseological unit is a stable phrase, which in most cases has its own meaning in a sentence only in an established, generally accepted form, and nothing more. For example, “to run away with your heels sparkling” cannot be pronounced as “to run away with your heels sparkling”, or you can’t say “to take care of it like the pupil of your eye,” instead of “to take care of it like the apple of your eye.”

But there are exceptions, when changing the order of words in some types of phraseological units is often considered normal. That is, a number of phrases do not change their meaning when words are rearranged. Thus, “beat the thumbs” and “beat the thumbs” or “carry water in a sieve” and “carry water in a sieve” are phraseological units that do not change due to the rearrangement of words in them.

The history of the birth of proverbs

Many words in the Russian language have long been outdated and have lost their true meaning, but they are still present in stable expressions.

Consider an example like "Nick down"(remember something very well). If you think about the meaning of this phrase, it seems quite cruel, but in fact the history of this expression is hidden in the centuries. Many centuries ago, illiterate people carried tablets with them, on which they made notches in order to remember upcoming events or necessary facts. That is, notching on the nose used to be literally a synonym for the word “write down.”

Or phraseological unit "lead by the nose"(deception is very skillful, so that the victim does not notice it at all). Why did they start talking like that? It's simple. Haven't you noticed how huge camels obediently wander behind their owner without even trying to run away or somehow lean on them? The reason for this is far from animal obedience, but a ring threaded through the nose, to which a rope is attached, which is in the hands of the animal’s owner. Therefore, the expression “being led by the nose” acquired its meaning.

And interesting story with phraseological units "hang your nose". Nowadays the full version of the proverb is rarely used, which sounds like “hang your nose on a fifth.” Strange as it may be, this phrase originates from musical professionalism, or rather, from violinists. When a person plays the violin, he clamps his head on the instrument so that his nose almost touches the top string, which is called the fifth.

General meaning of set phrases

Most groups of phraseological units in the Russian language have something in common with each other. Therefore, if you look closely, you can notice a pattern in the use, for example, of one or another part of the human body in phraseological usage. Let's try to understand this issue in more detail and understand the meaning of some proverbs. So.

Nose in phraseological units

On the human face, the nose serves as the organ of smell, that is, the perception of smells. In stable phrases called phraseological units, this part of the body is a symbol of something nearby, located at a very short distance from a person. Here are some variations use of nose meanings in proverbs:

Interesting fact. The nose is considered a symbol of something very close, not only in proverbs. Let's take, for example, the fairy tale about Kolobok. How did the cunning fox force her prey to come dangerously close? That's right, she asked Kolobok to come closer and sit on her nose.

Perhaps such meanings are due to the fact that on the human face the nose comes forward most of all, but at the same time it is still close to the rest of the face.

Mouth and lips

Mostly mouth in proverbs has the same functions as on the human face - talking and eating. Lips, in turn, often express emotions and desires, which is quite natural, because, from the point of view of psychology, it is this part of the human face that is most involved in human facial expressions. By the way, there are not so many groups of stable expressions in which lips are used.

Take water into your mouth and suddenly shut up;
To pout your lips is to be offended;
Lip is not a fool - a person knows how to choose the best or has inflated desires;
There is porridge in the mouth - the person speaks indistinctly;
Do not take it into your mouth - very tasteless, unpleasant food;
There was no poppy dew in the mouth - the person was hungry;
The mouth is full of trouble - there is a lot to do, the person is very busy;
To open your mouth is to be very surprised.

Ears

Ears appear in proverbs as organs of hearing, but also they have one feature- they are quite difficult to see without using foreign objects with a mirror surface, and, naturally, this meaning of the symbol could not be ignored.

Teeth in proverbs

Teeth are mostly used in set phrases as protection against something. And also in proverbs, teeth symbolize smile and laughter.

Armed to the teeth - a dangerous opponent, who is very difficult to defeat due to his good preparation;
To give a tooth - to laugh or mock someone;
To bare your teeth means it is unpleasant to laugh, to mock;
Give it a try - get to know it better, study it well;
Show teeth - show readiness for hostility and hostility;
To sharpen/to have a tooth - to dislike, to have hostility towards someone.

Thus, we can conclude that phraseological units are phrases that make conversation more rich and varied. They decorate our speech and help to express and define the emotions that flow like a waterfall within us. So do we have the right, having such linguistic wealth, to use slang words that make our speech less pleasant and our soul more callous? One can only hope that everyone can find the answer to this question for themselves.

The time comes when schoolchildren begin to learn what phraseological units are. Their study has become an integral part of the school curriculum. Knowledge of what phraseological units are and how they are used will be useful not only in Russian language and literature lessons, but also in life. Figurative speech is a sign of at least a well-read person.

What is a phraseological unit?

Phraseologism - with a certain content of words, which in a given combination have a different meaning than when these words are used separately. That is, a phraseological unit can be called a stable expression.

Phraseological phrases in the Russian language are widely used. The linguist Vinogradov studied phraseological units, and it was largely thanks to him that they began to be widely used. IN foreign languages There are also phraseological units, but they are called idioms. Linguists are still arguing whether there is a difference between a phraseological unit and an idiom, but have not yet found an exact answer.

The most popular are colloquial phraseological units. Examples of their use can be found below.

Signs of phraseological units

Phraseological units have several important features and characteristics:

A phraseological unit is a ready-made linguistic unit. This means that a person who uses it in his speech or writing retrieves this expression from memory, and does not invent it on the fly.
They have a permanent structure.
You can always choose a phraseological unit synonymous word(sometimes an antonym).
A phraseological unit is an expression that cannot consist of less than two words.
Almost all phraseological units are expressive and encourage the interlocutor or reader to show vivid emotions.

Functions of phraseological units in Russian

Each phraseological unit has one main function - to give speech brightness, liveliness, expressiveness and, of course, to express the author’s attitude to something. In order to imagine how much brighter speech becomes when using phraseological units, imagine how a comedian or writer makes fun of someone using phraseological units. The speech becomes more interesting.

Phraseological styles

The classification of phraseological units by style is a very important feature of them. In total, there are 4 main styles of set expressions: interstyle, bookish, colloquial and colloquial. Each phraseological unit belongs to one of these groups, depending on its meaning.

Colloquial phraseological units are the largest group of expressions. Some believe that interstyle and colloquial phraseological units should be included in the same group with colloquial ones. Then only two groups of set expressions are distinguished: colloquial and bookish.

Differences between book and colloquial phraseological units

Each style of phraseological units is different from each other, and the most striking difference is demonstrated by book and colloquial phraseological units. Examples: not worth a penny And a fool is a fool. The first stable expression is bookish, because it can be used in any work of art, in a scientific journalistic article, in an official business conversation, etc. While the expression " fool by fool" widely used in conversations, but not in books.

Book phraseological units

Book phraseological units are set expressions that are much more often used in writing than in conversations. They are not characterized by pronounced aggression and negativity. Book phraseological units are widely used in journalism, scientific articles, and fiction.

During it- means something that happened a long time ago. The expression is Old Slavonic and is often used in literary works.
Pull the gimp- the meaning of a long process. In the old days, a long metal thread was called a gimp; it was pulled out with metal wire tongs. They embroidered on velvet with gimp; it was a long and very painstaking job. So, pull the gimp- This is a long and extremely boring job.
Play with fire- doing something extremely dangerous, “being on the cutting edge.”
Stay with your nose- to be left without something that you really wanted.
Kazan orphan- this is a phraseological unit about a person who pretends to be a beggar or a sick person, while having the goal of getting a benefit.
You can't ride a goat- this is what they said a long time ago about girls whom jesters and buffoons could not cheer up on holidays.
Bring to clean water- to expose someone for committing something unpleasant.

There are a lot of book phraseological units.

Interstyle phraseological units

Inter-style ones are sometimes called neutral colloquial, because they are neutral from both a stylistic and emotional point of view. Neutral colloquial and book phraseological units are confused, because inter-style ones are also not particularly emotionally charged. An important feature of interstyle phrases is that they do not express human emotions.

Not a bit- means the complete absence of something.
Play a role- somehow influence this or that event, become the cause of something.

There are not very many interstyle phraseological units in the Russian language, but they are used in speech more often than others.

Conversational phraseological units

The most popular expressions are colloquial phraseological units. Examples of their use can be very diverse, from expressing emotions to describing a person. Conversational phraseological units are perhaps the most expressive of all. There are so many of them that one can give endless examples. Colloquial phraseological units (examples) are listed below. Some of them may sound different, but at the same time have a similar meaning (that is, they are synonyms). And other expressions, on the contrary, contain the same word, but are clear antonyms.

Synonymous colloquial phraseological units, examples:

Without exception, the meaning of generalization is: all as one; both old and young; from small to large.
Very quickly: in an instant; I didn’t have time to look back; in a moment; I didn’t have time to blink an eye.
Work hard and diligently: tirelessly; until the seventh sweat; rolling up your sleeves; in the sweat of his brow.
Proximity value: two steps away; be nearby; at hand.
Run fast: headlong; that there is strength; at full speed; what to eat; in all shoulder blades; with all my might; only his heels sparkle.
Similarity value: all as one; everything is as if chosen; one to one; Well done to well done.

Antonymous colloquial phraseological units, examples:

The cat cried(few) - Chickens don't peck(a lot of).
Can't see anything(dark, hard to see) - At least collect needles(light, clearly visible).
Lose your head(not thinking well) - Head on your shoulders(a reasonable person).
Like a cat and a dog(warring people) - Don't spill the water, Siamese twins; soul to soul(close, very friendly or
Two steps away(near) - Far away(far).
Head in the clouds(brooding, daydreaming and unfocused person) - Keep your eyes open, keep your ears open(attentive person).
scratch your tongue(talk, spread gossip) - Swallow tongue(be silent).
Uma ward(clever man) - Without a king in your head, live in someone else's mind(stupid or reckless person).

Phraseologisms examples with explanation:

American uncle- a person who very unexpectedly helps out of a financially difficult situation.
Fight like a fish on ice- do unnecessary, useless actions that do not lead to any result.
Beat your head- mess around.
Throw down the gauntlet- enter into an argument with someone, challenge.