date

Class: 6

Lesson: Russian language

Lesson type: new knowledge lesson

Topic: Spelling of vowels in roots determined by stress: -gar- – -gor-,

-zar- – -zor-, -creature- – -creation-, clan- -clone-

Goals: introduce students to a new topic: alternating vowels O - A in the root of a word, determined by stress, promote the formation of functional literacy, develop critical, logical thinking, speech skills, and cultivate a love for the subject.

Using the Face to Face program modules:
New approaches to teaching: dialogue at all stages of the lesson, collective and individual work
Working with the talented and gifted: the “Teach Another” strategy
Teaching critical thinking: creating a problem situation “Brainstorming”
Teaching in accordance with age characteristics: material (content), lesson form, teaching techniques and methods correspond to the age characteristics of schoolchildren
Assessment of learning and assessment for learning: assessment occurs at each stage of the lesson in the form of verbal encouragement, reflection, self- and mutual assessment
ICT: music for charging

During the classes

Org. Moment

Creating a collaborative environment

Everyone loves to receive gifts and today I want them to congratulate each other on the beginning of the quarter, give each other pens and wish each other success.

Vocabulary dictation

Arrived, half the sky, chicken, stick, excellent, half a watermelon, suburban, section, half a liter, wonderful

9-10 –

6-8 -

3-5 -

Peer review/evaluation

Learning new things

Today we have a lesson on the topic “The letters o - a in the root with alternation.” Let's remember what “alternation of sounds” is?
When words are formed and changed, some sounds may be replaced by others in the same part of the word.
This replacement is called hbetween sounds: pre-sexG assumeand it
Your goal is to find out in what cases the alternation of vowels o-a occurs in the indicated roots, and to master the method of choosing A-O in the roots.

Brainstorm

Cards for each pair.Highlight the roots and put the emphasis. Draw a conclusion

1 pair -
Tan, cinder, burn, burnt, sunbathing, fumes

Conclusion: In the root with alternating –gor-, -gar- the letter O is written in an unstressed position

2 pair –dawn, glow, dawn, dawn, illuminate, lightning Conclusion: In the root with alternating –zar-, -zor- the letter A is written in an unstressed position

3 pair –swimmer, buoyant, floater, swimming beetle, fin, buoyancy, excellent swimmer Conclusion: In the roots – plav-, - plov-, plov is written only in the words swimmer, swimmer

4 pair - bent, bow, bow, inclination, etc. e bow down, bow down

Conclusion: In roots with the alternation -clan-, -clone- under stress it is written a

At the root with the alternation -tvor-–tvar-, -tvar- is written only in the word Utensils.;

Compare your conclusions with the rule in the textbook

And then we will all complete our concept card in the form of a flower.

Peer education

Students draw up their conclusions in the form of a piece of paper, attach it to a flower, and explain the new topic.

(each pair works only with its roots and highlights the rule associated with stress)

Consolidation (Work at the board)

Choose a spelling: A or O.

G..heater, heat..heat, sun..r, warm..warmed, coal..r, sun..heated, warmed up, warmed up.

Bow your head, deviate to the side, bow to a deity, kneel, steep slope, bow your head, deviate from the norm.

Graphic dictation (+ physical minute). Insert the desired letter into the table.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

O

A

O

O

O

A

A

O

O

A

1. tan
2.illuminate
3.swimmer
4.burnt
5.dawn
6.bow
7.tan
8.bend down
9.worship
10.swim

Physical exercise “Stand up and sit down” O- stood up A - sat down

Independent work . Self-test using ready-made answers. Self-assessment

Reflection

I know that in the roots……. under stress it is written ....

I didn’t understand when the letter … is written in the roots ….

Peer assessment

D.z. come up with 5 sentences using the words learned in class

vowels o - a (-gor-\\- gar-, -zor\\-zar-, -clone\\-clan-)

Lesson objectives:

familiarizing students with the spelling of roots – mountains-\\ -gar-, -zor- \\-zar, – clone-\\ -clan-;

formation of an idea about the conditions for choosing vowels o - a in roots with alternation (-gor-\\-gar-, -zor\\-zar-, -clone\\-clan-);

developing the ability to work on identifying features and graphic designation of a given spelling;

development of students' spelling vigilance.

Lesson type: lesson of learning new material.

Lesson type: lesson - travel.

During the classes

Organizing time. For the first quarter of the year, you and I are traveling around the country of Spelling. Today we will take a look at the city of Alternation. In what mood will we go there? (ships of different colors)

Let's write down the date of our visit and the class work, because we will be leaving from here - from the class, as well as the name of the city Alternation.

Lesson topic message. At the entrance to this city there is a pedestal on which there is an inscription:

In language, alternation is real suffering!

Who knows what alternation is and why it is suffering?

(Alternation is a sequential change of vowels or consonants in a certain morpheme).

Alternation is change, which means someone here will change all the time.

We see another inscription

Letter A and letter O

They have been offended for a long time:

Us, innocent of anything,

Guys often get confused.

Can you guess who will change?

That's who will change! Letters A - O ( Let's write down in a notebook...the letters A - O..),

and they will alternate in the roots - GOR -\\GAR - , -CLONE-\\ CLAN -, -ZOR-\\ZAR-. Let's write down the topic of the lesson in a notebook: alternating the letters A - O in the roots...

It should be noted that in this In one city the vowels A - O alternate, in another there are alternations of the letters I - E. And different roots change in these cities depending on different conditions:

from stress;

from the final consonant of the root;

from the suffix –a-;

from the value.

Goal setting. What do you think we should find out after visiting this city of Alternation?

1) Depending on what does the spelling of the roots – gory\\ gar-, zor \\ zar, – clone\\ clan – change?

2) You need to remember, in order to get rid of suffering, how to correctly write words with these roots.

3) The letters A - O are asked to remember in which roots they are written.

On the tables you have route sheets (Appendix 2), after studying which you will find out what places you will visit during today's trip. Voice them out. You can make notes at each stopping point.

Explanation of a new topic. Now we will walk along Istoricheskaya Street And Let's learn the history of the roots -gor-\\ -gar-, -clone\\ -clan-.

Roots have been friends since childhood –gar- And - clan-. They played carefree and had fun. One evening they were watching the program “Looking for You” and saw their photographs on the bulletin board. And then a request sounds: “We are looking for our twin brothers –gar- And - clan-. Come to the address: st. Orfograficheskaya, 2.” Signature below: root -mountain-,–clone-.

Root - gar- quickly took out a notepad and pen and wrote down the address.

–Clan- I thought for a long time, and in the morning my friends got up early and went to visit their brothers –gor-, clone-. On Orfograficheskaya Street they found a house at number 2. They were surprised that they were very similar and began to think what to do so that the guys wouldn’t confuse them? Over tea, the brothers –gor-\\- gar-, -clone-\\- clan- decided:

what is heard is written under stress;

without accent it will be written O.

Their decision serves as an indication to us all even now.

Have you listened to the history of the roots - mountains\\gar, clone\\ clan, tell me, what does their spelling depend on? (From the accent). In unstressed position, what do we write?

Have we learned anything about the roots of –zor\\zar-? No, that means we must move on.

We turn onto Teoreticheskaya Street, in front of us is house number 50. The authors of your textbooks live in this house, and they translated this story into scientific language, maybe there we will learn about the roots of -zor\\ zar-. Open the textbook on page 50 and read the rule. What did you learn?

(On the desk)

Without emphasis I write gor-\\-clone-\\- zar! Under stress - what do I hear!

Consolidation at the theoretical level. We found ourselves in Zakrepitelny Lane. By the way, bow there is can we find a test word bow?

In roots with alternating vowels, the test word is not selected, you definitely need to know the rule! Follow the algorithm:

1) select the root;

2) put emphasis;

3) using the rule, insert an alternating vowel, emphasize this vowel.

Dew - dew (unstressed vowel), bow (spelling of prefixes), flared up (prefix with -z\s, let's parse the word according to its composition).

We go straight to the Physical Education and Recreation Park. The name itself suggests that you need to relax in this park. (Conducted by a student.)

Once again we have a physical education session,

Let's bend over, come on, come on!

Straightened up, stretched,

And now they’ve bent over backwards. (Bends forward and backward.)

We stretch our arms, shoulders,

To make it easier for us to sit,

And don’t get tired at all. (Jerks with arms in front of chest.)

My head is tired too.

So let's help her!

Right and left, one and two.

Think, think, head. (Rotate head.)

Even though the charge is short,

We rested a little. (Children sit at their desks.)

What kind of roots have we learned about the spelling of today? (-gor\\gar-,-clone\\clan-, -zor \\ zar-) Look at the route sheet, where are we going next?

1. Consolidation at a practical level. On Practical Square near house No. 51, apartment 119 (open the textbook on page 51, exercise 119), phrases are crowded together; they don’t know who can live in the same room with whom. Roots with the letter O- in one, roots with A - in the other.

   (Write in 2 columns. Pupils go one by one to the board. Along the way, we recall the material we studied.)

   Conclusion. Now we have learned to correctly write the roots -gor-\\-gar- with an alternating vowel.

2. In order to be sure that you know how to find words with our spelling, let’s play the game “Find the “odd one””.

   Dawn, dawn, charger(root –row-)

   Mountains, sunbathe, tan (unstressed vowel in the root)

   Cyclone, deviation, bow (root –cyclone-)

3. Draw a conclusion: what is important to know in order not to confuse the spelling of the letter at the root with alternation with other types of spelling? (You need to correctly identify the root, know the meaning of the word, learn roots with an alternating vowel.)

4. We went out onto Stroitelnaya Street. I propose to construct a sentence with the word bonfire, which is written on page 52. (One student adds 1 word, the next one adds a word to the phrase, for example, bonfire - a blazing bonfire - I see a blazing bonfire, etc.) Write the sentence in your notebook.

5. From exercise 121, write down the words with our spelling. (1 student at the board)

6. Let's go to the Catch the Mistake cafe.

   Exercise. Correct the mistakes. Write the first sentence in your notebook and parse it.

   The ruddy dawn was dying down and evening shadows lay on the ground. Suddenly everything lit up with a soft glow. The tops of the trees lit up with a gentle light.

   In the second sentence, find a word that has more sounds than letters. (Shining).

7. Feedback.

   On Testovaya Square we will perform a test (Appendix 1), which will show how well you remember everything you learned about during your trip.

   Test yourself. (Answers at the board)

   Option 1 Option 2

8. Homework. Paragraph 15, exercise 120 or exercise 123. (Comment)

Our journey has come to an end. Today we visited the city of Alternating and learned about roots with alternating vowels. Continue with the sentences. These will be your travel notes.

1. 1. The most interesting thing about the trip for me was...

   2. I learned….

   3. I liked it...

2. Reflection. In what mood do we leave the city of Alternation ( boats of different colors). Thanks everyone for the lesson!

42. Annex 1

Test

1 option

in the roots –gor\\-gar--zor\\zar-,-clone\\clan-”?

1. a) You became proud after the victory..

   b) The children were riding around the city.

   c) In the morning the sun warmed up slowly.

a) warm... mature

b) star (reflection of distant lightning)

c) obg...roaring

d) star

1. a) dodge

   b) swear

4. Test

   Option 2

Which sentence contains a word with the spelling “Alternating vowels O-A”

in the roots -gor\\-gar-, -zor\\zar-, -clone\\clan-”?

a) The good fellow is sitting, crouched down.

b) Scientists all over the world are engaged in cloning.

c) In the morning the grass is washed with dew.

Choose the word where the letter A should be written:

a) bow down;

b) z…rka.

c) it caught fire;

1. 3. Choose a word where the letter O should be written:

   a) warmed up;

   b) carbon (gas);

   c) fall apart;

   d) insight (bright lighting or clarity).

2. Appendix 2

6. Date of visit

   Country Spelling

   City Alternation

   Residents roots -gor-\\-gar-, -clone-\\-clan-, -zor-\\-zar-

7. Route sheet

   Historical	Theoretical	Lane Fixative	Physical education and sports	Practical	Construction	"Catch a mistake"	Test
   							Travel notes The most interesting thing about the trip for me was... I learned (learned)… I like it…

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Russian language - spelling:

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Roots with alternating o - a

Roots with unchecked vowels

The spelling of vowels in many words cannot be checked by stress: With O tank, in O ldyr, in A trash and etc.; You should look up such words in a dictionary and remember their spelling.

braid - cas, lodge - lag

In the roots kos- - kas-, lie- - lag- letter is written A, if the root is followed by a suffix -A-, For example: To A s-a-tsya (but to O s-noose), to A s-a-telny (but O s-new); izl A g-a-t (but izl O f-it), sl A g-a-t (but sl O live).

clone - clan, tvor - creature, gor - gar

In the roots clone- - clan-, creation- - creature-, gor- - gar- no accent letter is written O, For example: on cl O n yat, with cl O n meaning, according to cl O n to be; TV O R yeah, TV O R meaning, connection TV O R to go; behind G O R ely, for G O R ah, G O R there is, G O R eing.

Fundamentally zar- - zar- (h A R I - h O R And - h O R yka) no accent is written A, For example: h A R I, h A R Nitsa, h A R hey, oh h A R yeah, oh h A R eing.

pilaf - pilaf

Root swim- - swim- spelled with a letter O only in a nutshell: pl O V ec, pl O V sneeze, in other cases is written A: With pl A V lie, pl A V nickname, by pl A V OK, pl A V ounce(bug) , pl A V teaching(Remember the word pl s wun- layers of subsoil saturated with water.)

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Gar gor zar zor rules

§ 35. There are roots in which the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with alternating vowels.

1. Roots with letters a and o.

gar - mountains In place of the unstressed vowel, the letter o is written, although under the stress - a, for example: burn, scorch, burn out, burn out, tanned, burnt out, combustible; but: soot, tan, soot, fumes. Exceptions (gar without emphasis): residues, izgar, burnt, cinder (along with the cinder variant).

zar - zar. In place of the unstressed vowel, a is written: dawn, lightning, glow, illuminate, illuminate, illumination, robin (bird), lightning; under stress - a and o, cf.: glow, radiant, radiant and zori (plural of the word dawn), zorka, zorenka, zoryushka, zorya (military signal, usually in the expression to beat or play zorya).

cas - braid This root is written a if the root is followed by a; in other cases it is written about: Wed. touch, touch, touch, tangent, touching, but touch, touch, contact, inviolable (the vowel of the root does not occur under stress).

clan - clone. In place of an unstressed vowel it is written about, for example: bow, bow, bow, bow, deviate, bow, bow, bow; under stress - o and a: cf. bow, bow, bend, inclined, inflexible and bow, bow, bow.

speck - crop. The letter o is written without emphasis in words with the meaning ‘to cover with drops, splashes’: sprinkle, sprinkling (from sprinkle), sprinkling, sprinkled, sprinkling; the letter a - in words with the meaning ‘to cover with small specks, dots’: speckled, speckled (from krápat meaning ‘to cover with speckles, apply speckles’), interspersed. Under stress - only a: speck, speck, speck, intersperse, interspersed, speck.

lag - log - lie. In place of the unstressed vowel before g it is written a, before z - o, for example: to set out, impose, assume, attach, decompose, urgent, delay, vagina, adjective, term, versifier, but: lay down, lay out, put aside, put, sentence come to life , attach, presentation, position, sentence, versification, cover, side. The emphasis is always about: tax, pledge, forgery, forged, put, put. In the word polog, where the root -log- is no longer distinguished in modern language, o is written without stress before g.

poppy - mok - moch. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letter a is written before k in words meaning ‘dip, immerse in liquid’: dunk, dunk, dip; the letter o - in words with the meaning 'to become wet': to get wet, to get wet, to get wet, to get wet (in the rain), in words derived from wet (for example, wet, sputum, sputum, wood lice) (under the stress - in the words wet, get wet, get wet, get wet, etc.), and in words with the meaning 'to dry with something. absorbing moisture’: get wet, get wet, blotter, blotter. Before h there is always the letter o, for example: wet, wet, wet, soaked (cf. under stress: wet, soaked; for verbs in -ivat like wet, soak, see § 34, note 2).

pay - sing (in the verb pay and words with the same root). Without stress it is written a: solder, solder, solder, soldering iron, etc. Under stress - a and o: cf. sealed, sealed, soldered, soldered and soldered, soldered.

swim - swim. Without stress it is written a: floating, fin, float, float (grass; beetle; water possum), float (beetle), float (bird), float, float, afloat, float; but: swimmer and swimmer with the letter o. Under stress - only a: swim, timber rafting.

Note. In the word quicksand (soil) the letter s is written, as in other words derived from the verb swim - swim: float, swim up, blur, etc.

equal - equal The letter a is written in words related in meaning to the adjective equal 'same', for example: equate (someone with someone), equal (something or with someone. ), equalize, equalize, compare (s), comparison, equalize (in something), equalize (count), equalize, level (for example, lines - 'make equal in length'), equalize, equalize, equalize, equal, equivalent, equal, balance, equinox, equal, equal.

The letter o is written in words related in meaning to the adjective smooth ‘smooth, straight, without unevenness’, for example: level (bed, road surface), level, level, level, level (make even, smooth, straight).

However, in words equal, coeval, related in meaning to equal, the letter o is written; in the word plain, related in meaning to equal, there is the letter a. In words with an unclear relationship, the following are written: the letter a - in the verb equate (in a line, during formation) and the words derived from it equal, equate, level (in line); the letter o - in combination the hour is not equal, in the word level.

different - different In numerous complex words with the first part, heterogeneous (various, multilateral, disparate, etc.) the letter a is written without stress, in the word separately - the letter o. Under stress - a (different, difference, differ) and o (discord, disparate , scattered).

ros(t) - ras(t) - rasch. In place of an unstressed vowel it is written: a) before s (without a subsequent t) - the letter o: grew, grew, grew, grown, thicket, shoot, algae, undergrowth; exception - industry and its derivatives (industry, inter-industry, diversified); b) before st - the letter a, for example: grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, germinate, grow, grow, increase, increase, age, plant, vegetation, wild; exceptions: sprout, growth, usurer, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, teenage (along with the variant teenage); c) before u always a, for example: grow, grow, grown, increase, build-up, fusion.

Under the stress before s (followed by t and without it) - only o, for example: growth, growth, outgrowth, teenager, overgrowth; grew, overgrown, grown up, tall, wild plants.

jump - jump - jump - jump. If the root ends in k, then in place of the unstressed vowel the letter a is written, for example: gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop, jump rope, gallop, on a gallop, gallop, although under the stress - o, for example: gallop, gallop, rebound, jump, jump (about -ivat verbs like jump, see § 34, note 2).

If the root ends in h, then the letter a is written in the forms of the verb skakat and verbs derived from it (for example: I jump, jump, jump, jump, jump, jump, jump), as well as in the elephant jump (the forms of the same verbs are used to check - e.g., jump, jump, and derivatives of jump, gallop); letter o - in prefixed verbs ending in -skochit (for example: jump up, jump up, jump up, jump out, jump out, jump out, jump off, jump up) and in the word upstart (check - with forms of the same verbs, except jump out: jump up, jump off, etc.) P.).

Wed: I'll skip (a hundred miles), proskachi (forms of the verb to skip, will skip) and proskoch', skip (forms of the verb to skip, will slip); I’ll jump up, jump up (forms of the verb podskakat, podskakʹet approach jumping’) and jump up, jump up (forms of the verb jump up, jump up ‘with a quick movement to approach someone or rise sharply’).

creation - creature. In the words create, creation, creator, created, get up, etc., the letter o is written without emphasis; under the emphasis - not only about (creative, creativity), but also a (creature, created). In the word utensil, where the root -tvar- is no longer distinguished in modern language, a is written without emphasis.

2. Roots with letters i and e.

shine (k, t) - shine - shine. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letters i and e are written: i - before st with the subsequent stressed a, for example: shine, shine, shine, shine, brilliant, shine; e - in other cases, for example: sparkle, sparkles, shiny, sparkling, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, reflection, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle. Under stress - e and e: shine, shine, shining; sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, glitter.

vis - weight. In place of the unstressed vowel, a letter is written in the verb hang (hang, hang) and its derivatives (hang, hang, etc.), as well as in prefixed verbs with the common part -hang: hang, hang, hang, etc. (cf. under stress: hang, hang, hang); letter e - in the words hang out, signboard, suspended, suspended, in weight (cf. under stress: hang, hang, hang).

lip - lep. In the words stick, stick, etc., the letter i is written in an unstressed position (cf. under the stress: sticky, stick), and in the words sculpt, stick, stick, etc. - the letter e (cf. under the stress: sculpts , stick, modeling).

sid - se(d). In place of an unstressed vowel, the following are written: the letter i - before the soft consonant d - in the verb sit (sit, sat) and its derivatives (sit, sit, sit, sit, sit, etc.); the letter e - before the hard d: saddle, saddle (in the latter in the plural - e: saddles), saddle, seat, sedal, sit, sit, press, squat, assessor, chairman, and also - before the soft d - in derivatives from the word saddle (saddle, sedelnik, cheresedelnik, sedeltse). Under the stress - and and e, for example: sitting, imprisonment, assiduous; sit down, sit down, village, homebody, fidget, hen, squat; in the forms of the verb sit down and prefixes - also a (in the letter I): sit down, sit down, sit down.

Note 1. For the writing of vowel letters i and e in verbal roots with a fluent vowel, see § 36.

Note 2. In verbs with a common part - take (e.g., occupy, pester, embrace, take away, lift, remove, understand, appease), which correspond to the perfect verbs of - take (occupy, accept, raise, understand, appease and etc.), written after n in place of an unstressed vowel, the letter i; the same in the verb to take out (cf. sov. view take out). In some verbs of this group, the unstressed vowel of the root can be checked by stress and in forms such as take away, lift, remove (these are forms of verbs in -nyat), rarely - in derivative words: snapshot, in an embrace.

Note 3. The letter and in place of an unstressed vowel is also written in the root of the verbs to conjure and curse. In the corresponding verbs of the perfect form and other words with the same root, the letter l is written (both in an unstressed position and under stress): curse, curse, curse, curse, curse, curse, etc.

11. The letters o and a in the roots -kos- / -kas-; -gor- / - gar-; -clan- / -clone-; -zar- / -zor-. Rules

There are roots in which writing letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include roots with alternating vowels.

In the root -kos- / -kas- the letter a is written in an unstressed position,
if after the root there is a suffix -a-; if there is no suffix -a-,
then the letter o is written:

In the root -gor- / -gar-, the letter o is written in an unstressed position,
under the accent a:

In the root -clan- / -clone- the letter o is written in an unstressed position,

bow, bow down; bow - bow.

In the root -zar- / -zor- the letter a is written in an unstressed position,
under stress is the vowel that is heard - o or a:

dawn; dawn - dawn.

WITHOUT STRESS: -gor-, -clone-, -zar-.

Problems on the topic “The letters o and a in the roots -kos- / -kas-; -gor- / - gar-; -clan- / -clone-; -zar- / -zor- «

Accidentally to dream, to a satant to a circle, to touch along the way, to touch a secret, an untold reserve, a light touch, to touch lightly, not to touch the wall.

Warming, bowing, beholding, getting very hot, getting warm from the sun, candle end, smells of burning, gas heater, heated milk, dawn is burning out, morning dawn, bowing to friends, bowing your head .

Insert the missing letters.

Without ceasing to bow, bow over a book, bow before talent, avoid answering, on the slope of a mountain, low bows, bend a branch, bowed by the wind, bow when meeting.

1. Draw a satel line to the circle. 2. He had the lucky talent to sleep lightly on everything without being forced in conversation. 3. In his life he had to come into contact with various people. 4. Coming into contact with exposed electrical wiring is life-threatening. 5. The branches of the willow bent over the river and almost touched the water.

school-assistant.ru

Spelling of alternating vowels O and A in the roots -GOR- / -GAR-

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In this lesson we will remember the roots of words in which the choice of vowels ABOUT And A depends on the final consonant of the root. We will also get acquainted with the roots in which the choice of vowels ABOUT And A depends on the stress, and we will learn the rules for alternating these vowels.

Repetition. Roots in which the choice of vowels depends on the final consonant

We already know that in the Russian language there are roots in which vowels ABOUT And A may alternate. For example:

1) at the root -RAST- / -RASH- / -ROS- is written A before combination ST And SCH, in other cases it is written ABOUT(Fig. 1).

2) at the root -LAG- / -LOZH- before G is written A, before AND is written ABOUT(Fig. 2).

That is, the choice of vowels in these roots depends on the final consonant of the root.

Vowel alternation ABOUT And A in the roots –GOR- / -GAR-

In the root -GOR- / -GAR- choice of vowels ABOUT or A depends on the accent.

Under the stress in the root -GOR- / -GAR- we write A (tan, fumes, soot), without accent we write O (burnt, burnt, tanned) (Fig. 3) .

Exceptions to the rule : fumes, dross, scorch.

Algorithm of actions for determining the vowel in the root -GOR- / -GAR-:

3) if the stress falls on the root, we write A;

4) if the stress does not fall on the root, we write ABOUT.

It should be distinguished from the root with alternating -GOR- / -GAR- homonymous roots, such as: mountains in a word mountain

To do this, you need to remember the lexical meaning of the root. Roots with alternating O and A -GOR- / -GAR- have a meaning associated with fire , for example: burn, sunbathe, tan. In a word mountain the root means “elevation”, and in the word grief the root means "misfortune".

Other roots in which vowel choice ABOUT or A depends on stress

1) Roots -ZAR- / -ZOR-.

At the root -ZAR- / -ZOR- without emphasis we always write A ( dawn, lightning, illuminate ). Exception: dawn .

Algorithm of actions for determining the vowel in the root –ZAR- / -ZOR-:

1) select the root;

2) determine where the stress falls;

3) under stress we write what we hear;

4) we write without accent A.

2) Roots -CLAN- / -CLONE- and -TVAR- / -TVOR-.

At the root -CLAN- / -CLONE- and at the root -TVAR- / -TVOR- under the accent we write the letter that we hear (bow, bow, creativity), without accent we write O (bow, bow down, stoop, create, bring to life).

Exception: utensil.

3) Roots -PLAV- / -PLOV-.

In the root -PLAV- / -PLOV- the vowels O and A can also alternate with the vowel Y. In an unstressed position, the vowel O is written only in words swimmer and female swimmer, in other cases, A is written in the unstressed position (fin, float, floating). The vowel ы is written only in the word quicksand.

Homework

1. Fill in the missing letters: iz_gat, ul_zhitsya, supposition, pol_g, posi_gat, ras_zhit, pol_gat'sya, posi_zhenie.
2. Insert the missing letters: r_stit, nas_shcheniye, grown_shy, grow_stit, por_sl, r_stock.
3. Insert the missing letters: g_renie, kl_nitsya, oz_rit, strongly sunbathe, burn_out from the sun, gas_heater, bow_head, sp_vun, bring_to_life.
4. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others. M.: Education, 2008.
5. Russian language. Theory. 5–9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova. M.: Bustard, 2008.
6. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. M.: Bustard, 2010.

Words with roots -gor-, -gar-: examples

At the tanned chef Proshka

The potatoes got burnt today

Because fumes were oozing from the stove

And they removed the carbon from the candle at the wrong time.

There is a hidden meaning in this seemingly stupid poem that has to do with the spelling of vowels in alternating roots. The poem contains words with the roots -gor- and -gar-. What is the rule for writing this root?

Root –gor-/-gar-. Spelling rule

If we take words with this root from a comic rhyme, we can divide them into two groups:

with the letter “o”: tanned, burnt;

with the letter “a”: waste, soot.

Now it remains to compare the words from the two groups; when comparing, the following pattern can be revealed: “o” is in the unstressed position, the letter “a” is under stress. Hence the rule is formulated:

Vowels in the root with the alternation –gar-/-gor- depend on the stress: the stressed vowel is the letter “a”, the unstressed vowel is the letter “o”.

Words with the root –gor-/-gar-. Examples illustrating the rule

Based on the rule formulated in the previous chapter, you can create a table and fill it with examples.

In an unstressed position: -hor-

Under stress - gar-

tan;

get angry;

burn out;

flammability;

combustible;

burn out;

sunburnt;

burn;

burn out;

burn;

mad.

• Tan;
• carbon monoxide;
• soot;
• height;
• fumes;
• cinder.

Not so simple

It would seem that everything is very simple, but it is not so. Words with the root -gor- can put you in a difficult position. This is exactly what is said in the tale of two brothers.

There lived two twin brothers in the country of Linguinia. In everything they were the same: both in meaning and in pronunciation. Their names differed only by one letter: one brother’s name was Horus, and the other’s name was Gar.

The brothers were very friendly with each other. They never quarreled and did their difficult work honestly. And they served as roots in words. The brothers divided their responsibilities among themselves fairly. Horus became an unstressed root in words; his service was not so difficult, but there was a lot to do. Gar went to work under stress. It was a difficult task, but it was not necessary to go to work very often. Each of the brothers was satisfied with their work, and they lived well and amicably.

But then one day Horus met another root, very similar to himself. It was an amazing resemblance. And soon the two Mountains were inseparable. They could be found in sentences containing words with the root -gor-:

The house burned down - the family is grieving.

The pancakes are burnt - that’s the wife’s grief.


It's bitter for Egor - the supports burned out.

Only from this proximity of the two Mountains did the relationship between the brothers begin to deteriorate. The friend kept whispering in Gore’s ear: “Your brother is a slacker. You and I work hard, and he comes running from time to time. Just think, under stress, it’s not so difficult, I can handle it alone. Let’s kick him out and be brothers.”

Horus was completely exhausted from such speeches: he liked his new friend, because he was so similar to himself, you couldn’t tell him apart, and he didn’t want to get rid of his brother. How can poor Horus figure it all out?

Let us hasten to the aid of Horus and help him understand: can the root -gor- in the words “grieves”, “grief”, “bitterly” replace his brother?

Can the words “grief” and “burn” be relatives?

What is the root of the word “grief”, for example? Let's turn to Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary.

And we learn that synonyms for the word “grief” are the words “trouble”, “misfortune”, “longing”, “sadness”, “sorrow”. That is, the meaning of this word relates to a person’s internal experience of negative emotions. The words “grieve” and “bitter” have the same meaning.

To grieve is to suffer, to experience sadness, grief.

Bitter - unpleasant, sad, painful.


Words with the root –gor-/- gar- have a completely different lexical meaning, examples of which are: “burnt”, “burnt”. In Dahl's dictionary they are interpreted as follows:

Burn - to be engulfed in flames, exposed to flames or high temperatures.


There are also figurative meanings:

• shine (snowflakes burn in the sun);
• desire strongly (burned with a thirst for change);
• work quickly and quickly (everything burns in his hands).

So, it turns out that such strikingly similar roots -gor- (grief) and -gor- (burn) actually have nothing in common in the most important thing - in their lexical meaning. This means that they cannot be related in any way.

But the root -gar- will always be an integral part of the root -gor-, since it also means “to be exposed to high temperatures”:

Rule. Fundamentally gar- - mountains under stress it is written A , without accent - O (cf.: Tan - sunbathe).
Exceptions: burnt(burnt taste) and some special words.

Root zar- - zor-

Rule. Fundamentally zar- - zor- under the stress, the vowel that is heard is written, without stress - A (cf.: glow - dawn - lightning).
Exceptions: dawn, zoryanka.

Root cas- - bras(n)-

Rule. Fundamentally cas- - bras(n)- is written O , if further follows n , in other cases it is written A (cf.: touch - touch).

Root clan- - clone-

Rule. Fundamentally clan- - clone- under stress the vowel that is heard is written, and without stress - O (cf.: bow - incline- bend over).

Root lag- - false

Rule. Fundamentally lag- is written A (before G ), fundamentally false is written O (before and ), For example: suggest - offer.
Exception: canopy(in meaning it is no longer associated with the root lag- - false ).

Root poppy- - mok-

Rule. Root poppy- written in verbs meaning “to immerse in liquid” ( dip pen in ink); root mok- written in verbs (and in words derived from them) with the meaning “to pass liquid” ( shoes get wet).

Root floating - pilaf- - swim-

Rule. Fundamentally floating vowel A can be stressed or unstressed (cf.: swim - floating). Root pilaf- contained in words swimmer And swimmer, root swim- in a word quicksand.

Root equal- - exactly

Rule. Root equal- found in words meaning “equal, identical, on a par” ( compare, equalize); root exactly in words meaning “even, smooth, straight” ( level, level). Wed: trim(make equal) - trim(make it even); leveled(made equal) - aligned(made smooth).

Root growth - grew-

Rule. Fundamentally growth - grew- is written A before the next combination st (also before sch ), in other cases it is written O (cf.: grow - buildup - grown up).
Exceptions: negative A with(although no st ); R O drain, vyr O drain, R O stockman, R O stov, R O stislav(although there is st).

Root with how- - skoch-

Rule. In an unstressed root with how- - skoch- before To is written A , before h is written O (cf.: jump up - jump up).
Exceptions: leap, I'm galloping.

Root creature- - creative

Rule. Fundamentally creature- - creative under stress the vowel is written in accordance with the pronunciation, without stress - O (cf.: creature - creation - create).
Exception: utensil.

Roots ber- - bir- , der- - dir- , measure- - world- , per- - feast- , ter- - shooting range

Rule. In the indicated roots it is written And , if followed by the suffix -A- (gather, bully, freeze, lock, wash); otherwise it is written e (I'll take it, tearing up, die, lock up, erase).

There are roots in which writing letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with alternating vowels.

1. Roots with letters a and o.

gar - mountains In place of the unstressed vowel the letter o is written, although under the stress - a, for example: burn, scorch, scorch, burn out, tanned, fire victim, combustible; But: soot, tan, soot, fumes. Exceptions (gar without accent): residue, dross, scorch, cinder(along with the cinder option).

zar-zor. In place of an unstressed vowel, a is written: dawn, lightning, glow, illuminate, illuminate, illumination, robin(bird), lightning; under stress - a and o, cf.: glow, radiant, radiant and dawn(plural of the word dawn), dawn, dawn, dawn, dawn(military signal, usually in the expression to beat or play dawn).

kas - kos. This root is written a if the root is followed by a; in other cases it is written about: cf. touch, touch, touch, touching, touching, but touch, touch, contact, inviolable(the vowel of the root does not occur under stress).

clan - clone. In place of an unstressed vowel, o is written, for example: bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down; under stress - o and a: cf. bow, incline, bow down, inclined, adamant And bow, bow, bow.

speck - crop. The letter o is written without emphasis in words meaning “to cover with drops, splashes”: sprinkle, sprinkling(from sprinkle), sprinkle, sprinkled, sprinkle; the letter a - in words with the meaning “to cover with small specks, dots”: marked, marked(from drip meaning “to cover with specks, to apply specks”), inclusion. Under stress - only a: speck, speck, speck, intersperse, interspersed, speck.

lag - log - lie . In place of an unstressed vowel, a is written before g, and before z - o, for example: state, impose, assume, attach, decompose, urgent, delay, vagina, adjective, term, versifier, But: lay down, lay out, set aside, lay down, offer, attach, presentation, position, sentence, versification, cover, put aside. The emphasis is always on: tax, pledge, forgery, forged, put, put. In the word polog, where the root -log- is no longer distinguished in the modern language, o is written without stress before g.

pop - mok - moch . In place of the unstressed vowel, the letter a is written before k in words meaning “dip, immerse in liquid”: dip, dip, dip; letter o - in words meaning “get wet”: get wet, get wet, get wet, get wet(in the rain), in words derived from wet (e.g., wet, phlegm, phlegm, wood lice) (under stress - in words wet, get wet, get wet, get wet etc.), and in words with the meaning “to dry with something that absorbs moisture”: get wet, get wet, blotter, blotter. Before h there is always the letter o, for example: wet, soak, wet, soaked(cf. under emphasis: wets, soaked; about verbs in -ivat type wet, soak see § 34, note 2).

pay - sing (in the verb pay and words with the same root). A is written without accent: solder, solder, unsolder, soldering iron etc. Under stress - a and o: cf. sealed, soldered, soldered, soldered and soldered, soldered.

swim - swim. A is written without accent: floating, fin, floater, floater(grass; beetle; water opossum), plover (beetle), phalarope (bird), float, floatable, afloat, floating; but: swimmer and swimmer with the letter o. Under stress - only a: swim, timber rafting.

Note. In a word quicksand(ground) letter is written s, as in other words derived from the verb float - float: float, float, blur and so on.

equal - equal The letter a is written in words related in meaning to the adjective equal “identical”, for example: equate (someone with someone), equal (something or with someone. ), equate, equalize, compare, comparison, equalize(in something), equalize (score), straighten, level out(for example, lines - “make equal in length”), equalize, equation, leveling, equal, equal, equal, balance, equinox, equal, equal.

The letter o is written in words related in meaning to the adjective “smooth, straight, without unevenness”, for example: level (bed, road surface), level out, level out, level out, level out(make it even, smooth, straight).

However, in words equally, same age related in meaning to equal, the letter o is written; in the word plain, related in meaning to equal, there is the letter a. In words with an unclear relationship, the following is written: the letter a - in the verb to equal (in a line, during construction) and words derived from it equalize, equalize, level out(in service); the letter o - in combination the hour is not equal, in the word level.

different - different In numerous compound words with the first part diverse (various, versatile, discordant etc.) the letter a is written without stress, in the word separately - the letter o. Under the accent - a ( different, difference, vary) and about ( discord, discord, scattered).

ros(t) - ras(t) - rasch. In place of an unstressed vowel is written: a) before s (without subsequent t) - the letter o: grew, grew, grew, grown, thicket, overgrowth, algae, undergrowth; the exception is the industry and its derivatives ( sectoral, intersectoral, multi-sectoral); b) before st - the letter a, for example: grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, germinate, grow, grow, increase, increase, age, plant, vegetation, wild; exceptions: sprout, growth, usurer, outgrowth, growth, outgrowth, outgrowth, sprout, teenage(along with the teenage option); c) before u always a, for example: grow, grow, grown, increase, build-up, fusion.

Under stress before s (with and without subsequent t) - only o, for example: growth, growth, outgrowth, teenager, overgrowth; grew, overgrown, grown up, tall, wild plants.

skak - skok - skok - skoch. If the root ends in k, then the letter a is written in place of the unstressed vowel, for example: gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop, skipping rope, galloping, galloping, galloping, although the emphasis is o, for example: jump, jump, bounce, jump, jump(for verbs in -ivat like jump, see § 34, note 2).

If the root ends in h, then the letter a is written in the forms of the verb to jump and verbs derived from it (for example: I'm galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping), as well as in the elephant there is a jump (the forms of the same verbs are tested - for example, gallop, let's gallop, and derivatives jump, gallop); letter o - in prefixed verbs with -skochit (for example: jump up, jump up, jump up, jump out, jump out, jump out, jump off, jump up) and in the word upstart (check - forms of the same verbs, except to jump out: jump up, jump off and so on.).

Wed: I'll skip (one hundred versts), skip it(verb forms gallop, gallop) And I'll pass, I'll pass(verb forms slip through, slip through); I'll jump, I'll jump(verb forms jump up, jump up approach at a gallop") and I'll jump, I'll jump(verb forms jump, jump"to quickly move closer to someone or to rise sharply").

creation - creature. In words create, creation, creator, created, create etc. the letter o is written without accent; under stress - not only about ( creative, creativity), but also a ( creature, created). In the word utensil, where the root -tvar- is no longer distinguished in modern language, a is written without emphasis.

2. Roots with letters i and e.

shine(k,t) - shine - shine. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letters i and e are written: i - before st with the subsequent stressed a, for example: shine, shines, brilliant, brilliance, resplendent, sparkle; e - in other cases, for example: shine, shine, brilliant, shining, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, reflection, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, shine. Under stress - e and e: shine, glitter, shining; sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, glitter.

vis - weight. In place of the unstressed vowel, a letter is written in the verb hang (hang, hang) and its derivatives ( hang down, hang down etc.), as well as in prefixed verbs with the common part -hang: hang, hang, droop etc. (cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang); letter e - in words hang out, signboard, suspended, hinged, suspended(cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang).

lip-lep. In the words stick, stick, etc., the letter and is written in an unstressed position (cf. under stress: sticky, stick), and in words sculpt, stick, stick etc. - letter e (cf. under stress: sculpts, sticks, sculpting).

sid - se(d). In place of the unstressed vowel the following is written: the letter i - before the soft consonant d - in the verb sit (sit, sit) and its derivatives ( sit, sit up, sitter, get-togethers and so on.); the letter e - before the hard d: rider, saddle (in the latter in the plural forms - e: saddles), saddle, seat, sciatic, sit, sit, press, squat, assessor, chairman, and also - before soft d - in derivatives from the word saddle ( saddle, saddle, saddle, saddle). Under stress - and and e, for example: sitting, imprisonment, diligent; sit down, sit down, village, homebody, fidget, hen, squat; in the forms of the verb sit and prefixes - also a (in writing i): I'll sit down, sit down, sit down.

Note 1. About writing vowels And And e in verbal roots with a fluent vowel, see § 36.

Note 2. In verbs with a common part -take(eg. borrow, pester, embrace, take away, lift, remove, understand, appease), which correspond to perfective verbs in -yay (take, accept, raise, understand, appease etc.), written after n in place of an unstressed vowel a letter And; the same in the verb take out(cf. owl view take out). In some verbs of this group, the unstressed vowel of the root can be checked by stress And in forms like take away, lift, remove(these are forms of verbs in -no), rarely - in derivative words: photo, in an embrace.

Note 3. Letter And in place of an unstressed vowel it is also written at the root of verbs conjure And curse. In the corresponding perfective verbs and other words with the same root, the letter is written (both in unstressed position and under stress) l: curse, curse, curse, damn, curse, curse and so on.