Gorodets painting: how to learn. Lesson summary "Gorodets painting" Progress of organized activities

In the surrounding villages of this region (Kurtsevo, Koskovo, etc.), peasants have long decorated their houses with amazing paintings on shutters, spinning wheels, cabinets, sleighs, and children's toys. In the surrounding villages of this region (Kurtsevo, Koskovo, etc.), peasants have long decorated their houses with amazing paintings on shutters, spinning wheels, cabinets, sleighs, and children's toys.

On painted Gorodets products you can see birds, horses, scenes of tea drinking, hunting, images of young ladies and gentlemen having a conversation. These scenes are decorated with outlandish flowers: bright roses, roses, green twigs. On painted Gorodets products you can see birds, horses, scenes of tea drinking, hunting, images of young ladies and gentlemen having a conversation. These scenes are decorated with outlandish flowers: bright roses, roses, green twigs.

On the shortest summer night on the holiday of Ivan Kupala, according to legend, special flowers and herbs bloom that have healing powers. On the shortest summer night on the holiday of Ivan Kupala, according to legend, special flowers and herbs bloom that have healing powers.

All objects are decorated with these flowers. All objects are decorated with these flowers. Compositions of roses and baths can form a separate composition or complement the plot image. Compositions of roses and baths can form a separate composition or complement the plot image.

What is the magic of Gorodets patterns? There are all kinds of colors: red, blue, green, a little yellow, and black and white to spice things up. It's all about what colors to put next to each other to create color harmony. What is the magic of Gorodets patterns? There are all kinds of colors: red, blue, green, a little yellow, and black and white to spice things up. It's all about what colors to put next to each other to create color harmony.

TASK Make a sketch of one of the household items: bread cutting boards, boxes, teapot stands, rolling toys. Decorate it based on Make a sketch of one of the household items: bread cutting boards, boxes, teapot stands, rolling toys. Decorate it based on

TASK Gorodets painting using gouache and brushes of different sizes. First, prime the paper or cardboard to match the color of the wood with ocher and white. Gorodets painting using gouache and brushes of different sizes. First, prime the paper or cardboard to match the color of the wood with ocher and white.

TASK Think about the composition of the painting. Using a large brush, apply the main spots of shading in the shape of flowers (red, pink, blue) and birds (black). Paint the leaves in one stroke at once. Think over the composition of the painting. Using a large brush, apply the main spots of shading in the shape of flowers (red, pink, blue) and birds (black). Write the leaves in one stroke at once

TOOLKIT

for art lessons

"Gorodets painting"

atPrimary school teacher Alla Nikolaevna Rudakova

MBOU Secondary School No. 4, Anapa,

Krasnodar region

Story

Gorodets painting originates from Gorodets , which had their own peculiarity: a ridge and a bottom. To decorate the Donets, Gorodets craftsmen used a unique technique - : figures were cut out of a different type of wood and inserted into a recess corresponding to the shape. Inserts made from dark stained , stand out in relief on the light surface of the bottom. Thus, having only two shades of wood and a simple tool, folk craftsmen turned the surface of the bottom board into a real picture.

Later, craftsmen began to use tinting for visual richness, a bright combination of yellow with dark oak, the addition of blue, green, and red colors made the bottom even more elegant and colorful. A famous master of inlaid bottoms with tinting was .

The need to increase the production of spinning bottoms prompted the craftsmen to simplify the decorative technique. From the second half the complex and labor-intensive technique of inlay began to be replaced by simply carving with tinting, and since the 1870s, the picturesque style of decoration has prevailed on the Gorodets Donets.

Peculiarities

In Nizhny Novgorod paintings, two types can be distinguished - Pavlovsk and Gorodets paintings, which were used to decorate chests, arches, sleighs, children's furniture, bottoms for spinning wheels and many small household items. The Gorodets style is distinguished primarily by its content. In the paintings, the main impression is given by genre scenes. All these images are conventional in nature, very free and decorative in form, and sometimes border on . This is everyday life , , a magnificent parade of costumes. A significant place is occupied by floral motifs - lush “roses”, painted broadly and decoratively. By expression the master became a true painter. V. S. Voronov also speaks about this, writing that “the Nizhny Novgorod manner presents us with the purest version of genuine pictorial art, which has overcome the framework of graphic captivity and is based exclusively on the elements of painting...” Along with genre realistic motifs, idealized ones also live in Gorodets paintings. decorative images of birds and animals.

There are exotic And . Especially often is the image of a hot, strong horse or rooster in a proud, warlike pose. Most often these are paired images, facing each other. The Gorodets master of painting loves flowers. They are scattered everywhere on the field of paintings with cheerful garlands and bouquets. Where the plot allows, the master willingly uses the motif of a lush curtain, picked up by a cord with tassels. The decorativeness of the motifs is emphasized by the decorativeness of color and techniques. Favorite backgrounds are bright green or intense red, deep blue, sometimes black, on which the multicolored Gorodets color splashes especially lushly. In characterizing the plot, whitened tones give rich shades of color transitions. Painting is done with a brush, without preliminary drawing, with a free and rich stroke. It is very diverse - from a broad stroke to the finest line and virtuoso stroke. The work of the master is fast and economical. Therefore, it is very generalized, simple in its techniques, and free in the movement of the brush. Characteristic of Gorodets are flower paintings, multicolored and expressive works by masters A. E. Konovalov and D. I. Kryukov.

History of Gorodets painting

The painting, which is now called Gorodets, was born in the Volga region, in villages located on the banks of the clean and bright Uzory River. In the villages of Koskovo, Kurtsevo, Khlebaikha, Repino, Savino, Boyarskoye, etc. In the 18th century. a center for the production of spinning bottoms and toys emerges. The peasants took their products to sell at a fair in the village of Gorodets. Therefore, the painting done on these products was called Gorodetskaya.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language V.I. Dalia explains that the word “bottom” means “a plank on which our spinner sits, sticking a comb into it.” Having finished the work, she took out the comb and hung the bottom on the wall, and it decorated the hut. Therefore, folk craftsmen paid special attention to decorating the boards with carvings and paintings. The spinning wheel was a faithful companion throughout the peasant woman’s life. It often served as a gift: the groom gave it to the bride, the father to the daughter, the husband to the wife. Therefore, the bottom was chosen to be elegant and colorful, to the joy and surprise of everyone. The spinning wheel was passed down from generation to generation, it was taken care of and stored.
To decorate the boards, the craftsmen used a unique technique - inlay, which is very rarely found in folk art. The figures were cut out of a different type of wood and inserted into recesses corresponding to the shape. These inserts, made of dark bog oak, stood out in relief against the light surface of the bottom. Having wood of two shades and using the simplest tools, folk craftsmen turned the bottom into a work of art.
Later, the craftsmen also began to use bottom tinting. The bright combination of a yellow background with dark oak, the addition of blue, green, and red colors made it elegant and colorful.
From the second half of the 19th century. the complex and labor-intensive technique of inlay was replaced by bracket carving with tinting, and then the pictorial manner of decoration began to predominate.
The subjects of ancient Gorodets painting were images of birds, flowers, horse riders, young ladies and gentlemen, and scenes from folk life.
Nowadays, the traditions of the old masters are being sought to be revived and enriched by folk craftsmen working at the Gorodets Painting factory of art products in the city of Gorodets. Among them there are laureates of the award named after. I.E. Repina. This is L.F. Bespalova, F.N. Kasatova, A.E. Konovalov, L.A. Kubatkina, T.M. Rukina, A.V. Sokolova.

Secrets of Gorodets masters

Tools and materials. For painting, it is advisable to have three brushes: squirrel brush (No. 2 or No. 3), core brush (No. 1 or No. 2) and flute brush (No. 2 or No. 3). A flute is a flat brush made of soft hair that is used for underpainting and framing.
Nowadays, Gorodets artists paint products with oil and tempera paints. It is better for schoolchildren to use gouache for this, since Gorodets painting is multi-layered, and gouache paints dry quickly and can be applied one on top of the other. You need to learn to draw on thick white paper.
It is best to have a set of gouache of 12 colors, of which you will need eight: black, white, scarlet, kraplak red (cherry), cobalt blue light (bright blue), yellow, chromium oxide and red iron oxide. One more paint is also needed - cinnabar (bright red), but it is not included in the kit.
To get the color scheme of Gorodets painting, you need to mix paints. In addition to those that are in the gouache set, you need to get four new paints: light blue, light pink, light ocher and Gorodets green (Fig. 1).
To get light blue, add a little light cobalt blue to white paint (zinc white) (bright blue paint). Light pink is obtained by mixing white paint with cinnabar or white paint with scarlet. For light ocher, use light yellow and a little red iron oxide. Gorodets green paint is obtained by mixing yellow gouache, chromium oxide (dark green paint) and red iron oxide. The result should be a warm swamp green paint. All paints obtained should be creamy.
To mix new paints, take clean gouache jars. To prevent the paints from drying out, you need to add a little water to them as needed.

Elements, subjects and techniques of Gorodets painting.

At the beginning of training, it is very important to learn how to hold a brush correctly. It must be in a strictly vertical position relative to the work (Fig. 2). The elbow is fixed, and the hand is completely free to perform continuous plastic strokes, both on smooth planes and on spherical or cylindrical surfaces. While working, you can lean on your protruding little finger, lightly touching the product with it.

Ornament occupies a significant place in wood painting.

Ornament is a pictorial, graphic or sculptural decoration made from a combination of geometric, plant or animal elements.

The main elements of Gorodets painting are circles, brackets, dots, drops, arcs, strokes, and spirals.

It is important to understand the difference between the concepts of “pattern” and “ornament”.

Pattern - this is a drawing that is a combination of lines, colors, shadows (Fig. 4). They, brought into a certain system, rhythmically ordered, will make up the ornament (Fig. 5). When mastering painting of the pictorial type, to which Gorodetskaya belongs, we must remember that it is performed without first drawing the outline of the design.

Gorodets painting is carried out in three stages (Fig. 6).

The first one is underpainting , i.e. circular motion with the brush, applying one color spot. Underpainting is done with a wide flat brush - flute or squirrel brush No. 3. The main thing is to learn how to take the right amount of paint on the brush. If there is not enough paint, the underpainting will turn out pale and inexpressive; if there is a lot, then when it dries the paint will begin to peel off.
Second stage - shade (or shade), i.e. applying the brace. To draw a bracket correctly, first you just need to lightly touch the paper with the tip of your brush and draw a thin line; towards the middle, press the brush firmly, and finish the bracket again with a thin line. Make sure that the brush is perpendicular to the sheet of paper.

The third stage - revival (or bait), i.e. fine cutting of ornamental forms with white. Revivals are always applied to monochromatic silhouettes, which gives them some volume.
People begin to master Gorodets painting by painting flowers, which are depicted mainly in a circle.

Gorodets flowers are diverse

by color and shape.

Flowers in Gorodets painting are a symbol of health and prosperity.

Buds ( rice. 7) - a variety of Gorodets flowers. First, apply the main color spot (underpainting) in a circular motion with a brush. Then they begin the detailed development of the ornament (shadow). It is made in black, burgundy or kraplak red. Develop the bud by moving the brush, applying one color spot. The shape of the bud depends on how the brackets are positioned.

It may have one or more parentheses. If there are a lot of brackets, you need to start drawing with the smallest ones, gradually increasing them in size and bringing them closer to the edge of the underpainting. It must be remembered that the buds are always small in size. At the end, the revives are applied with white.

Kupavka (Fig. 8) is the most common flower in Gorodets ornament. Its underpainting is larger in size than the bud. They start painting with a small circle along its edge, then make a bracket inside the circle. Brackets are drawn along the edge of the underpainting, the same shape as the bracket inside the underpainting, only smaller in size. Brackets along its edge are drawn, starting from the center, gradually reducing them in size to the core. The final stage of painting - revitalization is usually done with whitewash. Applying the revival requires very careful and precise execution, so it must be done with a confident stroke with a thin brush.Rosan (Fig. 9) reflects the main characteristics of a flower, i.e. has petals and a pronounced center. Silhouette in the shape of a circle. The size may be larger than the kupavka. The center of the flower is drawn in the middle. The rose in the Gorodets painting is surrounded by brackets - petals of the same size, the color of which matches the color of the middle. The technique for painting the brackets is the same as for the kupavka.
The development options for revitalization are so diverse that it is difficult to name even the most common ones. Gorodets artists use dots, brackets, drops, and spirals.
Chamomile (Fig. 10) The flower is not complicated in its execution technique. Lightly touch the surface of the paper with the tip of the brush, leaving a thin mark on it. Then, without looking up from the paper, quickly apply and lift the brush. The result is a drop-like stroke - thin at the beginning and wide at the end. Like a rose, it has a core, only drop petals are drawn around it.
Rose (Fig. 11) the most complex flower. The painting begins with the underpainting - the main volume of the flower-circle; a central rounded petal is added to it at the bottom, followed by smaller petals in a circle down to the very core, which occupies the center of the upper part of the flower.

After the silhouette of the flower is created, they begin to develop it: the elements of the central part are limited by a large bracket and turned towards the core. The arc-bracket and the core in the upper part of the flower are painted in black, burgundy and red. The edges of the petals can be outlined with the same paint as the core.
The most difficult thing about a rose is its revival. Inside the arc-bracket, first draw a small bracket with a linear cut. Then two to four drops are drawn on both sides of the arc, depending on the free space inside the arc. Small brackets are drawn outside the arc. Inside the arc-bracket you can draw stamen points.

Gorodets leaves (Fig. 12) are very diverse in shape, size and color. They are almost always arranged in groups of five, three or two leaves.

A simple Gorodets leaf is depicted in the form of a pumpkin seed. A more complex one is written like this: draw a smooth arc with a brush and connect it with a curved line, making sure that the sheet remains wide at one end. The leaves are always wide, rounded and splayed.
Leaves are depicted in two stages: with underpainting and animation. If the underpainting is done with Gorodets green paint, then the revival is done with black paint, if with Gorodets dark green paint, then white is added to the black revivals.

Gorodets bird (Fig. 13) is a symbol of family happiness. Birds are depicted in various versions: a proud peacock, a frowning turkey, a cocky rooster, and a fairy-tale bird. They begin to write them with a smooth line depicting the bend of the neck and chest, then a line is drawn that defines the shape of the head and back, then the line of the wing, thread-like beak and legs are determined. Most often, the body is painted black, the wing is painted over with Gorodets green paint. The tail is written in different ways, for example, it is limited on both sides by lines that define its silhouette and painted over. It is best to do this in scarlet. In another case, each tail feather is painted in two colors. The development of birds begins with the head and ends with the tail. The revivals are done with whitewash, applying thin strokes.

Gorodets horse (Fig. 14) - a symbol of wealth. It is mostly black in color, with a small head on a steeply arched neck and a neatly combed mane. Masters depict it in several ways. Some use loose strokes to write the outline of the entire figure and only then paint over it. Others build the figure of a horse with spots of color, starting with the largest vertical element - the chest and neck. The outlines of the harness and saddle, the back and abdominal parts of the body are added to them. The plane limited by the lines of the harness and saddle remains light in this version. Most often, the saddle and harness are made in scarlet, and the details of the head and legs of the tail are made with white.

Composition in Gorodets painting

All works of art are created according to the laws of composition, non-compliance or ignorance of which can lead to a violation of harmony. Composition (from Latin compositio - arrangement, composition, connection) - the construction of a work of art, the relationship of its individual parts (components), forming a single whole.
For the composition of works of decorative and applied art, the main thing is the unity of content and form. Another, already specific feature is the correspondence of the form of a work of decorative art to its specific purpose.
To a large extent, the character of the composition is determined by the rhythm. Rhythm is a uniform alternation of design elements that helps achieve clarity and expressiveness of the composition.
A rhythmically organized pattern easily turns into an ornament - the basis of the composition. But ornament is not only the repeated repetition of similar elements of the design. Beautiful and clear drawing of the details of the overall silhouette becomes very important.
The artist’s work on a new work begins with choosing a theme in accordance with the purpose of the product. A well-thought-out compositional scheme is the basis for creating a work of art. You need to start with a life-size sketch of the compositional scheme. It is not recommended to make a drawing for a quarter or half of the product. When developing decor, you should determine which part of the product will carry the main ornamental and color load.
When studying Gorodets painting, work on the topic

“Composition composition” is carried out in three stages.

I. Study of compositional techniques in Gorodets painting.
II. Development of a sketch of the future product.
III. Making a life-size sketch.
Study of compositional techniques in Gorodets painting. A characteristic feature in the plot compositions of spinning donuts is the image of a horse and rider. A galloping horse with its head held proudly was usually placed in the center of the composition.
The image of a horseman in folk art is familiar to artists from icon painting (St. George the Victorious, Dmitry of Thessaloniki, etc.). On carved bottoms kept in museums, a composition depicting two riders on rearing horses is most often presented. Riders are positioned on both sides of a flower tree, from the top of which a swan takes off. On the lower halves, Donetsk masters usually depicted genre scenes of gentlemen walking with ladies, hunting scenes, etc. In the 60s XIX century The same compositions were used in the painted Donets. By the end of the 19th century. folk artists began to paint genre pictures and scenes of festivities. Later, the leading storyline of the donets, which were included in the dowry, became the illustration of wedding rituals: the bride riding in a carriage, the bride, the meeting of the groom.
The brothers Lazar and Anton Melnikov were the first to write tufts and buds, brightly colored birds and cockerels on the bottoms. They also developed the poses of horses and riders: the horse was certainly drawn with long legs, and its hind leg was always clasped in a hook. Modern masters continue to paint horses in Melnikov’s style.

By the end of the 19th century. A characteristic form of floral ornament has developed with certain elements: these are buds, roses and a flower, which are endlessly repeated in various versions. In the center of the compositional plane, artists place the main image: a bird, a horse, a person, a group of people or a plant motif.

Folk artists paint faces in one manner - in the form of a white circle, on which their features are indicated with thin black lines. Hairstyles for both men and women are distinguished by great sophistication, but only black is used in coloring. In the depiction of the figures themselves, a flat color scheme is used, in which the main large spots (skirts, jackets, jackets, trousers) are painted without an outline, in the form of a monochromatic colorful silhouette. Bright flowers and decorative green leaves remain a favorite decorative motif in the art of Gorodets masters, which give the painting a special charm.

The traditions of Gorodets narrative painting are preserved and continue to be developed at the Gorodets Painting factory. Contemporary artists paint more than 50 types of products: decorative panels, caskets, boxes, kitchen cabinets, shelves, cutting boards, bread bins, salt shakers, sets of stands, as well as toys and children's furniture.

2. After the location of the ornament has been found, we select the main compositional center, the proportional relationship of the parts has been decided, it is necessary to find a color scheme for the composition. Often children, having seen the multicolored Gorodets painting, think that they can use the whole set of paints. But, having examined their sketches and remembering the laws of color science, they come to the conclusion that the layout of local color spots obeys only one thing - the general gamut.

3. Having composed the composition and selected the color, you can begin to draw the ornament in detail. The development of the product composition ends with the design of the frame. Gorodets craftsmen pay great attention to this, since the frame decorates any product. It is performed either in one color (usually scarlet) or in several.

Making a life-size sketch.

Before processing wood for painting, it is necessary to familiarize students with its basic properties.
Wood is an excellent ornamental material for creating decorative and applied arts.
Linden, aspen, and alder wood are widely used for painting. The best of them for painting is considered to be linden. It absorbs moisture and therefore is well tinted with aqueous solutions and paints.
Aspen wood is distinguished by its softness, uniform texture, whiteness and purity. One of its important properties is light resistance: it does not turn yellow for a long time if it is kept indoors. Alder wood is soft, light, cuts well, warps little, and is easy to pickle and polish.
An important characteristic of wood is color. Any wood from a freshly cut tree, as a rule, has a uniform color throughout the cut. But over time, the wood becomes darker. This must be taken into account in your work. For example, an alder tree slightly tinted with yellow paint will still have a reddish tint to the background. And if this circumstance is not taken into account, then the arrangement of colors in the ornament will not be in harmony with the general tone of the background, which always has a warm tint.
In painting lessons, you most often have to deal with plywood, so you should describe its properties in more detail.
Mostly plywood is used, consisting of three, five and seven sheets. The layers of plywood are glued together with waterproof glue. Their number is always odd, so plywood does not warp. The layers of plywood are laid so that the direction of the fibers in the glued layers intersects each other at right angles. This gives plywood special rigidity and strength.
Immediately before painting, the selected workpiece should be processed. It is sanded with sandpaper (along the length of the fiber), and then covered with starch paste. After it has dried, the workpiece must again be treated with sandpaper.
Painting on the product is carried out in a strictly defined sequence: first the central part of the composition is painted, and then the floral ornament is made. After all the underpainting has been completed, they should be shaded with dark colors. The painting is completed with animations made with white and yellow paints.
If the sketch provides for a background, then the surface of the product must be tinted with the required color. Most often, the following colors are used for the background: light and dark ocher, cinnabar and scarlet, less often black. The color scheme for products made with a background is completely different than for products made without it.
If the background is made of light and dark ocher, the color scheme of the composition should be brighter, and vice versa, if cinnabar or scarlet color was used for the background, then a muted color scheme is chosen. On a black background, white or yellow is used for shading. To complete the background, it is best to use brushes No. 5 - 8 so that the paint lays down in a more even layer.
After the painting is completed, it is varnished. Before this, it is necessary to familiarize students with the types of varnishes and the general rules of varnishing. Each subsequent layer of varnish can be applied only after the previous one has dried. The more coats of varnish, the longer it takes to dry between each coat. After each coating, the surface of the product is treated with fine-grained sandpaper. This alternation of operations is necessary for better bonding of the varnish layers and obtaining a mirror surface. A tampon for coating products with varnish is prepared from a scrap of any fabric, except fleecy.
To consolidate the material covered, broaden one’s horizons and cultivate artistic taste, as well as in search of subjects, it is necessary, if possible, to organize excursions to museums and exhibition halls.

Literature:
Baryshnikov A.A. Basics of composition. M., 1951.
Boguslavskaya I.Ya. Good hand craftsmanship. Leningrad, 1976.
Borodulin V.A. Artistic processing of wood. M., 1986.

History of Gorodets painting.

The painting, which is now called
Gorodetskaya, born in the Volga region, in
villages located on
banks of a clean and bright river
Patterns in the villages of Koskovo,
Kurtsevo, Repino, Boyarskoye, etc.
The peasants took their products
sell at a fair in the village of Gorodets.
Therefore, the painting done on these
products, was named
Gorodetskaya.

The paintings are done in gouache. First they cook
a colored background (often yellow) is applied to it
main figures, bouquets, in the form of large flowers
spots, beautifully coordinated in tone and color.

The dominant color of Gorodets paintings
bright yellow chrome or cinnabar (bright red
dye).
Blue, green and sometimes "bleached" tones
(pink, blue) used for writing
pattern, black and white - for detailing.

Gorodets ornament

In the painting
significant place
occupies the ornament.
Ornament is
picturesque or
graphic
decoration from
combinations
geometric,
vegetable or
animal elements.
Essential elements
Gorodets painting -
these are circles, brackets,
points, drops, arcs,
strokes, spirals.

Technique for depicting basic plant elements.

Technique
Images
Kupavka
(phased
performance)
main plant
elements.
Kupavka is the most
common flower in
Gorodets ornament.
Underpainting to size
big. Paint
start small
a circle along its edge, then
make a bracket inside the circle.
They draw along the edge of the underpainting
brackets. Brackets along its edge
draw starting from the center,
gradually reducing them to
sizes up to the core.
Animation is in progress
whitewash.

Rosan reflects the main
characteristics of a flower, i.e. It has
petals and pronounced
center. Silhouette in the shape of a circle. By
size may be larger
bathing The center of the flower is drawn in
middle. Rozan in painting
Gorodets is surrounded by parentheses -
petals of the same size,
whose color matches
middle color. Technique
the brackets are painted the same as in
bathing

Technique for depicting birds.

Technique for depicting birds.
The Gorodets bird is a symbol
family happiness. Birds are depicted
in various versions: this and proud
peacock, and frowning turkey, and
a cocky rooster, and a fabulous bird.
They begin to write them with a smooth line,
depicting the curve of the neck and chest,
then draw a line defining
the shape of the head and back, then
define the line of the wing, filamentous
beak and legs. Most often the torso
done in black, wing
painted over with Gorodets green
paint. The tail is written in different ways,
for example, they limit from two
sides with lines defining it
silhouette and paint over. The best thing
do this in scarlet color. IN
in another case, draw each
tail feather in two colors.
The development of birds begins with the head and
ends with a tail. They make animations
whitewash, applying thin strokes.

There are three types of composition
in Gorodets painting:
1.Floral painting.

2. Floral painting with motif included
"horse" and "bird";

3.Plot painting.

Fishing
metal trays,
painted with oils
painted and coated
varnish, arose at the beginning
19th century in Trinity
Moscow volost
provinces.
In the village of Zhostovo
brothers
Was the Vishnyakovs
open
workshop, and later was
educated
Zhostovo factory
decorative
paintings.

Elements of painting
Zhostovo ornament

Brush strokes
Comma stroke
Zigzag stroke
Element "stem"
Half brush stroke
element" "heart"
petal element

Stages of painting
The most important operation requiring
true creativity is painting,
depicting most often colorful bouquets
colors. Painting is carried out in several
stages.
It starts with
“paintings” - whitened
paints outline the general
silhouette image (colors
and leaves), main spots.
"Painted"
trays are dried in
ovens during
several hours.

The second stage is
"Tenezhka."
On the dried “painting”
transparent paints
shadows are applied i.e.
shadow places are revealed
plants.
The third stage – “Laying”
Dense writing in bright colors
paints. Bouquet shapes
take on flesh, become more precise,
are highlighted, appears
contrasting or
harmonious color
compositions.

4th stage – “Blikovka” - that is
applying whitening strokes,
specifying all volumes.
5th stage –
"Drawing"
Fast and easy
outlines
petals, leaves,
veins –
expressively
emphasizing on
in contrast to their juicy liveliness.
6th final stage, final
letter - "Binding" - thin herbs and
tendrils that unite all images into
bouquet with a soft transition connecting
it with the background.

The tray is decorated with floral painting.
Large
flowers are surrounded by smaller ones and connected between
with flexible stems and leaves.

Golden ornament by
edge of the tray
completes
festive
composition
flower bouquet
ORNAMENT – painting
gold paint
board tray

Art was born
Khokhloma in the middle
17th century in
peasant life
Trans-Volga villages.
This art is already
more than 300 years.

History of the development of the fishery
Khokhloma painting
Uzola River, along
which are located
villages where I was born
Khokhloma.
Khokhloma - that's what it was called
a large trading village where
brought for sale
products from surrounding villages and
villages Here
attractive product
acquired by merchants, and then
sold at fairs not only
throughout Russia, but also beyond it
outside. And in consciousness
buyers colorful tableware,
spoons became associated with
named after a trading village.
Nizhny Novgorod Trans-Volga region - center
the art of Khokhloma painting is a land of rich history and
original culture.

The name of the fishery is associated with the ancient
trading village of Khokhloma, where from the surrounding
villages brought painted
dishes
Locals
speak -
- Volzhsky - Khokhloma,
hitting first
syllable.

Miracle of the product

Red
Black
Yellow
Green

Using all the colors of Khokhloma

Predominance
red and yellow
colors

Predominance of green

Turned wooden products are primed liquid
diluted clay, dried in an oven, covered
drying oil. This is done several times. At the last
since the drying oil is not completely dried so that it is easy to use
stuck silver
powder – half. When
the half layer will dry out,
silver blanks
will be sent for painting
"under the background"

A red or black pattern is applied to the workpiece,
dried in an oven, varnished, placed
back into the oven - this is where a miracle happens:
Under the temperature
up to 180 degrees
the varnish will darken and
it will seem
honey-golden on
silver plated
surfaces.
And then it’s painted
applied drawing,
burns and dries again...
.

Types of Khokhloma painting

Khokhloma painting comes in two types:
top letter and background. Horse
the letter is a grass painting, a painting “under
leaf." The background letter is a curl,
painting “to match the background”.

The variety of Khokhloma painting is divided into
“top” and “background writing.
Horse letter
Background
letter
Variety
background email
- "kudrina"

HORSE
the letter is called because it is gilded
the surface is not painted over, but over it,
along the top, a drawing is applied.

BACKGROUND letter - on the floor (silver background)
outlines of future leaves are drawn,
flowers, berries. External space
side of the contour lines is painted over
black or red
paint - happens
fill the background and then
colorization
drawing elements.
Subsequence
painting
"under the background."

“KUDRINA” - More abstract, fantasy, intricate.
The painting looks royally elegant, like on black
and on a red background.
From bird tails
strange things grow up
plants, leaves
resemble feathers, and from
large fairy flower
pour out in a cascade
berries

ELEMENTS OF KHOKHLOMA
PAINTINGS

Ornamental stripes, strokes, borders,
Ukrainians.

Herbal bushes "Kudriny".
Subsequence
making a flower
"Kudrins."

Gzhel is the name of a picturesque region near Moscow,
which is 60 km away. From Moscow.
The word “Gzhel” is incredibly popular today. This is the beauty of harmony
fairy tale and reality.
Porcelain with elegant blue painting is now known not only
in Russia, but also far beyond its borders.
Gzhel products attract everyone who loves beauty.

The very first mention of Gzhel
appears in the will
Ivan Kalita 1328. (XIV century)
Then this name is repeated
In the letters of Ivan the Terrible (XVI century)

In 1663, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich issued
order: “to bring clay to Moscow from Gzhel for
making apothecary utensils."
Until the mid-18th century, Gzhel made ordinary
pottery for that time,
made bricks, pottery pipes,
as well as primitive children's toys, supplying
them to Moscow.

The Gzhel Association is a modern enterprise.
Gzhel is
vases
figurines
toys

Kvasnik - a vessel in which it was stored and served
yeast or fruit kvass.

Cobalt flower with blue splashes,
as if from the depths, it makes its way to the brilliant
the smooth surface of porcelain and pours into the finest
overflows, just as they diverge
circles in the water from a thrown stone.

See sparkling porcelain with forever
blooming cobalt flower and immediately
you will recognize him: this is Gzhel

Clay product.

Dymkovskaya
toy. Height
toys 20-25 cm..
Traditional
Dymkovsky
toys
roosters are considered
ladies, nannies.

Dymkovo toy

The name of the fishery is related
with Dymkovskaya Sloboda near
city ​​of Vyatka (now
Dymkovo - outskirts of Kirov).
Horsemen are depicted
ladies in beautiful dresses with
colored frills,
gentlemen, fabulous
characters, animals,
everyday scenes. Poses and
the figures themselves are several
conditional, simplified. IN
bright paintings are used
paints are usually
white background, gilding. IN
ornaments are used
circles, wavy lines,
stripes, cells.

Filimonovskaya
toy - Russian
art
fishing,
formed
in the Tula region.
Bulk
craftsmen's products
make up
traditional
whistles: ladies,
horsemen, cows,
bears, roosters.

Filimonovskaya toy

Village Filimonovo
is located in the Tula region.
Since ancient times, dishes have been made here and
toys from local light
pottery clay. Forms
original toys,
unusual. Several figurines
elongated, painted
3-4 colors predominate. Herself
painting - alternation
horizontal stripes along
white, yellow background. IN
ornaments are also used
circles, rosettes, triangles,
zigzags, dots. Toys
depicted birds, fabulous
animals, horsemen, ladies,
everyday scenes (groom and
bride, troika riding and
etc.)

Polokhovmaydanskaya
painting.
In the villages of Polokhovmaidan
Nizhny Novgorod
areas do
bright painted
ramming toys
- these are nesting dolls,
three knights,
boxes, mushrooms,
vases, salt shakers.

Spoon fishing.

This fishery
were engaged
peasants, they lived
on
infertile
lands
(Arkhangelsk,
Novgorodskaya,
Vladimirskaya).

Russian nesting dolls
toy in the form of a painted
dolls with
there are people like her
smaller dolls
size. Invention
Russian matryoshka
attributed to turner
V. P. Zvezdochkina in
1890s, and the author
the first painting was
professional
artist S. V. Malyutin

Abramtsevokudrinskaya
carving -
art
craft carving
tree,
formed
at the end of the 19th century
surroundings
Moscow Region
Abramtsevo estate.

Bogorodskaya
thread,
Bogorodskaya
toy - Russian
folk craft
carved toys and
sculptures from
soft wood
(linden, alder,
aspen). village
Bogorodskoye
Moscow region
from the XVI-XVIII centuries.

Bogorodskaya carved toy

village near Moscow
Bogorodskoye is located
near the city of Sergiev Posad.
Craft carved wood
toys originated in the 16th and 17th centuries.
There are two types
toys: sculpture toys and
moving toys. Manner
Bogorodskaya carving is accurate,
sharp, the trace is clearly visible
incisor As a rule, the toy is not
painted, saving
natural warm color
wood, but sometimes they did
painted toys.
The topics are varied:
peasants, hunters, military,
animals and birds, scenes from
everyday life, fabulous
stories.

Enamel - special
type of applied
art in which
enamel is used
in combination with metal.
Enamels
are painted
metal salts:
gold additives
attach to glass
ruby color,
cobalt blue
color, and copper -
green

Enamel

Enamel is the ancient Russian name for enamel, and it originated
from the Greek enamel, meaning brilliant.
Rostov enamel is considered the best in Russia. painting
enamel almost forever retains cleanliness, shine and
color transparency.

Scan Filigree
Skan (from Old Russian skat - to twist),
filigree - a type of jewelry
technique: openwork or soldered on
metal background pattern made of thin
gold, silver or copper
wire, smooth or twisted
ropes. Filigree products are often
supplemented with grain (small
silver or gold balls) and
enamel.
Products with filigree were produced in
many art centers
Russia. Created as big
works of art and
small items (vases, salt shakers,
boxes). In steel production
use crystal and mother of pearl.

Gusevsky crystal

In the impenetrable forests of the Meshchera region,
on the Gus River, there is a small
a city with the wonderful name GusKhrustalny. A city that is rightfully
bears the title of the center of Russian
glass making.
Famous Gusev decanters with
roosters,
bouquets became known throughout Russia and
worldwide.
And after mastering the production of crystal,
Gusev crystal very quickly won
recognition on the Russian market.

Assortment of Gusev products made of plain and colored glass and crystal
varied - from simple tableware glassware to
luxuriously decorated with rich diamond cuts and carvings
objects. Such products have acquired a special character of uniqueness,
high artistic performance.

Products made from papier-mâché.

In Fedoskino,
Palehe is made from papier mache
basis for
traditional
lacquer miniatures.
From papier-mâché
make dummies
masks, educational
aids, toys,
theatrical
props,
boxes.

Palekhskaya
miniature -
folk craft,
developed into
village of Palekh
Ivanovo region.
Lacquer miniature
on papier-mâché.
Usually
sign
boxes, caskets,
pods, brooches,
panels, ashtrays,
tie pins,
pincushions

Fedoskino
painting.
Product manufacturing
arose from papier-mâché
in 1795, when the merchant
P. I. Korobov
organized in
the village he bought
Danilkov (currently
time is included
Fedoskina). Favorite
with painting motifs
Fedoskino
miniaturists became
popular at the time
subjects: "troikas",
"Tea Party", scenes from
Russian and
Little Russian
peasant life.

Artistic handmade lace.

Hand lace is a patterned mesh fabric,
which is a work of decorative and applied art.
In Rus', lace making already existed in
XIII century
In the 17th century lace making was widespread
from gold and silver threads. In the 19th century Become
use cotton yarn.
Special lifting lace
reaches at the end of the 19th century.
Handmade lace was used during this period
in great demand domestically and internationally
markets.

Yelets lace.
Mikhailovsky Ryazan lace
Kirov (Vyatka) lace.
Vologda lace.

Lace making.

Vologda
lace is the most
known, it
weaves out there with
1820. Special
attention is paid
piece goods:
famous
collars,
capes, scarves,
gloves,
napkins.

Pavlovo Posad shawl

Pavlovo shawls

Pavlovo Posad printed, woolen and half-woolen shawls,
decorated with traditional colorful printed designs, originated in
the town of Pavlovsky Posad near Moscow in the 1860-80s. Pavlovsky District
Posada

In the ornament of Pavlovsk scarves
lush floral bouquets and
Garlands.

Wooden lace
The tradition of decorating houses with carved
wooden platbands and others
decorative elements arose in
Russia is not in a vacuum. Initially
the carving had a cult character.
The ancient Slavs applied to their
dwelling pagan signs called
protect the home, provide
fertility and protection from enemies and
natural elements. No wonder in
stylized ornaments are still
can you guess the signs indicating
sun, rain, women raising their hands to
sky, animals or whimsical
interweaving of vegetation. IN
further, religious meaning
wooden carvings were lost, but
tradition of giving different
functional elements of the house facade
the artistic look remains to this day.
In almost every village, hamlet or
in the city you can find amazing
samples of wooden lace.

Bone carving

folk
art
fishing,
formed and
practiced in villages
Kholmogory district
Arkhangelsk
areas. First
famous products,
date back to the 17th century.

Tula armory.

By decree of Peter I in
1712 in Tula
the first one is being built in
country
state
Armory.
Tula becomes
recognized center
weapons production
and metal
products.

Tula samovar

Samovar and Tula are inseparable. In any
corner of Russia and far beyond its borders
you can find a Tula samovar.
Everyone knows that a samovar is
device for preparing boiling water.
“He cooks it himself” - that’s where the word came from.
Some researchers believe
it is true that it came from the Tatar
"snabar", translated - teapot. Few
probably a very Russian word. And myself
the samovar could not appear in any
other country. There is in China, where it was from
tea, related to
a device that also has a pipe and
blower. But there is no real samovar
nowhere else, if only because in
in other countries they brew it with boiling water immediately
tea is almost like coffee.

Kasli iron casting

Melting and
steel mill in
city ​​of Kasli, Chelyabinsk
area works with
mid-18th century. At the factory
made fences
grates, dishes and even
furniture. Kaslinsky
foundry workers did not create
only monumental
structures, but also small ones
sculptures, decorative
items. Cast iron
sculptures turned out
graceful: softly flowing
clothes, rolled
elastic muscles – cast iron
seems to come to life.

Kasli casting

Kasli casting items - cast iron
fences, gates, gratings, balconies,
figurines - create the impression of fragile and
openwork.At the same time they amaze
a sense of longevity and strength, if not
say eternity.

Kasli residents glorified
art for the whole world
transformations of the dark,
heavy cast iron
wonderful material for
graceful sculpture,
pleasing to the eye, mind and
human heart.

Conclusion.

Folk arts and crafts
art is the result of creativity
many generations of masters. AND
our planet looks like a giant
fantastic museum of Eternity,
the main exhibit of which
is inspiration, work
masters Today artistic
products made by folk
by craftsmen from various
materials serve as an indispensable
part of everyday life
person; they came into everyday life as
necessary items.

Gorodets painting, which originates from Trans-Volga villages, began its development in the mid-19th century. At that time, woodworking industries were actively developing in Russian villages, surrounded by wide forests. Currently, elements of Gorodets painting are being studied, starting in preschool institutions in arts and crafts classes.

Specifics of the technique

In old Gorodets, where this painting takes its name, the main sale of wooden household items painted in a special style created by the artisans of that time took place

Initially, painting was used to decorate spinning wheels. The fact is that the Gorodets spinning wheels themselves consisted of several parts; the bottom itself served to secure the hoop with the comb. They sat on the bottom while working, then the spinning wheel was dismantled and hung on the wall. Thus, the need arose to decorate the boards, turning them into pictures for a while. With their design solution, the Volga region craftsmen attracted many residents to purchase such a product, which gave rise to the development of Gorodets painting as a folk craft.

Frozen storylines were depicted on the bottoms. Everyday, idle or other events from the life of peasants and merchants. Ladies and gentlemen in magnificent attire walked at fairs, drank tea, sitting at a round table, the background was not detailed, only surrounded by columns, flower arrangements, the design could be divided into tiers, framed by simple lines.

Gorodets painting is characterized by black horses, cats, capercaillie birds, peacocks, as well as flower arrangements.

The painting was applied directly to the wooden surface with tempera paints, on egg yolk. Sometimes red and yellow paints could be used for the background. The color scheme has rich as well as diluted shades of red, yellow, and black. In later works green and blue appear.

Drawing technique

The main elements of Gorodets painting have changed only slightly over time. The style and principles of her drawing are studied in the practice of drawing on wood for preschoolers. At the initial level, she practices drawing floral patterns, recognizable among different types of art. The motifs used schematically depict symmetrical buds of roses, roses, daisies and daisies, and have their own characteristic features. There are quite simple schemes by which you can learn to paint in the style of Gorodets painting.

Drawing occurs in stages and requires the use of paints that dry and do not mix with the previous application, for example, gouache. Flower arrangements can form garlands, diamonds, or frames.

1. "Fairy lights";

1. "Rhombuses";

1. “Frames” are usually used to frame the main picture.

So, first, a sketch is drawn in pencil, defining the positions of the main elements of the painting.

It is not necessary to detail the drawing, since first of all, painting with paints begins with the so-called shading, applying only spots, circles for buds and leaf contours with the main colors slightly diluted with colors. For example, as shown in the photo below. The first step of creating bouquets.

With the second layer we apply a darker shade using arcs for shading, that is, undiluted, saturated or darkened colors. The drawing determines the contours of the buds.

And the last step is to apply white paint to create a colorful picture. In drawing animals, white strokes have the final importance in painting the fur and plumage. It’s not for nothing that this process is called “revival”.

These are the simplest basics of drawing Gorodets painting, used in arts and crafts classes for children in preschool and school age.

Birds and animals are drawn in the same step-by-step steps; cockerels and pheasants are drawn quite simply and schematically.

Horses are depicted with black paint or ocher; in the Gorodets style, they are also dressed in reins and saddles, have an elegant figure and lush manes.

Application in life

Of course, unlike the old works, a new step in the development of painting took place thanks to the emergence of new paints and technologies. The technique of craftsmanship in the modern interpretation of creativity is much brighter and more elegant and is mainly used for souvenir and decorative purposes, as well as for the development of artistic skills. Nowadays, elements of the imagination of artists are adding new images in the form of butterflies and insects, and even drawings of wonderful unicorns are allowed.