State of the Nogai horde. Nogai horde. Rulers of the Nogai Horde

), collapsed as a result of civil strife and external pressure in the first half of the 17th century.

Formation of the Nogai Horde

The temnik of the Golden Horde, Edigei, played an important role in the creation and strengthening of the Nogai Horde. Himself a native of the Mangut (Mangyt) tribe, Edigei became the Ulubei of the Mangyts in 1392.

In the 90s of the 14th century, Edigei waged wars with Tokhtamysh Khan, firstly, for dominance in the Golden Horde, and secondly, in order to strengthen the power of the Mangyt yurt over neighboring possessions and expand its borders.

Being a temnik, Edigei, who did not have the right to the title of khan, was the de facto ruler of the Golden Horde for 15 years (1396-1411).

Since 1412, the Mangyt Horde was ruled by the descendants of Edigei.

At this time, Edigei himself took an active part in the internecine struggle of the khan’s heirs for the Golden Horde throne, during which, having joined one of them, a descendant of Genghis Khan, Chokra-oglan, Edigei became his beklyarbek. After the victory in 1414 over Kepek Khan, who took the Golden Horde throne (in the same year), and his expulsion from the capital of Sarai, Edigei became beklyarbek (or great emir) of the Golden Horde, and remained so until his death in 1419.

Under the reign of Edigei, there was a gradual separation of the Mangyt Horde and the transformation of its lands into an independent feudal possession. The possessions of the Mangyt Horde expanded to the West Siberian Lowland. It was here that Tokhtamysh Khan fled and died; on this land the Taibug tribe recognized the power of Edigei over themselves.

At this time, in connection with the expansion of possessions and the subjugation of a number of tribes, the Nogai people began to form.

The Nogai Horde was finally formed as an independent state in the 40s of the 15th century (by 1440) in connection with the collapse of the Orda-Ejen Ulus, a vassal state of the eastern wing of the Golden Horde.

The Nogai Horde was located in the north-west of present-day Kazakhstan. Its main territory was in the steppes between the Volga and Yaik (Ural). In the east, the Nogais roamed along the left bank of the Yaik, in the southeast their nomads reached the Southern Aral Sea region, in the south - to the central Eastern Caspian region, in the west - to the Astrakhan Khanate, in the northwest to the Kazan Khanate, in the northeast - to the Western Siberian lowland.

Capital of the Nogai Horde

The political center of the Nogai Horde was the city of Saraichik on the river. Yaik (Lower Urals).

The city was founded in the 13th century. During the period of the existence of the Golden Horde state, busy trade routes from the Crimea and the Caucasus to the Karakorum and China passed through Saraichik. The 13th-14th centuries were the heyday of the city, but in the 15th century Saraichik was destroyed by the troops of Tamerlane, and the inhabitants were mostly killed. Only after becoming the capital of the Nogai Horde did the city begin to revive again. At the beginning of the 16th century, the Kazakh Khan Kasym captured Saraichik, where he soon died. As a result, his troops returned to their relatives again. In 1580, Saraichik was captured by the Volga Cossacks and was completely ravaged and destroyed. Some khans of the Golden and Nogai Hordes were buried in Saraichik.

History of the Horde

Judging by written sources, the Nogais in the middle of the 15th century reached the middle reaches of the Syr Darya and captured fortified cities. For example, in 1446, Mangyt Uakas-biy was the ruler of the city of Uzgent on the left bank of the Syr Darya. An important role in political life Eastern Desht-i-Kipchak was played in the 15th century by the descendants of Edigei - Musa-myrza and Zhanbyrshy (Yamgurchi).

In 1496, the Siberian-Nogai campaign against Kazan took place.

At the beginning of the 16th century, as a result of constant civil strife, the Nogai Horde began to decline. The power of the khans was greatly weakened.

In 1520, the Kazakh Khan Kasym captured Saraichik, the capital of the Nogai Horde.

In the first half of the 1550s, as a result of a three-year drought and ice in the winter, all livestock died, internecine struggle began among the Nogais, followed by a plague epidemic, 80% of the population died out, and the Nogais began to migrate to the North Caucasus.

As a result of the turmoil that began in the horde, as well as in connection with the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates to the Moscow state, the Nogai Horde began to disintegrate into several independent possessions.

In 1634, the Kalmyks again attacked the Great Nogai Horde and defeated it, exterminating some of the Nogais; those who remained were forced to move to the right bank of the Volga and wander with the Little Nogai Horde.

Ultimately, the Nogais migrated to the North Caucasus.

Rulers of the Nogai Horde

Armed forces

Since almost the entire population of the horde was nomadic, the army was mostly cavalry. Its basis was light cavalry, consisting of nomads, suitable for long campaigns and ambushes. The tactics of the Nogai warriors boiled down to maneuverable and quick cavalry strikes. The most combat-ready were the khan's guard and the squads of appanage murzas and biys, called in in case of war or other necessity. Since the horde did not have cities that were highly developed in terms of crafts, weapons were imported mainly from Bukhara and Samarkand. The number of troops reached 30 thousand people.

Farm

The basis of the economy was nomadic pastoralism (horses, sheep, cattle and camels) and transit trade. While the population of the remaining Tatar states largely switched to a sedentary lifestyle, the economy of the Nogai Horde was still nomadic in nature. On the territory of this state there was only one city - Saraichik, which he inherited from the Golden Horde. However, as a result of several seizures by the Volga Cossacks, Saraichik had already lost its former significance as a large trading center and soon ceased to play any role in the economy of the Khanate.

The Horde was divided into a number of self-governing uluses, headed by the Murzas. The Murzas were subordinate to the biy, who ruled with the help of nuradin. In the 16th century, the migration of the Nogais to the western bank of the Volga led to their separation from the Nogai Horde

NOGAI HORDE`, a state of Turkic-speaking nomads (Nogais), which arose as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde at the end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th centuries. At the end of the 14th century, Idegei founded a semi-independent ulus, the Mangyt Yurt, in the area between the Yaik and Emba rivers. In the 1430-1450s, the yurt was part of the nomadic state formed by Abulkhair. After its collapse, the Mangyts formed an independent state. In the 2nd half of the 15th century, most of the tribes subordinate to the Mangyt biys and Murzas began to be called common name"kick" The Mangyt yurt received the name “Nogai Horde”, or “Ulus-i Nugai”. In the 16th century, it occupied the territory from the Volga in the west to the Irtysh in the east, from the Kama in the north to the Syr Darya in the south. The center is the city of Saraichik. About 120 tribes (Ili) lived, the most numerous being the Bodrak, Kangly, Kipchak, China, Mangyt, Min, Naiman and Uishun. Power belonged to the biy, usually a descendant of Idegei. The main occupation was nomadic cattle breeding; primitive agriculture was practiced in wintering areas. Trade was carried out with Kazan, Astrakhan, and Moscow. Under the biys, Sheikh-Mamai (1548–1549) and Yusuf (1549–1554) played a significant role in international relations Eastern Europe, interfered in the internal affairs of the Astrakhan, Siberian, and Kazan khanates. With the help of the Nogai troops, Mamuk (1496) and Safa-Girey (1546) were placed on the Kazan throne. Marriage ties were established between the ruling dynasties of the Kazan Khanate and the Nogai Horde: the daughter of Biy Timur Nur-Sultan married Khan Ibrahim, Khan Muhammad-Amin married the daughter of Biy Musa Fatima, the daughter of Biy Yusuf Syuyumbike was married to Khan Jan-Ali, then Safa -Gireem. After Russia conquered the Kazan Khanate, an internecine struggle began in the Nogai Horde between supporters and opponents of the pro-Moscow orientation, which ended with the disintegration into Nogai Greater, Nogai Small and the Atyul Horde.

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ASTRAKHAN KHANATE

- medieval Tatar feudal state. In the early 1460s it separated from the Golden Horde. The founder was Khan Mahmud. The territory covered the steppe regions of the right bank of the lower Volga and the northwestern Caspian region. Capital Khajitarkhan. The main population is Tatars and Nogais

§ 26. NOGAI HORDE, NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN AND WESTERN SIBERIA IN THE XIII-XV CENTURIES

Formation of the Nogai Horde, its territory.After the collapse of the Golden Horde and the weakening of the White Horde, the state association Nogai Horde was formed in the north-west of Kazakhstan. The main territory of the Nogai Horde was in the steppes between the Volga and the Urals (Yaik), its center was in the lower reaches of the Volga, in the region (Saraichik (in the Urals). In the east, the Nogais roamed along the left bank of the Urals, in the northeast - to the West Siberian Lowland, in the north-west their nomads reached Kazan, in the south-west - to the Aral Sea region and the north of the Caspian Sea.

City of Saraichik.The center of the Horde was the city of Saraichik, located on the banks of the Zhaiyk River (Ural, Yaik). The city was founded in the 10th century. Judging by written sources, in the XIII century there were 35 thousand inhabitants in Rome, in the XI century in Paris - 58 thousand towns, and in Saraichik in the XIV century there were more than 100 thousand inhabitants. The city had 13 mosques, many oriental baths, bazaars, generalpublic buildings. Water supply was carried out using a water pipeline from a reservoir 5-6 km from the city. During the existence of the Golden Horde state, trade routes from the Crimea and the Caucasus to the Karakorum and China passed through Saraichik. The 13th-14th centuries were a period of prosperity for the city, but in the 15th century Saraichik was destroyed. Only after becoming the capital of the Nogai Horde did the city begin to revive again. During the reign (beginning of the 16th century) of the Khan Kasyma Saraichik became the capital of the Kazakh Khanate. In 1580, the city was captured and destroyed to the ground by the Don and Volga Cossacks. The khans of the Golden and Nogai Hordes were buried in Saraichik.

The name of the Horde comes from the name of the military leader of the Golden Horde -Kicking.Nogai took part in Batu’s campaigns of conquest and was a military leader of five khans of the Golden Horde. He played a very important role in the history of the Golden Horde. The main population of the Nogai Horde were the tribes that were part of the Nogai army (1260-1306). The Turkic-speaking Mangyt tribe, which made up the majority of the Nogai warriors, called their ulus the Mangyt Yurt. The actual founder of the Nogai (Mangyt) Horde is consideredEdyge.Under the reign of Edyge, the Nogai Horde began to separate from the Golden Horde. During the reign of Edyge's son Nur ad-din (1426-1440), an independent state was created, which separated from the Golden Horde.

Political history of the Horde.An important role in the creation and strengthening of the Nogai Horde was played by Edyge, who did not have the right to the title of khan, but was for many years the de facto ruler of the Golden Horde. During his reign, the Nogai separated from the Golden Horde and their lands were transformed into an independent fief. While ruling the Golden Horde, Edyge bore the title “beklar-begi” or “great emir”. He had unlimited power. There was a tradition according to which, without the consent of the descendants of Edyge, the approval of a khan from among the representatives of the Genghis Khan dynasty was considered invalid. During this period, the epic about Edyge appeared among the Mangyt people. The highest administrative power in society was exercised by beks, myrzas, sultans and bai. They ruled auls, ules (allotments), ulys (large territorial possessions). Leading clans and tribes, they resolved socio-economic issues. Power in the Horde was inherited. Due to the multi-ethnic composition of the population of the Nogai Horde, administrative power existed as a system of complete subordination to the Ulys rulers.

Myrza, the ruler of the village, unquestioningly obeyed the ruler of Ulys. His duties included collecting taxes from the subject population, fielding a certain number of fully armed soldiers to be sent on military campaigns, etc.

Political history of the Nogai Horde.In the 90s of the 14th century, Edyge waged a long war with Tokhtamysh Khan, firstly, for dominance in the Golden Horde, and secondly, in order to strengthen the power of the Nogai Horde over neighboring possessions and expand its borders. Edyge ruled the Horde for 15 years (1396-1411). Under his rule, the possessions of the Nogai Horde expanded to the West Siberian Lowland. It was here that Tokhtamysh Khan fled and died here, on this land the Taibug tribe recognized the power of Edyge over themselves. Judging by written sources, the Nogais (Mangyts) in the middle of the 15th century reached the middle reaches of the Syr Darya and captured fortified cities. For example, in 1446, Mangyt Uakas-biy ruled the city of Uzgend. An important role in the political life of Eastern Desht-i-Kipchak in the 15th century was played by the descendants of Edyge - Musamyrza, Zhanbyrshy.

Collapse of the Nogai Horde.At the beginning of the 16th century, the Nogai Horde began to decline. In the 1550s, after the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates to Russia, the Nogai Horde broke up into several independent possessions, after which part of the Nogai population became part of the Junior Zhuz of the Kazakhs.

IN early XVII century, the large Nogai Horde united with the small Nogai Horde along the coast of Zhaiyk (Ural), the Caspian Sea and all the way to the Don steppe. But now the Nogai Horde became dependent on the Crimean Khanate and the Turkish sultans. During the wars between Turkey and Russia, the Nogais were forced to repeatedly change their places of settlement. IN XVII - XVIII centuries, the Nogai Horde had close trade, economic and political relations with the neighboring Russian state, the Crimean and Kazakh khanates.

At the end of the 18th century, after the fall of the Crimean Khanate, the royal Russian government began to persecute the Nogais. The survivors moved to Turkey, the North Caucasus, and the lands of Kazakhstan and Bashkortostan.

Northern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia in XIII - XV centuries.

Since ancient times, Turkic tribes inhabited the vast lands of Western Siberia, whose population had close ties with the regions of Kazakhstan. Driven out of their lands as a result of the invasion of Genghis Khan, many Turkic tribes moved to Western Siberia. Some of them mixed with the local population.

The main core of the Kazakh tribes, neighboring the tribes of Western Siberia and having a significant influence on them, were the Kipchaks. On the lands from Tobol to Ulytau and Syr Darya lived Naimans, Kereis, Merkits and Onguts. In Western Siberia, an association of related Turkic-speaking tribes was formed, in which the Kereys played a leading role.

After the Mongol invasion, Western Siberia became part of the Zhoshy ulus and formally belonged to the Shaybanid dynasty, although administration was left in the hands of the local nobility of the Turkic Taibugin dynasty. As a tribute to the memory of Genghis Khan, Taibug Khan renamed his capital Tura in Western Siberia to the city of Chingi-Tura or Chimgi-Tura (now the city of Tyumen).

Having been defeated by Edyge in 1398, who seized power in the Golden Horde, Tokhtamysh fled to Western Siberia, where he ruled the estate. After the death of Tokhtamysh, the Taibuga people recognized the power of Edyge over themselves. But after the death of Edyge, an internecine struggle for power flared up again in this region between representatives of the Shaybanid dynasty. The khans of the White Horde also took part in it. Shaybanid Mahmud-Khoja, after being defeated by the White Horde khan Barak, fled to Western Siberia, where he was proclaimed khan of the Nogai.

In 1428, Abulkhair Khan made a campaign of conquest in Western Siberia and, having defeated Mahmud-Khoja, annexed Western Siberia to his khanate.

After the death of Abulkhair Khan in 1468, most of the territory of Western Siberia passed to Shaybanid Ibak Khan, Abulkhair's opponent.

Ibak, having concluded an alliance with the Kazakh khans Zhanybek and Keroy, killed Abulkhair’s successor Shaikh-Haidar. His son Muhammad Shaibani fled to Astrakhan. So Ibak Khan became the sole ruler in Chingi-Tur and the adjacent areas of Tobol and Irtysh.

Main core Siberian Khanates and there were lands along the middle reaches of the Irtysh, Tara, Tobol and Tura, where the mainly Turkic-speaking population of Western Siberia lived. It also included the steppe regions of the Tobol region. In 1481 and 1483, Ibak Khan sent embassies to the Russian state. He concluded a treaty of friendship and alliance with Tsar Ivan III and established trade relations with Russian cities.

However, the local feudal nobility, dissatisfied with the rule of Ibak Khan, having gathered large forces led by the Taibuga resident Muhammad, unexpectedly attacked Chingi-Tura in 1495, Ibak Khan was killed.

Muhammad Khan was proclaimed the ruler of Western Siberia. After his death, power still remained in the hands of the Taybugin dynasty.

Ethnic composition of the Nogai Horde and Western Siberia.The basis of the ethnic population of the Nogai Horde was the Mangyt tribe. Along with them, it included the Konrat, Naimans, Argyns, Kanlys, Alshyns, Kipchaks, Alasha, Tama and other Turkic-speaking tribes. This state association was created not on an ethnic basis, but as a primarily political entity. The tribes that inhabited the Horde played an important role in the ethnic formation of the Kazakh people. Chokan Valikhanov called “two native hordes” the Nogais and Kazakhs, who lived on friendly terms under the first Kazakh Khan Zhanybek.

Later, part of the tribes that were part of the Nogai Horde became part of the Junior Zhuz of the Kazakhs.

In addition to the Kipchaks, the main core of Turkic-speaking tribes inhabiting Western Siberia, other related tribes lived here. The Kypchaks of the Turgai and Ishim steppes of the Irtysh region were divided into associations: Kulan-Kypchaks, Kitai-Kypchaks, Sagal-Kypchaks, Madjar (Magyar)-Kypchaks, Toraigyr-Kypchaks. Along the course of the Middle Irtysh, Tobol, Ishim and Tura, the Kereis played a dominant role.

In the context of the development of social relations on a local ethnic basis, although under the rule of the Chingizids, for over three centuries, important changes took place on the vast territory of Kazakhstan associated with the gradual restoration and growth of the economy, cities, agriculture, and the development of language and culture.

Formation of the states of the White Horde, Khanate of Abulkhair, Mogulicamp, the Nogai Horde, the Siberian Khanate was a significant stage in the formation of the ethnic composition of the Kazakh people. It contributed to the creation of conditions for the subsequent formation of ethnically homogeneous feudal states.

Ethnic composition of the Nogai Horde and Western Siberia

1. What do you know about the creation of the Nogai Horde?

2.What part of the lands of the Nogai Horde belonged to Kazakhstan?

3.Tell us about the ethnic composition of the Nogai Horde.

4.Under the reign of which khan did the political position of the Nogai Horde strengthen?

5.What do you know about the political situation in Western Siberia?

6.Who are the Taibuga people?

Which dynasty did Ibak Khan belong to? What was the political situation in the country during his reign?

8. Write down in your history notebook the names of the tribes that inhabited Western Siberia.

Self-test questions

1.The founder of the Nogai Horde was...

A.Nogai D. Musa-myrza

B. Edyge E. Zhanbyrshy

C. Nur ad-din

2.In what year did Abulkhair Khan annex Western Siberia to his khanate?

A. in 1428 D. in 1483

B. in 1468 E. in 1495

C. in 1481

3.Which of the listed rulers established trade relations with the Russian Tsar Ivan III?

A. Edige D. Ibak khan

B. Mahmud-Khoja E. Sasy-Buga

C. Urus Khan

1. The Nogai Horde as a state was formed by the 1440s.
2. Located on the territory of the left bank of the Lower Volga, Southern Urals, Western and Central Kazakhstan. The state occupied steppe and forest-steppe plains alternating with plateaus. The Nogai wandered from the left bank of the Yaik to the West Siberian Lowland, from the Kazan Khanate to the northern Caspian region and the Aral region. The capital is Saraichik.

3. The Nogai Horde was inhabited by the Turkic-speaking tribes of the Mangyts, as well as the Uighurs, Keneges, Naimans, Kipchaks, Mins, Toguchans, Kolaches and others.

4. The ancestor of the ruling dynasty in the Nogai Horde is considered to be the outstanding figure of the Golden Horde, Edigei. The leadership of the peoples who formed the Nogai Horde was taken by the Mangyt tribes. The bey (khan) was recognized as the head of the Horde. He owned the highest state power.

The state was divided into uluses, ruled by the khan's governors - the Murzas. The bey's junior co-ruler was Nuradin, whose duties included protecting the uluses from attacks. In times of war, batyrs were appointed - leaders of detachments. They became recognized brave men. There were also ministers in the Nogai Horde - Karachi, responsible for their areas.

5. The main occupation of the population was nomadic cattle breeding. They raised horses, sheep, cattle and camels. They were also engaged in transit trade.

The army was professional and consisted of 30 thousand people. The basis of the army is cavalry, ready for long campaigns. The Nogai Horde acted as a united front with Moscow and Crimea against the Great Horde. In 1502, in the lower reaches of the Volga, the Great Horde was defeated by the joint forces of Moscow, Kazan and Crimea. As a result of this, the Astrakhan Khanate became completely dependent on the Nogai Horde.

Crafts and construction were not developed, since the Nogais led a nomadic lifestyle. Ammunition and utensils were purchased in neighboring states. They spoke the Tatar language in the Hogai Horde, and used Arabic script for correspondence.

7. By the middle of the 16th century. The Nogai Horde remained the last of the “heirs” of the Golden Horde, a state whose population led a nomadic lifestyle. The close proximity allowed the Nogai to influence the internal situation of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates and to place their proteges on the thrones. According to some sources, these states were obliged to make certain payments to the rulers of the Nogai Horde. In 1556, the Nogai Horde was overtaken by famine, which greatly undermined its strength. As the Nogai Horde weakened, Moscow developed its lands, building fortresses.

Glossary of terms

Nuradin - chief of the army, junior co-ruler of the khan.

Ulus is an administrative unit, a form of clan from nomads.

Murza is the governor of the khan in the Nogai Horde.

Plan
Introduction
1 Formation of the Nogai Horde
2 Administrative device
3 Household
4 Political history of the Horde
5 Rulers of the Nogai Horde

References

Introduction

The Nogai Horde (Mangyt Yurt) is a nomadic state formed as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde under the attacks of Tamerlane’s army (1391) in the area between the Volga and Irtysh rivers.

The end of the Nogai Horde as an independent formation was marked by endless unrest in the Horde. Trepavlov V.V. identifies three Troubles and the agony of the Horde. Naturally, the rivals of the Nogai Khanate did not fail to take advantage of the ensuing weakness of the state. As a result, some of the Nogais migrated to Ottoman Empire, part became part Russian kingdom, some migrated to the Kazakh Khanate.

1. Formation of the Nogai Horde

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, a new state association arose in the north-west of present-day Kazakhstan - the Nogai Horde. Its main territory was in the steppes between the Volga and the Urals (Yaik), and its political center was in the Saraichik area (on the Ural River). In the east, the Nogais roamed along the left bank of the Urals, in the northeast - to the West Siberian Lowland, in the northwest their nomads reached Kazan, in the southwest - to the Aral Sea region and the northern Caspian Sea.

The center of the Horde was the city of Saraichik in the lower Urals. The city was founded in the 13th century. During the existence of the Golden Horde state, trade routes from the Crimea and the Caucasus to the Karakorum and China passed through the city of Saraichik. The 13th-14th centuries were the heyday of the city, but in the 15th century Saraichik was destroyed. Only after becoming the capital of the Nogai Horde did the city begin to revive again. At the beginning of the 16th century, the Kazakh Khan Kasym briefly captured Saraichik, where he soon died, and the Kazakhs again retreated to their Betpak Dala desert. In 1580 the city was captured by free Cossacks. The khans of the Golden Horde and the Nogai Horde were buried in Saraichik. The name of the Horde comes from the name of the military leader of the Golden Horde - Nogai. Nogai took part in Batu’s campaigns of conquest and was a military leader of five khans of the Golden Horde. He played a very important role in the history of the Golden Horde. The main population of the Nogai Horde were the tribes that were part of Nogai's army. The Turkic-speaking Mangyt tribe, which made up the majority of the Nogai warriors, called their ulus the Mangyt Yurt. Edyge is considered the actual founder of the Nogai (Mangyt) Horde. Under the reign of Edyge, the Nogai Horde began to separate itself from the Golden Horde. During the reign of Edyge's son Nur ad-din, an independent state was created, which separated from the Golden Horde.

2. Administrative structure

The Horde was divided into a number of self-governing uluses, headed by the Murzas. The Murzas obeyed the biy, who ruled with the help of nuradin. In the 16th century, the migration of the Nogais to the western bank of the Volga led to the separation of the Lesser Nogais from the Nogai Horde; subsequently, among the Western Nogais, the highest title became the title of Sultan.

3. Household

The basis of the economy was nomadic pastoralism (horses, sheep, cattle and camels) and transit trade. While the population of the remaining Tatar states switched to a sedentary lifestyle, the economy of the Nogai Horde was still nomadic in nature. On the territory of this public education There was only one city - Saraichik, which he inherited from the Golden Horde. However, Saraichik lost its former significance as a large trading center and soon ceased to play any role in the economy of the Khanate.

4. Political history of the Horde

An important role in the creation and strengthening of the Nogai Horde was played by Edyge, who did not have the right to the title of khan, but was for many years the de facto ruler of the Golden Horde. During his reign, the Golden Horde became isolated and their lands became an independent fief. While ruling the Golden Horde, Edyge bore the title (beklar-begi) or (great emir). He had unlimited power. There was a tradition according to which, without the consent of the descendants of Edyge, the approval of a khan from among the representatives of the Genghis Khan dynasty was considered invalid. During this period, the epic about Edyge appeared among the Mangyt people. In the 90s of the 14th century, he waged wars with Tokhtamysh Khan, firstly, for dominance in the Golden Horde, and secondly, in order to strengthen the power of the Nogai Horde over neighboring possessions and expand its borders. Edyge ruled the Horde for 15 years (1396-1411). Under the reign of Edyge, the possessions of the Nogai Horde expanded to the West Siberian Lowland. It was here that Tokhtamysh Khan fled and died, on this land the Taibug tribe recognized the power of Edyge over themselves. Judging by written source, the Nogais (Mangyts) in the middle of the 15th century reached the middle reaches of the Syr Darya and captured fortified cities. For example, in 1446, Mangyt Uakas-biy ruled the city of Uzgend. An important role in the political life of Eastern Desht-i-Kipchak in the 15th century was played by the descendants of Edyge - Musa-myrza and Zhan-byrshy. At the beginning of the 16th century, the Nogai Horde began to decline. In the 1550s, after the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates to Russia, the Nogai Horde broke up into several independent possessions. As a result of a three-year drought and ice in the winter in the 50s of the 16th century, all livestock died, internecine struggle began among the Nogais, followed by a plague epidemic, 80% of the population died out, and the Nogais began to migrate to the North. Caucasus. At the beginning of the 17th century, their nomadic settlements along both banks of the Yaik to the Volga were settled by Kalmyks.

5. Rulers of the Nogai Horde

References:

1. Crimea - ulus of the Golden Horde. Venice and the possessions of Genoa in Crimea

2. Trepavlov V.V. History of the Nogai Horde. – M.: Publishing company “ Eastern literature” RAS, 2001. – 752 p.