Research work in linguistics "The functioning of words with suffixes of subjective assessment in the stories of L.N. Andreev. Suffixes of nouns. subjective assessment and real reduction and Suffixes of subjective assessment for example never

Subjective evaluation suffixes

Suffixes that serve to form forms of nouns, qualitative adjectives and adverbs with a special, emotionally expressive coloring and expression of the speaker’s attitude to an object, quality, or attribute. Suffixes of subjective evaluation give words different shades (affectionate, sympathy, neglect, contempt, humiliation, irony, also real decrease or increase).

Suffixes of nouns: -ets (brother, frost), -ik (ticket, bouquet), -chik (pocket, motor), -ok (buddy, cockerel), -its-a (water, puddle), - k-a (head, night), -ink-a (speck of dust, dewdrop), -ochk-a (star, muzzle), -ushm-a (-yushk-a), -utk-o (-yushk-o) (grandfather, little head, uncle, willy, little pole), -yshk-o (nest, piece of glass), -ishk-a, -ishk-o (little playful, little land, little town, little life), -onk-a (-enk-a ) (birch tree, path), -onk-a (enk-a) (little book, little horse), -g^-e, -ts-o, -its-e, ec-o (mirror, wine, dress, letter) , -ts-a (dirty, lazy), -ashk-a (old man, little face), -in-a (domina, ugly), -igts-e, -ish-a (voice, beard), -very, - echk-o, -ushek, -ymek (leaf, word, sparrow, peg), etc.

Suffixes of adjectives: -enyi-iy (-onk-iy) (kind, sweet, light, inferior), -yokhonk-iy (-ohonk-iy, -yoshenm-iy (-oshynyg-iy) (smirnehonky, bitter-honky, quick , light).

In adverbs correlative with nouns and adjectives, there are formations with corresponding suffixes. Barefoot, side by side, on foot, in a whisper, in the morning, furtively, in pursuit, skipping; early, little by little, close, etc.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what “subjective assessment suffixes” are in other dictionaries:

A semantic-grammatical category that expresses the speaker’s subjective assessment of an object, a sign of an object or a sign of an action and introduces additional emotionally expressive shades of endearment into the main objective meaning of the word...

Dictionary of linguistic terms

Main article: Functional styles of speech Colloquial speech is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in ... ... Wikipedia

- (from Latin suffixus nailed, nailed down). A service morpheme located after the root (immediately or after another suffix) and used to form new words or their non-syntactic forms. Derivational suffix (word-forming) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Literary-colloquial style, or type, of speech- (colloquial speech) – 1) Functional. variety of lit. language, used in conditions of informal, relaxed communication and contrasted within lit. language as a dichotomous system, book style (see). Lit. decomposition style in this... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

See subjective assessment suffixes... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Books

Grammar in pictures for games and activities with children 3-7 years old. Word formation. Visual and didactic aid. This manual, intended for individual and group lessons with children 3-7 years old, will help teach them how to form nouns using subjective evaluation suffixes (these...

The list of diminutive suffixes must be preceded by an analysis of the category of “subjective assessment” itself. Already in the first half of the 19th century. Russian grammarians taught that the category of “subjective assessment” of nouns usually finds expression in the forms of the same word. Diminutives, endearments and other forms of subjective evaluation were considered not independent words, but forms of a productive noun. According to K. S. Aksakov, “with diminutives, the object appears as it is, with its external definition, completely preserving itself, its entire image...”. The idea that diminutive and other suffixes of this kind relate to means of form-building, and not word-formation, found support in the commonality of grammatical gender in all forms of subjective evaluation derived from one word (for example: house - house - house - domina; fool - fool - fool - fool and so on.).

In addition, it has been repeatedly noted that in suffixes of subjective assessment, expressive shades of word usage decisively prevail over fluctuations in the lexical meaning itself. "...To the little one tend to be dear, - Aksakov wrote. “The most affectionate presupposes the diminutive nature of the object, and that’s why the diminutive is used to express sweetness, for affection…” At the same time, “sometimes the very outer appearance of the object is not even taken into account. For example, the words: brother, sister... In order to present objects as cute, in order to express a caressing attitude, a diminutive is, as it were, induced on them, and as they decrease, they become cute... The shades of attitude towards a diminutive object are numerous. In addition to being cute, the object takes on the character of a pitiful, poor, timid one, arousing this awareness of itself in the speaker... except for the feeling that this is beforemeth dear to me, the speaker often expresses his sense of selfhumility, for which purpose he presents the subject in a humble form.”

Academician also came to the point of view of K. S. Aksakov. A. A. Shakhmatov. According to A. A. Shakhmatov, diminutive, affectionate, magnifying or derogatory formations from any word should be recognizednot different words, not separate words, but forms of the same word.

“...Suffix formations related here do not modify the real meaning of the main word: house, domina, house, little house denote the idea that house; Consequently, these suffixes have a different meaning than other word-forming suffixes, with the help of which ideas are expressed that are completely different from the idea expressed by the corresponding basic word, ideas that are independent from it.”

So, diminutive suffixes are not word-forming suffixes, but formative ones. Through them, a wide variety of shades of expression are expressed: sympathy, irony, disdain, anger, a motley and contradictory range of emotions and assessments. For example, an ironic connotation is visible in the affectionate forms of the saying: “Drinks will bring you to your purse.” In the speech of investigator Porfiry Petrovich from “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky, diminutive forms create a caustic and mocking tone of speech under the guise of “friendly participation”, for example: “I know, he is mine sacrifice..."; “He won’t run away from me psychologically, hehe, what does it feel like? expression..."; “he says, but he himself teeth in the mouth they are pounding against each other...”; "It's a sponge, as then, he shudders,” Porfiry Petrovich muttered, as if even with participation,” etc.

A. A. Potebnya emphasized cases of reflected spread of expression associated with suffixes of subjective assessment to all details of the utterance: “Distinguishing objective diminutive or augmentative from endearment, etc., in which the speaker’s personal attitude to a thing is expressed, one can think that in the latter case the mood, expressed in the affectionate form of the name of a thing (relative subject), extends to one degree or another to its qualities, the qualities of its actions and other things that are in connection with it. This is coordination in presentation.”

Thus, the forms of subjective assessment are contagious: the diminutive form of a noun often assimilates the forms of the defining adjective, requiring them to emotionally agree with themselves (for example: small house; gray-haired old man and so on.).

Through suffixes of subjective assessment, differences in class and group styles and the uniqueness of social characters are expressed. It is enough to refer to the functions of diminutive forms in the speech of Molchalin (“Woe from Wit” by Griboedov), to the impression of downtroddenness and self-deprecation created by these forms in the letters of Makar Devushkin (“Poor People” by Dostoevsky).

The richness and variety of expressive shades associated with the diminutive forms of the noun, and their variability were very clearly characterized by J. Grimm: “The diminutive form of youexpresses the concept of not only a little and small, but also kind, affectionate. Therefore, we give a diminutive form to great, elevated, sacred and even terrible objects in order to approach them trustingly and gain their favor. Especially in the words of the latterkind of the original concept of reduction is lost over time and becomes insensitive: for example, the French soleil, Slavic Sun - diminutive words, although in their current use the diminution is not felt.” Thus, the diminutive meaning of the form is often erased and worn out.

The wide possibility of transforming a diminutive form into a special independent word is well known (cf.: net And net; bubble And bottle, door handle; man And husband and so on.). It indicates that the forms of subjective evaluation of nouns occupy an intermediate, transitional position between word forms and different words (cf. completely different words: shard And scull; And vodka; bowl And cup and so on.). Wed. newbie in case of loss of the main newbie

The process of attaching expressive suffixes to the base of a noun occurs according to the following scheme (as if in parallel with the degrees of comparison of adjectives):

1)a word without a subjective evaluation suffix;
2) the base of this word + diminutive suffix (1st grade);
3) stem of the preceding diminutive form + affectionate suffix (2nd degree). The meaning of the second degree is not diminutive, but strongly emotional - affectionate or dismissive.

When the meaning of a first degree diminutive suffix is erased (for example: knife, sock, scarf, bag(from fur), pin, saucer, notebook, hammer, bench, cup, bag, crust, piece of paper etc.), then the corresponding form acquires its own meanings and turns into an independent lexeme. This word then forms new forms of subjective evaluation. And the original word, from which the diminutive form was once derived, sometimes in relation to it receives a kind of increasing meaning (cf.: meanings of the word notebook in relation to the word notebook; hammer - hammer; bench - bench; dish - saucer and so on.). Subjective-evaluative suffixes of the second degree ( -points, -points, -eyes, -eyes etc.) in combination with such words, which have lost their expressive connotations, acquire a diminutive meaning, only slightly colored by affectionate expression (for example: girl, handbag and so on.). Sometimes, however, even in these suffixes the affectionate and diminutive meanings are erased, for example chain(cf. chain).

Cases of falling away or isolation of the initial link in this tripartite scheme are especially frequent in words of the soft feminine declension with a nominative case without ending: ( net)- mesh - mesh; (thread) - thread - thread; (part) - particle - particle and so on.

The expressive tension of a word can be expressed in doubling or tripling the suffixes of subjective assessment (for example: daughter-ur-och-k-a, girl-ch-on-och-k-a, momash-en-k-a, bab-ul-en-k-a and so on.). All subsequent degrees of expressive intensification are associated with the expression of an emotional attitude towards an object and are far from a diminutive meaning.

Diminutive suffixes of the hard masculine declination

The following diminutive suffixes are associated with the solid masculine inflection:

1.-ok, -ek, -ek: little voice, little forest, little house, pot, little bundle, old man, cockerel, little stick, friend, snowball, little hunchback, little horse, little man, seagull, honey etc. A variant of this suffix is a petting diminutive suffix -shek, -shock. It joins names ending in -n or -n: ram - lamb: stone - pebble; strap, spine, pocket etc. But cf. edge. This is a very productive group of suffixes.

2. -ik(no accent): leaf, nose, mouth, forehead, boat, house, table, falcon, cat, ball, mosquito etc. When joining simple stems, suffixes -OK And -ik sometimes form paired forms. K. S. Aksakov also noted that the suffix -ik compared to suffix -OK more expressive in cases where parallel forms are on -ik And -OK are not subject to lexical differentiation and do not mean different things (cf.: sock And spout; falcon And falcon; bush And bush; bridge And bridge; cage And kindergarten and so on.). “...In masculine names, diminutives -OK And -ik exactly the same meaning: but where both endings meet, there is a shade. Then end on -OK, obviously initial, expresses simply a reduced appearance of the object, while in the ending at -ik one can already hear a joke, and if not affection, kindness... it is clear that the reduced, miniature object seems cute.” Wed: leaf And leaf; mouth (you can’t put a scarf on someone else’s mouth) And mouth; cart Andcart; peephole And little eye; nails And carnation; once And razik; an hour And an hour; compare: house And house; compare: zubok (to know by heart, to learn by heart) And tooth

However, for most words, double diminutive formations are impossible. For example, from all bases to the back tongue (g, k, x) only molds are produced -ok: sound -sound; fluff - fluff; circle - circle; side - side; god - god etc. From basics to sizzling and ts diminutives are formed using -ik. For example: rain, key, carriage and so on.

3.Branch of the suffix -ik is the suffix -chick(especially often attached to the stems of words in -ets and to the words on -an And -un: boy, pet, nutcracker, suitcase, booth, pocket and so on.). Wed: sleeve, corridor, motor, blister and so on.

Due to the bright expressive coloring of the suffixes -ik And -chick words with these suffixes are not subject to further accretion with affectionate suffixes. .

4. Somewhat apart from these suffixes there is an affectionate-derogatory productive suffix -ets. It's even brighter than the suffix -ik, shades of affection, sympathy, humility, humiliation, contempt, and familiar participation appear. For example: loaf, sunset, frost, freak, merchant, folk, accountant, refuser etc. Forms with suffix -ets are also not raised to the second degree of subjective assessment.

Expressive suffixes of the second degree with a caressing connotation:

Reverse combination - diminutive extension

suffix -ik through -ek, -ok- impossible in Russian.

6.Unproductive -yshek: peg, sparrow, pimples and some others (cf. adverb side by side).

A review of diminutive suffixes of the hard declension leads to the conclusion that the forms of subjective assessment here are poor. Expressive suffixes are associated mainly with the grammatical classes of the neuter and feminine gender.

Living types of word formation in the word class neuter

In the forms of formation of neuter words in -o, -e, adjacent to the masculine declination, characteristic features are revealed. First of allWhat is striking is the small number of neuter word-forming suffixes (especially if we leave aside the forms of subjective assessment). In addition, these suffixes are striking in their phonetic uniformity. Meanwhile, new words of the neuter gender, except for borrowed ones, can arise in the modern language only by the method of suffixal or prefix-suffixal word formation. Directly to the "root" of the ending -o, -e don't join. The technique of combined prefix-suffix word formation is used only in a few place notations. It immediately becomes clear that the neuter declension is weak and that the neuter gender is more richly represented in the book language than in the spoken language. Semantic groups of words belonging to the neuter gender are closed mainly in the circle of five basic grammatical concepts: action, state, place, collection and instrument of action.

What are subjective evaluation suffixes?

Just as in the masculine and neuter system, in the feminine declension there is a group of suffixes of subjective assessment. There are more expressive form-building suffixes of the feminine gender than for words of the masculine and neuter gender.

Forms of subjective assessment here also come in different degrees (RU —

ka - pen - little hand; birch - birch - birch; river - river - rivulet - rivulet - rivulet - rivulet and so on.).

Suffixes that are similar in their sound composition but different in meaning are differentiated by stress. Yes, suffix -ushk(a), -yushk(a) has a tinge of familiar derogation or irony, condescending disdain: Marfushka, Vanyushka, chatterbox, frisky, fatty, spinner etc. Wed: pub, simple-vulg. kinushka(movie). Unstressed suffix -ushk(a), -yushk(a) has a pronounced affectionate meaning: cow, darling, mother, auntie, river(but derogatory: rivulet), willow, little head and so on.

Basic meaning of the suffix -yonk(a), -onk(a) derogatory-contemptuous: old woman, woman, soul, little skirt, girl, nag, fur coat, money etc. However, sometimes this meaning is absorbed by the diminutive: little hand, shirt and etc.

Unstressed suffix -enk(a), devoid of expressive shades, produces feminine names: French, Circassian, Wed Also: beggar

It is necessary to compile a catalog of the main diminutive and derogatory suffixes of the feminine hard declension:

1.Productive suffix -k(a) book, pen, leg, droplet, bedroom, bathing suit and so on.

2.Unproductive suffix -ts(a), -ts(a) with a diminutive meaning, joining stems with a soft consonant type dust, laziness and so on.: pollen, fortress, trot, door, mud and similar, as well as to words in -from: red, dirty etc. But cf. Also: with the cunning one(from cunning).

3.Unproductive suffix -its(a) with a diminutive meaning: water, earthen soil, gruel, little thing, request and so on.

4.Productive suffix -point(s), -point(s) with an affectionate meaning (second degree of subjective assessment): dimple, book, needle and so on.

5.Unproductive suffix -ichk(a)[second degree from diminutives -its(a)]: sister, water, zemlychka and so on.

6.Productive suffix -nk(a), -enk(a), -onk(a) with a caressing connotation (second degree of subjective assessment): river, auntie, darling, dawn, girlfriend, night; in proper names: Nadenka, Katenka; Wed in proper names for men: Vasenka, Petenka, Nikolenka etc. After hard s, s and the labial stem is joined by a suffix -onk(a): striped, birch.

7.Productive suffix -yonk(a), -onk(a) with an expression of contempt: river, horse, little cow, girl, hut, little room and so on.

8.-shk(a) with a touch of familiar, somewhat dismissive affection (cf.: ashki, beshki - former familiar designation for students of groups A, B in high school).

9.Unproductive suffix -ushk(a), -yushk(a) with an affectionate meaning and in common nouns often with a touch of folk poetry—

lizations (almost exclusively within the category of animacy): zazno bushka, little head, nanny, Manyushka And so on.

10.Productive suffix -ushk(a), -yushk(a) with a contemptuous and derogatory (rarely with an affectionate) meaning: pub, river, little room, village, hut etc. But compare: daughter, girl etc. Words in -ear originally derived from words with a familiar affectionate suffix -ush(a) via suffix -To-. Currently the suffix -ush(a) outside of proper noun formations is very unproductive. Wed. -ush(a) in a few verbal formations: screamer, screamer[cf. suffixes -uh (a), -un, -un(I)]. Wed. from Leskov in “The Islanders”: “Here other mermaids are frolicking to the left - laugh, tickle." In formations from nominal stems not related to proper names, the suffix -ush(a) also unproductive. Wed. act.-jarg. darling, dear. About shades of suffix expression -ush(a), -yush(a) in proper names can be judged by this remark by L. Tolstoy in “Resurrection”: “...half maid, half pupil. She was called by her middle name - not Katka or Katenka, but Katyusha."

11.Unproductive suffix -yoshk(a), -oshk(a) with a pronounced expression of contempt: firebrand, fish etc.

12.Productive suffix -ishk(a), -ishk(a) with a contemptuous meaning: work, passion, cards, beard etc.

13.Productive suffix -yonochk (a), -onochk (a)(third degree of endearment) with a touch of familiar enhanced endearment: little girl, little hand, little shirt and so on.

14. Dead suffix -urk(a) with an affectionate meaning: daughter, girl, stove. Wed. Snow Maiden.

Thus, in the system of forms of subjective assessment, the supporting suffixes of the feminine gender are -k(a), -shk(a), -chk(a), -n

Suffixes denoting state The meaning of state in neuter nouns is most clearly expressed by the suffix -stv(o), -estv(o). True, the general meaning of the state is this...

Subjective evaluation suffixes

The core of stylistic resources in word formation consists of suffixes and prefixes of subjective evaluation. They are otherwise called expressive or emotionally expressive. They serve to form forms of nouns, qualitative adjectives and adverbs with a special, emotionally expressive coloring and expression of the speaker’s attitude to an object, quality, or attribute. The connotation of diminutiveness is usually accompanied by an expression of endearment, less often - playfulness, irony; a connotation of magnification - an expression of rudeness, disdain, disapproval, irony, as well as admiration. A name with a subjective assessment suffix is not always emotionally charged; sometimes it is neutrally colored. Taken from the site http://syrrik.narod.ru/kozhina.htm

Suffixes of subjective assessment are more characteristic of oral and spoken speech than of book and written speech. However, in artistic speech a tradition has developed of the stylistic use of suffixes of subjective evaluation. This is also characteristic of the journalistic style of I.B. Golub. Stylistics of the Russian language. - 4th ed. - M., 2002. - 448 p..

In folk Latin, formations with diminutive suffixes have become widespread as they are more expressive, which is correspondingly reflected in the vocabulary of modern Romance languages (Latin soliculum “sun”, French soleil “sun”, Latin taurellus “bull”, French taureau "bull", popular Latin apicula "bee", French abeille "bee", popular Latin avicellus "bird", Italian uccello, French oiseau "bird", popular Latin auricula "ear" , Spanish oreja, Port orelha, Provincial aurelba, French oreille "ear", etc.). In modern Romance languages, these words no longer have a diminutive meaning. General linguistics. Forms of existence, functions, history of language, ed. Serebrennikova B. A. - M., 1970. - 600 p..

Convey an emotional attitude to the subject of speech;

Show an emotional attitude to the subject of speech;

Conveys the sensitivity of the characters;

Reveal the experiences of the characters;

To create a work close in spirit to oral folk art;

They bring an ironic touch;

Perform a satirical function;

Cover up the true intentions of the speaker;

They help to express goodwill towards the interlocutor and create a relaxed atmosphere;

Give speech an ironic tone;

Reproduce everyday speech of people;

They reproduce bitter experiences;

They convey the speech of ordinary people, giving it a national flavor;

Serve as a means of characterizing the hero;

Classification of subjective evaluation suffixes in Italian

The Italian language has a rich variety of subjective evaluation suffixes. They are usually divided into 4 categories depending on the connotation that the word acquires as a result of the suffixation process:

However, in the Russian language, with the help of word formation, you can create much more evaluative meanings. Below are some examples:

1. dimensional-evaluative suffixes (house - little house, little house, domina);

2. suffix formations with a humorous connotation (book);

3. collective nouns with suffixes expressing disdain (soldier, sailor);

4. abstract nouns, which, thanks to suffixes, receive a negative evaluative value (sour);

5. doubling/tripling of subjective evaluation suffixes (daughter);

In the Russian language, especially in colloquial speech, even interjections and particles are quite often subject to suffixation: bayushki, netushki, etc.

The richest system of suffixes in Russian is ideally suited for expressing a huge range of diverse emotional relationships, not only tender, affectionate, but also many others, for which it is sometimes even difficult to find a definition. The translator is faced with the problem of the untranslatability of the meaning of diminutive suffixes. How to convey the difference between the words “house” and “domishko”, “ruzhishko” and “gun”, “quietly” and “quietly”, “zainka” and “zayushka”, etc.? The difficulty of conveying subjective evaluation suffixes lies in the fact that their semantics is rich and does not lend itself to any patterns. In each new sentence, the suffix takes on a different meaning depending on the context. Moreover, as a rule, one suffix conveys at least two meanings (meter and ratio). When translating, it is necessary to take into account the mentality of the people and avoid redundancy or significant losses. Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. - 4th ed. - M., 2002. - 448 p.

Dudoladova Daria

This work contains an analysis of words with diminutive suffixes in Chapter I of I.S. Shmelev’s story “The Summer of the Lord” “Holidays”. Deminitives are analyzed from the point of view of the presence or absence of semantics of size, and the functions of words of this category in the story are identified.

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Department of Education of the Sosnovsky District Administration

Municipal budgetary educational institution

Sosnovskaya Secondary School No. 2

Research

Functions of deminitives

(words with subjective evaluation suffixes)

In the story “The Summer of the Lord” by I.S. Shmelev

MBOU Sosnovskaya Secondary School No. 2

Dudoladova Daria Andreevna

Scientific director:

Teacher of Russian language and literature

MBOU Sosnovskaya Secondary School No. 2

Kalmina Tatyana Vladimirovna

Sosnovskoe 2016

Page

Introduction 3-5

Chapter I

Autobiographical and significant 6-7

story by I.S. Shmelev “The Summer of the Lord”

The concept of deminitive 8
Classification of deminitives in “Grammar-80” 8-10
Classification of deminitives in Chapter I of the story “The Summer of the Lord” 10-12

Chapter II

Presence or absence of value 13-15

Size in words

Functions and meaning of deminitives 15-25

in the chapter “Holidays” of I.S. Shmelev’s story “The Summer of the Lord”

Conclusion 26-27

Literature 28

Applications 29-34

Introduction

Words with suffixes of subjective evaluation (deminitives) occupy a special place in the word-formation system of the language. The formation and use of deminitives has attracted the attention of many researchers; many works have been written on subjective-evaluative formations. However, many controversial issues remain. In this regard, deminitives presented in artistic speech need in-depth study.

The relevance of studying the category of subjective assessment is determined, firstly, by the presence in the Russian language of a huge array of vocabulary with diminutive suffixes, which needs scientific understanding; secondly, because this is one of the most distinctive and original categories of the Russian language. It is in I.S. Shmelev’s story “The Summer of the Lord” that this category of words is used by the author in large quantities. Thanks to the existence of subjective-evaluative formations, the speaker has the opportunity to name an object, sign or action in one word and give it an assessment.

The study of subjective evaluative formations began in the first Russian grammar - “Russian Grammar” M.V. Lomonosova . It describes for the first time nouns and adjectives that have diminutive and augmentative suffixes. Subsequently, this group of words attracted the attention of such scientists as Buslaev F.I., Shakhmatov A.A., Vostokov A.Kh.

To date, many works have been written on subjective-evaluative formations. Basically, these are articles in which there is no unity of opinion either on the issue of the linguistic status of these forms, or on their semantics, or on their organization in the Russian language. Among the monographs, we can name the books by Plyamovataya S.S. “Dimensional-evaluative nouns in the modern Russian language”, Rymar R.M. “Lexical and grammatical derivation of nouns of the category of subjective assessment in the language of folklore.” Mark the dissertation of Svetlana Grigorievna Sheydaeva “Category of subjective assessment in the Russian language” . These studies are devoted to narrow issues of subjective-evaluative word formation.

Object of this study are words with diminutive suffixes (deminitives) used in the story “The Summer of the Lord” by I.S. Shmelev.

Subject of study– semantics and functions of deminitives.

Selecting a workI. Shmeleva “The Summer of the Lord”"as a research material is determined by a number of factors, among which we can highlight the lack of knowledge of this work of art, and in particular the use of deminitives; the saturation of the text of the story with words with suffixes of subjective assessment.

Goal of the work – identify the functions of deminitives in a literary text.

In accordance with this goal, the following are resolved tasks:

Classify words with suffixes of subjective assessment used in I.S. Shmelev’s story “The Summer of the Lord”;
Analyze deminitives from the point of view of the presence or absence of size semantics;
Determine the functions of deminitives in a literary text.

To solve the problems set in the study, the following are used: methods:

Deminitives are identified using continuous sampling methods;
When establishing the semantics and functions of deminitives, a descriptive method is used;
The statistical method is used to calculate deminitives.

The source of the material is Chapter I I.S. Shmelev’s story “The Summer of the Lord” - “Holidays”. More than 100 words are used for analysis

Chapter I

Emigration strengthened Shmelev’s nostalgic love for the Motherland. The heightened sense of “nationality, Russianness” that had possessed him since his adolescence acquired an almost mystical character. Shmelev's longing for his native land gives rise to his desire to recreate its appearance in his works.

Above the story “The Summer of the Lord” "The writer worked for about fourteen years.

We will not find such a Russia as in “The Summer of the Lord” among all the richest Russian literature.

In the work, with the help of masterfully lovingly drawn scenes and episodes, the life of the Zamoskvoretsky court of the “middle-class” merchants Shmelevs is recreated. “Everything in the work is shown with intense vision, heart awe; everything is taken lovingly, tenderly, intoxicated and intoxicatingly. Everything here radiates from restrained, unshed tears of tender, blessed memory, as Ilyin I.A. wrote. about the trait of Shmelev’s talent - attention to capacious everyday details, to psychologically subtle plastic drawing, recreating the endlessly changeable, but tangible fabric of life" .

And the entire world around us is inspired by the gaze of seven-year-old Vanya , who peers into its mysteries with inquisitive, trusting eyes full of love and light. Vanya receives moral and aesthetic pleasure from the perception of a happy, lively, generous and diverse world.

The narrative from beginning to end is colored by a joyful feeling of multifaceted life. The boy comprehends life in the traditions of everyday Orthodoxy, deeply believing in God and spiritualizing, deifying all things. Everything that concerns God is sacred to him. He feels the presence of God in his own way, in his own, childish way, he conveys his impressions.

Little Vanya discovers for the first time many of the joys and delights of earthly existence. The world around him is heavenly and at the same time densely earthly, material, saturated with sounds, colors and smells. The world of his “golden childhood” and homeland surrounding the boy is completely flooded with golden light.

It is through the child that Shmelev shows interest in the world around him. The narrative about the ways of forming a child’s personality, the spiritual biography of the author, thanks to the high skill of the writer, turned, according to the correct definition of Ilyin I.A., “into an epic poem about Russia and the foundations of its spiritual existence” .

Therefore, the story probably uses a large number of words with diminutive suffixes. The writer never replaces the perception of a child with the perception of an adult.

1.3. When describing deminitives, the classification given in “Grammar-80” was used " She identifies the following formations.

The suffix -EC has a diminutive-affectionate or diminutive-pejorative meaning, and with a stronger expression of intimacy, sympathy or mockery, for example, diamond, frost, brother. The type is unproductive.

Forms in -EC are replaced by forms in –IC and –CHIK. For example, ticket - ticket, bouquet - bouquet.

The suffixes -OK-/-EK-/-IK-, -CHIK-/-CHEK- have a diminutive meaning, usually accompanied by an expression of endearment, less often derogatory. Sometimes – only affectionate-expressive meaning. For example, a kindergarten, a vessel, a breeze, a scarecrow, a tent, a host.

The suffix -ITs has a diminutive meaning or only an affectionate one: water, health. Or only a diminutive meaning, for example, little thing, sister, particle.

The suffix –Ц has a diminutive meaning, sometimes with a tinge of irony or disdain. For example, dirt, pollen. It also has a diminutive meaning, for example, raisins; only affectionate meaning - pancakes, bouquets. The type is unproductive. Words with this suffix are used mainly in colloquial and familiar speech.

The suffix –K has a diminutive meaning, usually accompanied by an expression of endearment: head, nochka, lobe. Or only an affectionate expressive meaning: a) diminutive: head, hill, rowan, cobweb, featherbed; b) only diminutive meaning: picture, bucket; c) only affectionate meaning: dove, eyebrows, teeth; d) diminutive derogatory meaning: school, system. Some words of this type have lost their diminutive meaning, for example, fork, needle, mesh.

The suffix -INK has a diminutive meaning and names individual objects: a highlight, a snowflake, a teardrop. Also, words with this suffix denote quality, a property of an object with a diminutive meaning: sourness, bitterness.

The suffixes -УШК-/-УШК- have a diminutive meaning: vostrushka, gryaznushka. Also has an affectionate meaning: little head, pillars.

The suffix -OCHK- has a diminutive meaning: cold, little knot.

The suffix -YSHK- has a diminutive, affectionate, diminutive meaning: wing, piece of glass, nest, speck.

The suffix -ИШК has the meaning of disdain, contempt, sometimes condescending irony, even affection. For example, a braggart, a captish, a thief. Some words of this type have lost their connotation of disdain and acquired a connotation of endearment. For example, little brother, little son, naughty boy.

The suffixes -ONK-/-ENK- have the meaning of endearment: birch, mummy, uncle. Also, words with this suffix have the meaning of disdain: little piece of paper, little woman.

Suffixes –OCHEK-/-ECHEK-/-ECHEK-. Suffixes of increased expressiveness, for example, lark, wallet. Words with these suffixes are formed as a result of the fusion of two or more diminutive suffixes.

Adjective suffixes with the meaning of diminutive and endearing are also used.

Suffixes –ONK-/-ENK-/-OVAT-/-EVAT-. These suffixes express predominantly affectionate and magnifying meanings: inferior, rather large, very pretty.

The suffixes –УШ-/-УШCH- have an increasing meaning and often express negative emotions: enormous, dirty

1.4. Chapter I of I.S. Shmelev’s story “The Summer of the Lord” presents the following types of deminitives.

The suffix – EC- has a diminutive meaning. For example, a bouquet.

Suffixes – OK-/-ЁК-. These suffixes are used to form nouns with a diminutive meaning. For example, a voice, a smoke, an evening, a lark, a holiday, a snowball, a breeze, a tubercle.

Suffix – CHIC-. Masculine nouns are usually accompanied by an expression of endearment and have a diminutive meaning. For example, a little cossack, an orange, a hotel, a tent, a cucumber.

Suffix – IR-. This suffix is used to form nouns with a diminutive meaning. For example, a rug, a flashlight, a rook, a twig. Some nouns have lost their diminutive meaning, for example, rain.

Suffix –ITs-. Feminine nouns have a diminutive meaning: thing; only affectionate: water, good health.

Suffix -C-. Through this suffix, diminutive forms with an expression of endearment are formed. For example, saucer, cloth, pancakes.

The suffix - K- has a diminutive meaning, accompanied by an expression of endearment. For example, a head, coasters, a droplet, an ear, a door, a rowan. Or only an affectionate meaning, for example, eyebrows, grass, horse, boots.

Suffix – INK-. By means of this suffix in the words teardrop, wrinkle, bead, feminine nouns are formed, which are the names of individual objects with a connotation of diminutive.

Suffix – УШК-. Words with this suffix have the meaning of endearment: hut, little head, bread, Arkhipushka, Domnushka.

Suffix – OCCHK-/-ECHK-. Words are formed with the meaning of diminutive-affectionate, for example, asterisk, fold, frill, crust, shelf, poddevochka, window, drawers, planks, candles, spoon.

Suffix – YSHK-. This suffix is used to form nouns with a diminutive meaning. For example, a log, a nest, a piece of glass, a rib, a speck, a neck, a sun.

Suffixes – ONK-/-ENK-, - ONK-/-ENK-. Nouns with the meaning of endearment are formed, for example, daddy, cherry, bell.

Suffixes – OCCHEK-/-ECHEK-, - ECHK-/-USHEK-/-YSHEK-. Suffixes of increased expressiveness are often formed as a result of the fusion of two or more diminutive suffixes. For example,

Adjectives in the story “The Summer of the Lord” are used with the suffix –ENK-. They have an affectionate meaning. For example, old, fresh, new, rare, ruddy, pink.

Thus, we can conclude that in Chapter I of the story “The Summer of the Lord” the author uses words with different suffixes of subjective assessment.

Chapter II

First of all, let's analyze nouns with diminutive suffixes from the point of view of the presence or absence of semantics of size.

In addition to the objective characteristics of an object (its size, shape and position in space), the idea of size also includes a person’s subjective attitude.

“The curve is drawn under blanket...smearing the hooves " These nouns do not have semantics of size, but express only an evaluative meaning and perform an emotional and expressive function in the text.
Nounsprayer, fan, snowball, breeze, sun, lilies of the valley, note, sunflower, daddy, grassalso have no semantics of size, only an estimated value.
« Ride on a raft."The raft is not so small in size. The little boy rejoices at the arrival of spring, so the deminitive has an evaluative meaning.
Noun droplet . The droplet itself is small, it cannot be too large, so the estimated value prevails here. This means that this word does not denote a reduced object, although it has a diminutive suffix.
Deminutiv groove . It can be both large and small. In this case, a stream is babbling along it, so the word has the meaning of size.
Words rook, thrush, lark, squirreldenote small objects, therefore, there is no point in talking about the dimensional value; the estimated value prevails here. Deminitives express an emotionally expressive tone.
"Fat worm " - not the smallest, which means that the estimated value prevails here.
Deminutives belly, foldsused to describe cockroaches. These are small creatures that cannot be larger or smaller than they really are. Therefore, the evaluative meaning prevails here.
A teardrop, an edge, a bead, a highlight– small objects, in addition, denote single objects. Deminitives express emotional and expressive meaning.
Hut - this is a small house, as well as the affectionate name of the house that Vanya and his father enter. Therefore, the word has a dimensional meaning.
High chair . Vanya is probably sitting on a highchair, and, of course, it is smaller than an ordinary chair. Therefore, here we can talk about the dimensional semantics of the deminitive.
Ogarochek – the remainder of a candle, it cannot be large, therefore the evaluative meaning predominates, the word has an emotionally expressive connotation, but a diminutive meaning is also present (compare: cinder and cinder).
"I see white boxes- houses, brown and green planks - roofs, green speck-gardens, dark pipes-sticks, green garden-mats.”Vanya sees all this from the window of his house, so everything seems small to him. He compares houses with boxes, roofs with planks, gardens with spots. Therefore, deminitives have dimensional meaning and also express an emotional and expressive coloring.
Pomoechka can be both large and small. There is apparently a small garbage pit near Vanya’s house, which is why he talks about it like that. Here we can talk about the dimensional semantics of the deminitive.
Deminutives jelly, sturgeon, sour cream, pancakes, egg, ham, sausage, cucumbers, crust, kvass, vodka, knots, raisinsThey express only an emotionally expressive assessment and have no dimensional meaning.
“...seen in the depths picture " The picture painted on the Easter egg is small, so here we can talk about the dimensional value.
Wreaths of roses. Wreaths hang on images that are relatively small in size. Consequently, the wreath is small, so in this case we can talk about both an emotional-expressive meaning and an additional dimensional one.
Deminutives neck, cheek, nosehave an evaluative meaning, and also express the semantics of size, since we are talking about a small child.
« I’ll cut you a spoon.”Gorkin addresses Vanya with these words, he promises to cut out a small spoon for him. Therefore, this word has a dimensional meaning.

Thus, we see that in the text there are both deminitives that have only an evaluative meaning, and words with the semantics of size.

In this section, we will pay attention to the main groups of deminitives in accordance with their semantics, and also note in more detail the shades of meaning of deminitives depending on the context, then identifying the functions of words with suffixes of subjective assessment in the text.

First of all, we should highlight nouns with the subjective assessment suffix –K-. This is the most common suffix that is found in the first chapter of I.S. Shmelev’s story “The Summer of the Lord” 66 times.

Deminutiv groove has a diminutive meaning and expresses a positive assessment.

"Bright sun, grooves are murmuring »

For little Vanya, the grooves through which streams flow in early spring seem small. He rejoices at the arrival of the long-awaited spring.

Deminutives blanket, horseshave an affectionate meaning, a positive assessment.

“The curve is drawn under the blanket, the hooves are thickly smeared

and put on cloth boots »

All these words are used when referring to Ustinya’s grandmother’s horse, “Crooked”. The boy remembers his great-grandmother, and everything connected with her is dear to him.

« Great-grandmother Ustinya entrusted me with one prayer »

Deminutives vodka, sausage, cabbage, kvass, pies, sturgeonhave an affectionate meaning and express a positive emotional assessment. Used to describe the Lenten market where little Vanya is going.

“The new boards are crimson, blue, white with milk. The cabbage is laid in rows, it crunches on the teeth »

Also words with the suffix-TO- used to describe holidays. The little hero understands that some mysterious meaning appears in preparation for this or that holiday. During the holidays, the world acquires its original holiness.

“There are buckets of kvass and cucumbers. This is for a snack with vodka... Each of them will have a heel of testicles, yes ham, yes... all four of them will eat fried sausages. And fried buckwheat porridge with onions, washed down with kvass! And Lenten pies with milk mushrooms... »

Deminutives worm, head, beads, droplets, clouds, logshave an affectionate meaning and express a positive assessment. These words are used when talking about the arrival of spring. The boy rejoices at her arrival, and everything in his environment becomes meaningful and important.

“I see a fat worm with a black head and beady eyes... »

“I love our puddle, just like Gorkin. It used to be that you sat on logs and watched logs of wood swim...

Often words with diminutive suffixes are used to describe people dear and close to little Vanya. One of these characters is the carpenter Gorkin. The little boy respects and loves him. Everything in Gorkin’s appearance is close and dear to Vanya, so deminitives express a positive emotional assessment and have an affectionate meaning.

“Gorkin came out, Anton and Glukhim came out, and rubbed themselves with snow »

“On Gorkina there is a blue Cossack shirt and shining boots »

“Gorkin snatches an envelope from somewhere under his collar and shakes his beard »

“He was so upset by everything that he didn’t pinch me on the cheek.” »

Words banks, cobwebs, meadowused to describe summer. They have an affectionate meaning and express a positive assessment.

“Our big puddle is now like a pond, its banks are green »

-POINTS -/-ECHK -.

Demined with an asterisk used to describe the horse "Crooked". It has an affectionate meaning and expresses a positive emotional assessment. The child imagines a small star in the sky and compares the horse’s tail with it.

“The tail of “Krivaya” is sparse, fluffs up into the rump like a star »

Deminutives prayer, spoon, poddevochka, folds, pilesthe author uses it when describing Gorkin, as well as when Gorkin addresses the boy. Words have an endearing meaning

“From the wax cinder on the box where the coppers are in piles, Gorkin’s shadow jumps »

Deminutiv spoon has a diminutive meaning, since Gorkin promises to carve a spoon for a small child. You can note the shade of sadness in this word.

“Just wait, I’ll cut out the treasured spoon for you. Will you remember Gorkin? »

Deminutives sleigh, chillhave an affectionate meaning. Used to describe winter days.

And when describing spring and summer days, the author uses the words in the textleaves, jackets, juniper, sand,which have an affectionate meaning and express a positive emotional assessment. At this time of year, Vanya sees something mysterious and new in everything.

“We quarreled with sand, juniper trees, new grass in Neskushnoye »

"Golden and blue morning, in the cold"

“Above the “chapel” there are still vague birch trees, with black heart-shaped leaves »

It should be said that from an early age Vanya was accustomed to the church, to religious life. Everything that concerns God is sacred to him. He feels the presence of God in his own way and, in his own, childish way, conveys his impressions, so we can note the use of deminitives in the textcandles, candles, roses, wreaths, prayer. These words have an affectionate meaning and express a positive emotional assessment. You might even notice a hint of sadness.

« The images feature wreaths of roses... »

“And I see, behind the string of days of Lent, the Holy Resurrection, in the lights. Joyful prayer! »

“In the fence there is a canvas tent, with pads. Rare candles »

Nouns with subjective suffixes-OK-/-EK-/-IR-/-CHIK-

Deminutives smoke, tent, garden, hillockwith an affectionate meaning are used when describing the hero’s home or things and objects associated with the house.

“Father takes me to a hut with smoke coming from it.”

“Dress the garbage pit with a tent »

And although the cesspool is associated with a negative assessment, in the text the word expresses a positive emotional assessment.

“I’m bringing the dove and the cross to the kindergarten. They are saints » When describing Gorkin and his appearance, deminitives are usedruble, kazakinchik, scarf, little voice,having an affectionate meaning, expressing a positive assessment.

Deminutives vessel, domewith a diminutive meaning and a positive assessment the author uses when describing the church. The child sees in the distance the still very small dome of the church, which will grow larger and larger as it gets closer.

“But now, more clearly... - I see the bells, the golden dome of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior »

“The sky is so clear, greenish-blue - the very Mother of God sky »

“Let’s take some Epiphany water in a container”

“The cook Maryushka touches her wet nose »

Deminitive spout has an affectionate meaning, expresses a positive assessment. The word has a connotation of tenderness. The other inhabitants of the house love the boy and treat him with respect.

Words also used blackbird, rook with the meaning of endearment. Vanya's house is inhabited by birds, so he treats his feathered friends with affection and tenderness.

""They poured ant eggs into the nightingales, gave each a cockroach to a starling and a thrush »

“I know them by their hubbub... - the most rooks and rooks »

It is necessary to highlight the deminitive flashlight with a diminutive meaning.

“Krapivkin indicates varieties; here is a white filling - if you look at the sun like a flashlight »

In this context, apples are compared to a flashlight; they are just as round, light, and bright.

Nouns with subjective suffixes–INK-/-ENK-

Deminutives teardrops, bells, chapel, little grasshopper, pine, zestwith a diminutive meaning and a positive assessment are used when describing phenomena, events or objects that we see through the eyes of a child.

"Under the pine tree drip-drip »

“Every morning I see larks in the dining room: heads with raisins in their eyes looking out of the sugar bowl... »

“Gorkin looks into my eyes, wipes away the tears with a rough finger... »

Deminutiv tears used to express tender feelings for Gorkin, love for him.

Nouns with suffixes–IC-/-C-

Deminutives good health, good healthhave an affectionate meaning and express a positive assessment.

“Happy Great Lent, eat healthy, sir... »

“Smells like hay”

You can note the expression of polite address and tone.

Words saucers, bouquets, gold, tree, clothhave a diminutive meaning and express an emotional positive assessment.

« The father dips the lamb, Gorkin sips from the saucer... » - an expression of love for his father and Gorkin.

“Everyone is in a hurry to pick up bouquets »

“Three Saints are sitting with a staff under a tree, and in front of them there are apples on the table”- showing respect for saints.

The boy Vanya is just beginning to live, so everything is beautiful and unusual for him.

Nouns with subjective evaluation suffixes – USHK-/-YUSHK-/YSHK-

Deminutives ribs, little head, old ladieswith the meaning of endearment, even irony, have a positive emotional assessment.

“Different old men and women, - they come and come »

“You squeak, squeak,...your little head is lost! »

“Gorkin, like a martyr, you can see all the ribs »

Deminutives palms, neckwith a diminutive meaning have a positive evaluation. Using these words, the author describes the appearance of a person, mainly a child.

« We went to the theater, but they didn’t take me: my throat hurts » - an expression of shade of sadness, regret. Vanya wants to go to the theater with his parents, but he is sick and they left him at home.

“I run, tossing cheesecakes on my palms - they are so hot » . The child's attitude to the world around him and to himself is shown.

Deminutives sunshine, bread, log, speckhave an affectionate meaning and express a positive emotional assessment.

“It used to be that Gorkin would sit on some logs and look...”

“And the sun is already high...!”

“Have some bread and live now »

Deminutiv bread expresses a respectful attitude towards Russian food - towards Russian bread.

It should also be noted the useproper nameswith subjective evaluation suffixes–USHK-/-YUSHK-.

Deminitives have an affectionate meaning, express a positive emotional assessment and indicate little Vanya’s respectful attitude towards loved ones.

“Arkhipushka told me that other horses respect Crooked; always poking and snorting! Fans will say! »

Deminutiv Archcannon shows respect for a faithful servant of the family.

“My old nanny Domnushka looks after Gorkin... »

Deminutiv Domnushka expresses Vanya’s love for his beloved nanny.

"Cook Maryushka" touches his wet nose."

The little boy loves all the people who surround him, who care about him. Therefore, Vanya addresses everyone with respect and affection.

In Chapter I of the story “The Summer of the Lord” the names are also used adjectives with subjective evaluation suffixes–ENK-/-ONK-

Deminutives old, ruddyhave an affectionate meaning and express a positive assessment. Used to describe Gorkin.

“But what are Gorkin’s sins? He’s quite a saint - old and dry, like all saints.”

Deminitively spicy It also has an affectionate meaning and expresses a positive emotional assessment.

“A sharp chill blows from the icy mountains”

Some deminitives are used with a hint of slight irony, but they have an affectionate meaning and express a positive assessment.

“Rose-colored Bazykin fusses, bends the cherub’s wing, covers it with cloth, tucks it in... »

Deminitives are also usedgrey, spicy, warmwith the meaning of endearment when describing nature and birds. Word gray expresses disapproval. Vanya doesn’t like this weather, because on this day - Clean Monday - everything in the house is cleaned and put away.

"Grey weather, thaw »

“A sharp chill blows from the icy mountains" Deminitively spicy the author uses it figuratively.

“...gray and warm in my hands... ». This author describes the moment when Vanya releases the birds on the feast of the Annunciation. For a boy this is an important and responsible moment.

Noun with suffix-ENK - daddy has an affectionate meaning and expresses a positive emotional assessment. Vanya respects his father and admires him.

“Daddy gave orders »

Deminutives new, freshhave an affectionate meaning and express a positive assessment. In the spring, new birdhouses are made for the birds, which marks the arrival of spring. And for Vanya this is a new period in life.

“We are looking at a brand new birdhouse. He is so tall, light, made of fresh planks »

Thus, it should be noted that the text is rich in words with suffixes of subjective assessment. This is largely due to the life and work of Shmelev himself. The use of deminitives reflects the world of the child. He loves the common people, Russia, so “affection” and tenderness are felt in every word.

“What is beating inside me like this, filling my eyes with fog? It's mine, I know. And the walls, and the towers, and the cathedrals... and the smoky clouds behind them, and this river of mine, and the black holes in the crows, and the horses, and the distance of the suburbs across the river... - have always been in me. And I know everything. There, behind the walls, there is a church under a hill - I know. And I know the cracks in the walls. I looked from behind the walls... when?.. And the smoke of the fires, and the screams, and the alarm... - I remember everything! Riots, and axes, and scaffolds, and prayer services... - everything seems like reality, my reality... - as if in a forgotten dream »

Conclusion

Based on the conducted research, the following conclusions can be drawn.

Deminitives, that is, nouns or adjectives with suffixes of subjective evaluation, are found in large numbers in Shmelev’s story.
In I.S. Shmelev’s story “The Summer of the Lord,” nouns with suffixes of subjective evaluation are most often found.
The most productive are the following suffixes:

-K- - with an affectionate meaning, a positive assessment;
-OK-/-IK- - with a diminutive meaning, a positive assessment;
-USHK-/-YSHK- - with an affectionate meaning, a positive assessment;
-OCHK/-ЕЧК- - with a diminutive meaning, a positive assessment.

Mostly in the text of the story there are deminitives with an affectionate meaning. Less often, the author uses words with a diminutive meaning.
Based on the conducted research, the following functions of deminitives can be noted:

The use of deminitives in I. Shmelev’s story “The Summer of the Lord” isindividual, author's feature. This is a vivid story about the life, customs, and people of Zamoskvorechye, where the writer spent his childhood. Therefore, it is important for the author to express his personal attitude to the events taking place. Deminitives are used both in the author's speech and in the speech of the characters.
The use of deminitives in Shmelev’s story is connected with the world of the child, his impressions of the people, objects, and native nature around him. Therefore, one of the functions of deminitives isthe desire to show the world around us through the eyes of the little boy Vanya.

Through the eyes of a boy we see images of golden-domed Moscow, its inhabitants (carpenters, builders, bakers, wandering people). Moscow life - holidays and everyday life, grief and joy - is described with such authenticity and warmth that the beauty of the surrounding world and its beneficial effect on the child’s soul are really felt. All the warmth, all the joy, the happiness of the father’s home are captured in the story, where an adult sees everything through the eyes of a little boy and writes on his behalf.

The use of deminitives plays an important rolewhen describing specific people, objects, natural phenomena. The author mainly uses deminitives when describing Vanya’s father. It is to Sergei Ivanovich Shmelev that the writer dedicates the most heartfelt, poetic lines.

Words with subjective evaluation suffixes are used when describing the inhabitants of the house, when describing the seasons. For a little boy, a new time of year is something unusual and new.

Deminitives are used to describe animals, birds, as well as holidays for which great preparations are being made in the house.

That is, everything that is near and dear to Vanya is described in the story with love and tenderness.

These studies can be used in school practice when studying the “Word Formation” section, as well as specifically when studying suffixes of nouns and adjectives. It can be recommended to touch upon this topic when studying I.S. Shmelev’s story “The Summer of the Lord.” Students should be asked to find words with subjective evaluation suffixes and identify their role in the text.

SUFFIXES OF SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION

Suffixes of adjectives: -enyi-iy (-onk-iy) (kind, sweet, light, inferior), -yokhonk-iy (-ohonk-iy, -yoshenm-iy (-oshynyg-iy) (smirnehonky, bitter-honky, quick , light).

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012

Research work in linguistics "The functioning of words with suffixes of subjective assessment in the stories of L.N. Andreev. Suffixes of nouns. subjective assessment and real reduction and Suffixes of subjective assessment for example never

See what “subjective assessment suffixes” are in other dictionaries:

Books

Diminutive suffixes of the hard masculine declination

Living types of word formation in the word class neuter

What are subjective evaluation suffixes?

Subjective evaluation suffixes

Classification of subjective evaluation suffixes in Italian

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