History of road signs and traffic rules. The history of road signs - entertaining facts (senior group) on the topic Information about the first road signs

Where and when did the first road signs appear?

The very first road signs appeared on Roman roads. Stone pillars with distances marked on them were first installed on Roman roads at the direction of Gaius Gracchus (12 BC). According to Plutarch, he measured all the roads of Rome and erected stone pillars to indicate distances. Subsequently, it was accepted that on the roads, every 10 stages (1800 m), signs were installed indicating the distance to Rome and the nearest settlement, the name of the ruler and the year that built the road; special signs were installed indicating settlements, distances to the object, turns. The distance markers were stone pillars with a diameter of 0.4-1.0 m and a height of 1.25-3 m. Distances were counted from a bronze pillar, called the “golden” one, installed near the old Roman Forum. Under the French minister Zulli (1559-1641) and Cardinal Richelieu, regulations were issued according to which intersections of streets and roads should be marked with crosses, pillars or pyramids in order to facilitate travelers' orientation.
In Russia, a decree of 1817 by Alexander I read: “At the entrance to each village, have (following the example established in Little Russia) a pillar with a board showing the name of the village and the number of souls it has.”
For the first time, a road sign with the image of the symbol “Steep descent ahead” began to be used in the middle of the 19th century on mountain roads in Switzerland and Austria. The sign was painted on rocks and depicted a wheel or brake shoe used on carriages. Later they decided that it would be more convenient to draw a sign warning about a dangerous descent on a sign with the inscription “Braking point.” At the congress of the League of Tourism Unions, held at the end of the 19th century in London, the first general requirements for signs were developed. At the next congress, held in 1900 in Paris, it was decided that only symbols would be depicted on signs. The very first sign was not forgotten either. An inclined red arrow on a gray plywood background meant - be careful, there is a steep descent ahead. If the red arrow was directed vertically downward, then this meant that there was a dangerous area ahead that must be passed carefully. The need for signs arose after the first automobile traffic rules, which could not provide for the entire variety of road situations. The first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris in 1903: on black or blue background The square signs had symbols painted in white paint - “Steep Descent”, “Dangerous Turn”, “Rough Road”. The rapid development of road transport has posed the same challenges for each country: how to improve traffic management and travel safety. To resolve these issues, in 1909, representatives of a number of European countries gathered in Paris and adopted the first convention on international road transport. She introduced four road signs: “Rough Road”, “Twisting Road”, “Intersection with the Railway”, “Intersection” and which were usually installed 250 m before the dangerous section at right angles to the direction of travel.
The first road signs in Russia began to appear in 1911. The magazine Avtomobilist No. 1, 1911 reported: The First Russian Automobile Club in Moscow, starting in the fall of this year, begins placing warning signs along the highways of the Moscow province. Initially, the signs will be placed along the Petersburg Highway to the village of Bezborodkovo. The warning sign designs are international, adopted throughout Western Europe."
In the adopted conventions on road signs, the number of road signs constantly increased: in 1926 - to 6, in 1931 - to 26, in 1949 to 58, in 1964 - to 78.

Coursework: Teaching schoolchildren the rules traffic

Introduction

Chapter I. Theoretical analysis methodological literature according to traffic rules

1.1.History of road signs

1.2. Methods of teaching schoolchildren traffic rules

Chapter II. Development of a methodological manual on information signs and service signs

2.1. Detailed lesson scenarios

2.2. Technology Lesson Plans

Conclusion

Literature

INTRODUCTION

IN Russian Federation Traffic rules are a fundamental law that regulates the relationship of all road users. They are all guided by the permissions or prohibitions prescribed in the traffic rules.

Teaching schoolchildren the culture of behavior on the street is closely related to the development of children's spatial orientation. In addition, every teacher must remember that it is impossible to raise a disciplined pedestrian if such important qualities as attention, composure, responsibility, caution, and confidence are not instilled from childhood.

The presence of road signs makes an undeniable contribution to road safety. Based on this, selected topic course work is relevant.

Object of course work is the study of traffic rules and techniques for regulating them.

Subject of course work is the design of a visual aid for information signs and service signs.

The purpose of the course work is the development and production of a manual on traffic rules.

Hypothesis This work boils down to the fact that the implementation project activities effective if:

2. For the greatest efficiency in mastering the material, teaching aids will be used in the classroom.

3. Formation of the child’s motivational and behavioral culture in the conditions of communication with the road.

Coursework objectives are:

1. Review of theoretical and methodological literature on information signs and service signs.

2. Develop Toolkit according to traffic rules.

Coursework methods when performing the assigned tasks are:

1. Theoretical analysis of scientific, technical and methodological literature on this work.

2. Application of logical techniques of comparison, analysis, synthesis, abstraction and generalization to build deductive and inductive conclusions presented in the presentation of this work.

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF METHODOLOGICAL LITERATURE ON ROAD TRAFFIC RULES

HISTORY OF ROAD SIGNS

The first road signs appeared almost simultaneously with the emergence of roads. To mark the route, primitive travelers broke branches and made marks on the bark of trees, and placed stones of a certain shape along the roads. The next step was to give the roadside structures a specific shape to make them stand out from the surrounding landscape. For this purpose, sculptures began to be placed along the roads. One of these sculptures - a Polovtsian woman - can be seen in the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve.

After the emergence of writing, inscriptions began to be made on stones, usually writing the name of the settlement to which the road leads.

The world's first road sign system originated in Ancient Rome in the 3rd century BC. Along the most important roads, the Romans placed cylindrical mile posts with the distance from the Roman Forum carved on them. Near the Temple of Saturn in the center of Rome there was a Golden Milepost, from which all roads leading to all ends of the vast empire were measured.

This system later became widespread in many countries. Russia was no exception - in the 16th century. On the instructions of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, mileposts about 4 m high with eagles on top were installed on the road leading from Moscow to the royal estate of Kolomenskoye. However, their widespread distribution began much later, from the time of Peter I, who ordered by his decree “to install mileposts painted and signed with numbers, to place arms along the miles at intersections with an inscription where each one lies.” Quite quickly, mileposts appeared on all the main roads of the state.

Over time, this tradition has been constantly improved. Already in the 18th century. poles began to indicate the distance, the name of the area and the boundaries of possessions. Milestones began to be painted with black and white stripes, which ensured their better visibility at any time of the day.

The appearance of the first self-propelled carriages on the roads required fundamental changes in the organization of road traffic. No matter how imperfect the first cars were, they moved much faster than horse-drawn carriages. The driver of the car had to react faster to the emerging danger than the coachman.

It is also necessary to take into account that the horse, although dumb, is an animal; due to this, it reacts to an obstacle by at least slowing down, which cannot be said about the horsepower under the hood of a horseless carriage.

Accidents that happened to cars were not so frequent, but they had a great resonance in public opinion due to their uniqueness. And it is necessary to respond to public opinion.

The combination of the above conditions led to the fact that in 1903 the first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris: on a black or blue background of square signs, symbols were painted in white paint - “Steep descent”, “Dangerous turn”, “Rough road”.

The rapid development of road transport has posed the same challenges for each country: how to improve traffic management and travel safety. To resolve these issues, representatives of European countries gathered in 1909 in Paris at a conference on automobile traffic, at which the “International Convention regarding the Movement of Motor Vehicles” was developed and adopted, regulating the basic principles of road traffic and requirements for a car. This convention introduced four road signs: “Rough Road”, “Winding Road”, “Intersection” and “Railway Intersection”. It was recommended to install signs 250 m before the dangerous area at right angles to the direction of travel.

After the ratification of the Convention, the first road signs appeared on the streets of Russian cities. However, motorists did not pay attention to them.

In 1921, a special Commission on Automobile Traffic was created under the League of Nations, on whose initiative a new International Conference was convened in Paris in 1926 with the participation of 50 states. At this conference, the road sign system was supplemented with two more signs: “Unguarded railway crossing” and “Stopping is required”; a triangular shape was introduced for warning signs. Four years later, at the Road Traffic Conference in Geneva, a new “Convention for the Introduction of Uniformity in Road Signaling” was adopted. The number of road signs increased to 26, and they were divided into three groups: warning, prescriptive and directional.

In 1927, six road signs were standardized and put into effect in the Soviet Union. In 1933, 16 more were added to them and total number amounted to 22. It is curious that road signs of that time were divided into suburban and urban. The urban group was the largest - it included 12 characters. Among them was a sign warning of approaching a danger not covered by the warning signs. It was a triangle with a red border and an empty white field. Emptiness symbolized other dangers. The driver's imagination could draw anything he wanted on the white field.

In addition to the “Railway Crossing” warning sign depicting rails, an “Unguarded Railroad Crossing” sign is being introduced featuring a steam locomotive with a large chimney with smoke coming out of it. The locomotive symbol is depicted with support buffers at the front and rear, on four wheels and without a tender.

The signs of that time were different from modern ones: for example, the familiar “No Traffic” sign limited only freight traffic; the sign prohibiting stopping was similar to the modern “No Parking” and had a horizontal stripe, and the “Permitted direction of travel” sign had an unusual diamond shape. It should be added that even then there was a sign “Exit from the side road to the main road” in the form of an inverted triangle.

In the pre-war years different countries There were two main systems of road signs in the world: the European one, based on the 1931 International Convention, based on the use of symbols, and the Anglo-American one, in which inscriptions were used instead of symbols. American signs were rectangular in shape with black or red inscriptions on a white background. Prohibitory signs were written in red. The warning signs were diamond shaped with black symbols on a yellow background.

In 1940, the first standard Rules and a list of standard signs were approved in the Soviet Union. The list of signs included 5 warning, 8 prohibitory and 4 information signs. The warning signs were in the shape of a yellow equilateral triangle with a black, later red, border and blue symbols. Prohibitory signs were in the shape of a yellow circle with a red border and black symbols. The indicator signs were in the shape of a yellow circle with a black border and black symbols.

An exclamation point "!" appears in the empty field of the "Other hazards" sign. The sign is called "Danger". The triangle is installed at the production sites road works, steep ascents, descents and other dangers where special care is required when moving vehicles. In populated areas, the sign is placed directly at the place of danger, on country roads - at a distance of 150-250 meters.

Five signs in the Rules had the title “Special traffic conditions at a controlled intersection of streets or roads.” Two out of five signs regulated the direction of movement left - right only when the traffic light is red. Three more - when it's green. They had the shape of a yellow circle, with a black arrow and a red or green circle. These signs were used until the advent of traffic lights with additional sections in 1961.

One cannot help but dwell on an interesting detail: the “Rough Road” sign has disappeared from the list of warning signs. It seems difficult to explain the withdrawal of this sign from circulation: either all the roads became smooth and such a sign was no longer necessary, or all the roads were so bumpy that installing the sign was simply pointless. The “Rough Road” sign reappears in the list of signs only in 1961.

After the end of World War II, attempts were made to create a uniform road signaling system for all countries of the world. In 1949, the next conference on road traffic was held in Geneva, at which a new “Protocol on Road Signs and Signals” was adopted, based on the European system of road signs. For this reason, it was not signed by the countries of the American continent.

The Protocol provided recommendations on the placement of signs, their size and color. A white or yellow background was provided for warning and prohibition signs, and a blue background for prescriptive signs. The protocol provided for 22 warning, 18 prohibiting, 2 prescriptive and 9 directional signs.

To the International Convention on Roads and Motor Transport of 1949. The Soviet Union joined in 1959, and from January 1, 1961, uniform traffic rules on the streets of cities, towns and roads of the USSR began to apply. Along with the new rules, new road signs were introduced: the number of warning signs increased to 19, prohibitions to 22, and directional signs to 10. A sign indicating the intersection of the main road with a secondary road was added to the group of warning signs.

Signs indicating permitted directions of movement were separated into a separate group of prescriptive ones and received a blue background and white symbols in the form of cone-shaped arrows.

Signs indicating the direction to avoid obstacles received rectangular arrows.

The new “Roundabout” sign requires movement through an intersection or square in the direction indicated by the arrows before exiting onto one of the adjacent streets or roads.

The sign "Turn point for traffic in the opposite direction" becomes Blue colour and square shape and goes into the index group.

Much in these signs is unusual for the modern driver. The sign “Traveling without stopping is prohibited” had the shape of a yellow circle with a red border with an equilateral triangle inscribed in it with the vertex down, on which “Stop” was written in Russian. The sign could be used not only at intersections, but also on narrow sections of roads, where it was obligatory to give way to oncoming traffic.

Prohibitory signs installed in front of the intersection extended their effect only to the road being crossed. The “No Parking” sign had a yellow background with a red border and a black letter P crossed out by a red stripe, and the familiar “No Parking” sign was used to prohibit stopping vehicles.

In addition, there were unusual signs for us: “Truck traffic” and “Motorcycle traffic”.

In addition to road signs, during the period under review, road signs were widely used, which were yellow plates with black inscriptions. They designated pedestrian crossings, the number of traffic lanes, and regulated the location of vehicles on the roadway. Outside populated areas, indicators of directions of movement and distances to populated areas and other objects were used. These signs had a blue background and white lettering.

In 1965, the sign “Controlled intersection (road section)” appeared for the first time. Three traffic lights: red, yellow and green, depicted on the field of the sign, indicated traffic regulation not only by the traffic light, but also by the traffic controller.

In 1968, the Convention on Road Traffic and the Convention on Road Signs and Signals were adopted at the UN Conference in Vienna. Corresponding changes have also been made to the Rules in force on the territory of the USSR. In 1973, throughout the territory Soviet Union The new Traffic Rules and the new standard “Road Signs” come into force.

The signs, in force since 1973, have become familiar to modern car enthusiasts. Warning and prohibition signs acquired a white background and a red border, the number of indicator signs increased from 10 to 26 due to the inclusion of various signs. The “Winding Road” warning sign has two versions – with the first turn to the right and with the first turn to the left.

In addition to the existing Steep Descent sign, a Steep Ascent sign appears. The percentage of the slope is indicated on the signs.

The “Road Crossing” sign began to be installed only before the intersection of roads of equal importance. When it was installed, both roads were equivalent, even if one was paved and the other was unpaved.

In addition to the “Intersection with a secondary road” sign, its variants “Junction with the main secondary road” appeared. The junction of the road could be shown at an angle of 45, 90 and 135 degrees, depending on the characteristics of the intersection.

The group of prohibitory signs has also undergone significant changes. A new “No Stopping” sign was introduced, which is still used today; the previous “No Stopping” sign began to prohibit parking. The sign “Traveling without stopping is prohibited” took the form of a regular red octagon with a white inscription “STOP” on English language. This sign was introduced into the 1968 Convention and the Road Traffic Regulations from American practice. The "End of All Restricted Zone" sign has a white background with a gray border and several slanted gray stripes. The new rules introduced variations of it that abolish the ban on overtaking and the maximum speed limit.

The signs, made on a white or yellow background, informed about movement through a populated area, in which the requirements of the rules establishing the order of movement in populated areas apply. Signs with a blue background informed that the rules establishing traffic rules in the populated area do not apply on this road. Such signs were installed on the road passing through small rural settlements, the buildings of which were located far from the road, and pedestrian traffic was sporadic.

Additional information signs received a white background with black images. The sign indicating the direction of the turn received a red background.

In 1980, a new standard “Road Signs” was introduced. With some changes, it was in force until January 1, 2006.

The signs “Approaching a railway crossing”, “Single track railway”, “Multiple track railway” and “Turn direction” were transferred to the group of warning signs from the group of additional information media. The latter received a third variety, installed at T-shaped intersections or road forks, if there is a danger of their passage in the forward direction.

Two versions of the “Animals on the Road” sign became independent signs: “Cattle Driving” and “Wild Animals”.

New warning signs have appeared: “Roundabout”, “Low-flying aircraft”, “Tunnel”, “Intersection with cycle path”.

A new group of road signs has appeared - priority signs that establish the order of passage through intersections and narrowed sections of roads. Signs for this section were previously located in other groups.

Big changes have occurred in the group of prohibitory signs. The sign “Motor traffic is prohibited” began to be called “Motor vehicle traffic is prohibited,” and signs appeared limiting the length of vehicles and the distance between them.

The most significant innovation was the appearance of the “Customs” sign, prohibiting travel without stopping at the customs (checkpoint). The word “customs” on the sign is written in the languages ​​of the border countries.

The “Parking” sign has received two versions, prohibiting parking on odd and even dates. Their appearance made it easier to organize snow removal in winter.

The most numerous group of signs was information and directional. Signs informing about the location of various service objects were separated into a separate group of service signs.

Many new signs have appeared in the information and signage group. The former "Expressway" sign began to designate a road intended exclusively for the movement of cars, buses and motorcycles. A new “Motorway” sign was introduced to indicate expressways.

Signs appeared indicating the direction of movement along the lanes, the beginning and end of additional lanes on the rise.

The new road sign “Recommended Speed” began to indicate the recommended speed on city streets equipped with automated traffic control systems and on dangerous sections of roads indicated by warning signs.

A new group of signs was used on roads with lanes allocated for oncoming traffic of route vehicles and indicated:

where they stop,

· underground and overground pedestrian crossings,

· the direction to bypass a section of the road closed to traffic.

The new “Traffic Pattern” sign began to be used to indicate the route of movement when certain maneuvers are prohibited at an intersection or to indicate permitted directions of movement at complex intersections.

The “Stop Line” sign has been transferred to the group of information and directional signs.

The next changes took place in 1987. The group of prohibitory signs was supplemented with the “Danger” sign, which prohibits the further movement of all vehicles without exception in connection with a traffic accident, accident or other danger.

The “Closed Passage” sign became known as “Pedestrians Prohibited.”

In the group of information and directional signs, signs have appeared, as well as signs informing about the organization of traffic during the repair of a road with a dividing strip, as well as signs indicating a road with reversible traffic.

In the group of additional information signs (plates), a “Wet surface” sign has appeared, indicating that the sign is valid only during the period of time when the roadway surface is wet, as well as signs extending or canceling the validity of the signs to cars of disabled people.

The next update of road signs occurred in 1994. It is associated with the introduction of a new section into the traffic rules regulating traffic in residential areas and courtyard areas, as well as signs regulating the movement of vehicles transporting dangerous goods.

In 2001, the group of service signs was supplemented with two new signs: “Road Patrol Service Post” and “International Road Transport Control Post.”

At the end of the 90s. The development of a new standard “Road Signs” has begun, containing significant changes to the current sign system. It came into force on January 1, 2006. The main goal of these changes is to bring the domestic standard defining the nomenclature of road signs into more precise compliance with the 1968 International Convention.

The group of warning signs has been supplemented by three new signs: the “Artificial Bump” sign, which indicates an artificial bump to force a reduction in speed, better known as a “speed bump”, the “Dangerous Roadside” sign, which warns that going onto the side of the road is dangerous, and the “Congestion” sign, warning drivers about traffic congestion.

The latter sign should be used, in particular, during road works and installed before an intersection at which it is possible to bypass a section of the road where a traffic jam has formed.

The group of priority signs has been supplemented by variations of the “Intersection with a secondary road” sign, showing the intersection at an acute or right angle. It should be noted that these types of signs existed in the Road Traffic Rules until 1980. The group of prohibitory signs was supplemented by the “Control” sign, which prohibits the further movement of all vehicles without exception without stopping in front of a control post - a police post, a border crossing, entry into a closed area, toll points on toll highways.

The image on sign 3.7 “Moving with a trailer is prohibited” has changed, but the meaning of the sign remains the same. Signs “No overtaking” and “No overtaking by trucks” began to prohibit overtaking of all vehicles, including single vehicles, moving at a speed of less than 30 km/h.

The group of mandatory signs was freed from the “Movement of Passenger Cars” sign. In its meaning, it was similar to the sign “Traffic is prohibited”, but, unlike the latter, it prohibited the movement of non-motorized vehicles (bicycles, mopeds, horse-drawn vehicles). The configuration of the arrows on the “Move to the right” and “Move to the left” signs has changed.

According to the new standard, the group of information and directional signs is divided into two independent groups: signs of special requirements and information.

The group of signs of special regulations includes, in particular, the previous information and directional signs that establish or cancel a special traffic mode: “Highway”, “Road for cars”, “One-way road”, “Reversible traffic” and others.

Variants of the “Start of settlement” and “End of settlement” signs with a white background have appeared, on which a symbolic image of the silhouette of a medieval city is added to the name of the settlement. Such a sign should be installed in front of a built-up area that is not part of a populated area, for example, in front of holiday villages.

Several new characters appeared in the same group. In particular, a sign appeared indicating an artificial hump, setting the speed limit on individual lanes of a multi-lane roadway.

In the group of special regulations signs, zonal signs have appeared indicating a pedestrian zone, a zone where parking is permitted or prohibited, and a maximum speed limit. The coverage area was limited by “bumper” signs that marked the end of the designated area. The group of information signs includes the previous information and directional signs indicating the place and area for a turn, parking place, pedestrian crossings, preliminary direction signs, detour signs for a section of the road closed to traffic. New signs also appeared in this group: a sign indicating an emergency stop lane, for example, on mountain roads, as well as a sign informing drivers entering Russian territory about general speed limits. The group of service marks now has 18 symbols instead of 12. New signs: “Police”, “Traffic Radio Reception Area” and “Emergency Radio Communications Area”, “Pool or Beach” and “Toilet”.

In the group of signs " Additional information» signs have appeared that, in combination with the “Parking Place” sign, indicate interceptor parking lots combined with metro stations or public transport stops, as well as the “Vehicle Trolley Type” sign, used with a sign limiting the axle load to indicate the number of adjacent axles vehicle, for each of which the value shown on the sign is the most permissible.

Road signs belong to one of the most dynamic groups of technical means of traffic management. The development of transport and the specifics of road traffic put forward new requirements, to successfully meet which new road signs are introduced.

Together with the installation of stones and special pillars reflecting the distance to a specific settlement or direction of travel, the history of road signs began. With the development of the automotive industry, their number had to increase significantly. Modern ones contain more than a hundred signs that allow motorists to determine the order of travel, notice danger at the right time, and so on.

On the purpose of road symbols

With heavy vehicle traffic, precise flow control is necessary, so the main emphasis is on this. Although the history of road signs goes back only a little over a hundred years, more than a thousand elements were invented during this period of time. Manufacturing materials, presentation options and external characteristics changed, but the essence always remained the same.

The following signs are distinguished:

• warning;
• prohibiting;
• informational;
• service;
• determining the priority of passage;
• providing additional information;
• establishing special regulations.

When designating in each specific case, certain colors and geometric figures. This is done to simplify the perception of signs, as well as their timely detection when moving. In addition, elements of the same type are always easier to remember.

First international unification

The world's first unification, which took place in 1909 in the capital of France, can be associated with the official history of the appearance of road signs. As a result of the work done, a special convention on automobile travel on an international scale was created. The agreement was signed by 16 European countries. Russia was also included in their number.

To a modern driver, the first set of signs may seem unexpected, since the number of cars at that time did not exceed 6 thousand units. Mostly horse-drawn and rail vehicles moved along the streets. Cars began to influence the formation of traffic rules much later.

At the turn of the century, activists from automobile communities and tourism organizations were concerned about the installation of signs. However, private initiative was a temporary phenomenon. At first, problems of unification began to be solved at the international level, then they began to be dealt with also government bodies authorities.

The USSR delegation visited in 1926 international conference in Paris, where a new convention was put on the agenda. Soviet history road signs has been intertwined with many states. The presented convention was also signed by:

• Germany.
• Belgium.
• Cuba.
• Ireland.
• Denmark.
• Bulgaria.
• Greece.
• Finland.
• Italy.
• Czechoslovakia and other countries of the world.

The next document was established in 1931, according to which the number of characters reached 26 units. However, after 6 years their number was reduced, as government agencies were able to prove that many of them distract the attention of people behind the wheel.

Failure of unification in the middle of the 20th century

In the history of road signs, there was also an unsuccessful attempt to bring them to a single form, which happened in 1949. Some time after the Second World War, another convention on traffic standards was adopted in Geneva, and a protocol on signals and symbols was drawn up. The documentation was approved at the international level with the participation of 80 states.

However, the protocol on existing road signs was supported by only 34 countries. The developed system was not approved by world powers - Great Britain, the USSR and the USA. At that time, the following types of sign systems were used on roads.

The British and Americans did not agree to abandon the signs operating in the country. Therefore, at this time you can observe their diversity.

Signing of the Geneva Protocol of the USSR after 1959

Studying history does not note an important period for After the signing of the Geneva Protocol in 1959, their number increases to 78 pieces. They are becoming more familiar to modern car enthusiasts.

The sign, without stopping, appeared already then, but the inscription on it was made in Russian. It was enclosed in a triangle, which was embedded in a circle. At that time, a sign appeared canceling all existing restrictions. It had not been used on roads before. The car began to be used as the main symbol prohibiting overtaking.

Vienna Convention: Great Unity

It was in Vienna in 1968 that a compromise was found between the two systems - American and European. When forming modern history With the emergence of road signs, this moment became a turning point. 68 states took part in signing the convention.

To reach a compromise with the Americans, the Europeans introduced an octagonal STOP sign into the established system. In the international system it has become the only text element. Initially, it was understood that white letters directly on a red background would definitely attract the attention of passing drivers.

In the Soviet Union, a similar sign appeared on the roads in 1973 after the official entry into force of clauses of GOST 10807-71. The road symbols in the documentation are quite recognizable to current drivers. The Vienna Convention played an important role in the unification of the road traffic sign system. The new order began to be recognized in the USSR, China, USA, Japan and Great Britain.

This is the history of the creation of road signs. Since 1968, modern car enthusiasts have been able to travel around the world without any difficulties. Reading signs on the roads is no longer a problem for drivers. All countries began to follow the examples of the Vienna Convention. However, in fact, no one is prohibited from using their own analogues, so sometimes you still come across incomprehensible road signs.

About publications of traffic rules in Russia and the USSR

About two years before the formation of the Soviet Union, the first traffic regulations were issued. The title of the document implied movement around Moscow and its environs. Within the framework of those rules, the most important issues were described. Modern documents are very different from those first presented in 1920, but then a start was made.

Soon, driver's licenses began to be issued, and speed limits for movement on the country's roads were also determined. Published in 1940 general rules, which were edited for a specific city. Unified traffic regulations were approved only in 1951.

As a conclusion

In general, the history of the creation of traffic rules and road signs is very interesting and instructive. It resembles the system of formation of states and various entities. Using them you can study the history of different countries of the world. New clauses will always be added to the rules, as technology is constantly evolving. Over time, new signs will appear. In Russia, one of them began to be used quite recently. It involves photographic recording on the roads. Along with it, temporary signs with special symbols on a yellow background were introduced.

History of road signs

Currently, there are 1.4 million road signs on the roads of Russia, and there are 4 road signs per 1 km of roads in the city, and 7 road signs on federal roads.

Once man “invented” roads, he needed road signs, for example, to mark routes. For these purposes, ancient people used all available means: broken branches, notches in the bark of trees, stones of a certain shape placed along the roads. It’s not the most informative option, and you can’t always immediately see a broken branch, so people thought about how to separate the sign from the landscape. So they started placing statues along the roads. Then, from the fifth century BC, the heads of other characters began to appear on the statues: Bacchus, Pan, fauns, statesmen, philosophers and others. When writing appeared, inscriptions began to be made on stones, most often the names of settlements.As Plutarch described the event, Gracchus' men measured all the roads of the Roman Empire and erected stone pillars to indicate distances. Signs were installed on the roads every 10 stadia (1800 m), indicating the distance to Rome and the nearest populated area. In addition, the name of the ruler who built the road and the year in which this happened were recorded on the pillars. Distance indicators were stone pillars with a diameter of 40 cm to one meter, and a height of 1.25 - 3 meters. Distances were counted from a bronze pillar called “golden”. The golden pillar was installed at the old Roman Forum.

Under the French minister Zulli (1559-1641) and Cardinal Richelieu, regulations were issued according to which intersections of streets and roads should be marked with crosses, pillars or pyramids in order to facilitate travelers' orientation.

In Russia, the decree of Alexander I of 1817 read: “At the entrance to each village, have (following the example established in Little Russia) a pillar with a board showing the name of the village and the number of souls it has.”

A road sign depicting the symbol “Steep descent ahead” first appeared in the mid-19th century on the mountain roads of Switzerland and Austria. The sign was depicted on roadside rocks and depicted a wheel or brake shoe used on carriages. Signs began to spread following the first automobile traffic rules, which could not provide for the entire variety of road situations. The first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris in 1903: on a black or blue background of square signs, symbols were depicted in white paint - “Steep descent”, “Dangerous turn”, “Rough road”. The rapid development of road transport has raised the issue of travel safety. In 1909, representatives of a number of European countries gathered in Paris and adopted the first convention on international road transport. According to the convention, four road signs were introduced: “Rough Road”, “Twisting Road”, “Intersection with the Railway”, “Intersection”, which were usually installed 250 meters before the dangerous section at right angles to the direction of travel.

Despite the convention, each country began to come up with its own traffic signs, which is no wonder: four signs are not enough for all occasions. For example, Japan and China were limited to a couple of hieroglyphs that denoted some rule; European countries were deprived of the ability to express an entire rule with two written characters, so they came up with symbols and images. In the USSR, a little man crossing a pedestrian crossing was invented. Inside the country, everything was clear with the signs, but a person traveling abroad found himself in an unpleasant situation, where out of many signs two or three turned out to be familiar. To make life easier for drivers, in 1931 the “Convention for the Introduction of Uniformity and Signaling on Roads” was adopted in Geneva, which was signed by the USSR, most European countries and Japan. Although this did not lead to complete uniformity of road signs. For example, in pre-war times, two systems of road signs were in operation simultaneously: the European one, based on the same 1931 convention, and the Anglo-American one, in which inscriptions were used instead of symbols, and the signs themselves were square or rectangular.

In Russia, road signs began to appear in 1911. Avtomobilist magazine No. 1, 1911 wrote on its pages: “The First Russian Automobile Club in Moscow, starting in the fall of this year, begins placing warning signs on the highways of the Moscow province. In 1949, another attempt was made in Geneva to create a unified world road system signs, "Protocol on Road Signs and Signals". The European system was taken as the basis, and it is not at all surprising that the countries of the American continent refused to sign the document. If the 1931 convention stipulated 26 road signs, the new protocol already provided for 51 signs: 22 warning, 18 prohibiting, 9 indicative and 2 prescriptive. Otherwise, if some situations were not covered by these signs, countries were again free to come up with something of their own.

Today, in Russia alone, more than 250 road signs are used, covering almost all directions of traffic, and the system is constantly developing and improving. There were some funny moments: at some point, the “rough road” sign disappeared from the list, returning to service only in 1961. It is unknown why the sign disappeared; either the roads suddenly became smooth, or their condition was so sad that there was no point in issuing a warning.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Notes on the surrounding world in the senior group "History of the emergence of Moscow."

To consolidate children's knowledge about the history of their hometown. Introduce you to the founder of your hometown....

Goal: To promote the development of first skills in the ability to find the necessary information about the history of road signs in various sources. ...

"In the country of road signs". Script of a road signs show for children of senior preschool age

Road sign show script for older children preschool age about traffic rules and safe behavior on the streets...

KVN “Traffic Light Lessons” in the preparatory speech therapy group Topic “Learning to read road signs” KVN “Traffic Light Lessons” in the preparatory speech therapy group Topic “Learning to read road signs”

Goals: to consolidate and deepen children’s knowledge of safe behavior on the street - where they can and cannot play; rules for safe crossing of the road, proper behavior for children when riding...

Information and research project with children of senior preschool age "History of the appearance of road signs"

We see road signs so often that we don’t think about how important a role they play in a person’s life. Who invented road signs? Why did they appear? How long have they been around? What are they talking about...

PROJECT of the subject-spatial environment of the group for the implementation of independent joint activities of children. Topic: “Road signs” (Making road signs for the summer playground)

The project is aimed at developing a situation of children's cooperation and characterizing children's independent joint activities (content of activities and tasks of working with children), taking into account the principle of thematic...

Abstract of OOD

Olga Popova Vladimirovna
"The history of road signs." Abstract of GCD in the educational field "Security"

Municipal budget preschool educational institution

kindergarten No. 50

ABSTRACT

Directly educational activities for children

senior preschool age

By educational field« Safety»

« History of road signs»

Made up:

Deputy Head for Educational and Methodological Work

Popova Olga Vladimirovna

Angarsk.

Target: Introduce children to the history of road signs. Consolidate knowledge about road signs, types of traffic lights. Fix the name in speech road signs. Improve the dialogical form of speech and the ability to reason. Develop attention and memory. Cultivate a friendly attitude towards each other, a sense of mutual assistance.

Dictionary: settlement, area.

Equipment: large road signs, d/game "Collect road sign and name it» , items: stone, branch, bark, sculpture, pillar; didactic game "Extra traffic light", 2 city street layouts, road signs for layout, two magnetic easels.

Integration educational areas : cognition, socialization, communication. Kinds activities: cognitive, gaming, communicative, motor, productive.

GCD move:

Children enter the hall.

Q. Guys, today I invite you to talk about road signs, we can say that we will take you on a journey into the past and get acquainted with the history of road signs, but the guests who are sitting in this hall will go with us, let’s go with them let's say hello(children say hello) .

Q. Before we start the conversation, I would like to read you a letter that Boy Kolya sent us. (The teacher reads the letter) « Dear Guys, I found out that today you will talk about road signs. Could you tell me what is the relation to road signs have objects, which I am sending you are a stone, a broken branch and tree bark. I would really like to know what benefits they brought to people in the old days. Help me, please, find out this” (the teacher takes the items: bark, stone, branch)

Q. Guys, do you agree to help Boy Kolya unravel the purpose of these items? (Yes,

(the teacher invites the children to come to the table and look at the objects that the boy sent)

What do you think? way, these items are related to the rules traffic? (children's answers are listened to)

Q. Guys, I like that you tried to reason. But now, I would like to tell you what these objects mean and why people needed them in the old days. (the teacher invites the children to sit on chairs)

The teacher's story about history of road signs: As soon as a person "invented" roads, he needed road signs, for example to indicate routes. To do this, travelers broke branches and made marks on the bark of trees, placed them along roads stones of a certain shape.

Q. Guys, do you think it’s easy for a person to see such signs? (No) Why? (such road signs can be missed, drive by). What do you think, could these signs confuse people? (Yes) Explain why you think so? (because the branch will break, and the person may think that it is road sign and go in the other direction and get lost).

Q. You answered correctly, well done. So people started thinking about how to do signs are more visible. And then people along roads they started erecting statues. (the teacher shows the children sample road sign - statues) And when people learned to write, they began to make inscriptions on stones, most often these were the names of settlements. What is it "locality"? (this is a city or village where people live)- You are absolutely right.

Q. Then people began to erect tall pillars with eagles on top. Later, the poles began to indicate the distance and the name of the area. Such pillars began to be painted with black and white stripes. Why do you think? (to make it easier to see) That's right, these stripes were visible at any time of the day.

And only many years later, when the first cars appeared, the first road signs: symbols were drawn on a black or blue background with white paint - (The teacher demonstrates image of these signs: "Uneven road» , "Twisted road» , "Crossroads" And "Intersection with the railway Expensive» ).

Guys, what do you think these words meant in the old days? road signs? (listen to the children’s suggestions). Now, guys, I’ll tell you their correct name, and you show it on the easel.

V. Guys, now I suggest you look at these road signs. (the teacher puts modern road signs"Uneven road» , "Dangerous Turns", « Railway moving with a barrier", "The intersection of equivalent roads» ) Who can tell what these are called road signs? How signs old and new times are similar, but what is their difference? (Similar to the one in the center road signs have the same image - symbols, the differences are new signs have a triangular shape, with a red border, very bright color, the name has changed a little). Right.

Guys, to fix the name of these road signs(the teacher points to modern 4 sign) I suggest you collect them from the parts and say their name. ( "Uneven road» , "Dangerous Turns", « Railway moving with a barrier", "Intersection of equivalent roads)

Q. Guys, do you think the quantity has changed? road signs nowadays? Why do you think so? (the number has increased road transport there are more rules traffic).

B. Name, what else road signs, You know? (you can invite the children to stand in a circle - answers in a chain.) ("Crosswalk", "No Pedestrians", "Underground pedestrian crossing", "Overground pedestrian crossing", "Bicycle track» , "Bus Stop Location", "Tram stop", "Give in the road» , "No entry" and etc.)

(Physical minute: Guys, now let's rest a little m:

We walk down the street, follow all the rules and repeat the warm-up movements without hesitations: we turn left, we turn right, there are no cars and the path is open, the pedestrian is already in a hurry! He walks boldly along the zebra crossing and follows all the rules!

Q. Guys, what do you think could happen on the streets of our city if everyone disappears? road signs and traffic lights? (rules will not be followed in the city traffic. Without road signs, traffic lights, constant accidents will occur. If the rules are not followed traffic, then not only cars, but also pedestrians may suffer; pedestrians will not know where to cross the street, and car drivers will not let each other pass).

Q. Guys, I completely agree with you that it is very difficult to live in a city in which there are no road signs, no traffic lights and rules not followed traffic. Many accidents may occur there and a large number of people may be injured.

V. I think it's time to play, boy Kolya sent for you different types traffic lights that he drew, but he can't define: which of them exist, and we can see them on the streets of the city, and which ones he invented himself. (each child completes this task independently)– after completing this task, sheets with traffic lights are placed on magnetic boards, the guys explain which traffic lights depicted and exist in reality, and which do not exist)

Q. Guys, you made me happy, you completed this task and were able to determine which traffic lights Kolya drew correctly.

Q. Guys, I suggest you approach the layouts on which city ​​streets are depicted, you need to try to place it correctly road signs and traffic lights. And explain why you made this choice. Guys, please stand around the tables, since you will be able to see the street from any side and you can begin this task.

(children work independently in subgroups, then explain the completed task)

Conclusion: Guys, all people should know road signs and their importance for pedestrians and drivers, follow the rules road movement and take care of your security. Today you showed that road signs are your friends, and we will write a letter to the boy Kolya, but not in words, but with the help of drawings, and your knowledge will help him learn a lot of new things about road signs.