From the biography of N. Petrov. Petrov Nikolai Pavlovich See what “Petrov, Nikolai Pavlovich” is in other dictionaries

Shepsi village
In the southern part of the Tuapse district of the Krasnodar Territory there is a village with the unusual name SHEPSI.
It stretches along the Shepsi River, from which it got its name.
This name is explained in different ways. Some reproduce it from the Adyghe “milk river”,
for others, Shepsi is “one hundred river”. But there is an even more acceptable version - RIVER,
which corresponds to the terrain in the middle reaches of the river, where three streams merge into almost one
place.
The first, according to historians, in the territory empty after the Russian-Turkish war,
Three families settled: Gnedko, Chernobrivets and Dovgai.
This happened in 1888, which was the year the village was founded. The people are zealous, they settled here, attracted
the fertility of the land, the amazingly tasty varieties of apples that grew here, the abundance
wild bees and sweet strawberries on the neighboring mountain, which they called Yagodka. And most importantly, the climate is mild,
windless due to the fact that the mountains covered the place from all sides. The edge was considered so
prolific, that even the river that gave its name to the settlement was called “milk”.
This is where they ended up, milk rivers with jelly banks!
In 1915, Armenian families began to appear on the coast.
Currently, in the picturesque valley of the mountain river Shepsi, on the border of Tuapse and
Lazarevsky district of Greater Sochi, the resort village of the same name is located, the main
The attractions of which were natural objects: gorges, waterfalls and caves.
But there are also archaeological sites that have survived to this day. One of them is the museum of Petrov N.P. (1836-1920), famous Russian scientist and statesman of Tsarist Russia.

Russian engineer-general Petrov N.P.
Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov - Orthodox
Date of birth (13 (25) May 1836
Place of birth Trubchevsk, Oryol province,
Russian empire
Date of death January 15, 1920 – Tuapse
Scientific field – mechanics
Alma mater - Nikolaev Engineering School
Scientific supervisor M.V. Ostrogradsky
Awards and prizes:
Russian mechanical scientist and engineer, general engineer, professor, founder of the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication.
On May 13, 1836, Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov was born in the city of Trubchevsk, located on the Desna River. Boy
was brought up in the Orthodox traditions of the nobles of the Oryol province. In his youth he followed in his father’s footsteps and graduated from two
military institutions of St. Petersburg - Konstantinovsky artillery and Nikolaev engineering schools. Later
a talented young man attended lectures at the Institute of Technology and studied applied mathematics in Europe.
Returning to the Russian Empire, Nikolai Pavlovich began designing new machines for the Okhtensky plant. IN
During his work, he paid special attention to friction, wear and lubricating oils.
N.P. Petrov is a great man of his time. There are several books of a purely technical nature about it.
most famous scientific works. And nowhere is there a word about the person - Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov. He's the author of almost
two hundred significant works in almost all branches of knowledge - mechanics, hydrodynamics, railway
technology, economics, statehood and educational activities in Russia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. He was and
remains the only engineer awarded the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called with a bow, the highest
awards of the Russian Empire.
Unfortunately, most of his works fell into the category of archival documents, access to which is not always easy. IN
2004 in Moscow at the information and printing center of the Moscow State University of Railways
Communications (MIIT) a book by V.G. was published. Busarova, B.L. Levin "Without the light of theory...". It allows you to create new
an idea of the personality of Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov. This is just the first attempt at historiography, everything
further information concerning his name requires time and hard work in archives and libraries. In 2005 several
books were transferred to the city of Tuapse, in particular, one of them is in the local history museum, the other two - in
city administration.

N.P. Petrov, since 1900 –
member of the State Council (depicted
in the painting by I. E. Repin, stored
in the Russian Museum - “Gala meeting
State Council May 7, 1901
on the occasion of the centenary")
What a unique personality
was Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov
Of course, such statesmen as N.P. Petrov, should not be accepted
direct participation in the design and construction of railways. Back to top
survey and construction of Armavir - Tuapse railway. N.P. Petrov was the acting
duties of the Chairman of the 11th Department of the State Council for
industry, science and trade. He prepared a detailed and substantiated
report to the emperor on the need to build the Armavir-Tuapse railway. The basis
The report was based on the work of N.P. Petrova “Interests and rights of private individuals in the issue of organizing
railways in the Caucasus and the colossal losses of the country due to lack of roads.” This job is not
left no chance for the Vladikavkaz railway company. route the railway along
in a different direction, and not to the port of Tuapse. By the way, this work was published under
pseudonym "Old Timer". By 1906, N. Petrov already owned an estate in the village of Shepsi
more than seven years and could rightfully afford such a pseudonym.
It is known that in 1899, at the request of the Minister of Railways, Prince M. Khilkov, N.P. Petrov “took on the labor himself
to become closely acquainted with the progress of work carried out under the supervision of the Ministry of Railways on the east coast
Black Sea". Already at that time, Nikolai Petrov identified on the map the exit point of the new railway - the Black Sea
oil port of Tuapse.
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of this road for the entire development of the city, and not only as a Black Sea port, but also as one
from the cultural and industrial centers of southern Russia.
In addition, a steel bridge across the mountain river Psezuapse in the area of the village of Lazarevskoye, built according to
project by N.I.Petrov.
It should be added that the initiator of the creation of the Imperial Moscow Engineering School was the Department of Railways
communications (today it is called Moscow State Transport University) was also N.P. Petrov. He
managed to prove the need to create a second higher educational institution of railway profile in Russia in connection with
acute shortage of railway transport specialists in the construction of the Siberian Railway. Since then
Almost 120 years have passed.

HISTORY IN PHOTOS:
OPINION OF THE ROYAL GENERAL
Dacha is a Russian exclusive...
In the 18th and early 19th centuries, country holidays were the lot of the wealthy and
even noble people. Nicholas was the first to give his wife a dacha in 1821. Already
then one could say about Moscow that in the summer months it was empty,
everyone was leaving for the dacha. Our Tuapse district was no exception,
where famous summer residents came to rest.
The village of Shepsi is first mentioned as follows: “He who drove further through Dederka,
Rubinstein's estate, we drove into the estate of Comrade Minister of Railways
messages of N.P. Petrov and visited his estate located on
coastal elevation with beautiful views of the sea.
Nikolai Pavlovich with his family. 1912
In the estate of this estate, the correct
terracing of the area, and on the terraces, picturesque
descending to the sea in a gorge, there is a garden and a park.
A small cottage consisting of several rooms,
combines conditions for convenient overwintering in
her. For people who are looking for a quiet corner with
wonderful view of the sea, who are not afraid
loneliness,
it is forbidden
recommend
the best
"shelters".

S.Yu. liked to relax in Petrov’s house. Witte - Minister of Railways
messages, Minister of Finance, G.E. Pauker - scientist, great Russian chemist
D. I. Mendeleev, and his wife Anna Ivanovna painted with pleasure
wonderful Shepsin landscapes, which are now kept in the house-museum of D.I.
Mendeleev St. Petersburg University.
Petrov's dacha was built in 1899 and is located on the territory
boarding house "Shepsi". Not only the general
the architectural appearance of the building and the unique tower, but also the staircase,
carved oak terraces, fragments of stucco.
In the registration card of an object representing a historical and cultural
value is stated that the building is located on the upper platform
terraced southern slope, brick, two-storey with basement, under
gable roof, with a round tower accenting the southwest corner
house, which has a wooden third tier - an octagonal belvedere with
a complex hipped roof topped with a spire.
Near unusual landscapes,
Where a lot has gone to waste,
Stands among the thickets of bricks
Ancient wooden house.
The houses that lived with him for years,
Long gone into the past,
And he is still in front of us,
A gray link in history.
Against the background of stone buildings
He's a real rarity
Like a bright genius in a mass of gray
I found my authority.
Shelter for many generations
There was a home during these times,
Witness of many achievements,
Having taken in the difficulties in full.
With a gable iron roof,
The bright windows are welcoming,
Greets us with a gentle smile
Carved platbands pattern.
The plank gate looks solid,
Ring in a horse post,
He has not lost his prominent appearance,
Which means it was created for people.
Handsome Russian wooden
He belongs among many miracles,
Kind, warm and welcome
The Russian forest gave him life.
Will give new buildings another head start,
Only the façade has turned slightly grey,
Yes, there were carpenters at that time,
They knew how to build to last!
Gunpowder stocks and beyond
To be in his powder flask,
He is beautiful and strong, as before,
Which means he will still live.
A.I. Mendeleev at work.
The exterior is designed in an eclectic style.
High plinth of rough stonework on the south and
the western façade goes into covered terraces, on
northern - into an open terrace with a balustrade. To the south
and in the northwestern corners there are stairs.
A wooden staircase has been preserved in the interior
with fencing - balustrade, in separate
rooms - simple ceiling decor: sockets
and profiled rods.
The object is an outstanding example
estate (dacha) architecture of the Black Sea
coast
Caucasus.
Architectural
value
represent a volumetric-spatial composition,
exterior, preserved interior elements.
Let's take a closer look at it from the outside.

The dacha is well preserved, judging by
old photo, missing on the facade
several elements: circular gallery
on the turret, balcony above the side
entrance, the carved fence has been lost
terraces and blocked some openings.
Ground floor lifts
building above ground.
Literally from all sides into the mansion
stairs lead up.
On the keystone above the main entrance
the year the dacha was built is visible - 1899. Exactly
then Nikolai Pavlovich moves to this
house. The architect of this building, alas,
unknown Petrov N.P. bought it
unfinished
at
his
teachers
-
professors
mechanics
Tehnolosky
institute
Vyshnegradsky
I.A.,
subsequently Minister of Finance.
In 1935, a rest home with 60 beds was opened at the dacha
for oil workers from Maykop, and during World War II
war, wounded soldiers were sent here. During the Great
During the Patriotic War, the house was a health resort for submariners, where they rested after military campaigns.
The two-story building, despite its age, is pleasing
eye today. In the southern climate, species
observation deck on the turret, open terraces and
balconies look harmonious in the environment.
Petrov's dacha was miraculously preserved.
And this is a miracle - people who respect history and culture
home country.
Turret topped
a small tent and
spire, gives the building
expressive silhouette.

Two external stairs
decorated with a balustrade.
Looking at the building, you can see
that work has been done to strengthen
and strengthening the load-bearing capacity of brick walls.
The façade is lined with local natural stone,
and window openings
and the doors are framed in red brick.
Well preserved oak terraces,
decorated with carved details.

Petrova's dacha N.P. - this is not just a beautiful building, but
a monument to our history and culture.
Built to last, it stood for more than 100 years
Currently, restoration of the rooms is underway, in which
They plan to open the exhibition this year. One part of it will be
is dedicated to Petrov’s professional activities, and the other is to his
life and the general way of life of the noble intelligentsia of that time.
The situation will be recreated with the help of preserved local
inhabitants of furniture and household items of those times.
LET'S LOOK INSIDE OUR
AT HOME.
The venerable castle was built
How castles should be built:
Extremely durable and calm
In the taste of smart antiquity.
Anyone entering the house immediately found themselves in the lobby -
a spacious, bright hall that served as an entrance hall.
From the lobby to the second floor there was a beautiful
ladder.

Behind the vestibule was the front hall - an indispensable part of the house. After all, it was a tradition to organize dinners
time. The hall overlooked the park, there was a lot of light and air in it. It also seemed spacious because it
The walls were decorated with mirrors - this visually increased the size of the hall.
The stucco ceilings and painted walls - gold on a white background - were a delight to the eye. And the floors were original works
art! According to the artists' drawings, they were laid out with parquet tiles of various types of wood, making up
various ornaments.
On the left and right sides of the lobby there were, as a rule, living rooms. Usually they received guests
(hence the word “living room”). The top of the walls in the living room was decorated with a beautiful cornice, and the ceiling was decorated with stucco ornaments.

The front living rooms are furnished with sofas, armchairs and
other upholstered furniture. Its upholstery color should have been
match the upholstery fabric used to trim
walls of the living room, and often the living room was called that -
pink, green, blue...
There was also a sofa room in the house - a room for relaxation and
homework, office and library - strict
rooms decorated with lacquered wood, with
bookcases, bureaus, secretaries, boudoir - ladies' room
room for relaxing and receiving friends
There certainly was a formal dining room and a pantry -
room next to the dining room for storage expensive
silver and porcelain dishes, tablecloths. To the pantry
Ready meals were delivered from the kitchen. The kitchen itself
placed away from the house so as not to irritate
the owner and his guests with unpleasant odors.
The rooms in the house were walk-through. They were located in
row, one after another, forming an enfilade. Doors in all
the rooms were open and gave the impression that they were
infinity.
Living quarters and bedrooms on the second floor are small
The windows overlooked the park or the side facades. Often these
the rooms were called mezzanines.

We drank tea on the terrace.
We drank tea with crackers,
We drank tea with pies,
With dryers, cheesecakes,
With pies, buns,
Tea with lemon,
Simple tea
Sweet tea
And the tea is empty...
In 2006, in the building of the Tuapse railway station, the grand opening of a bust of the outstanding
Russian scientist and mechanical engineer Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov. The founder of the current Moscow
State University of Transport.
Scientific work by N.P. Petrov “Educational tasks of Russia in view of the upcoming revolution in political and economic
its relations with the peoples of the West and East, caused by the spread of our railways,” which caused
time, a wide public response, was published in 1899. In this work, for the first time, Russian industry
is considered as a growing force, giving hope for its intensive development in the very near future. At
Such development will not only eliminate the need to “protect it with customs borders”), but Russia itself may act
a full-fledged competitor in the world market and “not only with agricultural products,” because in the country there are
processes, according to Petrov, that can lead to consequences “much more important than the discovery of gunpowder in China and
compass"

On July 16, 2013 at the dacha building
was inaugurated
Memorial plaque.
A MAN IS BORN INTO THE WORLD
TO CREATE, TO DARY – AND NOT OTHERWISE
TO LEAVE A GOOD TRACK IN LIFE
AND SOLVE ALL DIFFICULT PROBLEMS
We must remember and love our past!
Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov left such a mark on history.
January 15, 1920, having never recovered from severe
illness, Nikolai Pavlovich died.
The burial took place at the Tuapse city cemetery.
The last military honors were given to the lieutenant general
a detachment of cadets from the local garrison and a small group
like-minded engineers, abandoned to the southern
the outskirts of Russia by revolutionary events.
If a person does not like to at least occasionally look at old
photographs of people, does not value the memory of them in things,
which belonged to them, which means he does not love them.
If a person doesn't like old houses, old streets, let him
even inferior ones, which means he has no love for his
city.
If a person is indifferent to the monuments of his history
country, which means he is indifferent to his country.
It’s a pity that there are no records of ancestors
Family tree to restore
No names gone on green branches
But who I know must be saved
This is not the end of the search, to be continued...
TO BE CONTINUED
AND AT THE END A DOT –
WRITTEN IN LARGE HANDWRITING
SOMEONE'S HAND
TO BE CONTINUED!
TO BE CONTINUED FOR SURE!!!

Nikolai Nikolaevich Petrov
(son of Nikolai Pavlovich)
founder of domestic oncology, author of the first monograph in Russia “General Doctrine of
tumors"
Date of birth: December 2 (14), 1876
Place of birth: St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
Date of death: March 2, 1964 (age 87)
Place of death: Leningrad, RSFSR, USSR
Country: Russian Empire, USSR
Scientific field: oncology
Place of work: Leningrad Institute of Oncology
Alma mater: Military Medical Academy named after. S. M. Kirova
Famous students: F. G. Uglov
Awards and prizes:
Hero of Socialist Labor - 1957
Order of Lenin Order of Lenin Order of Lenin Order of Lenin
Order of the Red Banner of Labor Order of the Red Banner of Labor
Lenin Prize - 1963 Stalin Prize - 1942
Founder of Russian oncology, author of the first monograph in Russia “General Doctrine of Tumors”
Biography
1910 - author of Russia's first work on oncology in Russian;
1925 - organized the oncology department at the hospital named after I. I. Mechnikov, from December 24, 1925 - his
manager;
1927 - On March 16, the oncology department was transformed into the Scientific and Practical Oncological Institute under its
management;
1939 - Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences;
1942 - State (Stalin) Prize of the USSR;
1944 - Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences;
1957 - Hero of Socialist Labor;
1963 - Lenin Prize;
1964 - buried at Komarovskoye cemetery. The tombstone is included in the Cultural and Historical Heritage of the Kurortny District
St. Petersburg at the federal level of security. As part of the Komarovsky necropolis, it is protected under the auspices of UNESCO;
1966 - the Institute of Oncology in Pesochny (St. Petersburg) was named after N. N. Petrov.

N.N. Petrov in Komarovo Nikolai Nikolaevich Petrov settled in the village of Komarovo in 1946. For living he
chose a peninsula with an area of 2.1 hectares on Lake Shchuchye. On modern maps this peninsula is called Cape Vesely.
60.211356, 29.790186).
The dacha of N.N. Petrov, where his heirs, the Rakitov family, now live, is a former
Finnish farm built in 1893 (house, bathhouse, stables, cowshed, barn, etc., completely self-sufficient
farming; still preserved). The house has been preserved in its original form without renovation to this day. In the house
there is a memorial room for the academician. Some of the scientist’s things and books were transferred to the N. N. Petrov Museum in
Institute of Oncology in Pesochny. Life after the war settled down slowly, but a telephone was installed to the lake,
electricity, asphalt road. The Petrovs had a car, a personal driver, and an apartment in Leningrad. Payment for all
expenses were made from the academician’s salary. While living on the lake, Petrov conducted active scientific work,
controlled research in the Sukhumi monkey nursery he founded. He also had a hobby: he
wrote poetry, made translations of poetry and prose from French. The descendants of N.N. Petrov, the grandson and great-granddaughter of the Rakitovs, keep
grandfather's legacy.
N.N. Petrov's father was a member of the State Council before the revolution; he was depicted in the painting by I. E. Repin,
kept in the Russian Museum. The Petrovs had a family estate in Ostashkovo in Valdai. During the Second World War, the Germans
burned. N. N. Petrov was given two houses in Komarovo: one near the station, the second on Lake Shchuchye, where he lived
only in summer. On the shore there was a canopy - a gazebo, where the academician loved to work. He got up around six
hours and worked a lot in the gazebo - writing articles. Leading luminaries of medical science came to see him, for example
surgeon F.G. Uglov, who was his student and also lived in Komarovo.
N.N. Petrov’s wife, Lyubov Vladimirovna, graduated from the Smolny Institute. There was a friendly good hostess
Houses. It was an old professorial family - calm, decent, leisurely, hospitable. Mistress
she baked the cake herself and ceremoniously cut it for the guests gathered at the table. Cooked on a wood stove
stove. Wines and fruits were brought from Sukhumi. The couple had two daughters and a son, Vsevolod. The eldest daughter Anna knew
Spanish and after the events in Spain she was awarded the order. Their younger brother lived with them for some time.
Academician Mikhail, who worked in the railway department and taught at the railway institute
transport.

Vsevolod Nikolaevich Petrov (grandson of Nikolai Pavlovich)
Date of birth: April 13, 1912
Place of birth: St. Petersburg
Date of death: March 20, 1978 (age 65)
Place of death: St. Petersburg
Country: USSR
Scientific field: art history
Place of work: State Russian Museum
Alma mater: Leningrad State University
Known as: art critic, writer, memoirist, museum activist
Vsevolod Nikolaevich Petrov is a descendant of the ancient noble family of the Petrovs. Came from
the Yaroslavl and Novgorod Petrov families, who gave Russia famous engineers, scientists,
statesmen.
Born on April 13, 1912 in the family of N. N. Petrov, an oncologist, academician (in St. Petersburg the Institute bears his name
oncology). Grandson of the scientist, Engineer-GeneralN. P. Petrova, since 1900 - member of the State Council (depicted on
Repin's famous painting The Ceremonial Meeting of the State Council on May 7, 1901).
He graduated from the 1st Soviet Secondary School in Leningrad (among his classmates was Pavel Zaltsman).
In 1929-1934 he studied at the Faculty of Linguistics and Material Culture of Leningrad University (since 1930
year - Leningrad Institute of Literature, Philosophy and History, LIFLI).

In 1929-1934 he studied at the Faculty of Linguistics and Material Culture of Leningrad University (with
1930 - Leningrad Institute of Literature, Philosophy and History, LIFLI).
Since 1931 - employee of the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian Museum, where he entered as an external student of the third year of history
Faculty of Leningrad University.
Since 1934 - employee of the drawings section.

Student and friend of N. N. Punin. I discovered in Benoit’s archive a graphic sketch he made - a portrait of I. Annensky,
after which Punin introduced him to Akhmatova, who valued Annensky extremely highly. He was part of M. Kuzmin's circle.
Under the influence of M. Kuzmin, he began to write fiction. He was friends with the Oberiuts, artists Vl. Lebedev,
N. Tyrsoy, T. Glebova, V. Kurdov and others. The poet D. I. Kharms dedicated the story “Historical Episode” from the late
series "Cases".
At the end of the 1940s, when a campaign against cosmopolitanism and formalism began, the reputation
V.N. Petrova was injured in the Russian Museum. March 7, 1949 after consideration of his “case” at a general meeting
employees Petrov was fired from the Russian Museum. A month and a half later, he wrote to the local committee of the Russian Museum
application for reinstatement, April 28, 1949, but was not reinstated.
Participant of the Great Patriotic War. In July 1941, Petrov was mobilized, reached Berlin, and then
After the end of the war, he returned to the Russian Museum as a senior researcher in the Painting Department.
Author of numerous articles, research works on the history of Russian sculpture of the era of classicism, about
art association "World of Art". Wrote a monograph on the work of V.V. Lebedev. Wrote about many
artists, including V. Borisov-Musatov, N. Altman, V. Konashevich, A. Pakhomov, Yu. Vasnetsov, T.
Shishmareva.
In 1946, he wrote the story “Turdean Manon Lescaut,” dedicating it to the memory of Mikhail Kuzmin.
In the 1950s, in collaboration with the writer Gennady Gore, he wrote several popular biographies of artists.
After the war he lived in Leningrad on the street. Mayakovskogo, 11, apt. 58. The apartments of this house were remodeled after the war, and in
Petrov's apartment included rooms from the former apartment 8, where D.I. Kharms lived.
Since 1950 he was married to Marina Nikolaevna Rzhevuskaya (1915-1982), cousin and close friend of the second
wife of D.I. Kharms, Marina Vladimirovna Malich.
He died on March 20, 1978. He was buried, like his father, in the cemetery in Komarovo.
There are portraits of V. N. Petrov by T. N. Glebova (1930s), T. V. Shishmareva (1969).
Proceedings: Petrov left memories, partially printed after his death, diaries and notes
books, prose (during her lifetime she was not published, although she read it privately). In the censored press during his lifetime he
published only books and articles on the history of Russian art. In the last years of his life he was visited by
others, figures of the “second” Leningrad culture (A. N. Mironov and others).

Publications:
Russian Museum. Painting of the 18th-19th centuries: Guide / V.N. Petrov et al. L., 1948
V. M. Vasnetsov (1848-1926). [L.]: Type. GPB,
Karl Bryullov. M.: State Publishing House. Museum of Fine Arts Arts, 1949
Artist Fedotov. M.; L.: Detgiz, 1951 (co-authored with G.S. Gore)
Artist Perov. L.: Detgiz, 1955 (co-authored with G. S. Gore)
Vasily Ivanovich Surikov. 1848-1916. M.: Young Guard, 1955 (ZhZL, co-authored with G. Gore)
Karl Petrovich Bryullov: Album / Comp., author. entry Art. V. N. Petrov. M.; L.: Izogiz, 1958 (1959, 1960)
The last day of Pompeii: Painting by K. P. Bryullov L.: Artist of the RSFSR, 1960
Yuri Alekseevich Vasnetsov. L.; M.: Art, 1961
“Portraits of V. Lebedev” // “Creativity”. 1961. No. 6.
“From the history of children’s illustrated books of the 1920s” // “The Art of Books”. Vol. 3. - M.: “Art”, 1962
Horse Tamers: Sculpture Groups by P. K. Klodt: [Album] / Author. text by V. N. Petrov. L.: Artist of the RSFSR, 1962
“World of Art” // History of Russian art: In 10 volumes. M., 1968. Vol. 10. Book. 1. pp. 341-485
Kuzma Sergeevich Petrov-Vodkin: Watercolors, drawings, sketches / Author-comp., author. entry Art. V. N. Petrov. L.: Aurora,
Equestrian statue of Peter the Great by Carlo Rastrelli. L., 1972
Vladimir Vasilievich Lebedev. 1891-1967. L.: Artist of the RSFSR, 1972
Pyotr Karlovich Klodt. L.: Artist of the RSFSR, 1973.
World of Art. L.: Fine Arts, 1975 (reprint: World of Art. Artistic Association of the early twentieth century. St. Petersburg: Aurora,
1997)
Mikhail Ivanovich Kozlovsky. - L.: Artist of the RSFSR, 1976
Essays and studies: Selected articles on Russian art of the 18th-20th centuries. / Intro. Art. D. V. Sarabyanova. M.: Sov. artist, 1978
Russian fairy tale in the works of Yu. A. Vasnetsov: [Album] / Comp., author. text by V. N. Petrov. L.: Artist of the RSFSR, 1985
Memoirs and fiction
Cagliostro: Memories and reflections about M. A. Kuzmin // New Journal. New York, 1986. Book. 163. pp. 81-116; The same (excerpts) // Panorama
arts Vol. 3. M., 1980. P. 142-161
Fountain House // Our heritage. 1988. No. 4. P. 103-108; The same (excerpts) // Memories of Anna Akhmatova. M., 1991. S. 219-226
Daniil Kharms / Publ., preface. and comment. V. I. Glotser // Panorama of Arts. Vol. 13. M., 1990. P. 235-248
Tourdean Manon Lescaut. The story of one love / Publ. M. V. Petrova; Prepare text by Vl. Earl; Preface S. G. Bocharova; Afterword N.
Nikolaeva, Vl. Earl // New world. 2006. No. eleven
From the “Book of Memories” [about M. Kuzmin, N. Tyrsa, with abbreviations] // Panorama of Arts. Vol. 3. M., 1980, p. 129-142
Memories of Kharms // Yearbook of the Manuscript Department of the Pushkin House for 1990. St. Petersburg, Academic project, 1993
“The world is full of you for me.” Letters to E.K. Livshits. Publication, introductory note and comments by P. L. Vakhtina. /"Banner", w. M.
2014. №12.
Literature:
Kurdov V. Memorable days and years: Notes of an artist. St. Petersburg, 1994. pp. 201-205
Kuzmin M. Diary of 1934. St. Petersburg: Publishing house of Ivan Limbach. 1998. S. according to decree.
Glinka V. M. Guardian: Memoirs. Archives. Letters: In 2 books. / Auto-stat. M. S. Glinka. St. Petersburg, 2006. Book. 1. S. according to decree.
Hildebrandt-Arbenina O. Girl rolling serso...: Memoirs. Diaries. M.: Young Guard, 2007. S. by decree.
Traugott V. Harms and Petrov. // “Sixteen Fridays: The Second Wave of the Leningrad Avant-Garde.” Experiment/Experiment: Russian Journal
culture." No. 16: In 2 parts. LA (USA), 2010. Part 2. P.155-156

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

"GOMEL STATE MEDICAL

UNIVERSITY"

Department of Public Health and Healthcare

N.P. Petrova

Medicine of Belarus in the 9th–13th centuries.

Medicine of Belarus as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

(XIV century - second half of the XVIII century)

Educational and methodological manual for 1st year higher education students

medical educational institutions of all faculties

Approved by the Central Educational and Scientific Methodological Council

Gomel 2007

REVIEWERS: Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Gomel State Medical University M.E. Abramenko; Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of General Hygiene, Ecology and Radiation Medicine, Gomel State Medical University V.N. Bortnovsky..

Petrova, N.P.

P 30 Medicine of Belarus in the 9th-13th centuries. Medicine of Belarus as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (XIV century - second half of the 18th century): Educational and methodological manual for 1st year students of medical educational institutions of all faculties / N.P. Petrova - Gomel: Educational institution "Gomel State Medical University". 2007. ―19 p.

Intended for conducting seminars at the Department of Public Health and Healthcare in order to obtain knowledge, skills and abilities in the history of medicine. The educational manual outlines the development of healing and medicine on the territory of Belarus in the 9th–13th centuries. The issues of the development of medicine in Belarus as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (XIV century - second half of the 18th century) are revealed. The manual corresponds to the curriculum and standard curriculum for the discipline “History of Medicine”, approved by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus.

Isbn udk 61 (091) “XIV-XVIII” (476)

BBK 5

Introduction

The topic is studied for 2 hours, the seminar lesson consists of 3 parts.

The first part of the lesson involves analysis and discussion of the main issues of the topic. The second part discusses student work on the topic under study - the so-called educational and research work of students (UIRS). In the third part, a knowledge test is carried out.

Study of medicine in Belarus in the 9th-13th centuries. allows us to reveal the multifaceted medical experience of healers of the early feudal period. The study of medicine in Belarus as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (XIV century - second half of the 18 century) allows us to understand the reasons for the relative stagnation in science.

The knowledge and skills acquired by studying these topics will be necessary for students when studying the development of medical knowledge on the territory of Belarus in subsequent periods.

1. OBJECTIVE OF THE CLASS: learn the features and distinctive features of medicine in Belarus in the 9th-13th centuries. and medicine of Belarus as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (XIV century - second half of the 18th century).

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON: summarize and analyze the process of development of medicine on the territory of Belarus in the 9th–13th centuries. and as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (XIV century - second half of the 18th century).

Petrov Nikolay Pavlovich

Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:	Trubchevsk, Oryol province
Date of death:
A place of death:
Scientific field:	hydrodynamics, metallurgy
Academic title:	Professor
Alma mater:	Nikolaev Military Engineering and Technical University

Petrov Nikolay Pavlovich(May 13 (25), 1836, Trubchevsk, Oryol province - January 15, 1920, Tuapse) - Russian scientist and engineer, Engineer-General, professor, founder of the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication.

Honorary member of TPU.

Biography

From the nobles of the Novgorod province.

He received his education at the Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps (1855).

He graduated from the Nikolaev Military Engineering and Technical University and became a military engineer in 1858.

I was on a long business trip abroad. Upon his return, he taught at the Nikolaev Engineering Academy and Technological Institute, where in 1867-70. received the title of professor.

Known as a major scientist in the field of railway transport, heavy engineering and railway construction.

From 1888 he was the chairman of the Provisional Administration of State Railways, and in 1892 he headed the Railway Department of the Ministry of Railways and the engineering council under the ministry.

From 1893 to 1900 - Comrade Minister of Railways.

In 1901-1905 participated in the work of the Department of Industry and Trade of the State Council.

In 1907-1915 was appointed to attend the Council.

In 1907-1915 headed the 2nd Department.

Scientific activity

The history of the development of the doctrine of friction forces is known for two major discoveries: the first is the establishment by Amonton (1699) and then by Coulomb (1781) of the basic laws of friction of unlubricated (“dry”) and poorly lubricated (“dirty”) bodies; the second is the discovery by Russian scientist N.P. Petrov (1883) of the law of friction during lubrication and his creation of the foundations of the mathematical theory of lubrication.

The classical studies of Amonton and Coulomb are almost exclusively experimental. Their results should currently be considered as very approximate. These works did not lead to major progressive research, despite the fact that they contributed to the establishment of fruitful, albeit formal, ideas about friction in mechanics. The works of N.P. Petrov are in the nature of theoretical research based on precise experiment. A strict mathematical interpretation of the problem and a thorough verification of the results created a solid foundation for the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication and the numerous studies that appeared as a result of the development of the ideas of N.P. Petrov.

The name of N.P. Petrov in the history of science is associated not only with his research on hydrodynamics, lubrication theory and viscometry. N.P. Petrov was one of the best engineers of his time. And in this area he owns works of exceptional value. In the theory of mechanisms, Petrov’s method of outlining the teeth of round cylindrical wheels with arcs of a circle is known. At the time of Petrov, his method was the most accurate solution to this problem. It best satisfied the requirement for smooth movement of parts of mechanisms and machines. To characterize the level of the problem, we point out that, following N.P. Petrov, the largest Russian mathematician P.L. Chebyshev took up the solution.

The most remarkable works in the engineering field are the works of N.P. Petrov on the study of the pressure of wheels on rails, the strength of rails and the stability of railway tracks. The theory of rail deformation, proposed by N.P. Petrov, takes into account: the speed of translational movement of the wheel, ballast coefficient, elasticity, number (up to 6) and mutual distance of supports supporting the rail, vibration of springs, inertia of the wheel, inertia of the rail together with sleepers, inhomogeneities in tamping of sleepers, irregularity of the rolling surface of both the rail and the wheel. From Petrov’s theory, both vertical forces acting on the track and horizontal ones can be found, in other words, forces that loosen and expand the track can be determined.

Proceedings

“Outline of the teeth of round cylindrical wheels with arcs of a circle”, “On continuous braking systems”, “On wear and breakdown of steel tires”, “Storage and reloading of grain grain and coal”, “Friction in machines and the influence of lubricating fluid on it” (St. Petersburg ., 1887: an essay that deserves special attention), “Practical results of experiments and hydrodynamic theory with application to railways and paper mills”, “Resultats les plus marquants de l"étude théorique et experimentale sur les frottements mediat”, “Determination of train speed on the railway with a possible increase in the probability of safe movement" (St. Petersburg, 1890), "Attaching tires on wheels and wheels on axles", "Dangerous speeds of steam locomotive movement", "On the most advantageous speeds of freight trains and on methods for determining the speeds of military trains on railway", "Comparison of the conditions of train movement on the railway with single and double traction" (St. Petersburg, 1890).

short biography

Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov (May 13 (25), 1836, Trubchevsk, Oryol province - January 15, 1920, Tuapse) - Russian scientist and engineer, Engineer-General, professor, founder of the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication.
Born into a military family. He received his education at the Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps and the Nikolaev Engineering Academy. After graduating from the Academy in 1858, he worked at the mathematics department under the guidance of the famous scientist M. V. Ostrogradsky, who imparted to the student a high mathematical culture, depth of abstract thinking and excellent command of the analytical apparatus when solving practical problems. As a volunteer student at the Technological Institute, N.P. Petrov took part in the design of machines at the Okhtensky plant in the team of the talented designer Professor I.A. Vyshnegradsky.
In 1865 he was sent abroad to study applied mechanics. Upon his return, he lectured at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology and the Academy of Engineering. After being awarded the title of associate professor of practical mechanics at the Academy of Engineering in 1867, he carried out major research work on the creation of equipment for military factories. He headed the department of steam mechanics at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, and in 1871 the department of railway engineering. At this time, the scientific activity of N.P. Petrov began in the field of friction, wear and lubrication. In 1873 he became a member of the Engineering Council of the Society of Russian Railways and took part in the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
In 1883, N.P. Petrov’s first work on the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication, “Friction in machines and the influence of lubricating oils on it,” was published in the “Engineering Journal”; in 1886, the second work, “Description and results of experiments on friction of liquids and cars"; and in 1887 the third book - “Friction in machines and the influence of lubricating fluid on it. Practical results of experiments." In 1900, the fourth major work by N.P. Petrov, “Friction in Machines,” was published in the “Notes” of the Academy of Sciences, which outlined the theory of lubrication taking into account the eccentric position of the spike in the bearing.
In 1892, N.P. Petrov was appointed chairman of the Engineering Council of the Ministry of Railways, and in 1893 - deputy minister of railways. In 1894 he was elected an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. From 1896 to 1905 he was chairman of the Russian Technical Society.
Since 1900 - member of the State Council. In the Reformed State Council after 1906 - present member, from 1907 to 1916 - chairman of the 2nd department.
In July 1915, he was appointed chairman of the “High Commission for a comprehensive investigation of the circumstances that caused the untimely and insufficient replenishment of military equipment.” By resolution of this commission in 1916, criminal prosecution was initiated against V. A. Sukhomlinov.
During his life he published more than 80 scientific papers and was awarded many prizes. He was awarded the gold medal of the Russian Technical Society and was elected an honorary member of the Moscow Polytechnic Society.
Wikipedia

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Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov (1836-1920)

Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov was born on May 13, 1836 in the city of Trubchevsk, Oryol province. Until the age of 13, he lived with his father's family, where he received his initial education. At the age of 19, after graduating from the Konstantinovsky Economic Corps, N.P. Petrov entered the Nikolaev Engineering Academy with the rank of ensign. His classes in applied mechanics were led by Prof. Vyshnegradsky, but a particularly great influence on N.P. Petrov was exerted by one of the greatest Russian mathematicians M.V. Ostrogradsky, who left N.P. Petrov at his department and friendly supervised his studies after graduating from the academy. N.P. Petrov, while still a very young man, took part in the construction of the Okhtensky powder plant, and designed an auxiliary device for the factory turbine. N.P. Petrov spent about two years abroad, where he improved his education. In 1876 he visited America, where he was sent to the World Exhibition in Philadelphia. Many years later, N.P. Petrov was approved as an emeritus professor of the Engineering Academy, which he himself had once graduated from; later N.P. Petrov was appointed a member of the State Council.

In the second half of the last century, the rapidly growing mechanical engineering and development of the railway network required the widespread and rational use of lubricants. The Amonton-Coulomb friction laws turned out to be inapplicable precisely in those practically important cases when the lubricant is supplied in excess and the friction surfaces are separated by a thin layer of liquid. The question of using huge waste from the developing oil industry as lubricants also came up. Establishing the laws of friction during lubrication presented serious difficulties. The amount of friction is influenced by many factors: the thermal regime of the friction unit (rubbing parts), the distribution of the lubricant between the friction surfaces, the mode of supply and removal of lubricant, the deformation of the elements of the friction unit and, of course, the properties of the lubricant. The lubricating effect of liquids, which is an ordinary and widely known phenomenon, should therefore be considered as an extremely complex set of physical and physicochemical processes. Numerous attempts to find the laws of friction during lubrication did not lead to a solution to the problem and the results even contradicted each other.

The futility of these attempts left the lubrication business at the mercy of empirics. The development of mechanical engineering suffered serious damage due to the low viability of friction units and the impossibility of expanding the range of lubricants without the risk of accidents.

In 1883, the first work of N.P. Petrov appeared in print: “Friction in machines and the influence of lubricating fluid on it,” which solved the most difficult problem of world technology - the problem of lubrication. This work was awarded the Lomonosov Prize by the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In the introduction to his research, N.P. Petrov defines his tasks as follows: “The cost of fuel for cars, which in Russia is considered tens of millions, deserves the most serious attention. An increase in fuel consumption by 5%, 10% can easily result from unsatisfactory lubrication conditions, and this will be expressed in the national economy by the loss of millions of rubles. These are now the reasons forcing our technicians to turn all their attention to the correct choice of lubricants... The same reasons prompted me to write this article in order to contribute to the best of my ability development of technology."

N.P. Petrov’s idea was that during lubrication (“fluid friction”) the friction forces are primarily determined by the viscous resistance of the lubricating layer and, in accordance with Newton’s law, are proportional to the first power of speed.

At the time when N.P. Petrov began to carry out his work, this Newton's law did not find general recognition. Therefore, N.P. Petrov, in the first and perhaps the most significant part of his work, had to provide proof of the validity of Newton’s law. This part of N.P. Petrov’s research, in which he significantly contributed to establishing the foundations of the hydrodynamics of a real fluid, is no less important in the history of physics than the second part, in which he found the law of friction during lubrication.

N.P. Petrov proved in his work that the discrepancy between Newton’s law and the experiments performed, observed before him by scientists, does not refute the law, since the reason for this discrepancy was the violation during the experiments of the condition of straightness of the trajectory of liquid particles (the “laminarity” condition) and the occurrence of vortex motion. This idea of N.P. Petrov is generally accepted in our time. A few years later, it was expressed in the works of hydrodynamics scientist O. Reynolds.

N.P. Petrov carefully analyzed the reasons for the contradictions in the results of the experiments of a number of researchers who studied the laws of friction of a viscous fluid. He showed the fallacy of Kleitz's refutation of Newton's equation, finding a mathematical error in this refutation.

Concluding a remarkable analysis of hydrodynamic work in the field of research into the law of viscous resistance, which took up more than 2/5 of his work, N.P. Petrov writes: “Thus, we can say with confidence that at present there is absolutely no reason to believe that Newton’s hypothesis not accurate enough."

Moving on to the derivation of the law of friction during lubrication, N.P. Petrov considers the most common friction unit in machines in the form of two uniaxial cylinders separated by a thin layer of liquid lubricant. Applying Newton's law to this case, N.P. Petrov shows that during steady motion, the lubricant can be considered consisting of many infinitely thin cylindrical layers, as if inserted into one another. Under these conditions, it is possible to calculate “the influence of internal and external friction of the fluid on the magnitude of the moment of external forces rotating the inner cylinder.” The solution to precisely this problem led N.P. Petrov to establish the law of friction during lubrication.

Omitting the most mathematical conclusion, we present its result, expressing the law of friction found by N.P. Petrov. At a constant temperature of the lubricating fluid, the friction force is proportional to the coefficient of internal friction of the fluid, the size of the resistance surface of rubbing solids and the first degree of the relative speed of these bodies on their contact surface; it is inversely proportional to the sum consisting of the thickness of the lubricating layer and the sum of the ratios of the coefficient of internal friction to the coefficients of external friction of the liquid at a given temperature.

N.P. Petrov carefully examined the influence of a number of factors on the result he obtained - the influence of the edges of the friction surfaces, the presence of grooves on them, and temperature. He was able to take into account the influence of unit deformations, lubricant supply and pressure. N.P. Petrov quite correctly determined the conditions for the occurrence of eccentricity (position asymmetry) of the liner and took into account its influence on the result. This problem, following N.P. Petrov, was studied by Reynolds, and then by Sommerfeld, who considered N.P. Petrov “the father of the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication.”

N.P. Petrov comprehensively examined in connection with his theory of lubrication all the works known to him in this area. He showed that none of them contradicts the results he obtained. Some indirectly confirm them, while others are in direct accordance with them.

Petrov was not satisfied, however, with this conscientious analysis of the literature and moved on to his own experiments. His first experiments were made on the Ingham and Stamfor machine (“Beli machine”), and then he built a friction machine of his own design. N.P. Petrov installed a carriage axle on a special machine and thus got the opportunity to study friction and lubrication under normal traffic conditions on railways. The results he obtained brought new confirmation of his theory and contributed to the improvement of lubrication on railways.

It should be noted here that at the time of N.P. Petrov, viscosity coefficients were known only for two substances: water and rapeseed oil. N.P. Petrov was the first to measure the coefficients of internal friction for 15 oils and several mixtures. During his last measurements, he discovered sharp deviations from the mixing rule. He was also the first to study the dependence of the viscosity coefficient on temperature. Thus, the modern science of liquid viscosity - viscometry - ranks among the classical measurements in its field the remarkable measurements of N.P. Petrov.

In 1900, N.P. Petrov published his theory of lubrication in a more general form in the Notes of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The formula he obtained determines the dependence of the lubrication effect on the relative positions of the axes and the difference in the diameters of the bearing and shaft; the original formula is obtained from it as a special case.

The most remarkable works in the engineering field are the works of N.P. Petrov on the study of the pressure of wheels on rails, the strength of rails and the stability of railway tracks. The national economic significance of the wear and tear of rails and tracks already in the time of N.P. Petrov was determined by the annual replacement of about 7 million poods (approximately 100,000 tons) of rails. The world's greatest scientists, Stokes, Saint-Venant, and others, worked on solving this most difficult problem in the theory of elasticity before N.P. Petrov. Stokes gave a differential equation for the deformation of a rail lying on elastic supports under the pressure of a rolling wheel. However, solving (integrating) the Stokes equation turned out to be impossible. For this purpose, various scientists introduced extremely artificial assumptions that devalued the solution itself.

This is where N.P. Petrov’s outstanding qualities as a mechanic and mathematician were reflected. He was able to present this purely dynamic problem as static. Replacing the Stokes equation with two (difference) equations, he performed their numerical integration for the first time. N.P. Petrov sent this decision to N.E. Zhukovsky. The great scientist, the father of Russian aviation, sent N.P. Petrov his full approval and, along with the letter, in addition, an explanation in the form of a theorem of one of the properties of the trajectories of the point of contact of the wheel and the rail found by N.P. Petrov. How great the theoretical and experimental significance of the conclusions obtained by N.P. Petrov is, can be seen at least from a simple enumeration of the factors whose influence is foreseen by N.P. Petrov. The theory of rail deformation, proposed by N.P. Petrov, takes into account: the speed of translational movement of the wheel, ballast coefficient, elasticity, number (up to 6) and mutual distance of supports supporting the rail, vibration of springs, inertia of the wheel, inertia of the rail together with sleepers, inhomogeneities in tamping of sleepers, irregularity of the rolling surface of both the rail and the wheel. From Petrov’s theory, both vertical forces acting on the track and horizontal ones can be found, in other words, forces that loosen and expand the track can be determined.

The significance of these findings requires no comment. Let us add in conclusion that they have found brilliant confirmation in numerous works by scientists from different countries.

In direct connection with this remarkable work of N.P. Petrov are his works on traction issues. Having found, on the basis of his theory, an exact criterion for track stability, N.P. Petrov was able to successfully solve a number of problems in the field of operation and traffic safety of steam locomotives and rolling stock. Thus, N.P. Petrov considered the following issues: the highest speed permissible while maintaining track stability, dangerous speeds of a steam locomotive, questions about the most appropriate and advantageous speeds of freight and military trains, issues of fuel consumption standards, resistance and traction force of a steam locomotive and traction two locomotives. He wrote the first "Train Resistance Course on the Railway" for higher educational institutions.

During the Russian-Turkish War, in 1878, Petrov had to face a very unique task. It was necessary to transport a number of small Neva steamships, necessary for crossing our army across the Danube, by rail. The steamships, however, did not fit into the dimensions of the railway bridges. N.P. Petrov successfully solved this problem too.

Particularly noteworthy is the work of N.P. Petrov on the study of “continuous braking systems”. This work is essentially a search for a theoretical limit on the speed of the brake. And this task presented serious difficulties. The main result that N.P. Petrov came to is that the optimum brake operation, i.e., the highest stopping speed, will be obtained provided that during the entire braking time it is possible to keep the wheels on the border of their transition from rolling to sliding along rails. And this conclusion of N.P. Petrov was confirmed by experience.

Let us conclude with a brief description of the activities of N.P. Petrov in the economic, administrative and pedagogical fields.

At the end of the last century, only about 1/6 of all Russian railways belonged to the state. Thanks to this, the country's national economy largely depended on private, including foreign, interests. It is very likely that it was here that the origins of the noisy campaign that was undertaken at that time in the press and which was waged under the slogan of the unprofitability of the railways were located. It was argued that not only is further expansion of the network inappropriate, but, on the contrary, its reduction is required, and, of course, recommendations were made to transfer state roads to private companies. N.P. Petrov, who enjoyed enormous authority, in a number of speeches and articles significantly contributed to the elimination of this adventure. He showed with complete clarity that the statement that railways are unprofitable is incorrect, since it is based on an incorrect calculation method that does not take into account a whole range of valuable services provided by railways to the national economy. N.P. Petrov considered it necessary and demanded further expansion of the railway network.

N.P. Petrov held a number of major administrative posts in the Ministry of Railways during his life. He was director of the Department of Railways, chairman of the engineering council of the ministry, and since 1893, fellow minister of railways. Both in science and in this area, N.P. Petrov left behind the memory of a talented and progressive person for his time, completely devoted to his work and his homeland. Indeed, during those years (1888-1892) when N.P. Petrov was the chairman of the State Railways Administration, their total length doubled, several railways were completed and construction began on the Ussuri Railway. N.P. Petrov also took an organizational part in the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Among his works we find “Report of the Chairman of the Commission for Research on the Site of the Siberian Railway”.

N.P. Petrov for many years was a professor at the Nikolaev Engineering Academy and the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, where he supervised the graduation design and taught courses in applied mechanics, theory and operation of steam boilers, and the train resistance course he introduced for the first time, mentioned above. At the end of 1897, N.P. Petrov, as chairman of the Russian Technical Society, chaired the Commission to develop a project for expanding technical education in Russia.

N.P. Petrov was a supporter of the construction of higher technical education, which would ensure the comprehensive development of future engineers. He, for example, argued: “The development of philosophical thinking is needed by a technician no less than by a mathematician, natural scientist or sociologist.”

On April 16, 1911, in St. Petersburg, a member of the State Council, an honorary member of the Nikolaev Engineering Academy, emeritus professor, engineer-lieutenant general N.P. Petrov was honored in connection with the 40th anniversary of his educational and literary activities. The hero of the day was already 75 years old at that time. The celebration took place in a solemn atmosphere. About 60 delegations from all scientific and cultural organizations of the then Russia were present. Among the delegates were the most prominent professors: Zhukovsky, Kablukov, Kirpichev, academicians Krylov, Golitsyn, and many others. Delegates from four Russian universities were present: St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan and Kharkov. In his response speech, N.P. Petrov briefly described the importance of exact sciences in technology and ended it with the words: “Let our industry flourish under the leadership of enlightened engineers and technicians who know how to appreciate the connection between science and practical work.”

N.P. Petrov died on January 15, 1920, 84 years old, near Tuapse, where he was at that time, suffering from a severe form of pneumonia.

N.P. Petrov was buried in Tuapse.

The main works of N. P. Petrov: Friction in machines and the influence of lubricating fluid on it (1883 and 1886), in the book. "Hydrodynamic theory of lubrication (N.P. Petrov, O. Reynolds, A. Sommerfeld, A. Michel, N.E. Zhukovsky, S.A. Chaplygin), M.-L., 1934; Results of experiments on friction of carriage axles when lubricating them with various oils, "Proceedings of the Congress of Russian Railways", 1884, and "Kiev Engineer", 1885; On the friction of well-lubricated solids..., "Journal of Phys.-Chem. society", 1884; Hydrodynamic theory before Sommerfeld's work and the essence of the step forward he took, "Notes of the Russian Technical Society", 1905; On the wear of rails..., 1882 (separate ed.); Wheel pressure on rails, 1915 (separate ed. ); On continuous braking systems, "News of the St. Petersburg Technological Institute", 1878; Resistance of a train on the railway, 1889 (separate ed.).

About N.P. Petrov: Petrov M.N., Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov (Essay on life and ideas), L., 1925 (list of scientific works attached); Hoffman N.K., On Petrov’s method of studying the lubricity of liquids, “Notes of the Russian Technical Society”, 1888, No. 6 Brief biography, in the book. "Hydrodynamic theory of lubrication", M.-L., 1934.