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Information from the history of zoological discoveries, their significance in the development of biology, the structural features and life of many interesting animals, their relationships, roles in nature and in human life.

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Zoology (from the Greek “zoon” - animal, “logos” - study, science) is the science of animals, a part of biology that studies the diversity of the animal world, the structure and vital activity of animals, distribution, connection with the environment, patterns of individual and historical development. Biological encyclopedic dictionary Dictionary

Fill out the table “Similarities and differences between animals and plants” General characteristics of living organisms Distinctive characteristics of Animals and Plants cellular structure; the ability for nutrition, respiration, excretion, metabolism, reproduction, growth and development; cells do not have a hard cellulose shell; feed on ready-made organic substances (consumers); able to perceive irritations and respond to them; active movement; there are no chloroplasts, vacuoles, there are organ systems; cells have a hard cellulose membrane; they themselves create organic substances in the process of photosynthesis (producers); react to irritations with chemicals; are not capable of active movement; there are chloroplasts, vacuoles, pigments

130 thousand Worms (flat, round, annelid) > 40 thousand Arthropods > 1 million Fish > 20 thousand Animals about 2 million Coelenterates 9 thousand Birds about 9 thousand Others (Sponges, Echinoderms) Mammals > 4.5 thousand Reptiles 6 thousand Amphibians" title=" Molluscs >130 thousand Worms (flat, round, annelid) > 40 thousand Arthropods > 1 million Fish > 20 thousand Animals about 2 million Coelenterates 9 thousand Birds about 9 thousand Others (Sponges, Echinoderms) Mammals > 4.5 thousand Reptiles 6 thousand Amphibians" class="link_thumb"> 15 !} Molluscs >130 thousand Worms (flat, round, annelid) > 40 thousand Arthropods > 1 million Fish > 20 thousand Animals about 2 million Coelenterates 9 thousand Birds about 9 thousand Others (Sponges, Echinoderms) Mammals > 4 .5 thousand Reptiles 6 thousand Amphibians about 2.5 thousand Protozoa > 40 thousand 130 thousand Worms (flat, round, annelid) > 40 thousand Arthropods > 1 million Fish > 20 thousand Animals about 2 million Coelenterates 9 thousand Birds about 9 thousand Others (Sponges, Echinoderms) Mammals > 4.5 thousand Reptiles 6 thousand Amphibians > 130 thousand Worms (flat, round, annelid) > 40 thousand Arthropods > 1 million Fish > 20 thousand Animals about 2 million Coelenterates 9 thousand Birds about 9 thousand Other ( Sponges, Echinoderms) Mammals > 4.5 thousand Reptiles 6 thousand Amphibians about 2.5 thousand Protozoa > 40 thousand > 130 thousand Worms (flat, round, annelid) > 40 thousand Arthropods > 1 million Fish > 20 thousand Animals about 2 million Coelenterates 9 thousand Birds about 9 thousand Others (Sponges, Echinoderms) Mammals > 4.5 thousand Reptiles 6 thousand Amphibians" title=" Molluscs >130 thousand Worms (flat, round, ringed) > 40 thousand Arthropods > 1 million Fish > 20 thousand Animals about 2 million Coelenterates 9 thousand Birds about 9 thousand Others (Sponges, Echinoderms) Mammals > 4.5 thousand Reptiles 6 thousand amphibians"> title="Molluscs >130 thousand Worms (flat, round, annelid) > 40 thousand Arthropods > 1 million Fish > 20 thousand Animals about 2 million Coelenterates 9 thousand Birds about 9 thousand Others (Sponges, Echinoderms) Mammals > 4 .5 thousand Reptiles 6 thousand Amphibians"> !}

Resources used Pedigree of the animal world, unicellular and multicellular animals, main characteristics of animals, chalk. Electronic educational publication. Biology. Diversity of living organisms. 7th grade. Multimedia supplement to the textbook by V.B. Zakharova, N.I. Sonina, Bustard LLC, Kingdom Animals, multicellular animals, marine life, plankton, annelids, insects, birds of prey. Library of electronic visual aids. Biology grades 6-9. LLC "Cyril and Methodius", Colorado beetle, subcutaneous bovine botfly, taiga tick, karakurt, kestrel, fieldfare, dung beetle, earthworm, migratory locust, guanaco, sharp-faced frog, common toothless frog, portraits of Darwin and Aristotle. Educational electronic publication “Laboratory workshop. Biology" grades 6-11. Republican Multimedia Center, Cows in the pasture, hummingbirds on a flower, horses. Educational electronic publication "Ecology". Methodological manual for teachers. MIEM, Coral Island. Complete interactive course "Open Biology". Physikon LLC, Poultry farm. Virtual school of Cyril and Methodius. Biology lessons from Cyril and Methodius. Animals. 7th grade. LLC "Cyril and Methodius", Kitten and Puppy. Electronic encyclopedia “I want to know everything. Animals". LLC "Hysteresis" Beaver. Electronic lessons and tests. Biology at school. Genetic variation and evolution. JSC "New Disk", 2007.

Resources used K. Linnaeus. B0%D1%80%D0%BB P.S. Pallas. 5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD A. van Leeuwenhoek. The adaptability of animals to life in water, soil, land, and air. Natural history. Library of electronic visual aids b59-366d-f5d1e7a13043/118888/?interface=teacher&class=47&subject=27http://school-collection.edu.ru/catalog/rubr/b453aa0f b59-366d-f5d1e7a13043/118888/?interface=teacher&class=47&sub ject =27 Child and kitten. %D0%BA%D0%B8%20%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%20%D0%B8%20%D0%BA%D0%B E%D1%82%D1 %8F%D1%82%D0%B0&pos=267&uinfo=sw-868-sh-581-fw-765-fh-448-pd- 1&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fru.fishki.net%2Fpicsw%2F042009 %2F08%2Fkids%2F038.jpg %D0%BA%D0%B8%20%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%20%D0%B8%20%D0%BA%D0 %B E%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0&pos=267&uinfo=sw-868-sh-581-fw-765-fh-448-pd- 1&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fru .fishki.net%2Fpicsw%2F042009%2F08%2Fkids%2F038.jpg Child and puppy. 0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0 %B5%20%D0% B8%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8&noreask=1&pos=7&rpt=simage&lr=66&ui nfo=sw-868-sh-581-fw-765-fh-448-pd- 1&img_url=http %3A%2F%2Fbasik.ru%2Fimages%2Fpets_and_kids_23%2F14.jpg 0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82% D0%BD%D1%8B%D0 %B5%20%D0%B8%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8&noreask=1&pos=7&rpt=simage&lr=66&ui nfo=sw-868-sh -581-fw-765-fh-448-pd- 1&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fbasik.ru%2Fimages%2Fpets_and_kids_23%2F14.jpg

Zoology (from the Greek “zoon” - animal and “logos” - teaching) is a science that studies the structure, life activity, species diversity of animals, as well as their significance in nature and human life.

According to modern taxonomy, all animal organisms are united into a single kingdom, numbering over 1.5 million species. Among them there are tiny organisms, visible only under a microscope (common amoeba - 0.2-0.5 mm) and giants, for example whales up to 30 m. In terms of the number of species, the animal kingdom surpasses all other kingdoms combined. Some of them are adapted to life on land, others in water, and others in the air. Many animals live in the ground.

The importance of animals in nature is difficult to overestimate. They participate in the pollination of many plants, seed dispersal, and soil formation; in the destruction of the remains of dead plants and animals, in the cleaning of water bodies.

Animals play a vital role not only in biocenoses, but also in human life. Pets are a source of food, wool, and leather. Animals are widely used for scientific research - they study the structure and functions of organs, the effect of drugs, and the reaction of a living organism to environmental conditions. Animals are human assistants in work, sports, and recreation. And finally, these are the “little brothers”, man’s friends. Man has tamed and domesticated about 40 species of animals.

At the same time, the negative role of animals in human life is extremely diverse. They cause significant damage to agricultural plants, food supplies, leather, wool and wood products. Many animals cause various diseases (malaria, dysentery, ascariasis, etc.) or are carriers of pathogens of dangerous diseases.

There are various branches of zoology, depending on their field of study:

1. Morphology (studies the structure of animals);
2. Comparative morphology (compares the structure of different groups of animals);
3. Animal ecology (studies the relationship of animals with the environment and with each other);
4. Ethology (studies animal behavior);
5. Zoogeography (studies the distribution of animals);
6. Animal physiology (studies the vital functions of animals);
7. Taxonomy of animals (describes the diversity of species and classifies them according to certain characteristics);
8. Paleozoology (studies animals of previous geological eras).

To organize and classify all existing species of animals, the following systematic categories are used: kingdom, subkingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

DIVERSITY OF ANIMAL WORLD. ZOOLOGY - THE SCIENCE OF ANIMALS

Lesson objectives: use examples to show the diversity of the animal world, determine the importance of animals in nature and human life.

Equipment: natural objects - animals from wildlife (aquarium fish, etc.), stuffed animals, collections of invertebrates, wet preparations.

During the classes

Introduction to the textbook “Biology. Animals"

We talk about its content and structure, about the orientation apparatus (table of contents, questions and tasks, appendix, index of terms and endpapers). Students should read the text on page 2 “How to use the textbook” and highlight the main recommendations in it.

II. Teacher's story

The animal world is an integral part of the organic (living) nature surrounding us, closely connected with its other components: plants, fungi, microorganisms.

Currently, about 2 million animals are known (according to some sources, 3-4.5 million). The fauna of the Earth has not been fully studied. New species of insects are most often described, the number of which is over 1/3 of all animal species.

The fauna is thus quite numerous and diverse. All this can be seen in the diagram (the diagram opens on the board).

128 LLC

Worms (flat, round, ringed)

32 000

Arthropods

1 500 000

Fish

Coelenterates

20 LLC

Animals

9 000

Birds

8 000

about 2,000,000 species

Others (sponges, echinoderms...)

Animals

4 000

Reptiles

Amphibians

Protozoa

6 000

2 600

28 000

- What is this diversity?

Students are invited to find answers to the question posed using materials from the textbook § 1, p.

Similarities and differences in these characteristics underlie the distribution of animals into groups. To study the animal world, you must be able to distinguish some animals from others, describe, compare, compare. This is the only way to understand their diversity. The knowledge about the classification of animals that the science of taxonomy gives us will help us with this. It, in turn, is based on data from such sciences as anatomy and physiology of animals, ethology (the science of animal behavior), entomology (the science of insects), ornithology (the science of birds), herpetology (the science of reptiles and amphibians), ichthyology (the science of fish), arachnology (the science of spiders), theriology (the science of animals), and others, others. As you can see, all these sciences study animals. And animal translated into Greek is “zoon”, science, teaching is “logos”. So, the science of animals is zoology. Thus, at present, zoology is a whole complex of sciences interconnected and studying one object - animals. Write the definition of zoology in your notebook. We will get to know the basics of this science in grades 7-8 during zoology lessons. A person does not experience the same feelings for different animals; We treat the earthworm and the elephant, the amoeba and the chimpanzee differently. How do we still treat animals? Good or bad?

One cannot fail to mention the geological (rock-forming) activity of animals. The soils of the World Ocean are formed to a large extent by the accumulation of planktonic shells (plankton is the living population of the water column, unable to resist transport by currents) and benthic (benthos - inhabitants of the bottom of reservoirs) single-celled organisms. After the animals die, their shells fall to the bottom and form thick layers of silt. Many invertebrate animals (annelids, sponges, crustaceans, etc.), as well as vertebrates (fish, marine mammals), take part in the formation of marine sediments, especially in the shallow water zone.

In recent decades, studies of small-form sediments and their mass accumulations have become increasingly important in the exploration of mineral resources (oil, coal, and others).

Now let’s look at the negative side ourselves. Students themselves recall situations in which animals harm the economy and human health. If the teacher’s help is needed, he supports the conversation either with leading questions or directly naming examples.

Humans also use animals as biological enemies, destroying pests, for transport, guarding, sports, recreational and aesthetic, educational, research and many other purposes.

Thus, we are convinced that the importance of animals in nature and human life is determined by their role that they play in the life of other organisms, as well as their influence on the environment. It should be noted that in nature there are no harmful or beneficial animals. Each species occupies a specific place in the community of living organisms. Everything in nature is interconnected, each species has value.

But animals can bring harm or benefit to the human economy. And we saw that they bring much more benefit than harm. Harmful (to humans) can be combated using a variety of methods. The main thing in this struggle is to take into account all the consequences.

IV. Consolidation

- - What does zoology study?

- What is the importance of knowledge of zoology in human life?

Homework

§ 1; Write down the meaning of animals in your notebook. Repeat the material on the topics: “Characteristic characteristics of plants and fungi”; "Signs of the Living."

The subject of zoology is the study of the animal world in relation to the structure and functions of the body of animals, their development, distribution on earth, their mutual relationships in structure and origin, and their relationship to the surrounding world. Due to the absence of a sharp boundary between plants and animals, the field of zoology comes into contact with the field of botany and, to a certain extent, mixes with it in the doctrine of the lower representatives of both groups.

Section of zoology that studies mammals, 10 letter words, 10th letter I

The result of studying the structure and history of the development of animals is the possibility of precise, definite characteristics of them and natural grouping, classification of them on the basis of real, significant, and not purely external similarities and differences. The characteristics and classification of animals are the subject of taxonomy. Not content with classification based on the actual similarity of the structure and development of animals, modern zoology strives to group them on the basis of their blood relationship, to put the genealogy of the animal kingdom at the basis of the system.

Sections of zoology

Zoology is the science of animals and is part of the science of living beings, biology.
Zoology includes a large number of different disciplines. In particular, these are the morphology and physiology of animals, which study the structure and functions of their organisms, taxonomy, which describes and systematizes the entire animal world according to various characteristics, ethology (the science of behavior), zoogeography, embryology and many others.

Depending on the objects studied, zoology is divided into such disciplines as protozoology (study of protozoa), entomology (study of insects), ichthyology (study of fish), ornithology (study of birds).

Sections of zoology

Theriology studies animals, or mammals. There are also such sections of zoology as herpetology, which studies reptiles and amphibians, helminthology, which studies all types of worms, and so on - each group of living organisms corresponds to a specific section of zoology.

The department of zoology devoted to the study of the structure of animals is generally called morphology.

The study of the structure of an animal or a known group of animals, independently of others, constitutes the subject of descriptive anatomy; if the structure of animals is studied by comparing different forms, then this branch of zoology is called comparative anatomy; the general task of the latter is to clarify the laws of animal structure.

The finest structure of animals, studied with the help of a microscope, is the subject of a special branch of morphology - histology, but since there is no sharp, definite boundary between the study of the structure of animals without auxiliary optical means and study with the help of optical instruments (simple and complex microscopes), then the area histology is not demarcated in any particular way from the area of ​​anatomy.

The functions of the animal body are the subject of physiology; physiology can be aimed at elucidating the activities of a known specific organism, while others are considered only to the extent necessary for understanding the phenomena occurring in the animal under study, or physiology, called in this case comparative, studies all animals from the point of view of their functions, trying to find out general laws of the phenomena being studied.

A special branch of animal physiology is the study of their mental life - zoopsychology.
The relationship of animals to the world around them constitutes the subject of animal biology in the narrow sense of the word (in a broader sense, biology is the totality of sciences about living beings); here we can also deal either with the biology of a given animal or with the general biology of animals, if we study the general laws of relationships between animals and the surrounding world, both organic and inorganic. This includes the study of the influence on animals of various external conditions: temperature, light, environmental composition, its physical properties, pressure, movement or immobility of the environment, etc., as well as relationships with other organisms that are their enemies, prey, means protection, food source, etc.

Not limiting itself to the study of an animal in its adult, developed state, zoology considers how an animal develops before reaching its final adult state; This branch of zoology is called the history of development, or ontogeny, or embryology. Embryology includes both the study of phenomena occurring inside the egg, embryonic development itself, and those changes that then occur in the animal - postembryonic development.

The mutual relations between animals can be considered from the point of view of their origin; the branch of zoology that seeks to find out how the animal kingdom developed, through what changes and under the influence of what factors new forms of animal life were developed, and in what genetic (by origin) relationships different groups of animals stand among themselves is called animal phylogeny. Its task is to establish the genealogy of the animal kingdom.

An essential role in relation to comparative anatomy and the phylogeny of animals is played by the study of fossil remains of animals that lived in previous geological eras - animal paleontology or zoopaleontology.

An important branch of zoology in modern times is the study of the distribution of animals on earth - animal geography or zoogeography. Based on the facts of the distribution of animals and with the help of paleontology, geology and general biology of animals, zoogeography seeks to elucidate the causes and laws of the modern distribution of animals. From the point of view of modern views on the origin of the animal kingdom, the distribution of animals is the same result of a number of previous conditions as the very structure of animals; At the same time, zoogeography is a valuable criterion for testing the theories of the origin of animals.

All of the listed branches of zoology are in close connection with each other, pursuing their own special goals.

All zoology is divided into general and special.

The subject of the first is the study of data and laws relating to the entire animal world; the subject of the second is a detailed study of individual groups based on the general views of zoology.
Departments of special zoology have special names according to the groups they are devoted to: the science of mammals - mammology, of birds - ornithology, of reptiles - herpetology, of amphibians - batrachology, fish - ichthyology, mollusks - malacology, insects - entomology, spiders - arachnology, worms - helminthology, sponges - spongiology; other similar names are less common.

Applied zoology should be distinguished from theoretical zoology, which aims at the purely scientific study of animals. Based on the data of theoretical zoology, applied zoology studies animals exclusively from the point of view of human economic interests, from the point of view of their benefit or harm (direct or indirect), methods of conservation, reproduction or, on the contrary, their extermination. Two branches of applied zoology have become very important - applied entomology (the science of insects) and applied ichthyology (the science of fish).

The science of animals is zoology. This science studies all living organisms belonging to the animal kingdom.

Zoology is a science that is a branch of biology in which the diversity, structure, vital activity of animals, individual and evolutionary development, their relationships with the environment, distribution, significance in nature and for humans are studied.

From the definition of animal science, it is clear that it is a complex discipline as it studies various issues related to animals. Therefore, zoology can also be defined as a system of animal sciences. This system includes such sciences as morphology and anatomy of animals, physiology, ecology, paleontology, ethology, etc. It should be understood that most of these sciences are part of botany, which studies plants, as well as other branches of biology that study other forms of life. That’s why they talk, for example, about animal ecology or plant ecology.

• Morphology studies the external and internal structure of organisms.
• Physiology studies vital processes in cells, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism.
• Ecology studies the relationships of organisms with each other and with inanimate nature.
• Paleontology studies the fossil remains of organisms and their changes in the process of evolution.
• Ethology studies the behavior of organisms. This science is mainly characteristic only of zoology, since only animals have a nervous system.

The science of animals is divided into sections according to another principle.

Branch of zoology that studies mammals

The fauna of the planet is very diverse: from the simplest single-celled forms to mammals. Insects, worms, fish, birds, animals and others differ from each other in many ways. Therefore, in zoology there are sciences that study individual groups of organisms. For example, birds are studied by the science of ornithology, insects by entomology, mammals by mammology, etc.

There are both similarities and differences between plants and animals. Therefore, the sciences of animals (zoology) and plants (botany) have both common and their own specifics. The general properties of life (cellular structure, metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, etc.) are characteristic of all living organisms. At the same time, animal cells have some differences from plant cells. Animal cells do not have a cellulose membrane, plastids, or a large central vacuole. Animals, unlike plants, feed on ready-made organic matter, usually by ingesting it (and not by absorption, as happens with fungi). Animals actively perceive irritations and react to them, and can usually move.

Currently, more than 1.5 million species of animals live on Earth. There are more species than plants. However, the biomass of plants on Earth (land and water) is greater, since they produce the organic matter that they themselves need and which serves as food for other organisms, mainly animals. Among animals, the largest number of species is insects (more than 1 million species).

Animals are distributed almost throughout the globe. They live in the depths of the seas, where plants cannot live due to the lack of sunlight. Animals are found in polar zones, where plants do not grow due to the presence of permanent snow cover.