What was the name of Stalingrad during Tsarist times? The city of Tsaritsyn (Volgograd) or Tsarina is the origin of the original name. Stalingrad - origin of the name
It's interesting that taking something like this government decision, none of the Soviet leaders dared to declare its necessity and importance personally, from the rostrum of the same congress. Including the head of state and party Nikita Khrushchev. A modest party official, secretary of the Leningrad regional party committee Ivan Spiridonov, who was soon safely dismissed, was entrusted with “voicing” the guiding opinion.
One of the many decisions of the Central Committee, designed to finally eliminate the consequences of the so-called cult of personality, was the renaming of all settlements previously named in honor of Stalin - Ukrainian Stalino (now Donetsk), Tajik Stalinabad (Dushanbe), Georgian-Ossetian Staliniri (Tskhinvali), German Stalinstadt (Eisenhüttenstadt), Russian Stalinsk (Novokuznetsk) and the hero city of Stalingrad. Moreover, the latter did not receive the historical name Tsaritsyn, but, without further ado, was named after the river flowing through it - Volgograd. Perhaps this was due to the fact that Tsaritsyn could remind people of the not so distant times of the monarchy.
The decision of the party leaders was not influenced even by historical fact, which has passed from the past to the present and has remained to this day, the key name in the Great Patriotic War Battle of Stalingrad. And that the whole world calls the city where it happened at the turn of 1942 and 1943 Stalingrad. At the same time, the emphasis is not on the late generalissimo and commander-in-chief, but on the truly steely courage and heroism of the Soviet soldiers who defended the city and defeated the fascists.
Not in honor of kings
The earliest historical mention of the city on the Volga is dated July 2, 1589. And its first name was Tsaritsyn. Historians' opinions on this matter, by the way, vary. Some of them believe that it comes from the phrase Sary-chin (translated as Yellow Island). Others point out that the Tsaritsa River flowed not far from the 16th-century border Streltsy settlement. But both of them agreed on one thing: the name has no special relation to the queen, and indeed to the monarchy in general. Consequently, Stalingrad could well have been returned to its former name in 1961.Was Stalin angry?
Historical documents of early Soviet times indicate that the initiator of the renaming of Tsaritsyn to Stalingrad, which happened on April 10, 1925, was not Joseph Stalin himself or any of the communists of a lower leadership level, but ordinary residents of the city, the impersonal public. They say that in this way the workers and intellectuals wanted “dear Joseph Vissarionovich” for his participation in the defense of Tsaritsyn during the years Civil War. They say that Stalin, having learned about the initiative of the townspeople, even expressed displeasure about this. However, he did not cancel the decision of the City Council. And soon thousands of settlements, streets, football teams and enterprises named after the “leader of the peoples” appeared in the USSR.Tsaritsyn or Stalingrad
Several decades after Stalin’s name disappeared from Soviet maps, it seemed forever, in Russian society and in Volgograd itself a discussion broke out about whether it was worth returning the city’s historical name? And if so, which of the previous two? They even contributed to the ongoing process of discussions and debates Russian presidents Boris Yeltsin with Vladimir Putin, in different time inviting citizens to express their opinion on this matter in a referendum and promising to take it into account. Moreover, the first did this on Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd, the second - at a meeting with veterans of the Great Patriotic War in France.And on the eve of the 70th anniversary of the Battle of Stalingrad, the country was surprised by deputies of the local Duma. Taking into account, according to them, numerous requests from veterans, they decided to consider Volgograd as Stalingrad for six days a year. Such memorable dates at the local legislative level they became:
February 2 is the day of the final victory in the Battle of Stalingrad;
May 9 - Victory Day;
June 22 - Day of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War;
August 23 - Day of Remembrance for the victims of the bloodiest bombing of the city;
September 2 - Day of the end of World War II;
November 19 - The day of the beginning of the defeat of the Nazis at Stalingrad.
C - Queen
Today we will talk about the history of the city called Tsaritsyn and its name. As you know, this is what Stalingrad was called until 1925, which was later renamed Volgograd. In fact, the original name was not even Tsaritsyn, but rather Tsarina, which can be found in the oldest plans and sketches - Zariza - as it is designated. It was located on an island located in the middle of the river with the same name Tsaritsa - today it has already completely dried up and only the ravine passing through the city reminds of the former boundaries of its bed.
Zariza - designation of modern Volgograd on old maps
When people speaking Russian hear such a name - Tsarina or Tsaritsyn - the first thing that logically comes to mind is “the city of the queen.” But here the most interesting part begins - which queen? Catherine, if you are thinking about her now, has nothing to do with the founding of Volgograd, since the date of the establishment of a permanent fortified garrison on Tsarina Island is even according to official version history is considered to be 1589 - the order about this was given by Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich.
But before that, even under Ivan the Terrible (from 1556), a seasonal guard of 50 archers was already stationed there, a mention of which is in the stores of English merchants in 1579, compiled by Christopher Barrow:
《... and they came to a perevoloka... The word perevoloka in Russian means a narrow strip of land or a splash between two bodies of water, and this place is called so because here from the Volga River to the Don River, or Tanais, is considered to be thirty miles, that is, as many as How much can a person easily walk in one day? 7 versts below, on an island called Tsaritsyn, the Russian Tsar keeps in the summer a detachment of 50 archers to guard the road, called the Tatar word “guard”》.
It is believed that this garrison was placed as part of a chain of Volga guards (Samara, Saratov, etc.) to guard the Volga trade route to Astrakhan. In addition, the Tsaritsyn fortress also controlled the eastern side of the Volgodonsk portage mentioned by the British - it is here that the Don and Volga almost intersect, being only 70 km apart.
Volgograd on the map. Rivers: Volga, Don
In this regard, there is an unconvincing hypothesis that it was Ivan the Terrible who ordered the fortress on the island to be named Tsarina in honor of his wife Anastasia. Unconvincing because - is there much honor for the queen when a seasonal guard station with 50 archers is chosen for such a “gift”? Moreover, it would be more logical to name it directly by her name, and not by title - something like Yekaterinburg?
And here etymologists come to the rescue. Unfortunately, sometimes there is a feeling that the main goal of their work is not the search for truth, but the derogation of our language and any denial of the ability of our ancestors to give geographical points their own Russian names. For example, for some reason they derive the name of the city of Ladoga from the Finnish Alode-joki, where alode, aloe - “low area” and jok(k)i - “river”, or from the Old Scandinavian Aldauga - “an old source like open sea“, although it has long been noted that the syllable “ha” in Russian means movement (leg, cart, road), and Lada is the name of one of the main goddesses of the Slavic pantheon. Doesn't it seem simpler and more logical that Ladoga is, for example, the path of Lada?
Queen River
Then there are two ways to interpret the name. The first - the word “queen” - is Russian (on the same level as Volochek, Novgorod, Krasnaya Gorka, etc.), and it was given according to the nature of the river, from which the city received its name. Now that the Queen has completely dried up, it’s hard to believe, but contemporaries noted her incredibly cool and unpredictable character. Thus, in the local newspaper “Volzhsko-Donskoy Listok” in 1889, it was noted that after a rainstorm, a wave of 4 meters passed through Tsarina, destroying not only coastal buildings, but also the bridge. It turned into a rapid stream every year during the snow melting period, and sometimes the water level could rise completely unpredictably, which led to the emergence of dangerous whirlpools. In 1898, as a result of such a sudden rise in water, a cart with a horse was even dragged away, which the driver took to the shore to drink water. There was even such a concept as “the queen is playing.”
There is another version of the interpretation - a more exciting one) Let's do a little research of our own to see if there were any queens in the history of the region, after whom an island (with a settlement?) and/or a river could be named. You will be surprised - but they were! Thus, the Don River (which is only 70 km from the Tsarina) has many names in ancient sources - Tanais, Silis, Arcturus, Tona and... Amazon River. And the ancient Greek authors accordingly place the semi-mythical people of the Amazons geographically precisely in the area between the Don and the Volga, in the neighborhood of the Sauromatians (Sarmatians), whom the physician-naturalist Hippocrates described as follows:
“In Europe there is a Scythian people living around Lake Maeotis (Sea of Azov) and different from other peoples. Its name is Sauromats. Their women ride horses, shoot arrows and throw javelins, sit on horses and fight with enemies."
By the way, another name of the Don - Tanais - is also associated with the Amazons, more precisely with the name of the beloved son of the Amazon queen Lysippa, who threw himself into the waters of the river because of sad love - Homer told this legend to the world in his famous “Iliad”...
Alekseev Stanislav. Amazons and Argonauts.
There is evidence of female military detachments in other sources closer to us - the Tale of Bygone Years mentions the Amazons, and the historian I. E. Zabelin writes that equestrian detachments of women accompanied the trips of the queens of the Golden Horde (whose territory in some historical periods precisely included this region with the Tsarina River), moreover, there were similar detachments at the Moscow court until the 17th century. This is how he describes that in 1602, Prince John of Denmark, the groom of Princess Ksenia Borisovna, came to Moscow. He was greeted as follows:
“All the female maids rode like men. On their heads they wore snow-white hats, lined with flesh-colored taffeta, with yellow silk ribbons, with gold buttons and tassels falling onto their shoulders. Their faces were covered with white veils up to their mouths, they were wearing long dresses and yellow boots. Each rode a white horse, one next to the other (in pairs). There were 24 of them."
Zabelin gives the following comment to this description:
“The ceremonial detachment of mounted women, a kind of Amazons, suggests whether such a custom of the queen’s departure was borrowed from the ancient queens of the Golden Horde.”
It is also worth saying that a certain settlement in the Volgograd region existed even before the founding of the guard garrison of the 16th century. His story is a complete dark spot. By the time the Queen was officially founded, it had already ceased to exist 200 years ago. It is believed that this was a Horde settlement with an unknown name, which the new residents of the royal fortress nicknamed the Mosque Settlement. It was not possible to study it in detail, since all the surviving stones were used to build new houses for the residents of Tsarina. Only coins from the 13th-14th centuries have survived. Who knows now whether its history goes even further back to the time of the legendary Amazons...
"The Motherland Calls", Mamayev Kurgan, Volgograd
And lastly, it seems very symbolic that it was in this city that a huge monument to a woman with a sword was erected in the 20th century, calling for the defense of her native land.
Volgograd is a city in the southeast of European Russia, administrative center Volgograd region. Hero City, site of the Battle of Stalingrad. On July 12, 2009, the city celebrates the 420th anniversary of its founding.
In 1961, the hero city from Stalingrad was renamed Volgogra.
In 2005, by the Law of the Volgograd Region, Volgograd was granted the status of an urban district. City Day is celebrated annually on the second Sunday of September.
Modern Volgograd covers an area of 56.5 thousand hectares. This territory is divided into 8 administrative districts: Traktorozavodsky, Krasnooktyabrsky, Central, Dzerzhinsky, Voroshilovsky, Sovetsky, Kirovsky and Krasnoarmeysky and several workers’ villages. According to the 2002 All-Russian Census, the city's population is just over 1 million people.
The city is a major industrial center. More than 160 large and medium-sized companies work here industrial enterprises, serving such industries as electric power, fuel industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering and metalworking, military-industrial complex, forestry industry, light and food industry.
The Volga-Don Shipping Canal passes through the city, making Volgograd a port of five seas.
The city has a developed infrastructure, which includes about 500 educational institutions, 102 medical institutions and 40 cultural organizations, etc.
The city has 11 stadiums, 250 halls, 260 facilities adapted for physical education and sports, 15 swimming pools, 114 sports grounds, football fields, and a football and athletics arena.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
Tsaritsyn (1589-1925)
It is believed that Volgograd was founded in 1589. Then it had a different name - Tsaritsyn. Initially, Tsaritsyn was born as a fortress for the defense of the southern borders of Russian lands. The first stone structure appeared in 1664. Many times the fortress was attacked by rebellious peasants. In 1608, the first stone church was founded in the city - St. John the Baptist, which was destroyed in the late 30s of the 20th century and restored in the 90s of the same century in its original place.
Another interesting historical fact from the history of the city: Peter the Great visited here three times. According to one of the historical versions, Peter I himself composed the project for the Tsaritsyn fortress. The tsar gave the townspeople his cane and his cap, which are kept to this day in the regional museum of local lore.
As a result of the efforts of Catherine II in 1765, foreign colonists appeared in Tsaritsyn and Tsaritsyn district, who were granted a number of benefits. Thirty kilometers south of Tsaritsyn, at the mouth of the Sarpa River, Sarepta-on-Volga was founded by Herrnhuter Germans. In a short time, it turned into a rich colony, in which mustard production, manufacturing and other crafts were developed.
The construction of a railway line in the direction of Kalach-on-Don in 1862 and Gryazi in 1872 led to an economic boom and made Tsaritsyn a hub for transport links in areas near the Caspian and Black Seas, as well as the Caucasus and Central Russia.
By 1913, the district Tsaritsyn in terms of the number of inhabitants - 137 thousand, overtook many provincial cities. This was a period of explosive growth in the construction of residential, industrial, public and entertainment buildings, hospitals, schools, and hotels.
Stalingrad (1925-1961)
In the 30s of the 20th century, Stalingrad was one of the fastest growing cities in the country, with a population of about 480 thousand people. As a result of the implementation of the industrialization program of the USSR during the pre-war five-year plans, Stalingrad became a powerful industrial center of the country. In terms of total production volume, the city ranked second in the Volga region and fourth in the RSFSR. The city played a big role in the country's economy, its prospects further development were also significant.
But everything was interrupted by the war. The Battle of Stalingrad was destined to become one of the most difficult pages in the history of the Great Patriotic War and one of the most significant. During the fighting, all areas of the city were completely destroyed, more than 90% of the entire housing stock was burned and destroyed. After the battle, the city looked like ruins, but despite everything, Stalingrad rose from the ruins.
After the end of the battle, at a meeting of the USSR Government, the question was raised about the inappropriateness of restoring the city. It was calculated that it was cheaper to build a new city than to try to rebuild a destroyed one. They proposed building Stalingrad 10 kilometers up the Volga, and making an open-air museum on the site of the former city. But Stalin ordered the restoration of the city at any cost. And already in March 1943, restoration work began in the city.
The architects sought to reflect the heroism of Stalingrad in the appearance of the buildings. Hence the monumentality and complexity of even ordinary residential buildings built in the fifties. The style, which flourished during the years of post-war construction, went down in history as Stalinist neoclassicism. The abundance and variety of architectural details and decorative elements creates a rich emotional background in perception.
On November 10, 1961, a Decree was adopted to rename the Stalingrad region to Volgograd and the city of Stalingrad to Volgograd. It’s interesting that the renaming options were different - Heroysk, Boygorodsk, Leningrad-on-Volga and even Khrushchevsk. In “Volgograd Pravda” dated November 15, 1961, an explanation is given for the new name: “The name of the city located near the mighty river and the name of the river near which the hero city stands must merge together.”
Volgograd today
Volgograd is a hero city with a rich historical past, and at the same time a developing industrial center of the region. It is an attractive tourist destination with unique historical monuments, nature, and architectural attractions. The population of the city is more than 1 million. The indigenous population is Russians; Armenians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Azerbaijanis and other national minorities also live here.
Eight administrative districts of the city stretch from north to south along the Volga: Traktorozavodsky, Krasnooktyabrsky, Central, Dzerzhinsky, Voroshilovsky, Sovetsky, Kirovsky, Krasnoarmeysky, the construction of which began in the form of worker settlements near industrial facilities.
The economy and industrial potential of the city plays an important role for the region and the country as a whole. The most developed industries are oil and metal refining, chemical and food industries, mechanical engineering and shipbuilding.
Volgograd is also a large educational center, in which six universities and several specialized universities successfully operate. Students play a huge role in the development of the city. Every year, Volgograd students become participants in various large-scale educational forums, for example, “Student Spring”, work as volunteers at socially significant events (including Winter Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014), form youth policy within the Youth Parliament.
What is the name of the city of Stalingrad now? and got the best answer
Answer from Ilya Gonchar[guru]
The city, now called Volgograd, entered the history of World War II, the history of the USSR and Russia under the name Stalingrad.
After the war, the historical name was changed. Was the decision taken at one time to rename Stalingrad to Volgograd correct? Russians do not have a clear opinion: 39% think this decision is wrong, and 31% think it is correct. The latter point of view is most often shared by people under 35 years of age (39%) and respondents with higher education(37%). The renaming of Stalingrad is considered wrong mainly by supporters of G. Zyuganov (60%), respondents over 50 years of age (55%), as well as people with incomplete secondary education (47%).
From time to time, proposals are made to return the “historical” name to the city. 20% of respondents support this idea. These are mainly those who do not like the renaming of Stalingrad to Volgograd. Half of those who support the initiators of returning the city’s old name motivate their point of view by the fact that “Stalingrad is the history of Russia,” the memory of the war and those killed during the Battle of Stalingrad (11%): “for history: we need to remember the war” ; "this name is included in world history"; "war veterans will be pleased, and the younger generation will remember how many lives were given so that there would never be a return to bloodshed."
For 4% of respondents, Stalingrad is “the city of Stalin.” By renaming they would like to perpetuate the memory of their beloved leader: “let Stalin remain for centuries”; “Stalin is a historical figure; we, our generation, love him”; "Stalin's merits are undeniable."
For another 2% of respondents, Stalingrad is “the first name”, “more familiar” (“we are already accustomed to these cities, to the old names”; “the first name is always somehow familiar, better”).
There are almost twice as many opponents of renaming Volgograd to Stalingrad as supporters (38%).
A fifth of respondents (18%) consider this idea pointless and expensive - it causes irritation: “you shouldn’t engage in nonsense”; “enough to make people laugh”; "nothing else to do?"; "expensive event for poor country"; "people's money is spent on all this"; "changing the name of the city all the time is indecent"; "tired of renaming."
For 8% of respondents, returning the name Stalingrad to the city is unacceptable due to a negative attitude towards the leader: “Stalin does not deserve it - he is a criminal of the highest order”; “There was no greater criminal towards his people.”
And 5% of respondents simply like the name Volgograd. It seems familiar and suitable to them, natural for a city on the Volga: “everyone is already accustomed to the name Volgograd”; “the city stands on the Volga and let it bear the name of this great river”; "Volgograd sounds beautiful."
1% of respondents were against naming cities after politicians (“cities cannot be renamed in honor of leaders”; “there should be no political names in the names of cities”). And another 1% of respondents are convinced that cities should bear their original historical names, and if they are planning to rename Volgograd again, then it is necessary to Tsaritsyn (“I am for the original name of the city - what it was under the tsar”; “if it is restored, then Tsaritsyn"; "the names should remain the same as they were assigned from birth").
It should be noted that every third Russian (33%) does not care what name the famous Volga hero city will bear.
Agree.
Answer from Yoidor Ivanenko[active]
Volgograd
Answer from V@mp[guru]
VOLOGRAD of course!
Answer from Anatoly[newbie]
Hit yourself at the wall untill you die! Unified State Examination.
Answer from Georgy Telegin[newbie]
Volgograd
Answer from Daniil Ponomarev[newbie]
Volgograd for sure!
Answer from Elena Kolesnikova[newbie]
Volgograd I'm sure
Answer from Garik Avakyan[guru]
In 1925, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad. By this time, the city ranked nineteenth among the cities of our state in terms of population. Rapid population growth - from 85 thousand people in 1920 to. 112 thousand in 1925 and 140 thousand in 1927 - served as a kind of impetus for the scale of housing construction.
In the housing construction of this period, a search was carried out for new forms of living, new structures, and a new artistic image of modern housing.
By 1927, the restoration of destroyed medical institutions in the city was completed and the construction of new ones began. The network of school and preschool institutions, cultural centers, clubs. During the same period, the Drama Theater with a permanent theater studio was opened. For the workers of the Red October plant, the best club named after Lenin in the city at that time was built.
The further rapid development of the mountains was associated with the industrialization of the country.
In 1928, construction of the country's first tractor plant began on the northern outskirts of Stalingrad. It was erected in an unprecedentedly short time. Already on June 17, 1930, the first wheeled tractor rolled off the main conveyor belt of Seversky Krai. In parallel with the construction of the tractor plant, the construction of a powerful regional power station began. Became a state district power station.
The metallurgical plant "Red October" began producing new products - high-quality steel. In the 30s, a shipyard appeared on the southern outskirts of the city.
The new hardware plant began supplying parts for tractor factories in Stalingrad and Kharkov.
Forestry and woodworking enterprises were reconstructed and expanded, large red and sand-lime brick factories, canning, tanning and soap factories, a meat processing plant, a soft drink plant, bakeries, a furniture plant, knitting factories and other light and food industry enterprises were built.
The city center has been transformed. The houses of loaders, canners, utility workers, pilots, the building of the regional executive committee, residential buildings on Lenin, Saratovskaya, Ostrovsky streets, as well as the buildings that form the Square of the Fallen Fighters, the House of the Red Army and the commune, the central department store, the Intourist Hotel and others formed the main appearance of pre-war Stalingrad. The central embankment was being improved. The wooden warehouses were demolished, the embankment slopes were graded and landscaped.
The Metro cafe appeared on one of them. Already in 1935 - 1937. it was the best embankment among the cities of the Volga region.
Many plans were not destined to come true - the Great Patriotic War began.
From its very first days, the city became one of the largest arsenals in the southeast of the country. Stalingrad factories produced and repaired tanks, artillery pieces, ships, mortars, machine guns and other weapons. A militia division and eight fighter battalions were formed. On October 23, 1941, a city defense committee was created, which played a major role in coordinating the actions of military and civilian authorities.
The construction of defensive fortifications was carried out on a huge scale by units of the 5th Engineer Army and the working people of the city and region. More than 2,800 km of lines, 2,730 km of trenches and communication passages, 1,880 km of anti-tank obstacles, 85 thousand positions for fire weapons, and 4 defensive contours (including the city one) were built.
In the shortest possible time, together with military railway workers, the railway lines Stalingrad - Vladimirovka - Baskunchak and Astrakhan - Kizlyar were built, which subsequently played a significant role in supplying troops in the Stalingrad direction. In the spring of 1942, regular fascist air raids on Stalingrad began, which were repelled by local air defense forces. By the beginning of summer, the enemy seized the strategic initiative in the southwestern direction.
The troops of the Bryansk, Southwestern and Southern fronts, suffering heavy losses, retreated 150 - 400 kilometers. The balance of forces in this direction was in favor of the enemy. The failure of the Kharkov operation worsened the situation at the front. Prot
Loading...