How to identify types of one-part sentences. Types of one-part sentences: features and characteristics Indefinitely personal and two-part example

It is a logical system that schoolchildren in Russia become closely familiar with starting from the 8th grade.

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• by purpose of the statement (narration, question or motivation);
• by intonation (exclamatory, non-exclamatory);
• by composition (how many parts does it consist of: simple, complex);
• by type of grammatical basis (how many main members are in the basis - one or both: two-part, one-part);
• by the presence of minor members (common, non-common);
• by the presence of complicating structures (complicated, uncomplicated).

So, according to the type of grammatical basis all syntactic constructions are divided into two categories, which, according to all basic programs established by state standards, are studied in grade 8:

1. Two-part (the sentence has a subject and a predicate). Example: A magpie flew into the forest. (Subject magpie, predicate flew away)
2. One-part (in a syntactic construction there is no subject or predicate, but the absence of the main member of the sentence does not affect the completeness of the meaning of the construction). Example: They gave me an apple. (Predicate given, the subject is not formally expressed).

Types of one-part sentences

In its turn, all one-part sentences are divided into two categories:

1. Nominative (nominative). The grammatical basis of this kind of syntactic constructions consists of only one main member - the subject. Example: Frost and sun! Wonderful day! (A.S. Pushkin).
2. Predicable. The grammatical basis of such constructions consists of one predicate. Depending on the grammatical meaning and form of the main member, predicate sentences are divided into several groups, which can be presented in the following table:

In addition, some philologists identify another group of one-component constructions in which only the predicate is formally expressed - infinitive sentences. The predicate in the sentences of this group is expressed in the independent indefinite form of the verb and denotes a necessary or desirable action (in its grammatical meaning, such an infinitive is close to the imperative mood of the verb).

Example:Need to finish the job. However, students in grades 8–11 should only take this remark into account, since the school curriculum does not involve the study of infinitive constructions as a separate category and includes them in the group of impersonal ones.

One-component definitely-personal constructions: meaning and structure

One-part definitely-personal sentences reflect the statements of direct participants in the conversation or the thoughts of the subject. They are used when the most important thing in a design is the action, and not the one who performs it. These sentences are close in meaning to two-part sentences, since the subject, although not formally expressed, is thought out unambiguously. However, one-piece designs are more concise. Their use adds dynamics and energy to the statement. How can one learn to recognize such structures?

Definitely personal sentences can be simple - have a single grammatical basis - or be part of complex ones. Example: I know that if you go outside the ring of roads in the evening, we’ll sit in the fresh haystacks under the neighboring haystack. (S. A. Yesenin)(There are three grammatical bases in this complex sentence: 1) “I know”, 2) “you will go out”, 3) “we will sit down”. All three parts are one-component constructions with a formal expression of only the predicate. In all parts of the predicate form, possible subjects are precisely determined. Consequently, all three sentences in the complex are single-component definitely-personal).

More often single-part definite-personal constructions are common- in addition to the main ones, there are also secondary members in their structure. Example: Am I driving down a dark street at night...( The predicate is “I’m going.” I’m going (when?) - at night (time circumstance). I’m driving (where?) - along the street (circumstance of the place). Along the street (which?) - dark (agreed definition)).

One-part definite-personal constructions: formal expression

In order to be able to distinguish definite-personal sentences from other types of one-part syntactic constructions, 8th grade students should be guided by the following rule. The grammatical basis does not have an expressed subject, but it is implied in its exact form (in other words, one of the words can be substituted for the predicate: “I”, “we”, “you”, “you”).

Predicate expressed by verb, always stands in the indicative or imperative mood, present or future tense, in the 1st or 2nd person, in any number. Attention: the main member of a sentence in a definite-personal construction can never be in the past tense, since such a form can imply different subjects.

Definitely personal sentences: examples

Definitely personal sentences are often found in Russian literature. They are especially widely used in poetic forms, since in order to maintain the rhythm and size of the work, the author must select the most capacious constructions that require fewer words without losing the main idea of ​​the work. Often such syntactic constructions help the author to use many figures of speech: rhetorical appeals and exclamations, parallelisms, series of homogeneous members.

It is necessary to bring several examples with definitely-personal sentences, since theoretical knowledge, supported by practical elements, is remembered much faster.

The selected constructions relate to different styles of speech: several examples are taken from literary texts, the rest are from everyday speech situations (conversational style). This suggests that one-part definitely personal sentences are widespread not only in fiction, but also in everyday communication and official papers, since they give the statement an intonation of confidence, create the impression of a conversation, and also help convey the author’s state of mind. The universality of such structures is obvious, which means that studying and understanding them is necessary for an educated person.

Proposals are divided into one-part and two-part. Grammar basis two-part sentences consists of two main members - subject and predicate:

Chichikov's strange request suddenly interrupted all his dreams..

Grammar basis one-part sentences consists of one main member - subject or predicate:

Young birch trees are now planted in parks and large cities; Red caftan, gold shoes, light brown wig, lace sleeves.

At the same time, a one-part sentence is characterized by semantic completeness.

TYPES OF SINGLE SENTENCES

Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal one-part sentences express an action related to a specific but not named person: I carefully raise my hand. I pull the shawl off one ear. We drink coffee with milk at a large table covered with a clean tablecloth. Let's shout and cry frankly, sometimes together, sometimes apart, sometimes alternately.

Definitely personal proposals are characterized by the following features:

1) the actor exists, he is defined, but not named;

2) you can insert a subject me, we, you you ;

3) the predicate is expressed:

- verb of the 1st or 2nd person singular. or more numbers of the indicative mood present. or bud. time;

- an imperative verb.

Vaguely personal proposals

Vaguely personal one-part sentences denote an action performed by vague or unidentified persons: Bridge they started to repair(they are some people), but because of the crisis, apparently they stopped. At the end of the war, German prisoners were brought to our village. They didn’t let me go anywhere, they didn’t give me days off, they kept me strictly, almost like a military man.

For vaguely personal proposals :

1) the actor exists, but is not named or defined, since he is unimportant; the result of the activity is important;

2) you can insert the subject they, some people;

3) the predicate is expressed only in the plural form of the verb:

- 3rd person indicative present. or bud. vr.;

- past vr. indicative mood;

— conditional mood;

Generalized personal proposals

Generalized personal one-part sentences do not report specific actions, but express general judgments applicable to any person. Often these are proverbs, well-known truths, aphorisms: If you love to ride, you also love to carry a sled; Do not count your chickens before they are hatched . Live and learn . Pancakes are baked with milk.

For generalized personal proposals the following symptoms are characteristic :

1) the agent exists, he is not named, but is thought of as generalized;

2) you can insert a subject everyone, any, all people ;

3) in structure they coincide with definite-personal or indefinitely-personal;

4) are proverbs, sayings, moral teachings and truths, aphorisms;

Impersonal offers

Impersonal one-part sentences are sentences in which there is not and cannot be an agent: To me I had to come For dinner. Cold and damp ; Face to face, no face to be seen; The garden is blooming; There is not a soul; It smells like bird cherry; Blooms; It's blowing outside the window.

They express:

1) a process or state independent of the active figure, of the will of a person: I can not wait;

2) state of nature: It's cloudy outside;

3) actions of an unknown force, element: The car skidded at an intersection;

4) action of an indirect subject: The wind blew the poster off;

5) absence of something: No time; Neither people nor animals;

6) modal meanings (must, necessity, possibility, impossibility): Need to think; We should agree.

Impersonal sentences are characterized by:

1) there is no actor and there cannot be;

2) the predicate is not combined with Im.p.;

3) the predicate is expressed:

- impersonal verb;

- a personal verb in impersonal use;

- short passive participle;

- infinitive and various auxiliary components;

- words of state with or without a copular component and an infinitive;

- a negative word in combination with the genitive case;

- a noun in the genitive case with negation;

- infinitive (some linguists distinguish the type of infinitive sentences, while others consider them as a type of impersonal);

4) express:

- a process or state independent of the active agent;

- state of nature;

- actions of an unknown force, element;

- an action performed by an indirect subject;

- absence of something;

- modal values.

Nominative (nominative) sentences

One-part denominative (nominative) sentences have one main member - the subject, expressed by a noun in the form of the nominative case (less often - a personal pronoun or numeral):

Transparent spring air. Clouds crawling slowly and lazily. Morning . Freezing . Here comes the turn. Such sentences serve to state the fact of the existence of something in reality, that is, they name objects or phenomena that exist here and now.

For denomination sentences the following symptoms are characteristic :

1) the presence of only the subject;

2) express the fact of the existence of an object or phenomenon here and now

3) have no additions or circumstances

may include agreed and inconsistent definitions, particles, demonstrative words

4) the nominative presentation (nominative topic) is not a nominative sentence.

From a syntax point of view, a sentence is one of the basic units of language. It is characterized by semantic and intonation completeness and necessarily has a grammatical basis. In Russian, a predicative stem can consist of one or two main members.

The concept of one-part sentences

Types of one-part sentences with examples serve as a visual illustration of the theoretical material in the “Syntax” section of the Russian language.

Syntactic constructions with a base consisting of a subject and a predicate are called two-part. For example: I don't like fatality(V.S. Vysotsky).

Sentences that contain only one of the main members are called one-part sentences. Such phrases have a complete meaning and do not need a second main member. It happens that its presence is simply impossible (in impersonal sentences). In works of art, one-part sentences are very often used, examples from literature: I melt window glass with my forehead(V.V. Mayakovsky). There is no subject here, but it is easy to restore: “I”. It got a little dark(K.K. Sluchevsky). This sentence does not and cannot have a subject.

In colloquial speech, simple one-part sentences are quite common. Examples of their use prove this: -Where shall we go? - To the cinema.

One-part sentences are divided into types:

1. Nominal (with a basis from the subject).

2. With a predicate at the base:

• personal;
• impersonal.

• But they called all three daughters witches(V.S. Vysotsky) (predicate - past tense verb, plural, indicative).
• And let them talk, let them talk, but no, no one dies in vain(V.S. Vysotsky) (in the role of a predicate - a verb in the present tense, in the 3rd letter and plural).
• They would give me a plot of six acres not far from the car plant(Sholokhov) (verb-predicate in the form of the subjunctive plural).

Features of generalized personal proposals

Some linguists (V.V. Babaytseva, A.A. Shakhmatov, etc.) do not distinguish this group of one-part sentences as a separate type, because the forms of expression of the predicates in them are identical to definite- and indefinite-personal and differ only in semantic load. In them the predicate has a generalized meaning. Such constructions are most often used in proverbs and sayings: If you love the tops, love the roots. Don't have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends. Once you lied, you became a liar forever.

When studying the topic “One-Part Personal Sentence”, examples are of great importance, because they clearly help to determine the type of syntactic construction with one of the main members and distinguish between them.

Impersonal offer

One-part impersonal sentence (example: It gets dark early. There's a noise in my head.) differs from personal in that it does not and cannot have a subject.

The predicate can be expressed in different ways:

• Impersonal verb: It was getting dark. I'm sick.
• A personal verb transformed into an impersonal form: I have a tingling sensation in my side. There was a rumble in the distance. You are lucky! I can not sleep.
• Predicative adverb (state category or impersonal predicative words): It was very quiet(I.A. Bunin). It's stuffy. Sad.
• Infinitive: Don't bend to a changing world(A.V. Makarevich).
• The negation word “no” and the negative particle “neither”: The sky is clear. You have no conscience!

Types of predicate

In one-part sentences

In Russian linguistics, the predicate is represented by three types:

1. Simple verb. Expressed by one verb in any form.
2. Compound verb. Consists of a linking verb and an infinitive.
3. Compound nominal. It contains a linking verb and a nominal part, which can be expressed by an adjective, noun, participle or adverb.

All of the following are found in one-part sentences

Chilly(one-part impersonal sentence). An example of a predicate with an omitted verb connective in the present tense, but which appears in the past tense: It was cold. The nominal part is expressed

In a definitely personal sentence: Let's join hands, friends(B.Sh. Okudzhava) - simple verb predicate.

In an indefinite personal sentence: I don't want to listen to any of you(O. Ermachenkova) - predicate - personal verb + infinitive.

Nominal one-part sentences are examples of a compound nominal predicate with a zero verb connective in the present tense. Demonstrative particles are often placed side by side with the nominative: Here's your ticket, here's your carriage(V.S. Vysotsky). If nominative sentences are presented in the past tense, they are transformed into two-part sentences. Compare: There was your ticket, there was your carriage.

One-part and incomplete sentences

It is necessary to distinguish incomplete two-part sentences from one-part ones. In one-part sentences, in the absence of one of the main members, the meaning of the sentence does not change. In incomplete ones, any member of the sentence may be missing, and the meaning may not be clear out of context: Opposite is a table. Or: Today.

In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish between definitely-personal sentences and two-part incomplete ones. First of all, this applies to predicates expressed by a verb in the past tense form. For example: I thought and began to eat(A.S. Pushkin). Without basic context, it is impossible to determine whether a verb is used in the 1st or 3rd person. In order not to make a mistake, it is important to understand: in the past tense form the person of the verb is not determined, which means this is a two-part incomplete sentence.

Particular difficulty is caused by the differences between an incomplete two-part sentence and a denominative one, for example: Night. Frosty night. And Night in the village. To avoid difficulties, it is important to understand: a circumstance is a minor member related to the predicate. Therefore, the proposal " Night in the village"- a two-part incomplete with a compound nominal predicate, in which the verb part is omitted. Compare: Night fell in the village. Frosty night. This is a nominative sentence, because the definition agrees with the subject, therefore, the adjective “frosty” characterizes the main member “night”.

When studying syntax, it is important to perform training exercises, and for this it is necessary to analyze the types of one-part sentences with examples.

The role of one-part sentences in language

In written and oral speech, one-part sentences play a significant role. Such syntactic constructions in a laconic and succinct form allow you to formulate a thought brightly and colorfully, and help present images or objects. They give statements dynamism and emotionality, allowing you to focus attention on the necessary objects or subjects. Using one-part sentences you can avoid unnecessary pronouns.

Among simple sentences based on the presence of main members, they distinguish two-part And one-piece. In two-part sentences, the grammatical basis consists of both main members - subject and predicate, in one-part sentences - only one.

It is important that the main member of one-part sentences is neither subject nor predicate, because it combines the functions of the two main members of the sentence.

The following types of one-part sentences are distinguished:

• definitely personal
• vaguely personal
• impersonal
• infinitives
• nominative

Definitely personal sentences are one-part sentences in which the main member indicates a specific character and is expressed in the personal form of the verb (1st or 2nd person). No.: I love thunderstorm in early May- here is the form of the main story. indicates a specific person - the speaker himself. The main members are defined-personal. sentence most often expressed hl. 1l. And 2l. units or plural. present or bud. time, as well as ch. pov incl., e.g.: I'm coming on the way to. We are sitting, we think, we write. Don't let it cool down your heart, son! Such one-part sentences are synonymous with two-part sentences: I'm coming on the way to - I'm coming on the way to. Used in formal speech, in business style and in casual style. literature.

Vaguely personal sentences are one-part sentences in which the action expressed by the predicate forms refers to an unspecified person. For example: In the door knocking (someone unspecified). The main term is most often expressed in the form 3 l. pl. h. present or bud. time, ch. pl. part last time, ch. in conjunctive inclination. Eg: You are waiting in the audience. You handed over the book (will be handed over). If I asked, I would agree.

Impersonal are those one-part sentences in which the main member denotes an action or state that exists independently of the idea of ​​the person, example: Already it was getting light. Was frosty And It's clear . In impersonal sentences, natural phenomena are called ( Freezing), physical and mental states of a person ( I'm bored), state of the environment, assessment of the situation ( Cold. Good thinking on steppe roads), modal relations ( I wanted toThere is) etc. Predicate in impersonal. the sentence is expressed by an impersonal verb ( It's getting light), a personal verb in an impersonal meaning ( There was a knocking sound in the attic), words of the state category ( How nice it is all around!), short passive participle past. time ( Decided to go on an excursion), negative word ( There is no peace). Most often used in bad times. lit. (accuracy, conciseness).

Infinitives- these are sentences in which the main member is expressed by an independent infinitive and denotes a necessary, inevitable or desirable action, for example: You start! They differ from impersonal ones in that they are impersonal. the infinitive is dependent, and in infinitives it is independent: To you tell about it?- inf. And To you should(need to) tell about it?- impersonal

Nominative (nominal)- these are sentences in which the main member is expressed in the nominative case of the name and denotes the existence of objects, phenomena, states, for example: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy(Block). The main member combines the meaning of the subject and its existence. The following types of sentences are distinguished: nominative existential: Night. Street; nominative demonstratives: There's an asterisk; nominative emotional-evaluative: What a neck! What eyes!(Krylov).

One-part sentences - these are sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member, and this one main member is sufficient for the complete verbal expression of a thought. Thus, "single-part" does not mean "incomplete."

Main member one-part sentence- a special syntactic phenomenon: it alone forms the grammatical basis of the sentence. However, in terms of its meaning and methods of expression, the main member of the majority one-part sentences(except for denominative sentences) is close to the predicate, and the main member of denominative sentences is close to the subject. Therefore, in school grammar it is customary to divide one-part sentences into two groups: 1) with one main member - the predicate and 2) with one main member - the subject. The first group includes definitely-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal and impersonal sentences, and the second group includes denominative sentences.

Behind every type one-part sentences(except for generalized-personal ones) their own ways of expressing the main member are fixed.

Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal proposals - these are sentences denoting the actions or states of direct participants in speech - the speaker or interlocutor. Therefore, the predicate (main term) in them is expressed by the form 1st or 2nd person singular or plural verbs.

The category of person is in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definitely personal proposals can be expressed in the following forms: I’ll tell you, you’ll tell me, let’s tell you, tell me, tell me, tell me, let’s tell you; I'm going, you're going, we're going, you're going, you're going to go, you're going to go, we're going to go, you're going to go, go, go, let's go.

For example: I do not ask for honors or wealth for long journeys , but I take the little Arbat courtyard with me, I take it away (B. Okudzhava); I know that in the evening you will leave the ring of roads and sit in a pile of fresh ones under a nearby haystack (S. Yesenin); Why are you laughing? You laugh at yourself (N. Gogol); Do not look forward to happy days presented by heaven (B. Okudzhava); In the depths of Siberian ores, keep proud patience (A. Pushkin).

These sentences are very close in meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by including a subject in the sentence. me, you, we or You.

The sufficiency of one main member is determined here by the morphological properties of the predicate: the verbal forms of the 1st and 2nd persons with their endings clearly indicate a very specific person. Subject me, you, we, you turn out to be informationally redundant with them.

We use one-part sentences more often when we need to pay attention to an action, and not to the person who performs this action.

Vaguely personal proposals

- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an unspecified person; the actor is not grammatically named, although he is thought of personally, but the emphasis is on the action.

The main member of such sentences is the form 3rd person plural (present and future indicative and imperative) or forms plural(past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will speak, they spoke, let them speak, they would speak; (they are) satisfied; (he) is welcome.

For example: They say in the village that she is not his relative at all... (N. Gogol); They led an elephant through the streets... (I. Krylov); And let them talk, let them talk, but- no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky); It’s okay that we are poets, as long as they read us and sing (L. Oshanin).

The specificity of the meaning of the figure in vaguely personal sentences is that in reality it exists, but is not grammatically named.

The 3rd person plural form of the predicate verb does not contain information about the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively addressing the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) person known and unknown: Somewhere in the distance they are shouting; I got an A on the exam.

Vaguely personal proposals most often have secondary members, i.e. vague sentences, as a rule, common.

Included vaguely personal proposals two groups of minor members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the actor: In hall sang. In the next class they make noise. Often in my youth strive to someone imitate(A. Fadeev); These distributors usually indirectly characterize the actor, denoting the place and time associated with human activity. 2) Direct and indirect objects placed at the beginning of the sentence: Us invited into the room; Him here glad; Now hiswill bring here (M. Gorky).

If these minor members are excluded from the composition of the sentence, the sentences become incomplete two-part sentences with a missing subject: In the morning we went to the forest. We stayed in the forest until late evening.

Generalized personal proposals

Generalized personal proposals occupy a special place among one-part sentences. This is explained by generalized personal proposals do not have their own forms, and, thus, the main criterion for their identification is the semantic feature.

The meaning of generality can be characteristic of sentences of different structures: And what kind rus skiy does not love fast ride (N. Gogol)(two-part sentence); Searching for words cannot be neglected nothing (K. Paustovsky)(impersonal sentence); You can't order your heart (proverb)(a sentence that is definitely personal in form).

Generalized-personal Only those sentences are considered that are definitely personal or indefinitely personal in form, but denote the actions or states of a generally conceivable person. These are sentences in which observations are formulated related to the general characteristics of certain objects, life phenomena and situations: Take care of your honor from a young age (proverb); What do we have?- we don’t keep it, it’s lost- we cry (proverb); Chickens are counted in the fall - (proverb); When you take your head off you don't cry through your hair (proverb).

The most typical form is the 2nd person singular present or future simple indicative: You involuntarily surrender to the power of the surrounding vigorous nature (N. Nekrasov); ...In a rare girl you will find such simplicity and natural freedom of look, word, and action (I. Goncharov); You can’t put a scarf over someone else’s mouth (proverb).

Unlike outwardly similar definite-personal sentences with verbs in the 2nd person form, in general-personal proposals the specific actions of the interlocutor are never spoken about; the subject of the action is thought of in such sentences in a general way, like any person.

Impersonal offers

Impersonal offers - these are one-part sentences that speak of an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the state. Feature of grammatical meaning impersonal offers is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action (The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal (I couldn’t sleep; He was cold); state of the environment (It gets dark; It feels fresh);"the state of affairs" (Bad with personnel; Experiments cannot be postponed) etc.

The main term can be expressed:

1) shape 3rd person singular impersonal or personal verb: It’s getting light!.. Oh, how quickly the night has passed / (A. Griboyedov); The smell of spring through the glass (L. May);

2) shape neuter: You, happiness, were covered with snow, carried away centuries ago, trampled under the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even until Christmas time (A. Chekhov);

3) in a word No(in the past tense it corresponds to the neuter form was, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will be): And suddenly consciousness will answer me that you, my humble one, were not and are not (N. Gumilyov); There is no stronger beast than a cat (I. Krylov);

5) combination of a state category word(with modal meaning) with infinitive(compound verb predicate): When you know that you can't laugh, then- then it is precisely then that this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's past seven (A. Pushkin);

6) short passive neuter participle(compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); U I haven’t been tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);

7) infinitive: You will never see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how can you not please your loved one? (A. Griboyedov); Sing and ring for a long time in the blizzard (S. Yesenin)

Name sentences

Nominal (nominative) offers - these are one-part sentences that affirm the existence, existence of objects or phenomena. Grammar basis name sentences consists of only one main member, similar in form to the subject: main member name sentences is expressed nominative case of a noun(single or with dependent words), for example: Noise, laughter, running, bowing, gallop, mazurka, waltz... (A. Pushkin).

Meaning name sentences lies in the affirmation of being, the existence of a phenomenon in the present time. That's why nominative sentences cannot be used either in the past or in the future tense, neither in the conditional nor in the imperative mood. In these tenses and moods they correspond to two-part sentences with a predicate was or will be: Autumn(nominal sentence). It was autumn; It will be autumn(two-part sentences).

There are three main varieties name sentences.

1.Existential: Twenty first. Night. Monday. Outlines of the capital in the darkness (A. Akhmatova).

2. Index fingers; they include demonstrative particles here, here and, there, there: This is the place where their house stands; Here is the willow (A. Pushkin); Here is the bridge / (N. Gogol).

3. Evaluative-existential; they are pronounced with an exclamatory intonation and often include exclamatory particles what, what, and: Siege! Attack! Evil waves are like thieves climbing through windows (A. Pushkin); What a night! The frost is bitter... (A. Pushkin).

Feature name sentences is that they are characterized by fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name only individual details of the situation, but the details are important, expressive, designed for the imagination of the listener or reader - such that he can imagine the overall picture of the described situation or events.

More often nominative sentences used in descriptive contexts of poetic and prose speech, as well as in stage directions for dramatic works: Rocks, blackened by tanning... Hot sand that burns through the soles (N. Sladkoe); Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind. The majestic cry of the waves (K. Balmont); Living room in Serebryakov's house. Three doors: right, left and middle.- Day (A. Chekhov).