Which acid is the most dangerous? The strongest acid in the world. The strongest superfluidity. The most amazing substances The strongest oxygen-free acid

Man has always sought to find materials that leave no chance for his competitors. Since ancient times, scientists have been looking for the hardest materials in the world, the lightest and the heaviest. The thirst for discovery led to the discovery ideal gas and a perfectly black body. We present to you the most amazing substances in the world.

1. The blackest substance

The blackest substance in the world is called Vantablack and consists of a collection of carbon nanotubes (see carbon and its allotropes). Simply put, the material consists of countless “hairs”, once caught in them, the light bounces from one tube to another. In this way, about 99.965% of the light flux is absorbed and only a tiny fraction is reflected back out.
The discovery of Vantablack opens up broad prospects for the use of this material in astronomy, electronics and optics.

2. The most flammable substance

Chlorine trifluoride is the most flammable substance ever known to mankind. It is a strong oxidizing agent and reacts with almost all chemical elements. Chlorine trifluoride can burn concrete and easily ignite glass! The use of chlorine trifluoride is practically impossible due to its phenomenal flammability and the impossibility of ensuring safe use.

3. The most poisonous substance

The most powerful poison is botulinum toxin. We know it under the name Botox, which is what it is called in cosmetology, where it has found its main application. Botulinum toxin is a chemical produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum. In addition to the fact that botulinum toxin is the most toxic substance, it also has the largest molecular weight among proteins. The phenomenal toxicity of the substance is evidenced by the fact that only 0.00002 mg min/l of botulinum toxin is enough to make the affected area deadly to humans for half a day.

4. The hottest substance

This is the so-called quark-gluon plasma. The substance was created by colliding gold atoms at near light speed. Quark-gluon plasma has a temperature of 4 trillion degrees Celsius. For comparison, this figure is 250,000 times higher than the temperature of the Sun! Unfortunately, the lifetime of matter is limited to a trillionth of one trillionth of a second.

5. The most caustic acid

In this nomination, the champion is fluoride-antimony acid H. Fluoride-antimony acid is 2×10 16 (two hundred quintillion) times more caustic than sulfuric acid. It is a very active substance and can explode if a small amount of water is added. The fumes of this acid are deadly poisonous.

6. The most explosive substance

The most explosive substance is heptanitrocubane. It is very expensive and is used only for scientific research. But the slightly less explosive octogen is successfully used in military affairs and in geology when drilling wells.

7. The most radioactive substance

Polonium-210 is an isotope of polonium that does not exist in nature, but is manufactured by humans. Used to create miniature, but at the same time, very powerful energy sources. It has a very short half-life and is therefore capable of causing severe radiation sickness.

8. The heaviest substance

This is, of course, fullerite. Its hardness is almost 2 times higher than that of natural diamonds. You can read more about fullerite in our article The Hardest Materials in the World.

9. The strongest magnet

The strongest magnet in the world is made of iron and nitrogen. At present, details about this substance are not available to the general public, but it is already known that the new super-magnet is 18% more powerful than the strongest magnets currently in use - neodymium. Neodymium magnets are made from neodymium, iron and boron.

10. The most fluid substance

Superfluid Helium II has almost no viscosity at temperatures close to absolute zero. This property is due to its unique property leak and pour out of a container made of any solid material. Helium II has prospects for use as an ideal thermal conductor in which heat does not dissipate.

More than one generation of chemists argued about which acid is the strongest. IN different times This title was given to nitric, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acid. Some believed that there could be no compound stronger than hydrofluoric acid. Recently, new compounds with strong acidic properties have been obtained. Perhaps it is among them that the strongest acid in the world is found? This article examines the characteristics of the most powerful persistent acids of our time and gives their brief chemical characteristics.

Acid concept

Chemistry is an exact quantitative science. And the title “The Strongest Acid” should be reasonably attributed to a particular substance. What could be the main indicator that characterizes the strength of any connection?

First, let's remember the classic definition of acid. This word is mainly used for complex chemical compounds that consist of hydrogen and an acid residue. The number of hydrogen atoms in a compound depends on the valence of the acid residue. For example, in a molecule of hydrochloric acid there is only one hydrogen atom; and sulfuric acid already has two H + atoms.

Properties of acids

All acids have some chemical properties, which can be called common to a given class of chemical compounds.

In all of the above properties, another “skill” of any known acid is manifested - this is the ability to give up a hydrogen atom, replacing it with an atom of another chemical substance or a molecule of any compound. It is this ability that characterizes the “strength” of the acid and the degree of its interaction with other chemical elements.

Water and acid

The presence of water significantly reduces the acid's ability to donate hydrogen atoms. This is explained by the fact that hydrogen is capable of forming its own chemical bonds between acid and water molecules, thereby its ability to separate from the base is less than that of undiluted acids.

Super acid

The word “superacid” was introduced into the chemical dictionary in 1927, with the help of the famous chemist James Conant.

The standard for the strength of this chemical compound is concentrated sulfuric acid. A chemical or any mixture that is more acidic than concentrated sulfuric acid is called a super acid. The value of a superacid is determined by its ability to impart a positive electrical charge to any base. The corresponding H 2 SO 4 indicator is taken as the basic parameter for determining acidity. Among strong acids, there are substances with rather unusual names and properties.

Known strong acids

The most famous acids from the course of inorganic chemistry are hydroiodic (HI), hydrobromic (HBr), hydrochloric (HCl), sulfuric (H 2 SO 4) and nitric (HNO 3) acids. All of them have a high acidity index and are able to react with most metals and bases. In this series, the strongest acid is a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid, called “aqua regia”. The formula of the strongest acid in this series is HNO 3+3 HCl. This compound is capable of dissolving even precious metals such as gold and platinum.

Oddly enough, hydrofluoric acid, which is a compound of hydrogen with the strongest halogen - fluorine, was not included in the contenders for the title of “The Strongest Acid in Chemistry”. The only feature of this substance is its ability to dissolve glass. Therefore, such acid is stored in polyethylene containers.

Strong organic acids

Contenders for the title “The Strongest Acid in organic chemistry» - formic and acetic acids. Formic acid is the strongest in the homologous series of saturated acids. It got its name due to the fact that some of it is contained in the secretions of ants.

Acetic acid is slightly weaker than formic acid, but its distribution spectrum is much wider. It is often found in plant juices and is formed during the oxidation of various organic matter.

Recent developments in the field of chemistry have made it possible to synthesize a new substance that can compete with traditional organic substances. Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid has an acidity index higher than that of sulfuric acid. Moreover, CF3SO3H is a stable hygroscopic liquid with established physicochemical properties under normal conditions. Today the title of "Strongest Organic Acid" can be assigned to this compound.

Many may think that the degree of acidity cannot be significantly higher than that of sulfuric acid. But recently, scientists have synthesized a number of substances whose acidity parameters are several thousand times higher than those of sulfuric acid. Compounds obtained by reacting protic acids with Lewis acids have abnormally high acidity values. IN scientific world they are called: complex protic acids.

Magic acid

Yes. Everything is correct. Magic acid. That's what it's called. Magic acid is a mixture of hydrogen fluoride or fluorosulforonic acid with antimony pentafluoride. Chemical formula This connection is shown in the figure:

This strange name The magic acid was obtained at a chemists' Christmas party that took place in the early 1960s. One of the members of J. Olah's research group showed a funny trick by dissolving a wax candle in this amazing liquid. This is one of the strongest acids of the new generation, but a substance that will surpass it in strength and acidity has already been synthesized.

The strongest acid in the world

Carborane acid is carborane acid, which is by far the strongest compound in the world. The formula of the strongest acid looks like this: H(CHB11Cl11).

This monster was created in 2005 at the University of California in close collaboration with the Novosibirsk Institute of Catalysis SB RAS.

The very idea of synthesis arose in the minds of scientists along with the dream of new, hitherto unseen molecules and atoms. The new acid is a million times stronger than sulfuric acid, yet it is not at all aggressive, and the strongest acid can easily be stored in a glass bottle. True, over time the glass does dissolve, and with increasing temperature the rate of this reaction increases significantly.

This amazing softness is due to the high stability of the new compound. Like all acidic chemicals, carborane acid reacts readily, donating its only proton. In this case, the acid base is so stable that the chemical reaction does not proceed further.

Chemical properties of carborane acid

The new acid is an excellent H+ proton donor. This is what determines the strength of this substance. A solution of carborane acid contains more hydrogen ions than any other acid in the world. IN chemical reaction SbF 5 - antimony pentafluoride, binds fluorine ylon. In this case, more and more hydrogen atoms are released. Therefore, carborane acid is the strongest in the world - the suspension of protons in its solution is 2 × 10 19 times greater than that of sulfuric acid.

However acid base This connection is amazingly stable. The molecule of this substance consists of eleven bromine atoms and the same number of chlorine atoms. In space, these particles form a complex, geometrically regular figure, which is called an icosahedron. This arrangement of atoms is the most stable, and this explains the stability of carborane acid.

Meaning of carborane acid

The strongest acid in the world brought its creators well-deserved awards and recognition in the scientific world. Although all the properties of the new substance are not fully understood, it is already becoming clear that the significance of this discovery goes beyond laboratories and research institutes. Carborane acid can be used as a powerful catalyst in various industrial reactions. In addition, the new acid can interact with the most stubborn chemicals - inert gases. Currently, work is underway to allow xenon to react.

Undoubtedly, the amazing properties of new acids will find their application in various fields of science and technology.

There are many acids that, even in minimal quantities, pose a danger to humans. Many people believe that sulfuric acid is the most dangerous, but this is absolutely not true. Carborane acid is considered the strongest, which can only be stored in special containers. It is many times stronger than sulfuric acid and allows you to quickly dissolve metals, glass and other substances that are resistant to other chemicals. But if carborane acid is very rare, and only in laboratory conditions, then you can encounter another potent substance in Everyday life. According to many experts, the most poisonous acid is hydrocyanic acid, and it can be found not only in the laboratory, but also in food.

How can you get poisoned?

Hydrocyanic acid is very toxic. When it enters the human body, signs of poisoning appear fairly quickly. This substance can enter the body with products that contain it, as well as with those products that have been treated with cyanide.

Most of this toxic substance is found in almonds. The total amount can reach up to 3%. A person only needs to eat a small handful of almonds to become poisoned. In addition, this dangerous substance is found in the seeds of berries and some fruits. Most acids contain:

peach – up to 2.8%;
apricot – up to 1.6%;
plum – up to 0.95%;
cherry – about 0.8%;
apple – approximately 0.6%.

In almond grains and fruit kernels, hydrocyanic acid is not present in pure form, but in the form of amygdalin glycoside. It is this substance that gives the specific taste and aroma to nuts. Once in the human body, amygdalin breaks down into three components, one of which is hydrocyanic acid. Bitter almonds are especially rich in this substance, so adults can eat this product in small quantities, but children should not eat it at all.

Wines made from berries and fruits with seeds pose a great danger. Wine infused with cherries with pits, plums and apricots can lead to poisoning.

Compotes and jam made from berries along with seeds do not pose a health hazard. When heated to 80 degrees, hydrocyanic acid decomposes into safe components.

How much acid will cause poisoning

The amount of food you need to eat to become poisoned can vary significantly. It depends on the person’s age, body weight, general condition health and the presence of chronic pathologies. But there are averages that should be followed.

Severe intoxication can occur if you eat 30 almond nuts, more than 50 apricot kernels, more than 70 plum or cherry kernels. You can get poisoned if you eat more than 100 apple seeds.

Under the influence of the poisonous acid itself, fatal poisoning can occur. The critical dose of amygdalin is 1 mg per kilogram of human body weight. It is enough to eat 40 grains of bitter almonds or 100 apricot kernels to get fatal poisoning.

Gourmets who really love almond nuts in their unchanged form should buy the delicacy only in specialized stores. The packaging must contain all the information about the manufacturer and composition of the product. Even sweet almonds can lead to poisoning if eaten in excess.

Bitter almonds are now used only in the production of certain medicines and cosmetic products. Such nuts are practically not eaten.

Symptoms of poisoning

Hydrocyanic acid, once in the bloodstream, comes into contact with red blood cells, while blocking the detachment of oxygen and its further transfer to tissues. Due to this, the amount of oxygen in the blood greatly increases, but it does not reach the organs at all, which leads to hypoxia. The brain is primarily affected. All functions of this organ are severely inhibited, and the functioning of all systems and other important organs in the body is disrupted.

When poisoned by this acid, the following characteristic signs appear:

the skin and all mucous membranes become bright pink;
severe headache, as well as dizziness, lips become numb and pupils dilate;
there is an imbalance, the person cannot stand on his feet normally, coordination of movements is impaired;
pulse quickens, as does breathing;
the victim feels chest pain and shortness of breath;
nausea and vomiting occurs;
there is a metallic taste and bitterness in the mouth;
there may be uncontrolled bowel movements.

The victim emits a characteristic aroma of bitter almonds, by which it can be determined that the person has been poisoned. If the condition is very severe, then rapid breathing is quickly replaced by a slow pulse. Paralysis of the respiratory center occurs, and convulsions begin.

If, in case of hydrocyanic acid poisoning, assistance is not provided to the victim within 3 minutes, then death will occur.

Urgent Care

In case of poisoning with a strong acid - hydrocyanic acid, you must immediately call an ambulance. Before the doctors arrive, the victim is given first aid, which consists of the following measures:

The antidote for hydrocyanic acid is a weak solution of methylene blue. This remedy is usually given by emergency physicians.

After first aid is provided, the victim should be removed from all tight clothing and placed in bed, head raised with pillows. If a person has a confused consciousness, then it is recommended that he sniff a cotton swab moistened with ammonia. Ammonia, once in the blood, neutralizes the acid.

If a person has no breathing or pulse, it is necessary to perform chest compressions and perform artificial respiration as soon as possible. Such measures must be carried out in the first few minutes after the cessation of vital processes.

In a hospital setting, the patient is administered anticonvulsants, antidotes and drugs to restore normal blood circulation. During the recovery process, the patient is prescribed a complex of vitamins.

After poisoning with hydrocyanic acid, a person should avoid physical and mental stress for some time. At this time, the patient is recommended to drink plenty of fluids, including milk. You should also walk a lot in the fresh air, adhere to a balanced diet and give up all bad habits.

The rapid development of science allows scientists to make new sensational discoveries in the field of physics, chemistry and other areas. The scientific world is systematically shocked by news about the creation of new substances with unique, previously unseen properties. Of course, ordinary people do not always follow such discoveries. Not everyone knows that the strongest acid in the world was created in America in 2005. For many, the most powerful such chemical remains sulfuric acid, which was well studied in school.

Carborane acid is the strongest in the world

In 2005, scientists working at the University of California in the USA managed to create a new acid of unprecedented strength. The invented compound is a million times stronger than concentrated sulfuric acid. Scientists at that moment set out to find a new molecule that would become a real discovery in the scientific world, and they managed to achieve a positive result.

The formula of carborane acid is not very complex: H(CHB11Cl11). But it will still not be possible to synthesize such a substance in an ordinary laboratory. Carborane acid is more than a trillion times more acidic than ordinary water.

A unique property of the strongest acid

If somewhere the most powerful acid in the world is mentioned, human imagination imagines a substance that dissolves everything in its path. In fact, destructive properties are not at all the main sign of the strength of a chemical substance. For example, many believed that the most powerful acid was hydrofluoric acid, since it dissolves glass. But this is far from the truth. Hydrofluoric acid corrodes glass containers, but can be stored in polyethylene containers.

Recognized as the most powerful carborane acid in the world, it can be easily stored in glass containers. The fact is that this chemical is characterized by significant chemical stability. Like other similar compounds, carborane acid, when reacting with reagents, releases charged hydrogen atoms. After such a reaction, the composition has a slight negative charge and does not have a destructive effect on surrounding materials.

Further work with carborane acid

Of course, the creators of carborane acid have become well known in the world scientific community. Moreover, brilliant scientists were awarded many well-deserved awards for their significant contributions to the development of science. The use of the new substance is no longer limited to scientific laboratories: carborane acid is used in industry as a powerful catalyst.

A unique feature of the world's most powerful acid is its ability to interact with inert gases. Today, many studies are being carried out to determine the possibility of a reaction between xenon and carborane acid. Scientists are also working tirelessly to study other properties of the most powerful acid.

The most famous strong acid

Scientists are well aware of carborane acid. Ordinary people most often believe that sulfuric acid is the strongest. This is due to the frequent use of the substance in industry. It is often used by manufacturers of mineral fertilizers to produce superphosphates and ammonium sulfates.

Sulfuric acid is widely used in the metallurgical industry. It is also used to clean metals from oxidation. The production of liquid fuel cannot be done without the use of sulfuric acid. It can be used to clean the following products:

lubricating oils;
kerosene;
paraffin;
mineral fats.

But it's not just industrial use that makes many people believe that sulfuric acid is the strongest in the world. This opinion was formed due to the fact that the substance, when it gets on the flesh, chars it. This property of sulfuric acid is often used in the filming of crime films.

The strongest organic acid

If we talk about the strongest acid in organic chemistry, then the leadership here belongs to formic acid. The substance was so named because it was found in the secretions of ants. Formic acid has a wide range of uses. It is often used in medicine because it has analgesic and irritant properties. Formic acid is present in many ointments that are used to treat bruises, varicose veins, and swelling. Medicines containing this substance can help get rid of acne.

Formic acid is also widely used in the chemical industry. It is also used in agriculture and beekeeping. The substance is also used in food as additive E236.

Despite its prevalence, formic acid can pose a serious threat. Contact of the concentrated substance with the skin causes burns or severe pain. Even inhaling formic acid vapor can cause damage to the respiratory tract. But the positive property of the substance is that it is quickly eliminated from the body without accumulating in it.

Many people are trying to find out for themselves the answer to the question of which is the strongest acid. It is not very difficult to understand this, but you need to read special literature. For those who just want to know the answer to this question, this article was written.

Many people believe that the strongest acid is hydrofluoric acid, because it can dissolve glass. This judgment is practically unfounded. In the understanding of others, the strongest acid is sulfuric acid. The last statement has a completely logical explanation. The fact is that sulfuric acid is very strong among those used in industry. Upon contact with living tissue, it can char the flesh and leave severe burns that take a long time to heal and are problematic. Its production does not require any special material costs. And it is safe to say that she is not the strongest. Science knows the so-called superacids. We will talk about them further. But at the household level, the most common of the strong acids is still sulfuric acid. That is why she is dangerous.

So how can an acid be strong and gentle? The answer lies in how chemists determine the strength of an acid. Acid strength is the ability of an acid to add a hydrogen ion to basic molecules. Another example is the choice of acid to clean limescale deposits inside a copper kettle, he noted. A wise homeowner chooses hydrochloric acid over nitric acid because the chlorine part of hydrochloric acid does not attack the copper, whereas the nitrate part of nitric acid dissolves the kettle in a mess of toxic brown fumes.

Many modern chemists believe that the strongest acid in the world is carborane. This is confirmed by the results of thorough research. This acid is more than a million times more powerful than concentrated sulfuric acid. Its phenomenal property is the ability to be stored in a test tube, which many other substances from the mentioned series do not possess. The chemical composition, which was considered the most caustic, could not be preserved in glass containers. The fact is that carborane acid has significant chemical stability. Like other substances similar to it, when reacting with other reagents, it donates hydrogen atoms with charges to them. However, the composition remaining after the reaction, although it has a negative charge, is very stable and cannot act further. Carborane acid has a simple formula: H(CHB 11 Cl 11). But obtaining the finished substance in an ordinary laboratory is not easy. It is worth noting that it is more than a trillion times more acidic than ordinary water. According to the inventor, this substance appeared as a result of the development of new chemicals.

The new "strong but gentle" acids are called carbonate acids. The secret of their power is twofold. Most importantly, the carbonate portion of the acid is an extremely weak base, weaker than the fluorosulfate portion of fluorsulfuric acid, which was the previous record holder for the strongest acid. Secondly, carboranes have exceptional chemical stability.

According to Reed, they have an icosahedral arrangement of eleven boron atoms plus one carbon atom, which is probably the most chemically stable cluster of atoms in all of chemistry. This means that the carborane moiety of the acid cannot participate in the corrosion and decomposition chemistry exhibited by the fluoride and nitrate in hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid. As a result, carborane acids can add hydrogen ions to weakly basic molecules without destroying the often delicate, positively charged molecules that are formed.

The list of the most caustic substances contains hydrofluoric, hydrofluoric and other strong acids. Industrial reagents are not included. However, you still need to be wary of such common acids as sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric and others. I wouldn’t want to scare anyone, but substances from this list are usually used to commit attacks on health and deliberate disfigurement of appearance.

That's their strong yet gentle quality, Reed added. None of these positively charged molecules were "bottled" at room temperature before because the previously used acids decomposed them. Strong but gentle carbonanoic acids overcome this difficulty, allowing chemists to take a closer look at important molecules whose existence is typically fleeting, Reed said. Acidified molecules are important short-lived intermediates in a huge variety of acid-catalyzed chemical transformations, including food digestion, gasoline improvement, polymer formation, and pharmaceutical synthesis.

is that among the fatty acids found in foods, formic acid is the strongest. It is often used for preserving vegetables and for medicinal purposes, but only in the form of a solution.

It must be said again that the strongest acid is carborane. But today we need to be more wary of substances that are used in industry and everyday life. Chemistry is a rather useful and complex science, but the widespread production of simple compounds does not require special knowledge, and therefore it is easy to obtain acid in sufficient quantities. This creates an increased danger in case of careless handling or implementation of bad intentions.

How strong are carborane acids? The strongest of these is at least a million times stronger than concentrated sulfuric acid, and hundreds of times stronger than the previous record holder, fluorosulfuric acid. Concentrated sulfuric acid is already more than a billion times stronger than dilute swimming pool acid or stomach acid. Acidic environments equal to or greater than the acidity of carbonate acids have been achieved previously by adding antimony pentafluoride to fluorosulfuric acid, but these mixtures are highly corrosive and have other limitations.

Speaking in the language of chemistry, acids are those substances that exhibit the ability to release hydrogen cations, or substances that have the ability to accept an electron pair as a result of the formation covalent bond. However, in ordinary conversation, an acid is most often understood only as those compounds that, when formed in aqueous solutions, produce an excess of H30+. The presence of these cations in solution gives the substance a sour taste and the ability to react to indicators. In this material we will talk about which substance is the strongest acid, and also talk about other acidic substances.

Acids that are this strong are called superacids, and they react with hydrocarbons from petroleum in a process called hydrocarbon cracking. This is an important process in increasing the octane levels of gasoline. New acids could be very important in understanding and improving this process, Reed said. Carborane acids take this field even further.

The most famous strong acid

There are many other molecules that react erratically with traditional acids and are therefore not very useful. Carborane acids provide very clean acidity without any ferocity. Thus, cleaner acid catalysis of reactions important for the production of pharmaceuticals and petroleum products should be possible.

Hydrofluoric acid antimony pentafluoride (HFSbF5)

To describe the acidity of a substance, there is a PH indicator, which is the negative decimal logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions. For ordinary substances, this indicator ranges from 0 to 14. However, this indicator is not suitable for describing HFSbF5, which is also called a “super acid”.

Reed says: Our research involves making molecules that have never been made before. Carborane acids allow us to do this. This is the true value of this study. Science advances and at the same time students experience the thrill of discovery as they become scientists.

University of California, Riverside, is a doctoral candidate research university, a living laboratory for innovative research on issues critical to inland Southern California, the state, and communities around the world. A strong acid is defined as the pH value, which is the strength of hydrogen that makes the acid strong. However, the pH value does not work in ascending order. The lower the pH value, the stronger the acid will be. The pH scale ranges from 1 to solutions with a pH value less than 7 are considered acids, while solutions with a pH greater than 7 are considered bases.

There is no exact data on the activity of this substance, but it is known that even a 55% solution of HFSbF5 is almost 1,000,000 times stronger than concentrated H2SO4, which in ordinary minds is considered one of the strongest acids. However, antimony pentafluoride is a rather rare reagent, and the substance itself was created only in laboratory conditions. It is not produced on an industrial scale.

List of the strongest acids and their uses

Acids with a pH value less than 1 are considered the strongest, and solutions with a pH value above 13 are considered a strong base. The pH value is 2 and is considered one of the beneficial acids. The salt or cream of tartar found in it develops naturally during winemaking. It is mixed with sodium bicarbonate and sold commercially as baked goods. It is used in cooking and has a unique sour taste.

It is a fact that it is the source of the diamonds found on the bottle cap or bottom. This is used as organic compound, and it is produced with the help of all living organisms. These sweets carry warnings about them, informing customers that they may cause mouth irritation. Lemon is typically found in lemons and has a pH value. It is commonly found in citrus fruit foods, and it also acts as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle that occurs in the metabolism of aerobic organisms. It is a strong and edible acid that is used in food and beverage flavors, such as soft drinks and lemonades.

Carboranoic acid (H(CHB11Cl11))

Another super acid. H(CHB11Cl11)) is the strongest acid in the world that can be stored in special containers. The molecule of the substance has the shape of an icosahedron. Carborane acid is much stronger than sulfuric acid. It can dissolve metals and even glass.

This substance was created at the University of California in the United States of America with the participation of scientists from the Novosibirsk Institute of Catalytic Processes. As one of the employees of the American university said, the idea behind the creation was the desire to create molecules previously unknown to anyone.

It is added to ice cream, where it acts as an emulsifier that prevents the release of fats. It also acts as a cleaning agent and can be used to remove lime from evaporators and boilers. It softens water, making it useful in making laundry detergents and soaps. It is odorless and can be used in cosmetic and dietary supplements.

Hence, it is used in a wide range of industrial as well as domestic products. Sulfur is also known as sulphurous; the pH value is 5 and this chemical compound. There is little evidence that it exists in solution, but it does exist in the gas phase. The bases for this are the usual anions, bisulfate and sulfite. It acts as a reducing agent and disinfectant. They also act as mild bleaches and can help those materials that are destroyed by chlorine bleaches.

The strength of H(CHB11Cl11)) is due to the fact that it perfectly donates a hydrogen ion. In solutions of this substance, the concentration of these ions is much higher than in others. The other part of the molecule, after the release of hydrogen, includes eleven carbon atoms, which form an icosahedron, which is a fairly stable structure, increasing corrosion inertness.

The pH value is 5 and it is a mineral acid. Rust Inhibitor Food Additive Used in Dental Products Electrolyte Agent Dispersing Agent Industrial Etch Used in Home Cleaning Products. It is also a crystalline solid, acts as a reducing agent and has a conjugating base.

Another strongest acid is the more familiar hydrogen fluoride. The industry produces it in the form of solutions, most often forty, fifty or seventy percent. The substance owes its name to fluorspar, which serves as a raw material for hydrogen fluoride.

This substance has no color. When dissolved in H20, a significant release of heat occurs. At low temperatures, HF is capable of forming weak compounds with water.

It absorbs moisture from the air and is a colorless crystalline solid. It forms a syrup and is soluble in water when it is released with high temperature. This pH value is 0 and it is a colorless liquid. It is used for. Production of inorganic and organic nitrates Production of nitro compounds for fertilizers Dyes-intermediates Organic chemicals Explosives. If a person is constantly exposed to vapors, it can cause chemical penomonitis and chronic bronchitis.

The substance corrodes glass and many other materials. Polyethylene is used for its transportation. Reacts very well with most metals. Does not react with paraffin.

Quite toxic and has a narcotic effect. If ingested, it can cause acute poisoning, impaired hematopoiesis, organ failure, and disruption of the respiratory system.

It is a colorless liquid that gives off white fumes when released into water. Two other names for this acid are sulfuric oxide and sulfuric anhydride. It is widely used in the production of chemicals and explosives. For example, it is used in the manufacture of synthetic detergents, medicines, industrial dyes and pigments, fertilizers, etc. Long-term exposure may have negative health effects and may severely damage the human body.

Hydrochloric acid has a pH value. This is an aggressive and most powerful acid, which is mainly used in laboratory conditions. The formation of this acid is carried out by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. It is used for many things such as the production of chlorides, fertilizers and dying. Other uses of the acid include textiles, galvanizing and rubber making. If a person is exposed to this strong hydrochloric acid, then the exposure will lead to the following things.

The substance is a strong acid with two bases. The sulfur in the compound has the highest oxidation state (plus six). It is odorless and colorless. Most often used in solution with water or sulfuric anhydride.

There are several ways to obtain H2S04:

Industrial method (dioxide oxidation).
Tower method (production using nitric oxide).
Others (based on obtaining a substance from the interaction of sulfur dioxide with various substances, not very common).

Concentrated H2SO4 is very strong, but its solutions also pose a serious danger. When heated, it is a fairly strong oxidizing agent. When interacting with metals, they oxidize. In this case, H2S04 is reduced to sulfur dioxide.
H2SO4 is very caustic. It can affect the skin, respiratory tract, mucous membranes and internal organs of humans. It is very dangerous not only to get it inside the body, but also to inhale its vapors.

Formic acid (HCOOH)

This substance is a saturated acid with one base. Interestingly, despite its strength, it is used as a dietary supplement. Under normal conditions it is colorless, soluble in acetone and easily mixed with water.

HCOOH is dangerous at high concentrations. With a concentration of less than ten percent, it only has an irritating effect. At higher levels, it can corrode tissues and many substances.

Concentrated HCOOH upon contact with the skin causes a very severe burn, which causes severe pain. Vapors of the substance can damage the eyes, respiratory organs and mucous membranes. Getting it inside causes serious poisoning. However, acid in very weak concentrations is easily processed in the body and removed from it.

In case of methanol poisoning, formic acid is also formed in the body. It is her work in this process leads to visual impairment due to damage to the optic nerve.

This substance is found in small quantities in fruits, nettles, and the secretions of some insects.

Nitric acid (HNO3)

Nitric acid is a strong acid with one base. Mixes well with H20 in various proportions.

This substance is one of the most popular products of the chemical industry. There are several methods for its preparation, but the most commonly used is the oxidation of ammonia in the presence of a platinum catalyst. HNO3 is used most often in the production of fertilizers for agriculture. In addition, it is used in military sphere, in the creation of explosives, in the jewelry industry, to determine the quality of gold, and also in the creation of certain medicines (for example, nitroglycerin).

The substance is very dangerous for humans. HNO3 vapors damage the respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Acid that gets on the skin leaves behind ulcers that take a very long time to heal. The skin also takes on a yellow tint.

When exposed to heat or light, HNO3 breaks down to nitrogen dioxide, which is a fairly toxic gas.
HNO3 does not react with glass, which is why this material is used to store the substance. The acid was first obtained by the alchemist Jabir.