What rules in English do you need to know? Crazy English grammar. After replenishing your vocabulary, you can begin to build sentences. A characteristic feature of sentences in English is rigid word order.

IN last years studying in English has become so popular that some are sometimes even surprised that someone doesn’t know him. This is not surprising, since English can be considered the most “international”, it is spoken in almost all countries of the world (of course, in addition to the native language). Those who want further career prospects for themselves strive to learn it first, and only then can they start learning other languages ​​if they wish. Of course, this is not easy, because the rules of the English language, its grammar, are strikingly different from those inherent native language person. And, in addition to them, it is necessary to learn many foreign words in order to be able to express yourself so that you are understood. But let’s assume that you have already started studying a long time ago, and you need a list of the most common mistakes made when speaking or writing text. We suggest you take note of the basic rules of the English language, in which mistakes are most often made.

1. Verbs Present Simple (present indefinite tense): they are used when we are talking about any action (I do - I do) that occurs in general. For example: I drive a bus - I drive a bus. That is, this action does not necessarily happen at this moment, it happens in general, constantly. Remember that such verbs are used in their “pure” form only in relation to the pronouns I, we, you, they (I, we, you, they). With the pronouns he, she, it (he, she, it), the ending -s- is added to the verbs, for example: Henry works in a bank - Henry works in a bank.
2. The rules of the English language state that the auxiliary verb will(V in this case not translated), which serves to form the future tense, is not used with words such as while, when, after, before, as soon as, till, until - while, when, after, before, as soon as, until , until.
3. to and must, despite the similarity of meaning, still differ in meaning. Thus, I have to do it means “I must/forced to do this,” and I must to do it should be understood as “I am obliged to do this.”
4. Studying further the rules of the English language, please note that verbs ending in -ing- are used before at, in, of, with, for, instead of, about, in spite of (in, in, from, with, to, a, approximately , despite) and after after, before (after, before). For example: are you interested in reading of this book - are you interested in reading this book?

In addition, you need to remember about the correct construction of sentences. We are accustomed to the fact that the Russian language is so great and powerful that it allows arbitrary rearrangement of words among themselves, and the meaning of the sentence will not change and will be understandable. In English, everything is not like that: if you rearrange it as you please, you will get nothing more than an ordinary set of words that have no connection. It is for this reason that it is important to learn the rules of the English language, in which there are nine types of sentences, each of which is constructed according to its own laws. The classification of species is as follows:

1) narrative (subject - simple predicate - other parts of speech);

2) interrogative (built based on the expected answer: general issues, to which it is quite possible to answer “yes, no”; special, requiring only a complete answer; issues of choice; dividing, consisting of a sentence and the question itself);

3) imperative (the only one that does not have a subject);

4) exclamations (in structure identical to narrative ones, but with greater expression and intonation);

5) negative (have only one negative);

6) answers to questions (based on the question asked);

7) (nominal and verbal, for example: it is cold - cold, or it’s getting warm - it becomes warm);

8) vaguely personal (one can do it easily - it can be done easily);

9) complex sentences (consist of several independent clauses).

Of course, all this is just a brief basics of the English language, because in fact there are much more rules. But, as you know, nothing is impossible. Therefore, if the desire to learn English is very strong, in addition to the rules, do not forget that you need to communicate in this language. The fact is that, having learned a language only on paper, you will hardly be able to understand it in spoken language without practice. If you have no one to communicate with in English, the solution is simple: watch films without translation and try to catch intonations, peculiarities of pronunciation of words and other nuances. This way you will begin to think faster and, therefore, speak English as fluently as possible.

We present to you the first article in the “English Grammar for Beginners” series. In this series of materials, we decided to present all the rules briefly and in simple words so that beginners “from scratch” or those who do not remember the basics of English well can independently figure out the grammar, understand it and apply it in practice.

Plural in English

In English, as in Russian, all words are divided into countable and uncountable. This is important to understand when forming the plural of a word. Countable nouns denote those objects that can be counted, for example: table (table), book (book), apple (apple). Uncountable nouns are abstract concepts, liquids, products, etc., that is, things that cannot be counted. For example: knowledge, water, meat, flour. These words do not have a plural or singular.

Countable nouns can be used in singular or plural. A singular noun denotes one thing; this is the form of the word that is indicated in the dictionary: apple - apple. A plural noun denotes several objects: apples - apples.

How is it formed plural nouns:

Usually the plural of nouns is formed by adding the ending -s to the word: book – books (book – books). However, there are several spelling features:

• If the word ends in -o, -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, then add the ending -es: hero – heroes (hero – heroes), bus – buses (bus – buses).

  Exceptions: photo - photos (photo - photographs), video - videos (video recording - video recordings), radio - radios (radio - several radios), rhino - rhinos (rhino - rhinoceroses), piano - pianos (piano - several pianos), hippo - hippos (hippopotamus - hippopotamuses).

• If the word ends in -f, -fe, then change the ending to -ves: knife – knives, leaf – leaves, wife – wives.

  Exceptions: roof - roofs (roof - roofs), giraffe - giraffes (giraffe - giraffes), cliff - cliffs (cliff - cliffs).

• If a word ends in -y, preceded by a consonant, then we change -y to -ies: body – bodies (body – bodies).
• If the word ends in -y, preceded by a vowel, then add the ending -s: boy – boys (boy – boys).

In English there is also exception words, which form the plural irregularly. You just need to learn such words by heart; fortunately, there are not very many of them.

Try our test to see how well you have understood the material.

English Plural Noun Test

Articles in English

There are two types of articles in English: definite and indefinite. They are not translated into Russian. In the vast majority of cases, one of these articles must be placed before a singular noun.

Not definite article a/an is used only with singular countable nouns: a girl, a pen. If a word begins with a consonant sound, we write the article a (a girl), and if the word begins with a vowel sound, we write the article an (an apple).

The indefinite article a/an is used in the following cases:

• We name any indefinite object, and we have only one, which is why we use the article a, which comes from the word one (one):

  It is a book. - This is a book.

• We mention the subject for the first time in speech:

  I see a shop. - I see (some, one of many) store.

• We talk about a person’s profession or indicate his belonging to a certain group:

  He is a teacher. - He is a teacher.
  She is a student. - She is a student.

We use the definite article the when we are talking about a specific object that is familiar to us. This article can appear before a singular or plural noun.

The definite article the is used in the following cases:

• We have already mentioned the subject earlier in our speech:

  I see a shop. The shop is big. - I see a store. (This) The store is big.

  It is believed that the definite article comes from the word that (that), therefore it is intended to indicate some specific object familiar to the interlocutors.

• We are talking about an object that in this context is one of a kind and cannot be confused with something else:

  Honey, I'm washing the car. - Honey, I'm washing the car. (the family has one car, so we are talking about a specific item)
  Look at the girl in the red dress - Look at the girl in the red dress. (we point to a specific girl in a specific dress)

• We are talking about a one-of-a-kind object, there is no other like it: the sun, the moon, the world, the President of France, etc.:

  The earth is our home. - Earth is our home.

Verb to be

IN English sentence there is always a verb. And if in Russian we can say “I am a doctor”, “Mary is beautiful”, “We are in the hospital”, then in English this is unacceptable: in all these cases, the verb to be must appear after the subject. Therefore, you can remember a simple rule: if there are no ordinary verbs in a sentence, then the verb to be is needed.

The verb to be has three forms:

• Am is added to the pronoun I when we talk about ourselves:

  I am beautiful. - I am beautiful.

• Is is placed after the pronouns he, she, it:

  She is beautiful. - She's beautiful.

• Are is used after you, we, they:

  You are beautiful. - You are handsome.

The verb to be in English is most often used in the following cases:

• We inform you that by whom is a person (name, profession, etc.):

  I am a doctor. - I am doctor.

• We inform you that what a person or thing has a quality:

  Mary is beautiful. - Mary is beautiful.

• We inform you that Where there is a person or object:

  We are at the hospital. - We're in the hospital.

Sentences with the verb to be in the present tense are constructed as follows:

We think you are now ready to take the test and test your knowledge.

Test for the use of the verb to be

Present Continuous Tense - present continuous tense

Present Continuous Tense most often shows that an action is happening at the moment.

Every English sentence has a subject and a predicate. In the Present Continuous, the predicate consists of the auxiliary verb to be in the required form (am, is, are) and the main verb without the particle to, to which we add the ending -ing (playing, reading).

She is playing tennis now. - She is now plays to tennis.
I am reading a novel at the moment. - I'm currently I'm reading novel.

The verb to be in this tense is an auxiliary verb, that is, it is a word that comes before the main verb (playing, reading) and helps to form tense. you will meet auxiliary verbs and in other tenses, this type of verb includes to be (am, is, are), do/does, have/has, will.

Please note the following tense words Present Continuous: now (now), at the moment (at the moment), today (today), tonight (tonight), these days (these days), currently (these days), at present (currently), still (still).

Affirmative sentences in the Present Continuous are formed as follows:

Usually in this tense you just need to add the ending -ing to the main verb: walk – walking (walk), look – looking (look). But some verbs change like this:

• If the verb ends in -e, we remove the -e and add -ing: write – writing, dance – dancing.

  Exception: see – seeing (to see).

• If the verb ends in -ie, we change -ie to -y and add -ing: lie – lying (lie), die – dying (die).
• If the verb ends with a stressed syllable with a short vowel that occurs between two consonants, the final consonant is doubled by adding -ing: begin – beginning (begin), swim – swimming (swim).

In negative sentences in the Present Continuous, you just need to insert the particle not between to be and the main verb.

She isn't cooking at the moment. - At the moment she doesn't cook.
You are not listening to me now. - You don't listen me now.

In interrogative sentences in the Present Continuous, you need to put the verb to be in the first place, and after it put the subject and the main verb.

Is she cooking at the moment? - She trains At the moment?
Are you listening to me now? - You me now are you listening?

Now we suggest you take a test on the use of Present Continuous tense.

Test for the use of Present Continuous

We have presented you with the first 5 basic topics of the English language. Now your task is to thoroughly understand them and work through them as productively as possible with the help of exercises. In order not to burden you with a large amount of grammar at once, we will release the next article in this series in a few weeks. Subscribe to our newsletter, then you will definitely not miss important information. We wish you success in learning English!

Hello friends. English grammar, supplied with numerous examples to help you master it better. All grammatical rules are presented in very clear language. Both beginners and intermediate learners of English will find a lot of useful information here. English grammar will become much easier for you.

English grammar. Grammar reference

Verbs and tenses

And:

You need to know these rules!

So, dear readers, now you will get acquainted with the basic rules of English from different sections of the language. They concern grammar, speech, syntax and much more.

Rule #1

After modal verbs particle to not used. We are speaking:

• Imust learn Englishmodalverbs. - I have to learn English modal verbs.
• You should listen to your parents. -You should listen to your parents.
• May I take yournotebooktillSunday? - Can I borrow your laptop until Sunday?
  

Rule No. 2

You cannot use the definite/indefinite article with a pronoun:

• I love my mother. - II loveminemom.
• Where is your friend now? - WhereNowis yoursFriend?
• Yesterday I met Tom and his wife. - Yesterday I met Tom and his wife

Rule No. 3

Adverbs of the English language (for the question “how?”) are formed according to the scheme: adjective + ending ly:

• Perfect - perfect ly- excellent, wonderful, wonderful
• Quick-quick ly- quickly, nimbly
• Rapid - rapid ly- fast
• Quiet - quiet ly- quiet
• Nice - nice ly- cute
• Easy - easy ly- easily
• Beautiful - beautiful ly- Beautiful
  

Rule No. 4

Use PresentSimple, after unions if,assoonasbefore,when,till,until,after,incase in sentences of time and conditions relating to the future:

• When I finish school, I will go to my grandparents in the countryside. - WhenII'll finishschool, II'll goTominegrandfatherAndgrandmaVvillage.
• After you study your family tree, you will find out where you descend from. - AfterTogo, HowYouyou will studygenealogicaltreeyoursfamilies, Youyou will find, fromwhomYouhappening.
• Your elder brother will certainly help you if you ask- Is yoursseniorBrotherNecessarilywill helpyou, IfYouhisask.

Rule No. 5

The word order in an English sentence is:

Subject + predicate + direct object + indirect object + adverbial

Subject + predicate + direct object + indirect object + adverbal modifier

• Isentyoualetterlastweek. - I sent you a letter last week.
• I saw Mike in the club. - IsawMikeVclub.
• It was sunny yesterday. - Yesterdaywassunny.

In a Russian sentence, liberties are allowed, and there is no specific word order in it, everything depends on the emotion embedded in it. In an English sentence, everything is clear and strict.

Rule No. 6

Phrasal verbs (verb + preposition) of the English language have their own separate meaning and their own translation. For example:

To look- look; to look for- search

To put- put, put; to put on- put on

Rule No. 7

The most general rule for the definite and indefinite articles of the English language: the indefinite article is placed where nothing is known about the subject; The definite article is used where something is known about the subject.

• I see a The girl walking down the street is very beautiful. - II seegirl. The girl walking down the street is very beautiful.
  

Rule No. 8

Ending — ed characteristic of past times only regular verbs. U irregular verbs its own form for each past tense. For example:

Look-looked BUT! Bring-brought -brought

Rule No. 9

There are 4 types of questions in English:

We go to the theater every Saturday. - Welet's goVtheatereverySaturday.

• General(general): Do we go to the theater every Saturday? -Welet's goVtheatereverySaturday?
• Special(special): Where do we go every Saturday? -WhereWelet's goeverySaturday?
• Alternative(alternative): Do we go to the theater every Saturday or every Sunday? -Welet's goVtheatereverySaturdayoreachSunday?
• Disjunctive(separating): We go to the theater every Saturday, don’t we? -Welet's goVtheatereverySaturday, NotSowhether?

Rule No. 10

To make an impersonal sentence, you need a pronoun It:

• It is cold today. - TodayCold.
• It is morning. - Morning.
• It is difficult to translate this text. - Thistextdifficulttranslate.

Rule № 11

After alliances asif,asthough(as if, as if, as if, as if) in the conditional mood, verb tobe in the 3rd person singular takes the form were:

• She speaks so proudlyas if she wasn't guilty. “She speaks so proudly, as if she’s not guilty.”
• Tom looks as though he were rich. - VolumelooksSoas ifHerich.

Rule No. 12

Conditional incentive sentences in the 1st and 3rd person are formed using the word Let's:

• Let's I have a look at these pictures. - Let me look at these photographs.
• Let's him sleep, he is tired. - Giveto himsleep, Hetired.

Rule No. 13

Everyone knows what the word is many is used with countable nouns, and the word much- with uncountables. But, if suddenly you find it difficult, doubt, forgot the rule or don’t understand what noun is in front of you, feel free to use a combination of words alotof. It applies to both types of nouns.

• Many birds - a lot of birds
• Much sugar - a lot of sugar

Rule no.14

A bunch of English words- polysemic, that is, they can have several meanings. It depends on the context and meaning of the sentence. To more accurately understand the translation, you should consult a dictionary and clarify in what context the word is used.

• Toshoot- shoot on video; toshoot- fire
• Country- a country; country- village, village
  

Rule No. 15

Verb do can replace the main verb in a sentence. For example:

• Kate doesn't like to clean her room, but I do. -KateNotlovestake awaymyroom, AII love.
• Amanda likes to get presents, but I don't. - Amanda likes to receive gifts, but I don’t.
• Steve often ignores his duties, but his sister doesn't. - Steveoftenneglectstheirresponsibilities, AhissisterNo.

So we got to the fifteenth rule. Of course, this is not all. Each section of the English language has its own characteristics, and, therefore, its own laws. We told you only about the most basic ones. We hope you find them useful in learning the language.

Basics of English in 20 minutes

Publisher: AST

Year: 2014

Format: pdf

Educational for students high school"" is compiled in the form of a reference book for the easiest and most accessible use in everyday activities and during preparation for exams.

English rules in tables

You can know a lot of English words, but understand foreign language and you can speak in such a way that you are understood only by mastering the rules of grammar. Of course, everyone needs it in different amounts, and it’s impossible to keep all the grammatical rules in your head. That's what reference books are for.

In this edition, in addition to grammar, you will find a standard set of information on phonetics, since pronunciation and rules for reading English words are often the most difficult. We won’t deceive you: some words do not follow the rules of reading, so you will have to memorize them. In addition, you will learn the basics of intonation and rhythm of English speech.

Grammar includes two broad sections. Morphology will introduce you to the rules of word formation, parts of speech (noun, adjective, adverb, pronoun, article, verb, preposition), as well as tenses English verb, the structure of narrative and interrogative sentences in different tense forms in active and passive voices, in the indicative and subjunctive mood, in direct and indirect speech.

The Syntax sets out the rules for constructing simple and complex sentences, species described subordinate clauses and ways of their connection with the main thing, various types of agreement between subject and predicate, comparative and comparative constructions, as well as the basics of English punctuation are considered.