Kiev-Mohyla Academy in the 18th century. Kiev-Mohyla Academy and its most prominent representatives Kiev-Mohyla Academy in the 18th century
Before the reunification of Ukraine with Russia in 1654, Western Ukrainian lands were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the end of the 17th century, contradictions within the Orthodox Church, which resulted in a split and the adoption of the Union of Brest in 1598 with the papal throne. The Union, supported by the Polish king Sigismund III, launched a serious attack on Orthodoxy and captured many churches and monasteries.
Serious opposition to the spread of the union was provided by Orthodox brotherhoods, which focused on strengthening the education system. Fraternal Orthodox schools began to open at monasteries. At the same time, the Western system was adopted as the educational system, since it was more progressive than in the traditional Orthodoxy of that time.
On October 15, 1615, the fraternal school of the Kyiv Epiphany Brotherhood, which grew out of a circle created by Archimandrite Elisha Pletenetsky, moved to a new premises on Podol in Kyiv. This school became the foundation of the future Kiev-Mohyla College and Academy.
In 1620, after the establishment of the catacomb hierarchy in the Orthodox Church, the charter of the Lviv fraternal school was adopted as the basis. The best teachers were invited from Lvov and Lutsk.
In 1631, the archimandrite of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, Peter Mogila, founded a similar school at the Lavra, which the following year was annexed to the fraternal school of the Epiphany Brotherhood in Podol. The educational institution created by Peter Mogila began to be called the Kiev-Brotherly College. During this period, the board was comprised Cossack army under the command of Hetman Sagaidachny and the personal possessions of Peter Mohyla. In 1634, Peter Mohyla became Metropolitan of Kyiv and continued to patronize his brainchild. Despite the favor of the Polish king Vladislav IV, the metropolitan failed to achieve official recognition of the academy, although the de facto collegium had long ago become an academy. In December 1650, the Metropolitan died and left his library and land holdings as a legacy.
The status of the academy was assigned to the collegium in 1658 during the conclusion of a treaty between the Hetmanate and Poland. In 1694 and 1701 academic status was confirmed by the Russian Tsars Ivan V and Peter I.
In 1742, 1234 people studied at the academy on full allowance. The range of subjects studied was significantly expanded, including rhetoric according to the method of M. Lomonosov and theology according to F. Prokopovich. But with the opening of universities in Moscow (1755) and Kharkov (1805), the importance of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy dropped significantly. In August 1817 the academy was closed.
For two years, the walls of the academy were empty, until the academy was repurposed as a purely religious educational institution. At first it was a seminary, and over time it received the status of a theological academy. After 1917, the theological academy was closed, and a naval political school was organized, which trained commissars for the Red Army.
With the collapse of the USSR and the gaining of independence of Ukraine, the need arose to revive the Kiev-Mohyla Academy as a higher educational institution in Ukraine. The official opening of the academy took place in 1992, as the successor to the Kiev-Mohyla Academy of the past. The revival of the traditions of the third of the oldest universities in Ukraine has begun, after the Ostroh Academy and Lviv National University. Six main faculties were opened: humanities, economic sciences, computer science, natural sciences, Law and Social Sciences and Technology. By the beginning of the 2000s. Kiev-Mohyla Academy has taken a strong position among the three best universities Ukraine.
50.464444 , 30.519444| National University"Kievo-Mohyla Academy" | |
|---|---|
| (NaUKMA) | |
| Original title | National University "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy" |
| International name | National University of "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy" |
| Year founded | (restored to) |
| President | Sergey Kvit |
| Location | Kyiv, Ukraine |
| Legal address | Ukraine 04070 Kyiv, st. Frying pans 2 |
| Website | http://www.ukma.kiev.ua |
National University "Kiev-Mohyla Academy" (NaUKMA) (ukr. National University "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy") - one of the leading modern universities in Ukraine. Considering its historical predecessor - the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, NaUKMA is considered one of the two oldest universities in Ukraine after Lviv University and one of the oldest higher schools in eastern Europe.
Faculties
- Faculty of Humanities
- Faculty of Economic Sciences
- Faculty of Computer Science
- Faculty of Legal Sciences
- Faculty of Science
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Social Technologies
Ratings and reputation
In 2009, according to the results of the national rating "Compass-2009" (Magazine "Correspondent" dated May 22, 2009), NaUKMA took 2nd place.
In 2009, according to the monitoring of scientific and higher educational institutions in accordance with the international citation index, NaUKMA received 36th place among all Ukrainian higher education institutions educational institutions
In 2008, in the ranking of 228 Ukrainian universities conducted by the charitable foundation "Development of Ukraine" of Rinat Akhmetov, NaUKMA shared second place with (the first was shared by the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev and the National Academy of Law named after Yaroslav the Wise).
In accordance with the ranking of universities conducted by the weekly newspaper Zerkalo Nedeli in 2007, NaUKMA took third place among 200 Ukrainian universities. According to the results of the rating conducted by the magazine Money in 2007 NaUKMA ranks first in training specialists in the humanitarian and economic fields and second in the legal field.
Story
Founding of the Kiev-Brotherly College
Theological schools and colleges for education have existed in Ukraine since the end of the 16th century. They were created by foreign Catholics: Genoese (Kyiv), Dominicans and Jesuits. They instilled the Catholic faith and Polish orders. The introduction of Ukrainians to European culture was carried out through the rejection of national ones: faith, language, customs, which was unacceptable for the population.
Kyiv became the center of national revival. Here, at the printing house of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, under the patronage of Archimandrite Elisha Pletenetsky, a circle of the Kyiv Epiphany Brotherhood was created, which grew into a school. On October 15, the school moved to a separate premises in Podol. This date is considered the date of the organization of the Kyiv fraternal school, the predecessor of the Kiev-Mohyla Collegium, later the academy.
In 1632, the school of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, the Lavra School, founded in the year by the archimandrite of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, Metropolitan of Kyiv and Galich Peter Mogila, was attached to the school of the brotherhood. The new educational institution was named the Kiev-Brotherly College.
Kiev-Brotherly College under Peter Mohyla
Peter Mohyla became the head of the Kyiv Fraternal College, protector and guardian. The reforms carried out by Petro Mogila turned the Kiev-Brotherly College into an educational institution focused on the “Latin”, Western European education system.
Among the figures of this college, the most famous are: Innocent Gisel, Joasaph Krokovsky, Lazar Baranovich, Ioanniky Golyatovsky, Anthony Radzivilovsky, Gabriel Dometsky, Varlaam Yasinsky, Stefan Yavorsky, Theophylact Lopatinsky, Feofan Prokopovich, Saint Innocent Kulchinsky, Gabriel Buyaninsky, Isaiah Kopinsky, Zechariah Kopysten skiy , Lavrentiy Zizaniy, Alexander Mytura and others.
Many prominent public figures, cultural and educational figures worked and were educated there: Epiphany Slavinetsky, I. Galatovsky, I. Gizel, D. Samoilovich, Konanovich-Gorbatskov. Students at the academy were Porfiry Zerkalnikov, who carried out diplomatic assignments for the tsar during the War of Liberation, then collaborated with Epiphany Slavinetsky in Moscow, Karion Istomin, author of the first illustrated Russian “Primer” and “Small Grammar”; Konon Zotov, famous military figure, author of the first Russian book on ship control techniques; Field Marshal General Boris Sheremetev, associate of Peter I, and others. Belarusians constantly studied at the Kyiv Academy. Among them is the famous future scientist Simeon of Polotsk (1620-1680).
Graduates of the academy were the founders of a number of schools in Russia and Belarus, especially in the 18th century. They founded schools and seminaries in almost all cities of Russia: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Rostov the Great, Tobolsk, Irkutsk, Kholmogory, Tver, Belgorod, Suzdal, Vyatka, Vologda, Kolomna, Ryazan, Pskov, Veliky Ustyug, Astrakhan, Kostroma, Vladimir on Klyazma and other cities. The teachers in these schools were predominantly graduates of the Academy. In Mogilev, the archbishop, educator, scientist, student and rector of the Academy Georgy Konissky opened a seminary, which became the center of education in Belarus.
Famous alumni, students and professors
Notes
Literature
- Kharlampovich K.V. Little Russian influence on Great Russian church life. - Kazan, 1914.
- Askochensky V. Kyiv with its oldest school, the Academy. - Kyiv, 1856.
- Kiev-Mohyla Academy in names. XVII-XVIII centuries - K.: View. house "KM Academy", 2001.
- Khizhnyak Z. I., Mankivsky V. K. History of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. - K.: “KM Academy”, 2003.
- E.I. Onishchenko, Sunday Academy: Rumors about the rebirth of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy and its participants - K.: View. house "KM Academy", 2004.
- The Kiev Academy in the Seventeenth Century. - Ottawa: University Of Ottawa Press, 1977. - ISBN ISBN 0-7766-0901-7
- The Kievan Academy and Its Role in the Organization of Russia at the Turn of the Seventeenth Century. - New York: Shevchenko Scientific Society, 1976.
- Omeljan Pritsak and Ihor Sevcenko, eds. "The Kiev Mohyla Academy (Commemorating the 350th Anniversary of Its Founding, 1632-1982)." Harvard Ukrainian Studies. vol. VIII, no. 1/2. Cambridge, MA, 1985.
- S.M. Horak. "The Kiev Academy. A Bridge to Europe in the 17th Century". East European Quarterly, vol. 2, 2, 1968.
KIEV-MOHYLA ACADEMY, higher theological educational institution. Opened in 1632 on the initiative of Metropolitan of Kyiv Peter Mohyla on the basis of the unification of the Kyiv Fraternal (1615) and Lavra (1631) schools on the model of Western European universities. Initially it was called the Kiev-Mohyla Collegium (until 1694) and was located in the Kiev Brotherhood of the Epiphany Monastery. In 1651 it was destroyed by the Poles and restored with the support of Hetman B. M. Khmelnytsky. According to the Gadyach Treaty of 1658, the college was given the rights of a higher theological educational institution, and from 1694 - the Kiev-Mohyla Academy (received self-government, the right to judge students, etc.). The charter of Peter I (1701) confirmed the status of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, secured previously granted rights and privileges, and established a permanent state “allowance”. Funds for its maintenance were also allocated by the Kyiv metropolitans (the so-called metropolitan consolidations). By decree of the Synod (1788), graduates of Chernigov, Slutsk and other seminaries began to be sent to the academy to prepare them “for teaching positions.” By decree of Emperor Paul I (1797), it was ordered that the academy train exclusively ministers of the Church. Since 1798, an academic board was introduced at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy (consisted of a rector, a prefect; there was an office, etc.).
The Kiev-Mohyla Academy accepted persons of the Orthodox confession without distinction of ranks or classes (mostly children of Cossack elders, gentry, clergy and wealthy burghers studied). Full course education (12 years) consisted of 8 (until 1680 - 7) classes, which were divided into 6 lower (4 grammar, literature and rhetoric; one year each) and 2 higher (philosophy - until 1680 training 1 year, then 2-3 years; and theology - was not taught until 1680, then the training lasted 3-4 years, the course was taught by the rector).
Astronomy, music, catechism, Slavic and Latin literature, Slavic-Russian, Church Slavonic, Polish (from 1775), Greek (from 1738), French (1753-83), Latin (from 1774 a special class) languages, history (from the beginning) were taught. 18th century independent subject, in the 1750s a separate class was opened; by the beginning of the 19th century - 5 classes), geography, mathematics, economics (from 1799), medicine, architecture (short time), painting (from 1784), natural history ( from 1784), musical singing (from 1803), etc. Until the 1780s, all courses were taught in Latin, and from 1784 - in Russian. Graduates defended dissertations (academic degrees were not awarded). The following students studied at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy: in 1685 - about 240 people, in 1715 - 1100, in 1740 - about 565, in 1795 - 840, in 1801 - about 1780 people, mostly at their own expense; there were few “state-funded” students. People from Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and other countries studied at the academy.
The Kiev-Mohyla Academy was headed by a rector who was elected from the academic professorship and clergy of Kyiv, confirmed and subordinate to the Kyiv Metropolitan (since 1721 he was appointed by the Synod with the consent of the Metropolitan). The teachers were representatives of the monastic clergy. At the academy there was an Orphanage, there was a student congregation, or “Brotherhood in the name of the Holy Mother of God,” to help those in need and maintain the Church of the Annunciation (since 1740).
Among the teachers of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy are Simeon Polotsky, Feofan Prokopovich, Epiphany Slavinetsky, Stefan Yavorsky. Pupils and later teachers of the academy were writers, educators, church leaders: I. A. Gorlenko (see Joasaph of Belgorod), M. Dovgalevsky, M. Kozachinsky, Varlaam (Lashchevsky), St. John (Maximovich), Archbishop Simon (Todorsky) and etc. Among the graduates: Kyiv metropolitans Georgy (Konissky), Samuel (Mstislavsky); Archbishop of St. Petersburg Sylvester (Kulyabka); Patriarch of Moscow Joachim (Savelov); Archbishop Dimitry of Rostov (Tuptalo); Bishop of Irkutsk Innocent (Kulchitsky); statesmen N. N. Bantysh-Kamensky, A. A. Bezborodko, P. V. Zavadovsky, G. V. Kozitsky, D. P. Troshchinsky; historians and writers V. G. Ruban, P. I. Simonovich, P. A. Sokhatsky; philosopher G. S. Skovoroda; artists G. K. Levitsky, A. Tarasevich; composers M. S. Berezovsky, D. S. Bortnyansky, A. L. Vedel.
In 1817, the Kiev-Mohyla Academy was closed; a seminary was opened in its building, which was reorganized in 1819 into the Kyiv Theological Academy. In 1991, the Kiev-Mohyla Academy was revived in the status state university(since 1994 National University "Kiev-Mohyla Academy").
Lit.: Macarius (Bulgakov), Metropolitan. History of the Kyiv Academy. St. Petersburg, 1843; Serebrennikov V. Kyiv Academy from the half of the 18th century. before its transformation in 1819 K., 1897; Khizhnyak Z. I. Kiev-Mohyla Academy. Kiev, 1988; she is the same. Rector of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. 1615-1817 pp. Kiev, 2002; Kiev-Mohyla Academy in names. XVII-XVIII centuries Kiev, 2001; Khizhnyak Z. I., Mankivsky V. K. History of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. Kiev, 2003.
After numerous Mongol-Tatar raids Kievan Rus lost its power. And it became the prey of new conquerors, this time Lithuanian, Polish and German. Cruel socio-national oppression fell on the shoulders of the population throughout Ukraine. The ruling circles of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth intended to spiritually enslave the country. They forcibly prohibited the people from their language and culture, but the people did not want to put up with this. He waged a constant struggle for his freedom and independence. No oppression could stop the socio-economic development of Ukraine. Under his influence, the national self-awareness of the people awakened, their spiritual powers were revealed, and interest in own history, language. Then the need for the development of science and education arose.
By this time, many sons of the Ukrainian people were studying or had already received education outside their homeland. But already in the 17th century the question arose about opening their own educational institutions that could compete with European ones. This was preceded by an increase in the number of parochial schools (in the 16th century). The number of libraries also increased, and many new books appeared. All this can be considered prerequisites for the creation of a high-level educational institution.
There was a strict selection at the academy teaching staff. Responsibility for this process was assigned to the academic corporation. Very high demands were placed on the teacher. The Academy also enjoyed the right to elect a rector. He was elected from among academic professors. At one time, the hetman even approved the candidacy of the rector and presented him with a “certificate of merit.” This speaks to the importance of the academy in public life in Ukraine at that time.
The academic year began on September 1 and ended in early July. However, new students were enrolled throughout academic year. There were no age restrictions at the academy. So, in junior class There could be students aged from 11 to 25 years. To become a student, it was necessary to pass an interview, which determined the applicant’s level of knowledge and which class he should be assigned to. Unsuccessful students were not expelled. A student could stay in one class as long as he wanted. Sometimes even students returned from high schools to lower classes “to confirm their knowledge.” After completing the entire course of study or one of the senior classes, the student received a certificate signed by the rector.
Young people from all regions of Ukraine studied at the academy: Kiev region, Sloboda Ukraine, Volyn, Transcarpathia, Galicia, Bukovina. These came from all layers of the population - nobility, Cossacks, clergy, townspeople and peasants. The largest representation was of the townspeople, Cossacks and priests. This principle was very important for the academy, giving the opportunity to receive a full education not only for the children of the nobility, but also for the common people.
By order of the government of the Russian Empire and the decree of the Synod of August 14, 1817, the Academy was closed. In 1819 it was reopened as the Kyiv Theological Seminary, and then the Theological Academy.
The invaluable experience of Mogilyanka was used in the organization of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
In 1992, the Kiev-Mohyla Academy reopened its doors to those wishing to gain knowledge at the world level. All of the above traditions have been preserved in it to this day. Now the academy is one of the most popular higher education institutions in Ukraine.
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