Kovrovsky district. Archaeological monuments of the Kovrov region Chronicle history of our region

The Kovrovsky district is located in the north-eastern part of the Vladimir region and borders the Kameshkovsky, Selivanovsky and Vyaznikovsky districts of the Vladimir region and the Savinsky district of the Ivanovo region. The Klyazma River valley divides the territory of the Kovrovsky district into an elevated southeastern and flatter northwestern part. In the Kovrovsky district, in addition to the Klyazma, there are also smaller but amazingly beautiful rivers Uvod, Nerekhta, Tara, Arga and others. There are many floodplain and karst lakes, the purity of whose waters amazes everyone who sees this treasure of Russian nature.

On the territory of the Kovrovsky district there is a significant number of historical and cultural monuments, including 42 archaeological monuments and the same number of historical and architectural monuments. The earliest archaeological sites in the Kovrov region date back to the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. The Meryan names of some villages, rivers and lakes that have survived to this day, as well as ancient Russian settlements and burial mounds, indicate the settlement of the Kovrov region in ancient times by Meryan tribes and Slavs.

Chronicle history of our region.

The first documentary pages of the history of the Kovrov region are associated with the founding of the city of Starodub in 1152 by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky. The city of Starodub-Klyazemsky was located on the site of the present village of Klyazmensky Gorodok. Starodub was founded as a border fortress guarding the important waterway along the Klyazma on the distant approaches to Vladimir. In 1218, this border city of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality was given over to his younger brother, Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich, by Grand Duke Konstantin Vsevolodovich. The latter went down in history as the first Prince of Moscow. After the death of Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich, the territory of the Starodub Principality was reunited with the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. Even under Yuri II, the Grand Duke’s younger brother, Ivan Vsevolodovich, was sent to Starodub as a governor. After the tragic battle for the Russians on the City River on March 4, 1238, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich finally established the rights of his younger brother Ivan to Starodub, and from that time the history of the independent Starodub principality began.

The Starodub principality occupied a relatively small territory and bordered in the north with the Suzdal principality, in the east with the Nizhny Novgorod principality, and in the west with the Great Vladimir principality. Most of the territory of the modern Kovrov district was formerly part of the Starodub principality. In addition to the capital of the principality, the city of Starodub, the most important centers in it were the villages of Aleksino and Shapkino (now in the Savinsky district of the Ivanovo region), Mugreevo (now in the Yuzhsky district of the Ivanovo region), Palekh (the regional center of the Ivanovo region), the Kovrov villages of Osipovo and Petrovskoye, Rozhdestveno (the modern city Kovrov). Despite its small territory, the Starodub principality was a completely independent (sovereign) state with its own rulers - princes from the Starodub dynasty.

Its founder was the above-mentioned younger son Vsevolod III Big Nest - Prince Ivan I Vsevolodovich. In the history of the independent Starodub principality, the most famous were Prince Fyodor I Ivanovich the Blessed, who was killed in 1330 in the Horde for his adherence to Orthodoxy, and Prince Andrei Fedorovich Starodubsky, a participant in the Battle of Kulikovo, the second governor of the regiment of the right hand.

Starodub, like any princely city, had fortifications. The length of the shafts was 506 meters. There were seven or eight churches in the city. They housed the houses of princes, boyars and trade guests. The development of the city was facilitated by its favorable location: an important trade route running nearby connected the Zaleska land with the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region, and the road to Nizhny Novgorod. According to archaeological data, pottery production was especially developed in Starodub.

If until the end of the 14th century the integrity of the Starodub principality was preserved, then it began to disintegrate into appanages. Power in the appanages belonged to representatives of various branches of the Starodub princely dynasty. The Starodub princes left a noticeable mark on the history of our Fatherland. Anyone who is even slightly interested in Russian history knows the names of the princes Ryapolovsky, Romodanovsky, Palekhsky, Osipovsky, Gagarin, Gundorov, Khilkov, Kovrov, Pozharsky, Krivoborsky. For all of them, the historical homeland was the city of Starodub on Klyazma.

In the 15th century, the city of Starodub had already lost its former importance due to constant raids by the Tatar-Mongols. The events of the Great Troubles of the early 17th century dealt a strong and almost final blow to Starodub. In March 1609, a strong battle took place on the ramparts of the Starodub settlement. A detachment of the Suzdal governor of the impostor Fyodor Pleshcheev, reinforced by Poles, Cossacks and artillery, attacked Starodub and defeated it. From this time begins the history of the village of Klyazemsky Gorodok, which grew out of the suburb of the lost city.

Kovrov district in the 18th-19th centuries.

In the 17th and first half of the 18th centuries, most of the territory of the modern Kovrov district was part of the Starodub camp of the Reshem tithe of the Suzdal district. Since 1719, our lands ended up in the vast Moscow province. In 1778, the Vladimir province was formed as part of the Vladimir governorship. According to the Decree of Empress Catherine II of September 1, 1778, the province was divided into districts, one of which was Kovrovsky district. The village of Kovrovo received the status of a district town. Kovrovsky district included most of the Starodubsky, Starodubo-Ryapolovsky and Teikovsky camps of the Suzdal district, a significant part of the Bogolyubsky, Medushsky and Opolsky camps of the Vladimir district. The boundaries of the newly formed county changed several times and were finally formed only in early XIX century, after the re-formation of the county in 1803. More than 2/3 of the territory of the current Kovrovsky district was previously part of the Kovrovsky district. The rest of the district was formerly part of the Sudogodsky district (Milinovo, Ivanovo-Esino, Novoe, Krasny Mayak and Krasny Oktyabr, Smolino, Shevinskaya, etc.), and a relatively small area belonged to the Vyaznikovsky district (Kuvezino, Panteleevo).

With the formation of the Kovrov district, the system of district administration also took shape. In the county there were county and zemstvo courts, a lower court, a county treasurer, a solicitor, a wine and salt bailiff. The class institution was the county nobility guardianship, headed by the county marshal of the nobility. It was he who was actually the first person in the district. The leader was elected for three years at a meeting of the nobility by a majority vote. This post was filled by people who, as a rule, were influential and had a decent fortune, because the leader’s service was not paid and was carried out, so to speak, “on a voluntary basis.” Most of the Kovrov leaders served for one or two three years. A kind of record was set not only in the Vladimir province, but almost throughout Russia by I. S. Bezobrazov, who held the post of district leader for 32 years in a row, from 1842 to 1874.

In the last decades before 1917, the Kovrov leader also became the chairman of the district congress, the district land management commission, the presence of recruiting affairs, the school council, the temperance trustee committee, the branch of the guardianship committee for prisons and the trusteeship of orphanages.

Candidates were also selected from the nobility for the remaining key positions in the county of the county judge and the county zemstvo police officer. It was the police officer, who headed the district zemstvo court, who actually had full administrative power in the district. As a rule, retired officers were elected as police officers. Since 1890, Kovrovsky district was divided into four zemstvo sections, headed by their own chief. The zemstvo chief, appointed from among the nobility, performed the functions of the first judicial instance for the peasant population under his jurisdiction.
In the current Kovrovsky district, there are almost no visible reminders of the noble estates that were once located here. The only surviving monument of provincial noble culture of the 18th-19th centuries on the territory of the Kovrovsky district is the Taneyevs’ estate complex in the village of Marinino, consisting of a manor house, a temple and a park.

Peasant crafts. The beginning of the Kovrov industry.

The main population of the district were peasants, and it was this class in the Kovrov district that developed local non-agricultural crafts and trade. Important trade routes have long passed through the territory of Kovrovsky district. A number of villages were the main centers of crafts and trade. If we take the territory of the modern Kovrovsky district, then the village of Bolshoye Vsegodichi stood out here. In terms of the number of inhabitants, Bolshie Vsegodichi exceeded Kovrov in the first decades of its existence as a city. Constant bargaining in this village has been known since the 17th century. Bolshie Vsegodichi and Vsegodicheskaya volost became famous as the center of tailoring craft. Residents of Kovrovsky district were engaged in various non-agricultural trades due to the low fertility of the land, its insufficient quantity and primitive cultivation techniques. One of the most profitable trades was the Ofen trade, the birthplace of which was the Kovrov district. Peasants from the villages of Vsegodicheskaya, Klyushnikovskaya, Ovsyannikovskaya and Sannikovskaya volosts went to ofeni. Even earlier than the Ofensky, the quarrying industry, including the preparation of lime, arose. This fishery existed back in the days of the Starodub principality. Peasants of the Belkovskaya, Velikovskaya, Malyshevskaya and Sannikovskaya volosts were engaged in the development of stone. In the 19th century, limestone was mostly mined by peasants in the villages of Gorozhanovo, Medyntsevo, Tarkhanovo, Chernositovo and the village of Velikovo. The next most important local craft is tailoring. It achieved its greatest development in the Vsegodicheskaya and Malyshevskaya volosts. The number of tailors in the county reached 5,000 people. In total, there were about 20 types of local crafts on the territory of Kovrovsky district. Among them, we highlight pottery, which was most developed among the peasants of the villages around the village of Osipovo, who produced up to 400 thousand clay products per year.

Various peasant crafts gave rise to the industry of Kovrovsky district. Hand weaving factories, the so-called calico svetelki, have operated in the county for a long time. Even landowners started them on their estates. An example is the factory operated by the Mankovs in the village of Babenki, which has been operating since the 1830s. In 1912-1914, a weaving factory was built in the village of Gostyukhino (now the village of Dostizhenie) in the Osipovsky volost of the nobleman N. L. Masalsky. In total, more than 15 thousand people worked at factories in Kovrovsky district in the 1910s.

In addition to spinning and weaving factories, there were industrial enterprises and other profile. Thus, in the Kovrov district there were three iron foundries, one of which, near the village of Raskova Myza (now within the urban microdistrict of Maleev and Kangin) belonged to the Old Believer merchant, a native of the village of Ilyino, F. F. Pershin. In the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, a network of railways passed through the territory of Kovrovsky district. In 1858-1862 the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod railway was built, by 1868 the Novki-Shuya-Ivanovo-Kineshma railway line was put into operation, and in 1880 the Kovrov-Murom railway was put into operation. A wide network of railways, as well as the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod highway built back in the 1830s, contributed to the rapid growth of industry in Kovrovsky district.

Kovrov zemstvo.

One of the consequences of the reforms of the 1860s was the formation of zemstvo institutions. The Kovrov district zemstvo government began its work on March 23, 1866. Collegiate adviser A. A. Aleev, who previously held the post of Kovrov district judge, was elected its first chairman. The role of the zemstvo turned out to be exceptionally great in the development of education, healthcare, construction and maintenance of local roads. Over its 50-year history, the Kovrov zemstvo opened 98 primary zemstvo schools, 7 zemstvo hospitals and 2 outpatient clinics, a pharmacy, and a hospital with a maternity hospital in the district. The zemstvo organized the sale of books in the district and opened zemstvo libraries. The zemstvo was in charge of the county agronomic surveying service, the land management commission and warehouses of agricultural implements, sanitary and veterinary doctors. The zemstvo was engaged in the construction of bridges and roads and their repair. The zemstvo provided great assistance to charitable institutions - almshouses and orphanages. Among the chairmen of the Kovrov district zemstvo government, the most outstanding figure was one of the leaders of the Vladimir cadets, state councilor N.P. Muratov, who headed the Kovrov zemstvo in 1881-1889 and 1890-1905.

Orthodoxy on the land of Kovrov.

The Russians had a great influence on various aspects of county life. Orthodox Church. The entire way of life, the entire existence of villages and hamlets was determined by the church calendar. The temple was not only a prayer building, but also the center of the local public life. Now the church buildings are the oldest historical monuments in the area, a visible reminder of the past centuries. The first stone church within the boundaries of the modern Kovrov district was the Assumption Church of the former Lyubetsky Monastery, built in the early 1690s. Mass construction of Kovrov stone churches began in the late 1770s and continued until the early 1830s. The first of them were the Assumption Church in the village of Bolshie Vsegodichi and the Annunciation Church in the village of Krutovo. By 1917, in the Kovrov district there were 101 churches, many chapels, there was one women's community and one nunnery. In the villages of Misailovo and Danilovo-Yazykovo, wooden churches were preserved; the churches in large villages were distinguished by the richest decoration: Bolshie Vsegodichi, Lyubets, Plesets (Malyshevo), Klyazemsky Gorodok. Many prominent figures of the Church, officials, doctors, and teachers emerged from the people of the clergy of the Kovrov district. Thus, the son of the sexton of the village of Rusino A.G. Vishnyakov became a senator and reached the rank of actual privy councilor, and the priestly son T.F. Osipovsky became an outstanding mathematician, rector of Kharkov University. Natives of the Kovrov district were Saint Mitrofan of Voronezh, rector of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and Bishop of Suzdal Gennady (Dranitsyn), Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna Macarius (Nevsky). In the early 1920s, Kovrov and the district received their own archpastor - Bishop of Kovrov, Saint Athanasius (Sakharov). The persecution of the Church in Soviet times ended with the closure of all churches in the region by 1941. Only in 1944 was it allowed to serve in the Assumption Church in the village of Bolshie Vsegodichi, which until the early 1990s remained the only functioning church in the Kovrovsky district. Recently, in the Kovrovsky district, new buildings have been more and more actively restored and built. Orthodox churches– monuments of history and culture of the Vladimir region. The Church of the Nativity of the Mother of God in the village of Ivanovo-Esino, the Kazan Church in the village of Malyshevo, and the Church of the Resurrection in the village of Pavlovskoye became operational. The restoration of the Mother of God Church of the Nativity in the Medusha churchyard and the St. Nicholas Church in the village of Troitskoe-Nikolskoe are underway. The St. Nicholas Church under construction in the Kovrov village of Yudikha will become a unique monument of wooden architecture.

Kovrovsky district in the 1920-1930s.

Establishment Soviet power gave impetus to significant administrative and territorial transformations. In June 1918, 8 volosts of the northern part of the Kovrov district were transferred to the newly formed Ivanovo province. The territory of Kovrovsky district was reduced by about a third. The number of remaining volosts (by 1917 there were 20 of them in the county) was gradually reduced due to their consolidation. By 1929, only 6 volosts remained in the Kovrov district: Aleksinskaya, Klyushnikovskaya, Osipovskaya, Savinskaya, Tyntsovskaya and Edemskaya. In 1929, the Ivanovo industrial region was formed, which included most of the Vladimir province. The Kovrovsky district became part of the Vladimir district of the Ivanovo industrial region. A number of settlements of the former Sudogodsky and Vyaznikovsky districts were included in the newly formed region. In 1940, the Kameshkovsky district was formed, which included a significant part of the villages from the Kovrovsky district along with the village of Kameshkovo.

In 1944, the Vladimir region was formed due to the disaggregation of the Ivanovo region. It also included the Kovrovsky district. In 1945, the workers’ villages of Krasny Oktyabr and Krasny Mayak were formed in the Kovrovsky district, and in 1958 the villages of Melekhovo and Malygino were formed. The last time the boundaries of the Kovrovsky district changed was in 1961, when the Seltsovsky village council of the Palekh district of the Ivanovo region entered the Kovrovsky district.

After 1917, a campaign began in Kovrovsky district to introduce collective forms of farming in the countryside. The first agricultural commune was organized in February 1918 in the village of Klyushnikovo. Since 1928, collectivization began in Kovrovsky district, which was accompanied by mass “dekulakization.” By 1931, there were already 139 collective farms in the region, uniting 3,251 peasant farms (26% of the total). Collectivization had the greatest successes in Osipovsky, Klyazmogorodetsk, Staroderevensky, Yudikhinsky, Krestnikovsky, Smolinsky and Ivanovo-Esinsky village councils. By 1935, complete collectivization ended in the Kovrovsky district. Almost every village or hamlet had its own collective farm.

In January 1939, an independent rural district committee was separated from the Kovrov city committee. In June of the same year, the First Kovrov District Party Conference took place, at which G. M. Zavyalov was elected first secretary of the Kovrov district committee of the CPSU (b).

Kovrovsky district during the Great Patriotic War.

Thousands of residents of the Kovrovsky district walked along the roads of the Great Patriotic War. It is impossible to mention all the names of Kovrov residents who courageously fulfilled their military duty. Two natives of the Kovrovsky district received the highest award - Gold Star Hero of the Soviet Union. Attack pilot I.V. Pershutov from the village of Babenki beat the Nazis on the formidable Il-2 attack aircraft. On February 9, 1944, he died in an unequal battle, liberating Ukraine. On October 26, 1944, Lieutenant Pershutov was posthumously awarded the title of Hero. The commander of the mortar company, a native of the village of Polovchinovo, A.P. Generalov, fought in the Arctic, defended the approaches to Murmansk. On October 13, 1944, while leading a counterattack of his battalion, the brave captain died. He received the title of Hero posthumously.

During the war, residents of the region showed no less heroism in the rear than at the front. The whole world knows the names of small arms designers, Heroes of Socialist Labor S. G. Simonov, a native of the village of Fedotovo, and G. S. Shpagin, a native of the village of Klyushnikovo. The small arms they created performed well on the battlefield. In the history of military medicine, Hero of Socialist Labor E. I. Smirnov, originally from the village of Ozerki, became famous. During the Great Patriotic War, he headed the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army, and in the post-war years he served as Minister of Health of the USSR.

The most significant military facility on the territory of the Kovrov region was the heavy bomber airfield near the village of Kryachkovo. The creation of the airfield is associated with the name of the famous polar explorer, Hero of the Soviet Union, M.V. Vodopyanov. Since the fall of 1941, two regiments were based at the Kryachkovo airfield, including the legendary 432nd heavy bomber regiment aviation regiment 81st Air Division Aviation long range, in which the first Heroes of the Soviet Union polar explorers A.V. Belyakov, M.M. Gromov, A.D. Alekseev, G.F. Baidukov served. From Kovrov land, Soviet “flying fortresses” Pe-8 “worked” at the railway junctions of Smolensk, Vitebsk, Orsha, Minsk and Lyuban, and also flew to bomb the deep rear areas of Nazi Germany, including Berlin. In April 1942, aircraft of the 432nd Air Regiment, on instructions from the Soviet government, flew to England, delivering there a group of employees of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, and in May they brought People's Commissar V. M. Molotov to Washington for negotiations with US President F. Roosevelt.

By 1943, after the transition Soviet troops On the offensive, long-range aviation airfields moved to the west. The field airfield near the village of Kryachkovo was also deserted, although other air formations continued to use it for several years.

The material was prepared by the director of the MUK "Historical and Local Lore Museum of the Kovrov District" Frolova E. V.

Archaeological monuments of the Kovrov region

In the XVII - first half. XVIII century Most of the territory of the modern Kovrov district was part of the Starodub camp of the Reshem tithe of the Suzdal district.
Since 1719, these lands became part of the vast Moscow province.
In 1778, the Vladimir province was formed as part of the Vladimir governorship. According to the Decree of Empress Catherine II of September 1, 1778, the province was divided into districts, one of which was Kovrovsky district. The village of Kovrovo received the status of a district town.
Kovrovsky district included most of the Starodubsky, Starodubo-Ryapolovsky and Teikovsky camps of the Suzdal district, a significant part of the Bogolyubsky, and the camps of the Vladimir district.
Many villages that were later located in Kovrovsky district were not initially included in it. Thus, the villages of Aleksino, Shapkino, Luchkino, Khotiml and Ryapolovo in 1779 were listed in the Vyaznikovsky district, and the villages of Rusino, Alacino - in the Vladimir district. The boundaries of the county were probably changed several times. They finally took shape in 1803, after the re-formation of the Kovrov district.
In 1796, the Kovrov district was abolished, and the city of Kovrov was turned into a suburb.
On June 5 (May 24), 1803, the Kovrov settlement was again restored as a county town.

The location of the county is flat.
On the right side of the Klyazma River lies mountain limestone. Its layer lies no deeper than 3.5 m (5 arshins) from the surface of the earth and contains 3 types of stone: base, flank and actual limestone, from which lime is fired. Stone breaking was carried out in the mountains located along the right tributary of the Klyazma - Nerekhta. Quarrying was the main source of livelihood for many villages, from the village of Velikoye to the city of Kovrov. According to Tikhonravov’s calculations, the area occupied by limestone is about 1,700 square meters. km, or 1500 sq. versts
On the upper reaches of the Nerekhta River there are deposits of various clays suitable for pottery and brick production.
There are many swamps on the left side of the Klyazma River. Of these, the most significant are the swamps between the villages of Terlikov and Babushkin (7.5 km, or 7 versts, length and up to 2 km in width), between the villages of Zaozerye and Dushki (9.5 km, or 9 versts, length and from 3-15 km , or 3-14 versts, width) and between the villages of Moshki and Vtorovoy (length 15 km, or 14 versts, and width 2-5.5 km, or 2-5 versts).
There are small lakes in this part of the county; of which the lake is 4 km long and up to 65 m wide, or 30 fathoms.
On the right side of the Klyazma River from the mouth of the Nerekhta River there is a strip from 11 to 32 km, or from 10 to 30 versts, in width of fertile land, and in the rest of the district the soil is grayish-silty with sand and rocky everywhere and required strong fertilizer.
In the southern part of the district the Klyazma River flows for 100 miles; There is a pier in the city of Kovrov. The most significant of its tributaries are the Uvod, Shizhegda, Teza and Nerekhta. Small ships can navigate the Teza River, and the Uvod River is raftable.

County administration

With the formation of the Kovrov district, the system of district administration also took shape. In the district there were district and zemstvo courts, necessary punishment, the positions of district treasurer, solicitor, wine and salt bailiffs. The class institution was the county nobility guardianship, headed by the county marshal of the nobility. But despite the fact that formally the leader did not have special powers, in fact, especially after the introduction of the “Charter on the rights of liberties and advantages of the noble Russian nobility,” he was the first person in the district. According to the remark of Professor V.V. Mavrodin, “the influence of the leaders of the nobility on the activities of provincial and district government agencies was exceptionally great." The leader was elected for three years at a meeting of the nobility by a majority vote. This post was filled by people who, as a rule, were influential and had a decent fortune, because the leader’s service was not paid and was carried out, so to speak, “on a voluntary basis.” Moreover, the leader had to spend his own funds, and in significant quantities, to fulfill his duties and representation. It is no coincidence that several Kovrov leaders of the nobility completely went bankrupt in this honorable, but not very profitable post. Candidates were also selected from the nobility for the remaining key positions in the county of the county judge and the county zemstvo police officer. It was the police officer, who headed the district zemstvo court, who actually had full administrative power in the district. Almost exclusively retired officers were elected as police officers. The first of them was Captain Nikolai Gavrilovich Neelov, who served as the Kovrov police officer intermittently from 1778 to 1796. In Kovrovsky district, not all villages belonged to landowners. The main part of the Aleksinskaya and Belkovskaya volosts, as former monastic estates, turned out to be state-owned, and two volosts - Vsegodicheskaya and Yegoryevskaya - belonged to the Palace (and later - the Specific) department. Most of the rest of the villages of Kovrovsky district were owner-occupied, that is, landowners.

In the mid-50s of the 19th century in the Kovrov district of the Vladimir province in the village of Simakovo (now) by the peasant N.V. Kondratiev created a band consisting of serf musicians.

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County population

The district, the center of which was Kovrov in 1778, included the territory that had previously been in three districts: Suzdal, Vladimir and Shuisky. In 1778, 13,645 male revision souls of peasants were transferred from Suzdal district to Kovrovsky district, 14,338 revision souls from Vladimir district, and 295 souls from Shuisky. Of these souls, there were 2701 palace souls, 4959 economic souls, and 20618 landowners. The total male population of the Kovrov district together with the city in January 1779 was 28373 people, and the total population was about 60 thousand people.
The population of the county in 1859 was 99,043 people. According to the 1897 census, the county had 109,861 inhabitants (48,457 men and 61,404 women). According to the results of the All-Union Population Census of 1926, the population of the county was 120,524 people, of which 33,380 were urban.
By religion: Orthodox - 113,528, schismatics - 986, Catholics - 38, others - 35.
By class: nobles - 202, clergy - 386, burghers - 1,688, peasants - 112,220, others - 91.
In con. XIX century The district included: 2 camps, 25 volosts, 695 villages, all populated areas - 900.
According to the 1897 census, the largest settlements in the county: the city of Kovrov - 14,571 people; – 2739 people; village of Gorki – 1018 people; With. Spas-Yurtsevo – 886 people; With. Ryahovo – 858 people; With. Gorki – 803 people; Belkovo village – 770 people; – 743 people; Klyushnikovo village – 728 people; With. Bolshie Vsegodichi – 727 people; Mishnevo village – 681 people; With. Tyntsy – 593 people; With. Voskresenskoye – 585 people; With. Aleksino – 573 people; village Kolobovo – 567 people; Goryachevo village – 545 people; With. Velikovo – 539 people; village Kamenovo – 526 people.
By 1913, Kovrovsky district was divided into 20 volosts: Aleksinskaya volost - village. Aleksino; Berezovskaya volost - village. Berezovik; Bykovskaya volost - village. Bykovo; Belkovskaya volost - village. Belkovo; Velikovskaya volost - village. Velikovo; Voznesenskaya volost - village. Ascension; Voskresenskaya volost - village. Voskresenskoe; All-year volost - village. Bolshiye Vsegodichi; Zimenkovskaya volost - village. Zimenki; Yegoryevskaya volost - village. Egory; Klyushnikovskaya volost - village of Klyushnikovo; Lezhnevskaya volost - village. Lezhnevo; Malyshevskaya volost - Malyshevo village; Milyukovskaya volost - village. Milyukovo; Osipovskaya volost - village. Osipovo; Sannikovskaya volost - village. Sannikovo; Filyandinskaya volost - village. Filyandino; Khotimli parish - village. Wantl; Cherntskaya volost - village. Chernetsy; Eden parish - .

Since 1890, Kovrovsky district was divided into four zemstvo sections, headed by their own chief. The zemstvo chief, appointed from among the nobility, performed the functions of the first judicial instance for the peasant population under his jurisdiction. The main population of the district were peasants, and it was this class in the Kovrov district that developed local non-agricultural crafts and trade.
Important trade routes have long passed through the territory of Kovrovsky district. A number of villages were the main centers of crafts and trade. If we take the territory of the modern Kovrovsky district, then the village of Bolshoye Vsegodichi stood out here. In terms of the number of inhabitants, Bolshie Vsegodichi exceeded Kovrov in the first decades of its existence as a city. Constant bargaining in this village has been known since the 17th century. Bolshie Vsegodichi and Vsegodicheskaya volost became famous as the center of tailoring craft.

Crafts and industry

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In the second half. XIX - early XX centuries A network of railways passed through the territory of Kovrovsky district. In 1858-1862. was laid, by 1868 the Novki-Shuya-Ivanovo-Kineshma railway line was put into operation, and in 1880 -.

One of the consequences of the reforms of the 1860s. the formation of zemstvo institutions appeared. Kovrov district zemstvo government began its work on March 23, 1866. Collegiate adviser A.A. was elected its first chairman. Aleev, who previously held the post of Kovrov district judge. The role of the zemstvo turned out to be exceptionally great in the development of education, healthcare, construction and maintenance of local roads. Over its 50-year history, the Kovrov zemstvo opened 98 primary zemstvo schools, 7 zemstvo hospitals and 2 outpatient clinics, a pharmacy, and a hospital with a maternity hospital in the district. The zemstvo organized the sale of books in the district and opened zemstvo libraries. The zemstvo was in charge of the county agronomic surveying service, the land management commission and warehouses of agricultural implements, sanitary and veterinary doctors. The zemstvo was engaged in the construction of bridges and roads and their repair. The zemstvo provided great assistance to charitable institutions - almshouses and orphanages. Among the chairmen of the Kovrov district zemstvo government, the most outstanding figure was one of the leaders of the Vladimir cadets, the State Councilor, who headed the Kovrov zemstvo in 1881-1889 and 1890-1905.

The Russian Orthodox Church had a great influence on various aspects of county life. The entire way of life, the entire existence of villages and hamlets was determined by the church calendar. The temple was not only a prayer building, but also the center of local public life. Now the church buildings are the oldest historical monuments in the area, a visible reminder of the past centuries. The first stone church within the borders of the modern Kovrov district was the Assumption Church of the former, built in the beginning. 1690s
The mass construction of Kovrov stone churches began in late 1940s. 1770s and continued until the beginning. 1830s The first of them were the Assumption Church in the village of Bolshie Vsegodichi and the Annunciation Church in the village of Krutovo. By 1917, in Kovrovsky district there were 101 churches, many chapels, there was one women's community and one nunnery. In the villages of Danilovo-Yazykovo, wooden churches were preserved; the churches in large villages were distinguished by the richest decoration: Bolshie Vsegodichi, Lyubets, (Malyshevo), Klyazemsky Gorodok. Many prominent figures of the Church, officials, doctors, and teachers emerged from the people of the clergy of the Kovrov district. Thus, the son of the sexton of the village of Rusino A.G. Vishnyakov became a senator and reached the rank of actual privy councilor, and the priestly son T.F. Osipovsky became an outstanding mathematician, rector of Kharkov University. Natives of the Kovrov district were Saint Mitrofan of Voronezh, rector of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and Bishop of Suzdal Gennady (Dranitsyn), Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna Macarius (Nevsky).
In the beginning. 1920s Kovrov and the district received their own archpastor - Bishop of Kovrov, Saint Athanasius (Sakharov).
The persecution of the Church in Soviet times ended with the closure of all churches in the region by 1941. Only in 1944 was service allowed in the Assumption Church in the village of Bolshie Vsegodichi, which until the beginning. 1990s remained the only functioning church in the Kovrovsky district.

« FIRST CHARITY DISTRICT
This district includes the churches of the following villages.

V. founded by the trapper Eliphan. The village was then renamed the village Rozhdestvenskoe and in XVI V. belonged to the princes Kovrov (see). In the cemetery near the Church of St. John the Warrior, 5 slabs with inscriptions have been preserved, and on one of them there is an inscription that Prince Vasily An is buried under it (in the city). Kovra, former first governor of Great Perm. Prince Iv. Kovra donated K. to the Suzdal Spaso-Efimevsky Monastery and K., with the establishment of monastic states, in the city, was made an economic village. From year to year it was a district town and in the city it was left to the state. The city was made a district town of the Vladimir province. Residents: 5372 men and 3814 women (to 1st of January G.); Orthodox 8972, schismatics 95, Roman Catholics 48, Protestants 10, Jews 12, other confessions 49. Nobles 112, clergy 43, burghers 6291, peasants 2250, military class 411, other classes 79. Churches 2. In K. there were 770 houses, 42 wooden grain barns. City revenues 68,504 rubles. (g.), of which 4796 rubles. from documents for trade and 2607 rubles. from taverns and other similar establishments. 3,652 rubles were spent on the maintenance of the city general administration, rubles on educational institutions, 682 rubles on the medical unit, a total of 37,429 rubles. Thanks to the railway, K.'s trade has greatly developed. Factories and plants: 1 lard melting plant, 1 steam flour mill and 1 mechanical weaving factory and, in addition, mechanical workshops of the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod road (4 steam engines with 116 horsepower and 734 workers). Of the factories, the paper weaving Iv is the most significant. A. Treumova, producing up to 110 thousand poods of calico. It employs workers, and its turnover reaches 2,300 thousand rubles. Near K. there are rich fragments of limestone. 33 drinking establishments, a city school and 2 parish schools. Hospital.

Kovrovsky district

Kovrovsky district in the middle part of the province and occupies, according to Schweitzer, 65.4 square meters. miles or 3165 sq. verst. The location of the county is flat, with the exception of the left side of the Klyazma River. On the right side of the Klyazma River lies mountain limestone. Its layer lies no deeper than 5 arshins from the surface of the earth and contains 3 types of stone: base, flank and actual limestone, from which lime is fired. Stone breaking is carried out in the mountains located along the right tributary of the Klyazma - Nerekhta. Quarrying represents the main source of livelihood for many villages, from the village of Velikoye to the city of Kovrov. According to Tikhonravov’s calculations, the area occupied by limestone is about 1500 square meters. verst. On the upper reaches of the Nerekhta River there are deposits of various clays suitable for pottery and brick production. There are many swamps on the left side of the Klyazma River. Of these, the most significant are the swamps between the villages of Terlikov and Babushkin (7 versts in length and up to 2 versts in width), between the villages of Zaozerye and Dushkami(9 versts in length and from 3-14 versts in width) and between villages Midges and Vtorov (length 14 versts and width 2-5 versts). There are small lakes in this part of the county; of which the lake near the village of Smekhra is 4 versts long and up to 30 fathoms wide. On the right side of the Klyazma River from the mouth of the Nerekhta River there is a strip from 10 to 30 versts wide of fertile land, and in the rest of the district the soil is grayish-silty with sand and rocky everywhere and requires strong fertilizer. There were up to 150 thousand dessiatines under forest in the city. The forest in the district is mainly coniferous; it is located on the right side of the Klyazma River. Oak forests are located along the banks of the Klyazma, Take me away, Shishezhedi and Tezy. The forests in the city were owned by peasant societies - 44,104 dessiatines, by private owners - 92,934 dessiatines, by the treasury - 4,985 dessiatines, by the appanage - 7,827 dessiatines, and by the city - dessiatines. In the southern part of the county a river flows for 100 versts Klyazma; There is a pier in the city of Kovrov. The most significant of its tributaries are: Take away with the Talsha tributaries, Vyazma and Ukhtomoy; Shishezheda, Teza And Nerekhta. Small ships can navigate the Teza River, and the Uvod River is raftable.

Residents (without city) 55,466 men and 59,121 women (to 1st of January G.); Orthodox 113,528, schismatics 986, Catholics 38, other confessions 35; nobles 202, clergy 386, burghers, peasants 112,220, other classes 91. Churches 86. 2 camps, volosts 25, villages 695. All populated areas 900. All land 341,896 dessiatines and from it inconvenient 19,529 dessiatines. Arable land is divided by the zemstvo into 3 categories - 1 is valued at 10 rubles; Peasant societies had 36,513 dessiatines of such land, the owners, the treasury had 25 dessiatines, and the specific dessiatine department had 25 dessiatines. For 2nd category - 8 rubles. tithe - 37,469 dessiatines of peasant land, 7,453 dessiatines of proprietary land and 24 dessiatines of government land were included. To 3rd category - 5 rubles. tithe - belongs to 34,828 peasant dessiatines and 10,770 owner dessiatines. There were 17,146 dessiatines for the peasant societies, 2,616 dessiatines for the owners, 15 dessiatines for the appanages and 40 dessiatines for the city. There are 8491 dessiatines of non-watered meadows for peasant societies, 3613 dessiatines for owners, 14 dessiatines for the treasury and 16 dessiatines for specific ones. Sown in the city, quarters: rye 39524, wheat 4840, oats 31598, barley 3495, buckwheat 9538, peas 305, potatoes 24781, flax. Collected rye, quarters: 167380, wheat 15256, oats 125088, barley 16252, buckwheat 23228, peas, potatoes 99573, flax 5729. Livestock (in the city): horses 17768, cattle 13960 heads, sheep 24148, goats 6 30, pigs 465 Fishing on the river Klyazma. Gardening, horticulture and beekeeping little developed. In the northeastern part of the county they live Ofeni(cm.). The flourishing times of the ofenism have passed and now their number has decreased significantly. The nest of the Kovrov office is the Aleksinskaya volost, which lies near the settlement Kholui, a shopping center for all the shops. Weaving is developed in the northwestern part of the county. sarpinki and calico. Of the special crafts, we note the production of tarantasses and sleighs with wicker made of willow and cherries baskets (bodies) and production of sieves and sieves. Through county railways pass through: Nizhny Novgorod, Shuisko-Ivanovskaya and Muromskaya. 13 factories are engaged in the processing of cotton fiber, and of these, 7 factories are engaged in mechanical weaving, 1 factory is a crimson-dyeing and calico printing factory, and 3 factories are engaged in hand-woven paper weaving. Of the paper weaving industries, the Gorkinsky manufactory is more significant with a turnover of 165,754 rubles, with workers; paper weaving Voskresenskaya manufactory, 306 workers; calico weaving factories of Treumov (Kovrov), Kuchin, Gorbunov (for 89,588 rubles); Lezhnevskaya manufactory (RUB 78,310), etc. The foil rolling establishment of the merchant Chakhnov and the steam coarse mill of Bolshakov. Mills 20. 21 lime kilns, 17 lime pits, 135 establishments for the sale of drinks and 648 various commercial and industrial establishments. Certificates for the right to trade issued (