Brief description of the characters: crime and punishment. F m Dostoevsky crime and punishment characteristics of the heroes. "Crime and Punishment": main characters. Characteristics of Raskolnikov Characteristics of heroes crime and

Appearance of Rodion Raskolnikov

The character of Rodion Raskolnikov

Raskolnikov and Sonya Marmeladova in the novel “Crime and Punishment”

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About the author and his work

Raskolnikov and Sonya are the main characters of the work. The very title of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky’s novel – “Crime and Punishment” – hints to the reader that the work is imbued with morality. The novel's problematics revolve around not so much the legal, regulatory aspect of punishment for an offense, but rather around the religious punishment, the court of conscience.

To understand the origins of this nature of the novel, let us mention that F. Dostoevsky wrote Crime and Punishment in the years that followed his return from hard labor. This period marks the heyday of the writer’s religious creativity.

On the one hand, the author dreams that the world will become fairer, that humanity will find happiness. On the other hand, the writer clearly understands: forced happiness is impossible, it is impossible to turn the world towards a better vector using unnatural, violent methods, respectively.

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Thus, F. Dostoevsky creates an ideological novel, a complex socio-philosophical literary work, where, with the help of characters, their actions, events and images, the author exposes the ineffectiveness of the theory of “beneficent tyranny”.

Heroes of Crime and Punishment

The main characters of the novel are Raskolnikov and Sonya. On the one hand, there is no direct connection between these characters; it is not too clear to the reader how the characters are similar. But, meanwhile, the paths of Raskolnikov and Sonya suddenly intersect.

Rodion Raskolnikov is described as a closed and vain man. The young man dreams of playing the same role in history as Napoleon. Rodion does not like communicating with other people, he does not strive for this, pride and the side effects of the education he received take over the hero.

Sonechka, on the contrary, found herself at the bottom not because of her own actions, like Rodion, but by the will of a confluence of external circumstances. Sonya is 18 years old, the girl does not have a penny and not a drop of happiness. She feels sorry for people and puts her loved ones above her own interests: not knowing how to make a living and help those she loves, Sonya turns to prostitution.

Let's look at these heroes in more detail.

Rodion Raskolnikov

Raskolnikov is a young student. Although the young man came from a middle-class family, he – according to the “best rules” of student life – experienced difficulties with money. As a result, Rodion cannot continue to study at the university, since it becomes unaffordable for the young man. Contemplating – verbally – Raskolnikov’s life, the reader notices a picture of terrible, terrifying poverty: the writer sticks it out, constantly emphasizes it.

Rodion lives in a small, even miniature apartment: the author writes that the apartment is more similar in size to a wardrobe than a place suitable for human life.

Just like his studies, Raskolnikov cannot pay for housing. Rodion could not afford normal food. For reasons - psychological and physiological - the hero decides to implement his idea - as he calls it, the theory of “beneficent tyranny”. Raskolnikov kills the old money-lender, at whose boarding house the young man lived.

In the old woman, Rodion saw the concentrated evil of humanity, and therefore sincerely considered the action to be correct. But, to the surprise of the protagonist, the young man did not find peace or satisfaction: instead, Raskolnikov began to be haunted by her conscience - the worst possible punishment.

If Sonya is sure that God exists, that one day a miracle will happen, then hope and faith are alien to Raskolnikov. The surname “Raskolnikov” hints at the internal split in the hero’s soul, and the point of the book is for the hero to overcome this split, so that he can reassemble himself piece by piece and gain integrity.

We observe the path of this moral transformation while reading the novel “Crime and Punishment.”

Sonya Marmeladova

Sonya Marmeladova is one of the people (the other is investigator Porfiry Petrovich) who believe that it would be better for Raskolnikov to confess to the crime. Unlike Porfiry Petrovich, the “holy fool” Sonya managed to reach Raskolnikov’s conscience.

Sophia is destined for a difficult fate: first she loses her father, and then her mother. Out of need, the girl ends up on the street and pays with her body in order to be able to help the remaining family members. The heroine appears soft and downtrodden, but Sonya hides the invisible power of inner willpower and determination.

There is an opinion that Rodion trusted Sonya and listened to the girl, because she too had sins, was a person who transgressed a certain line defined by religious norms, commandments. Sonya is his soul mate.

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Having learned what Rodion did, Sonya does not push Raskolnikov away, she is not afraid. On the contrary, the girl cries and feels sorry for him, because she understands that Rodion’s act is a curse, it is an unbearable, heavy burden.

Staying with Raskolnikov in places of detention, Sonya evokes respect and warm feelings from the prisoners, while Rodion, on the contrary, evokes rejection and antipathy. The reader observes how Rodion’s attitude towards Sonya changes: at first the young man shows coldness towards Sonya, but then his feelings are replaced by love and awareness: Sonya is the closest and dearest person to him.

Despite the lack of education, Sonya has high level morality, deeply and sincerely believes in God. The girl is full of sympathy and compassion, which also awakens in Rodion: Russian ethicist V. Malakhov believes that the path to a feeling of compassion lies through tolerance and mercy. This is the path Raskolnikov takes.

Sonya is engaged in prostitution, but at the same time the girl is chaste and pure. This is possible through sacrifice. The girl gives up her body, gradually destroying herself, but this is a great sacrifice, this is an expression of Sonya’s understanding of the meaning of life. One day Sonya even thinks about suicide, but refuses it. According to the girl, this is an act inherent in selfish people. We know that Raskolnikov also thought about suicide: this hero also abandoned such an idea.

Personal dimension of the relationship between Raskolnikov and Sonya

So, we found out that these heroes are different, however, Raskolnikov and Sonya, due to a certain criminal (after all, in the title of the novel we see the word “crime” brought forward) moral traits are drawing closer.

The heroes find out about each other by chance: drunken Marmeladov tells Rodion about Sonya. However, the heroes will meet in person much later: Raskolnikov will see Sonya timidly and bashfully entering the room of the dying official.

Since then, the characters’ paths have often crossed, as if by chance. Rodion helps Sonya with money (which is noble, because he always doesn’t have any), and saves the girl from accusations of theft. In the end, Raskolnikov confesses to the crime he has committed: the young man pours out his soul and terrible sin to Sonechka, which is strange, because Raskolnikov renounced other people, and even his own family. It's not so much about love as it is about salvation, which Raskolnikov and Sonya find in each other. Sonya stays with Rodion during the difficult days for the hero, as if serving his sentence with him, helping him to be reborn spiritually during hard labor.

Results

"Crime and Punishment" is probably one of the most famous novels Fyodor Dostoevsky. It seems that the work is full of bright and lively characters, but the events here, as well as the heroes, are an excuse to express and write out the main idea of ​​the novel.

The author writes, first of all, that society should develop not in a revolutionary, but in an evolutionary way. A radical break, an attempt to forcibly remake the world, to reshape the foundations of society does not lead to anything good. The time when F. Dostoevsky wrote “Crime and Punishment” can be designated as a period of turning to the writer’s religiosity. Accordingly, the author says: the cause of troubles in society is not rooted in the incorrectness of the structure, but in the “wrongness”, the moral perversity of the human soul, full of evil.

The writer raises the problem of pride, when one person considers himself superior to others, believes that he has the right to decide the destinies of other people. Also, Fyodor Dostoevsky is interested in the moral assessment of permissiveness, which, as we see, leads to catastrophic consequences for the human soul. The only true path is the path of faith and repentance. Religion is that mechanism, a saving beacon that leads to the moral improvement of a person.

Mid 19th century. A poor area of ​​St. Petersburg, adjacent to the Ekaterinensky Canal and Sennaya Square ("Crime and Punishment": the image of St. Petersburg" - separate interesting topic). Summer evening. Raskolnikov Rodion Romanovich, a former student, leaves his closet located in the attic and goes to Alena Ivanovna, an old money-lender, to take the mortgage - his last valuable thing. This is how Dostoevsky begins “Crime and Punishment,” a brief summary of which we describe.

The main character intends to kill this old woman. Rodion comes to way back to one of the cheap pubs. Here he accidentally meets the official Marmeladov, who has lost his job and drunk himself to death. He tells Rodion how her husband’s drunkenness, poverty and consumption pushed Katerina Ivanovna, his wife, to a cruel act - to send Sonya, his daughter from his first marriage, to the panel to earn money.

Thought of murder

The next morning, Raskolnikov receives a letter from his mother in the provinces describing the troubles that Dunya, his younger sister, suffered in the house of Svidrigailov, a depraved landowner. He also learns that his sister and mother will soon come to St. Petersburg, since a groom has been found here for Dunya. This is Luzhin, a calculating businessman who wants to build a marriage not on love, but on the dependence and poverty of the bride. Raskolnikov's mother hopes that this man will help Rodion graduate from university. Thinking about the sacrifices that Dunya and Sonya make for the sake of their loved ones, Raskolnikov confirms his intention to kill Alena Ivanovna - this evil, worthless “louse”. After all, her money will save many young men and women from undeserved suffering. But in Rodion’s soul, disgust for violence rises again after the dream he sees. This is a childhood memory: Raskolnikov sees a nag being beaten to death, and the boy’s heart is filled with pity for her.

Raskolnikov commits the murder of Alena Ivanovna and Lizaveta

Rodion still not only kills Alena Ivanovna, but also Lizaveta, her meek, kind sister, who unexpectedly returned to the apartment. Miraculously leaving unnoticed, Raskolnikov hides the stolen goods in a random place, without even assessing its value.

The novel "Crime and Punishment" continues with the protagonist soon discovering with horror the alienation between himself and others. Raskolnikov falls ill from his experience, but he cannot reject the worries of Razumikhin (a university friend) that weigh on him. From a conversation with the latter’s doctor, the main character learns that the painter Mikolka has been arrested on suspicion of murdering Alena Ivanovna. This is an ordinary village guy. Reacting painfully to conversations about the crime committed, Rodion arouses suspicion among those around him.

Luzhin's visit

Luzhin, who came for a visit, is shocked by the furnishings of Rodion’s closet. Their conversation gradually develops into a quarrel, after which it ends in a break. Raskolnikov is especially offended by the closeness of the conclusions that Luzhin draws from “reasonable egoism” - the protagonist’s own “theory” that it is possible to kill people. Luzhin's theory seems vulgar to him.

Raskolnikov gives money to the Marmeladovs

A sick young man, wandering around St. Petersburg, suffers, feeling alienated from the world. At this time, the image of St. Petersburg, which periodically appears in the novel, reappears in the work “Crime and Punishment”. The main character was ready to confess to the authorities about the crime. Suddenly, in the novel Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov notices a man crushed by a carriage. This is Marmeladov. Rodion, out of compassion, spends his last money on the dying man: the doctor is called, Marmeladov is carried into the house. Here Raskolnikov meets Sonya and Katerina Ivanovna. Sonya, dressed as a prostitute, says goodbye to her father. The main character of the novel “Crime and Punishment” helped Marmeladov and thanks to this good deed he briefly felt a community with people. But, having met his sister and mother who had arrived at his apartment, he suddenly realizes that he is “dead” to the love of his relatives and rudely drives them away. Raskolnikov is lonely again. He hopes to get closer to Sonya, who, like himself, “transgressed” the absolute commandment.

Raskolnikov's visit to the investigator, his "theory"

Razumikhin takes care of Rodion's relatives. He falls in love almost at first sight with Dunya. Insulted Luzhin, meanwhile, confronts his bride with a choice: either his brother or him. Rodion, as if to find out about the fate of the things pawned by the murdered woman, but in fact to dispel the suspicions of some of his acquaintances, asks himself to meet with investigator Porfiry Petrovich, who is leading the case of Alena Ivanovna’s murder. Porfiry recalls Rodion’s article “On Crime,” recently published in the newspaper. He invites the author to explain the theory in which the idea of ​​“two classes of people” is developed. According to Raskolnikov, the “ordinary” majority is only material for the reproduction of the population. He needs strict moral law and obedience. This category is “trembling creatures”. There are also “higher ones” (actually people) who have the gift of a “new word”. These people, in the name of the better, destroy the present, even if it is necessary to “step over” the moral standards previously established for the “lower”, for example, to kill a person. These "criminals" then become the creators of new laws. That is, by not recognizing the laws spoken of in the Bible (“thou shalt not steal,” “thou shalt not kill,” etc.), Raskolnikov thereby “allows” some people to shed “blood according to their conscience.” Porfiry, smart and insightful, discerns in the hero an ideological murderer who claims to be Napoleon. However, the investigator has no evidence against Rodion - and he releases him in the hope that his good nature will prevail. This will lead to Raskolnikov himself confessing to his crime.

The hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment", described by us through the chapters, gradually becomes more and more convinced that he has made a mistake in himself. Rodion is tormented by the “meanness” and “vulgarity” of a single murder. He understands that he is a “trembling creature”: having killed, he could not step over the law of morality. The motives for the crime in Rodion’s mind are twofold: it is both an act of “justice” and a test of “the highest level” of oneself.

Meeting with Svidrigailov

Svidrigailov, who came to St. Petersburg after Dunya, apparently guilty of the recent death of his wife, meets Rodion Raskolnikov and says that they are “birds of a feather,” only Rodion has not yet fully “defeated Schiller” within himself. Raskolnikov, with all his disgust for this man, is attracted by his visible ability to enjoy life, although Svidrigailov, the hero of the novel “Crime and Punishment”, committed so many crimes... The characteristics of this character are presented below, after a brief summary.

Exposing Luzhin

A decisive explanation with Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin takes place during lunch in one of the cheap rooms. To save money, Dunya and his mother were settled here by Luzhin, one of Raskolnikov’s two “doubles” in the novel Crime and Punishment. An analysis of the character of this hero is also presented at the end of the article. The groom is accused of slandering Sonya and Raskolnikov. Luzhin allegedly gave Sonya money for base services, which were selflessly collected by his mother for his studies. The groom, expelled in disgrace, is looking for a way to discredit Rodion in the eyes of his mother and sister.

Raskolnikov visits Sonya

Meanwhile, Raskolnikov, feeling again a painful alienation from his loved ones, decides to come to Sonya. He seeks salvation from loneliness from this girl who has broken the commandment. However, Sonya is not alone. For the sake of others (hungry sisters and brothers) she sacrificed herself. She did this not for her own sake, like Rodion. Sonya’s compassion for loved ones, love, and faith in God never left her. She reads the gospel lines to the main character about how Jesus raised Lazarus, hoping that a miracle will happen in her life. The hero fails to captivate Sonya with his “Napoleonic” plan for domination over the “anthill”.

Second meeting with Porfiry

Rodion, tormented by both the desire for exposure and fear, comes again to Porfiry, allegedly worried about the mortgage. In the end, a seemingly abstract conversation on the topic of the psychology of criminals leads the young man to a nervous breakdown. He practically gives himself away to Porfiry. Rodion is saved by the unexpected confession of the painter Mikolka in the murder of the pawnbroker.

Luzhin's second exposure

The funeral for my father and husband was held in the Marmeladovs’ room. During them, Katerina Ivanovna insults the landlady in a fit of morbid pride. This woman tells her to move out immediately with her children. Suddenly Luzhin, who lives in the same house, appears and says that Sonya stole a hundred-ruble banknote from him. The girl’s “guilt” is proven: money is found in her apron pocket. In the eyes of others, she is now also a thief. However, suddenly there is a witness who says that Luzhin himself slipped the piece of paper to Sonya. The slanderer is put to shame, and Raskolnikov explains the reasons for his action as follows: having humiliated Sonya and his brother in the eyes of Dunya, he wanted to regain the favor of his bride.

Raskolnikov confesses to Sonya's murder

“Crime and Punishment” continues chapter by chapter with Rodion confessing to Sonya about the murder. This happens as follows. Raskolnikov goes to her apartment. Here the hero confesses to Sonya that he killed Lizaveta and the old woman. The girl feels sorry for Rodion for the moral torment to which he doomed himself. She invites Raskolnikov to atone for his guilt with hard labor, confessing everything voluntarily. Rodion only laments that he turned out to be a “trembling creature”, with a need for love and conscience. He replies: “I’ll still fight.” Meanwhile, Katerina Ivanovna finds herself on the street with the children. She dies of a throat bleed, having refused the priest. Svidrigailov, who is present here, agrees to pay for the funeral and also provide for Sonya and the children.

Raskolnikov is found at home by Porfiry, who convinces him to confess. The investigator does not believe that Mikolka is guilty. He only “accepted suffering”, following the primordial popular need to atone for the sin of non-conformity with Christ, his ideal.

However, Rodion still hopes to “transcend” morality. He sees before him the example of Svidrigailov. Their meeting in the tavern reveals the sad truth to the hero: the life of this “villain” is empty and painful.

The only hope for Svidrigailov to return to God remains Dunya’s reciprocity. Convinced that the girl does not love him, he commits suicide a few hours later. So this hero is eliminated from the work “Crime and Punishment”. An analysis of this character will be made at the end of the article.

Raskolnikov decides to confess and says goodbye to Sonya and his family first. He still remains convinced that his “theory” is correct. Rodion is filled with self-contempt. But, at Sonya’s insistence, Raskolnikov kisses the ground in repentance in front of the people, since he “sinned” before her. He learns at the police office that Svidrigailov committed suicide, after which he confesses to the murder of Alena Ivanovna.

Raskolnikov in Siberia

Dostoevsky continues his novel ("Crime and Punishment"). A summary of the events that occurred in the epilogue of the work is as follows. Raskolnikov in Siberia, in prison. His mother died of grief, and Dunya married Razumikhin. Sonya settled near the main character and visits him, patiently enduring his indifference and gloom. And here the nightmare of alienation continues: the convicts of the common people hate him, considering him “godless.” On the contrary, they treat Sonya with love and tenderness, which we learn about by reading the epilogue. “Crime and Punishment” in this part of the work also describes another dream of Raskolnikov. Rodion, having ended up in a prison hospital, has a dream that is reminiscent of pictures from the Apocalypse. By invading people, the mysterious “trichinas” give rise to a fanatical belief in the rightness and intolerance to the opinions of others. In senseless rage, people killed each other until the entire human race was exterminated, except for a few “chosen ones.” Finally, it is revealed to Rodion that pride of mind leads to destruction and strife, and humility of the heart is the path to the fullness of life and unity in love. “Endless love” awakens in the hero for Sonya. He picks up the Gospel on the threshold of his “resurrection” for a new life.

This is how Dostoevsky ends Crime and Punishment. The summary does not describe in detail the relationships between the characters in the novel. For this purpose, we decided to supplement the article with characteristics of the main characters. We present to you the images created by Dostoevsky.

"Crime and Punishment": heroes of the work

In the system of characters, Raskolnikov occupies a central place, since it is to him that the main lines of the narrative lead. The image of Raskolnikov connects various situations and episodes of the novel. The remaining characters appear on stage primarily because they are needed to characterize Rodion. They force him to argue, worry about them, sympathize, and evoke in the main character a whole stream of different emotions and impressions. This is how the image of Raskolnikov is revealed.

The system of characters in this work is dynamic. The ratio of the characters and the heroes who have left the stage in the novel Crime and Punishment is constantly changing. Analyzing the work, one can notice that some of them cease to participate in the development of the novel, while others, on the contrary, appear. So, Marmeladov (part two, chapter seven), Katerina Ivanovna (part five, chapter five) die, Luzhin appears for the last time in part five (chapter three), Porfiry Petrovich - in part six (chapter two), and Svidrigailov decides to shoot himself in sixth part (chapter six).

The character system changes significantly when the epilogue begins. “Crime and Punishment” becomes a work in which only two characters remain. This is Rodion and Sonya. This is connected both with the eventful side of the novel and with the fact that it is Sonya, according to the author’s plan, who should play a special role in Raskolnikov’s fate, helping this hero to be reborn to a new life in the finale of the work “Crime and Punishment”. Raskolnikov returns to God and people.

The heroes, each in their own way, reveal different sides of Rodion’s personality. Raskolnikov's relationships with his mother, sister, Svidrigailov, Luzhin, Marmeladovs, Razumikhin, Porfiry Petrovich, Sonya can be described as conflicting. Raskolnikov has external similarities with many of them (material and social status, relationships with conscience and the law). However, it turns out to be more important internal differences(psychological, moral, ideological), which do not allow Rodion to lead a life similar to the one they lead.

Raskolnikov has two spiritual “doubles”. In the novel "Crime and Punishment" these heroes are Svidrigailov and Luzhin. These two characters have a lot in common with the main character. They are united, for example, by the principle of permissiveness. However, the similarity of the main character with his “doubles” is purely external. You can verify this by comparing the moral character and worldview of these two characters with the inner appearance of Raskolnikov.

Rodion has his own path in life. A number of opportunities open up before him. He can try to atone for his guilt by repenting, or follow the path of crime to the end. Rodion has to make a choice. Various life possibilities are presented by the novel's minor characters. Raskolnikov can reject them or accept them in the work “Crime and Punishment”.

Marmeladova Sonya is the moral antipode of Rodion. However, these heroes have one thing in common: they are both outcasts, both are alone. Raskolnikov feels this when he tells the girl that they are “cursed together.” He is drawn to Sonya because she is the only person who can understand him in Crime and Punishment. Sonya is the only one to whom Rodion is ready to fully reveal his soul. The hero is horrified by the thought of the possibility of telling someone else his secret, even a loved one (Razumikhin, mother, sister). Therefore, it is to her that he confesses to the murder, and it is this heroine who follows the main character of the work “Crime and Punishment” to “hard labor.” Sonya is capable of self-sacrifice; it is through her that this theme is largely revealed in the work.

"Crime and Punishment" is a novel about faith and love. Sonya understood with her heart the most important thing in this hero’s confession: Rodion is suffering, he is unhappy. The girl did not understand anything about his theory, but she felt that it was unfair. Sonya did not believe that there was a “right to kill.” The girl, despite all the misfortunes she experienced, kept her faith in God. Therefore, she can be called a criminal only externally. She chose a different path than Rodion. This is humility before God, not rebellion. It is he, according to Dostoevsky, who leads to salvation. Sonya, having resigned herself, saves not only herself, but also the main character. It was love for this girl that opened up the opportunity for Rodion to come to terms with people, with life. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the convicts’ attitude towards him changed after his meeting with Sonya.

Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov is one of the central characters in the work. This is a nobleman who served in the cavalry for two years. After that he was a sharper in St. Petersburg. Having connected his life with Marfa Petrovna, who bought him out of prison, he lived in the village for seven years. This is a cynic who loves debauchery. A number of serious crimes lie on his conscience. This is the suicide of Philip, the servant, and also the 14-year-old girl who was insulted by him. It is possible that Svidrigailov also poisoned his own wife. It’s as if the main character’s nightmare generated the image of this Raskolnikov double. He, unlike Rodion, is on the other side of good and evil. At first glance, Svidrigailov has no doubts. That is why he so worries the main character, who feels that Arkady Ivanovich has power over him, that he is mysterious. The moral law no longer has power over Svidrigailov. He is free, but this does not bring him joy. Arkady Ivanovich is left with only vulgarity and world boredom. Trying to overcome it, he has fun as best he can. Ghosts appear to him at night: servant Philip, Marfa Petrovna... The indistinguishability of good and evil makes sense of this hero’s entire life. Therefore, it is no coincidence that Svidrigailov imagines eternity in the form of a village bathhouse with spiders. His soul is practically dead. The hero finally decides to shoot himself with a pistol.

Raskolnikov's second "double" is Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin. "Crime and Punishment" is a novel in which he is presented as a type of "capitalist" and businessman. He is 45 years old. He is a dignified, prim man with a grumpy and cautious physiognomy. He is arrogant and sullen. Luzhin dreams of opening a law office in St. Petersburg. This hero highly values ​​his abilities and his intelligence. After reading the novel "Crime and Punishment", you will be convinced that he is used to admiring them. However, Luzhin values ​​money most of all. In the name of "economic truth" and "science" he defends progress. Luzhin preaches from hearsay, because he has heard enough speeches by Lebezyatnikov, his friend, a progressive. He believes that you should love yourself first, since everything is based on personal interest.

Luzhin, amazed by the education and beauty of Dunya Raskolnikova, proposes to this girl. His pride is flattered by the thought that she, who has experienced many misfortunes, will obey him all her life and revere him. Luzhin, in addition, hopes that Dunya’s charm will help his career. This hero lives in St. Petersburg with Lebezyatnikov in order to “ingratiate himself” with the youth, thereby insuring himself against unexpected demarches on their part. Feeling hatred towards Raskolnikov, who kicked him out, Luzhin ("Crime and Punishment") tries to quarrel with him between his sister and mother. He gives Sonya 10 rubles during the wake, after which he quietly slips another 100 into her pocket in order to publicly accuse the girl of theft. However, he is forced to retreat, exposed by Lebezyatnikov.

Analysis of the images of the main characters in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

The world of the main characters of the novel “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky is a world of little people lost in a big city, who are trying to find their place in the sun and warm themselves with love. Unusual and so vital, ambiguous and sometimes committing incomprehensible actions, the main characters of the novel reveal the essence of the work: the meaning of human life is in love and forgiveness.

Rodion Raskolnikov

Sonechka Marmeladova

Various female images are found in Russian literature, but Sonya Marmeladova is the most tragic and at the same time the most sublime heroine:

Arkady Svidrigailov

Svidrigailov is the ideological double of Raskolnikov, using whose example Dostoevsky shows what Rodion’s theory did to a person when everything was allowed to him:

And at the same time, he is lonely and cannot bear the weight of his own sins: he commits suicide. This is what Sonechka saves her Rodion from.

Life and work of Dostoevsky. Analysis of works. Characteristics of heroes

List of characters in the novel “Crime and Punishment”: brief description of the characters (table)

The novel “Crime and Punishment” by Dostoevsky gave world literature many vivid images.

Among the most famous heroes of “Crime and Punishment” are the poor student Raskolnikov, the girl of the “indecent profession” Sonya Marmeladova, the drunken official Marmeladov, the scoundrel Luzhin, and others.

Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov is a former law student. A handsome, smart, educated, proud, but poor young man of 23 years old. He came to St. Petersburg to study 3 years ago from the provinces. A few months ago, he dropped out of school due to poverty. Raskolnikov commits the murder of an old pawnbroker in order to test his theory about ordinary and great people.

Alena Ivanovna, a 60-year-old old pawnbroker, the widow of a college secretary. Evil, greedy, heartless woman. She runs something like a “pawn shop” at her home. People pawn their things with her in exchange for money. The old woman pays little and takes high interest, taking advantage of the needs of her clients. Raskolnikov is also a client of the old woman.

Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov, 50-year-old former official, drunkard. A kind, noble man. He started drinking several years ago when he first lost his job. Because of his drunkenness, the Marmeladov family fell into poverty.

Sofya Semyonovna Marmeladova, or Sonya, daughter of the official Marmeladov. A girl about 18 years old. A meek, timid, selfless girl. Due to poverty, she is forced to do “indecent work” in order to feed the children of her stepmother Katerina Ivanovna. Sonya becomes Raskolnikov's friend and his lover.

Pulcheria Aleksandrovna Raskolnikova, Raskolnikov’s mother, is a beautiful, intelligent and kind woman, 43 years old. Lives in poverty with his daughter Dunya. She does her best to help her son Rodion Raskolnikov. She became a widow many years ago and loves her son and daughter madly. After 3 years of separation from his son, he comes to St. Petersburg to marry his daughter Dunya to Luzhin and get rid of poverty.

Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova is the wife of the official Marmeladov and the stepmother of Sonya Marmeladova. A woman about 30 years old, smart, educated, from a good family. Apparently, she is a noblewoman by birth. She has three children from her first marriage. She married Marmeladov about 4 years ago not out of love, but because of poverty. She suffers greatly from her husband's drunkenness and eternal poverty. Lately she has been suffering from consumption.

Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin is a man about 45 years old. He holds the rank of court councilor. Luzhin - business man with money. He is going to open his own law office in St. Petersburg. Luzhin wants to marry poor Duna Raskolnikova in order to feel like her ruler and savior. Luzhin is a greedy, calculating, vile and petty person. In the end, Luzhin and Dunya's wedding is cancelled.

Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin ( real name Vrazumikhin) is a young man, a student, a friend of Raskolnikov, a kind, open and noble person, a businesslike, hardworking man. Razumikhin falls in love with Dunya Raskolnikova and becomes her husband.

Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov is a landowner corrupted by money and idleness, about 50 years old. Former sharper. A widower, he was married to landowner Marfa Petrovna. Svidrigailov is in love with Dunya, but she does not reciprocate his feelings. Svidrigailov is a madman, a tyrant, whose intentions are not always noble and pure. IN last days commits “atypical”, noble deeds in life, and then commits suicide.

Marfa Petrovna Svidrigailova - and wife of Mr. Svidrigailov. She is 5 years older than her husband. He dies at the age of about 55 under strange circumstances. Many suspect her husband, Svidrigailov, in her death. Marfa Petrovna is an emotional, eccentric woman. In her will, she leaves Duna 3,000 rubles as an inheritance. This money saves poor Dunya from poverty.

Andrei Semenovich Lebezyatnikov is a young man, an official, and a friend of Luzhin. Luzhin is his former guardian. Lebezyatnikov serves in the ministry. He supposedly adheres to “progressive views”, promotes communism, gender equality, etc., but does so inconsistently and ridiculously.

Lizaveta, or Lizaveta Ivanovna — half-sister of the old pawnbroker on her father's side (they had different mothers). Lizaveta was 35 years old and lived with her sister. She was awkward, ugly and, apparently, mentally retarded, but kind, meek, unrequited. Those around her loved her. Her old sister beat her and used her as a servant. Lizaveta was constantly pregnant - probably due to her dementia, she was an “easy prey” for men.

Zosimov is a friend of Razumikhin, a young doctor who is engaged in the “treatment” of Raskolnikov. Zosimov is a plump, tall young man of 27 years old, slow, important and languid. He is a surgeon by profession, but is also interested in “mental illnesses.” Those around him consider him a difficult person, but they recognize him as a good doctor.

Alexander Grigorievich Zametov is an acquaintance of Razumikhin, a clerk (secretary) in a local office. He is 22 years old. Dresses fashionably and wears rings. According to Zosimov, Zametov takes bribes at work. Zametov and Raskolnikov meet in the office, where the latter comes at the request of the owner of the apartment. A serious conversation takes place between Raskolnikov and Zametov about the murder of an old woman in a tavern.

Raskolnikov meets Nikodim Fomich when he comes to the office at the request of the apartment owner.

Porfiry Petrovich is an investigator in the case of the murder of an old pawnbroker and her sister. Porfiry Petrovich is 35 years old. He is a smart, somewhat cunning, but at the same time noble person. He has his own, “psychological” approach to investigating cases. He can be called a talented investigator. Porfiry puts pressure on Raskolnikov psychologically, without having official evidence against him. On the advice of Porfiry, Raskolnikov turns himself in and confesses.

Despite his explosive character, Ilya Petrovich is a man of principles and considers himself first of all a citizen, and then an official. Arriving at the office to confess, Raskolnikov finds Ilya Petrovich there, to whom he confesses to the murder.

9 comments:

Thank you very much, it helped a lot! 🙂

Thank you. 111. 111!11111!!1

girl of an “indecent profession” (at the very beginning of the article) - you have a typo here

Thank you! Everything is clearly written. Otherwise you’ll read it and it’ll be a mess in your head.

When describing Mikolka on the website it is written “(He’s Nikolai”).
In Chapter 4 of the text of the work he is called Mikolai

“And Mitrey said that Mikolai went on a spree, came home at dawn, drunk, stayed at home for about ten minutes and left again, and Mitrey never saw him afterwards and finished his work alone. And their work is on the same staircase as the dead, on the second floor. Having heard all this, we did not reveal anything to anyone then. "

Dear friend, these are variants of the name of the same hero: Nikolai. In the text he is called Nikolai, Mikola, Mikolka and Nikolashka. These are all variations of the same name.

www.alldostoevsky.ru

Heroes crime and punishment table

The novel “Crime and Punishment” is a work in which many bright, memorable characters are involved.

The heroes of the novel are the most different people from various strata of society: nobles, burghers, peasants, etc.

This article provides a list of all the heroes of the novel “Crime and Punishment”: the main and minor characters of the work.

See:
All materials on “Crime and Punishment”
Brief description of the heroes of “Crime and Punishment” in the table

All the heroes of the novel “Crime and Punishment”: list of characters

• Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov - the main character of the novel, a poor student
• Dunya Raskolnikova - Raskolnikov's sister, a poor but educated girl
• Pulcheria Aleksandrovna Raskolnikova - Raskolnikov's mother, kind, honest, but poor widow
• Sonya Marmeladova is the main character of the novel, a close friend of Rodion Raskolnikov, a poor girl who makes her living with an “obscene craft”
• Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov - father of Sonya Marmeladova, retired drunken official
• Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova - stepmother of Sonya Marmeladova, a young woman from a good family
• Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov - a wealthy landowner, in love with Dunya Raskolnikova, a depraved person
• Marfa Petrovna Svidrigailova - Svidrigailov’s wife, a kind but eccentric woman
• Old woman-pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna - an old woman who becomes a victim of Raskolnikov
• Lizaveta (Lizaveta Ivanovna) - the younger sister of the old money-lender, a weak-minded young woman who also becomes a victim of Raskolnikov
• Luzhin Pyotr Petrovich - Dunya Raskolnikova's fiancé, a vile and cunning man
• Lebezyatnikov Andrei Semenovich - Luzhin’s friend and ward, a rather stupid man of new, “progressive” views
• Razumikhin Dmitry Prokofievich (Vrazumikhin) - Raskolnikov’s friend, a kind, open and active young man
• Porfiry Petrovich - investigator investigating the murder of an old woman and her sister
• Zametov - clerk in a local office
• Nikodim Fomich - quarterly overseer
• Ilya Petrovich - assistant to the quarterly overseer
• Zosimov - an aspiring doctor, friend of Razumikhin, attending physician of Raskolnikov
• Mikolka (Nikolai) - a dyer who takes the blame for the murder of an old woman
• Amalia Ivanovna Lippevekhzel is the owner of the apartment where the Marmeladov family rents a room.
• Nastasya is a maid in the house where Raskolnikov rents housing.
• Daria Frantsevna is the owner of an “indecent establishment” where poor girls work
• Zarnitsyna is the owner of the house where Raskolnikov rents housing.
• Mitka - dyer, Mikolka's partner
• Afanasy Ivanovich Vakhrushin - a friend of Raskolnikov's late father
• Dushkin - moneylender, tavern owner

This was a list of all the heroes of the novel “Crime and Punishment”: the main and minor characters of the work.

“Crime and Punishment” characteristics of the heroes

"Crime and Punishment" a brief description of heroes of Dostoevsky's novel is presented in this article.

“Crime and Punishment” characteristics of the heroes

Rodion Raskolnikov

Poor but capable St. Petersburg student Rodion Raskolnikov is obsessed with an idea that has its origins in humanism and the universal meaning of existence: will violations of the law be justified if they are done in the name of humanity? External circumstances (poverty and the forced decision of his sister to marry for convenience) push Rodion to test his own theory in practice: he kills the old money-lender and her sister Lizaveta, who was pregnant at that time. It is from this moment that the ordeal of poor Raskolnikov begins:

Rodion finds support in family and love - it is these two values ​​that Dostoevsky puts at the forefront: only thanks to his mother, sister Avdotya and Sonechka, with whom Rodion falls in love, he nevertheless comes to the conclusion that for every crime a person is obliged to endure punishment. He himself comes to the investigator and confesses to the murder. After the trial, Sonechka follows him to Siberian penal servitude. Neither relatives nor friends refuse him - this is the sacrifice and that forgiveness that elevates a person. Sonechka Marmeladova helps Rodion to come to the realization of his own guilt and decide to voluntarily confess.

Sonechka Marmeladova

Sonechka goes hand in hand with Rodion throughout the entire novel. Her faith, sacrifice, meekness and bright, pure love help the main character understand the meaning of human existence. Another central image of the novel - Svidrigailov - allows us to understand the terrible mistake that Raskolnikov made.

Arkady Svidrigailov

• Svidrigailov is depraved and vulgar, although he is a nobleman;
• suspected of murder;

The system of main images in the novel is such that the characters complement each other and make their own adjustments to the ideological structure of the novel: without one of them, the system would collapse. You cannot categorically divide everyone into good and bad: the heart of every person is an arena where good and evil fight every day. Which of them will win is up to the person himself to decide. It is this struggle that is shown in the novel with the help of the main characters, who help the reader to correctly understand the thought of the great Dostoevsky.

Alena Ivanovna- college registrar, pawnbroker, “...a tiny, dry old woman, about sixty years old, with sharp and angry eyes, with a small pointed nose... Her blond, slightly graying hair was greasy with oil. Around her thin and long neck, similar to a chicken leg, there was some kind of flannel rag wrapped around her, and on her shoulders, despite the heat, a frayed and yellowed fur coat was hanging.” Her image should evoke disgust and thus, as it were, partly justify the idea of ​​Raskolnikov, who carries pawns to her and then kills her. The character is a symbol of a worthless and even harmful life. However, according to the author, she is also a person, and violence against her, like against any person, even in the name of noble goals, is a crime of the moral law.

Amalia Ivanovna (Amalia Lyudvigovna, Amalia Fedorovna)- landlady of the Marmeladovs, as well as Lebezyatnikov and Luzhin. She is in constant conflict with Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova, who in moments of anger calls her Amalia Ludvigovna, which causes sharp irritation in her. Invited to Marmeladov’s wake, she reconciles with Katerina Ivanovna, but after the scandal provoked by Luzhin, she orders her to move out of the apartment.

Zametov Alexander Grigorievich- Clerk at the police office, comrade Razu-Mikhin. “Twenty-two years old, with a dark and active physiognomy that seemed older than his ice age, dressed in fashion and a veil, with a parting at the back of his head, combed and oiled, with many rings and rings on his white brushed fingers and gold chains on his vest.” Together with Razumikhin, he comes to Raskolnikov during his illness, immediately after the murder of the old woman. He suspects Raskolnikov, although he pretends that he is simply interested in him. Having accidentally met him in a tavern, Raskolnikov teases him with a conversation about the murder of the old woman, and then suddenly stuns him with the question: “What if it was I who killed the old woman and Lizaveta?” By pitting these two characters against each other, Dostoevsky compares two different modes of existence - Raskolnikov’s intense quest and the happily well-fed philistine existence like Zametov’s.

Zosimov- Doctor, friend of Razumikhin. He is twenty-seven years old. “... A tall and fat man, with a puffy and colorless pale, clean-shaven face, with straight blond hair, glasses and a large gold ring on a finger swollen with fat.” Self-confident, knows his own worth. “His manner was slow, as if sluggish and at the same time studied-but-cheeky.” Brought by Razumikhin during Raskolnikov’s illness, he later becomes interested in his condition. He suspects Raskolnikov of insanity and sees nothing beyond this, absorbed in his idea.

Ilya Petrovich (Gunpowder)- “a lieutenant, an assistant to the quarterly overseer, with a reddish mustache sticking out horizontally in both directions and with extremely small facial features, which, however, did not express anything special, except for some impudence.” Raskolnikov is rude and aggressive when summoned to the police regarding non-payment of a bill of exchange, causing protest and provoking a scandal. During his confession, Raskolnikov finds him in a more benevolent mood and therefore does not dare to confess right away, he comes out and only makes a confession the second time, which plunges I.P. into confusion.

Katerina Ivanovna- wife of Marmeladov. From among the “humiliated and insulted.” About thirty years old. A thin, rather tall and slender woman, with beautiful dark brown hair, with consumptive spots on her cheeks. Her gaze is sharp and motionless, her eyes shine as if in a fever, her lips are parched, her breathing is uneven and intermittent. Daughter of a court councilor. She was educated at the provincial nobility institute and graduated with a gold medal and a certificate of merit. She married an infantry officer and fled with him from her parents' house. After his death, she was left with three young children in poverty. As Marmeladov characterizes her, “...the lady is hot, proud and unyielding.” She compensates for the feeling of humiliation with fantasies that she herself believes in. In fact, he forces his stepdaughter Sonechka to go to the panel, and after that, feeling guilty, they will bow to her self-sacrifice and suffering. After Marmeladov’s death, she uses her last means to organize a wake, trying in every possible way to demonstrate that her husband and she herself are completely respectable people. Constantly conflicts with his landlady Amalia Ivanovna. Despair deprives her of reason, she takes the children and leaves home to beg, forcing them to sing and dance, and soon dies.

Lebezyatnikov Andrey Semenovich- ministerial official. “...A thin and scrofulous little man, of small stature, who served somewhere and was strangely blond, with sideburns in the shape of cutlets, of which he was very proud. Moreover, his eyes almost constantly hurt. His heart was rather soft, but his speech was very self-confident, and sometimes even extremely arrogant - which, in comparison with his figure, almost always came out funny.” The author says about him that he “... was one of that countless and varied legion of vulgarities, dead idiots and half-educated tyrants who instantly pester the most fashionable current idea in order to immediately vulgarize it, in order to instantly caricature everything they sometimes they serve in the most sincere way.” Luzhin, trying to join the latest ideological trends, actually chooses L. as a “mentor” and sets out his views. L. is not smart, but he is kind in character and honest in his own way: when Luzhin puts a hundred rubles in Sonya’s pocket to accuse her of theft, L. exposes him. The image is somewhat cartoonish.

Lizaveta- younger, half-sister of pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna. “... A tall, clumsy, timid and humble girl, almost an idiot, thirty-five years old, who was in complete slavery to her sister, worked for her day and night, trembled before her and even suffered beatings from her.” Dark, kind face. He does laundry and mends clothes. Before the murder, she knew Raskolnikov and washed his shirts. She was also on friendly terms with Sonechka Marmeladova, with whom she even exchanged crosses. Raskolnikov accidentally overhears her conversation with her bourgeois friends, from which he learns that the old pawnbroker will be left at home alone at seven o’clock the next day. A little earlier, he accidentally overheard a frivolous conversation in a tavern. young officer and a student, where they were talking, in particular, about L. - that although she is ugly, many people like her - “so quiet, meek, unrequited, agreeable, agreeing to everything” and therefore constantly pregnant. During the murder of the pawnbroker, L. unexpectedly returns home and also becomes a victim of Raskolnikov. It is the Gospel given by her that Sonya reads to Raskolnikov.

Luzhin Petr Petrovich- type of businessman and “capitalist”. He is forty-five years old. Prim, dignified, with a cautious and grumpy face. Sullen and arrogant. He wants to open a law office in St. Petersburg. Having risen from insignificance, he highly values ​​his mind and abilities, and is accustomed to admiring himself. However, L. values ​​money most of all. He defends progress “in the name of science and economic truth.” He preaches from other people’s words, which he heard a lot from his friend Lebezyatnikov, from young progressives: “Science says: love yourself first, first of all, for everything in the world is based on personal interest... Economic truth adds that the more people in society private affairs... the more solid foundations there are for it, and the more the common cause is established in it.”

Struck by the beauty and education of Dunya Raskolnikova, L. proposes to her. His pride is flattered by the thought that a noble girl who has experienced many misfortunes will reverence and obey him all her life. In addition, L. hopes that “the charm of a charming, virtuous and educated woman” will help his career. In St. Petersburg, L. lives with Lebezyatnikov - with the goal of “getting ahead of himself, just in case,” and “currying favor” with the youth, thereby insuring himself against any unexpected demarches on their part. Kicked out by Raskolnikov and feeling hatred for him, she tries to quarrel with his mother and sister, to provoke a scandal: during the wake for Marmeladov, he gives Sonechka ten rubles, and then quietly puts another hundred in her pocket, in order to publicly accuse her of theft a little later. Exposed by Lebezyatnikov, he is forced to retreat in shame.

Marmeladov Semyon Zakharovich- titular councilor, Sonechka's father. “He was a man of about fifty, of average height and heavy build, with gray hair and a large bald spot, with a yellow, even greenish face swollen from constant drunkenness and with swollen eyelids, from behind which shone tiny, like slits, but animated reddish eyes. But there was something very strange about him; his gaze seemed to even glow with enthusiasm - perhaps there was both meaning and intelligence - but at the same time there seemed to be a flicker of madness.” I lost my job “due to a change in states” and from that moment began to drink.

Raskolnikov meets with M. in a tavern, where he tells him his life and confesses his sins - that he drinks and drank away his wife’s things, that he own daughter Sonechka went to the panel because of poverty and his drunkenness. Aware of all his insignificance and deeply repentant, but not having the strength to overcome himself, the hero nevertheless tries to elevate his own weakness to world drama, floriding and even making theatrical gestures, which are intended to show his not completely lost nobility. “Sorry! why feel sorry for me! - Marmeladov suddenly cried out, standing up with his hand outstretched forward, in decisive inspiration, as if he was just waiting for these words...” Twice Raskolnikov accompanies him home: the first time drunk, the second time crushed by horses. The image is associated with one of the main themes of Dostoevsky’s work - poverty and humiliation, in which a person gradually losing his dignity and clinging to it with his last strength dies.

Lesson in 10th grade. The history of the conception of the novel “Crime and Punishment”, genre composition

Sections: Literature

Genre. Composition. System of images.

Goals: understand why F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel still causes controversy and mixed assessments; determine the genre and compositional features of the novel, the main conflict and the system of images.

1. The teacher’s word about the time of writing the novel “Crime and Punishment.”

– By the time the novel was created by F.M. Dostoevsky was already a famous writer, the author of the novels “Poor People”, “The Humiliated and Insulted”, “Notes from the House of the Dead”, the stories “The Double”, “White Nights”, “Netochka Nezvanova”, “Uncle’s Dream”, “The Village of Stepanchikovo” .
The reader is already familiar with his views on poor people; contemporaries argue about the vitality of his works. But in February 1866, the first part of the novel “Crime and Punishment” appeared in the “Russian Bulletin”, and in December the last, sixth part and epilogue were published. The novel spoke about real time, reflected this time, the heroes of the novel seemed to live with the reader in the same city, perhaps even on the same street, read the same fashionable books, talked about the same social problems.

2. Game with the title.

– Let’s turn to the table of contents of the novel. How many parts does it have? ( Six)

On the board is a statement by contemporary Russian writers about the composition of the novel, now living in the USA, P. Weil and A. Genis:

“The novel, built on a skillful orchestration of tension, passes through two climaxes, after which comes catharsis. The first such point is a crime. The second is punishment.” (P. Weil, A. Genis “The Last Judgment”)

– Let us clarify how many parts are allocated for crime and punishment? ( The first part is devoted to the description of the crime, and the rest are devoted to punishment.).

– The novel is built on the antithesis of crime and punishment. Find synonyms for the word “punishment”.

Punishment
Retribution
Pay
Calculation

• The question arises: is punishment alone enough to return a person to his previous way of life? ( No).
• What is missing? ( Atonement for one’s guilt, purification, and this takes time, perhaps a lifetime).
• How can you atone for your guilt? ( good deeds, deeds, love for people).
• Is it told how Raskolnikov atoned for his guilt on the pages of the novel? ( No). All this remained behind the scenes. This means the novel has an open ending!

3. The main conflict of the novel, the social situation.

– What social problem gave rise to the novel? To answer this question, let us turn to the words of the author of your textbook, Yu. Lebedev.

“Dostoevsky saw how the post-reform disruption, destroying the centuries-old foundations of society, freed human individuality from spiritual traditions, legends and authorities, from their historical memory. The individual fell out of the “ecological” system of culture, lost self-orientation and fell into blind dependence on the “most innovative” science, on the “last words of the ideological life of society.” This was especially dangerous for young people from the middle and lower strata of society. A man of a “random tribe,” a lonely young commoner, thrown into the whirlpool of social passions, drawn into an ideological struggle, entered into an extremely painful relationship with the world. Not rooted in the life of the people, deprived of a solid spiritual foundation, he found himself defenseless before the power of “unfinished” ideas, dubious social theories, which rushed around in the “gaseous” society of post-reform Russia.”

– What “unfinished” ideas were the young people of that time, in particular Raskolnikov, defenseless against? ( Nihilism. Reasonable egoism. Napoleonism).

“All these philosophical ideas can be summed up in just one phrase: “God is dead—everything is permitted.” It belongs to the German philosopher and poet F. Nietzsche, whose ideas many intellectuals in Europe and Russia were “sick of” and with whom Dostoevsky polemicizes in almost all of his novels, including the novel “Crime and Punishment.”

Memoirs of A. Suslova, September 17, 1863:

When we were having lunch, he, looking at the girl who was taking lessons, said: “Well, imagine, such a girl is with an old man, and suddenly some Napoleon says: “Destroy the whole city. It has always been like this in the world.”

From the novel “Crime and Punishment.”

The “prophet” is right, right, when he places a good-sized battery somewhere across the street and blows on the right and wrong, without even deigning to explain...

Words of Porfiry Petrovich:

Who in Rus' doesn’t consider himself Napoleon?

– The era was obsessed with Napoleonic mania. Dostoevsky had to face this phenomenon personally. Listen to an excerpt from the book Y. Karyakina “Dostoevsky and modernity”

Dostoevsky’s beloved in those years, A. Suslova, became interested in one student, and when he deceived her, she decided to kill him.
– How can you decide a human relationship through bloodshed?
It turns out that she decided to “turn her revenge into a feat.”
– Does it matter which man pays for abusing me? But if we take revenge, so that the whole world knows about the only, unheard of, unprecedented, unique revenge.
She is plotting to kill...the king.
– It's very exciting. The enormity of the step. After all, how simple. Just think - one gesture, one movement, and you are among the ranks of celebrities, geniuses, great people, saviors of humanity...
– Fame is earned through hard work.
– Or unparalleled courage.
– Haven't you thought about flour?
– This is what stopped me. Suddenly I thought: they will execute me, but living until you are 80 years old somewhere in silence, in the sun, by the southern sea, is very good.

– And yet, why is the novel called “Crime and Punishment”, and not “Raskolnikov”, for example? ( Dostoevsky, apparently, was more interested not in the hero himself, but in what he felt and experienced during the crime and after it). Therefore, now it is most appropriate to talk about the genre of the novel.

There is a list of all kinds of genres on the board. Select and write down the ones that suit you.

• Philosophical
• Moral-psychological
• Historical
• Polemical
• Fantastic
• Social detective
• Political
• Adventure
• Novel-tragedy
• Confessional novel
• Satirical
• Biographical
• Family
• Autobiographical
• Ideological

  The novel can be described as philosophical, ideological, moral and psychological, as a tragedy novel, as a confessional novel.

  – All your definitions are correct; in modern literary criticism there is no single point of view in defining the genre of a novel.

  5. Working with the card.

  - Let's get acquainted with various points view of the novel famous people of the past. How did they understand it?

  Get to know different points of view on the novel from contemporaries. How did Russian society react to the writer and his novel? Write down in your notebook an opinion with which you agree and which seems correct to you. Justify your choice.

  You re-read “Crime and Punishment” - and you are perplexed how before, reading one thing, you understand something completely different, how you could see in the novel the worn-out “idea” that crime awakens a person’s conscience and, in the torments of conscience, brings the criminal the highest punishment.(V. Veresaev “Living Life”, 1910)

  Dostoevsky is the most intimate, the most inner writer, so that when reading him, it’s as if you’re not reading someone else, but listening to your own soul, only deeper than usual, than always. (V. Rozanov “Why Dostoevsky is dear to us”, 1911)

  It is impossible to imagine a greater science fiction writer than Dostoevsky, and no one knew how to depict the real situation so vividly.(D. Galsworthy, 1911)

  I feel a little awkward talking about Dostoevsky. In my lectures, I usually look at literature from the only angle that interests me, that is, as a phenomenon of world art and a manifestation of personal talent. From this point of view, Dostoevsky is not a great writer, but a rather mediocre one, with flashes of unsurpassed humor, which, alas, alternate with long voids of literary banality.(V. Nabokov “Lectures on Russian Literature”)

  — The writer in Russia has always enjoyed great confidence. So A.S. Pushkin elevated him to the role of the Prophet. A century later, E. Yevtushenko will say: “A poet in Russia is more than a poet,” speaking about the place of the writer in society. We do not set out to discuss the right to exist of one-day novels. Our goal is to understand the era that gives birth to great writers and great works of literature, to listen to the opinion of contemporaries who live a spiritual, intellectual life, who feel their right to strictly judge or praise great writers.

  6. The system of images of the novel.

  - Based on the information received in the lesson, we will be able to build a system of images of the novel. Choose a diagram on the board and justify your choice. Is it possible to explain the author's position through a system of images?

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.) In the draft notes of “Crime and Punishment” (see summary and full text of the novel), this hero is called A-ov, after the name of one of the convicts of the Omsk prison Aristov, who in “Notes from the House of the Dead” is characterized as the limit of “moral decline ... decisive depravity and ... arrogant baseness.” “This was an example of what one physical side of a person could reach, not internally restrained by any norm, any legality... It was a monster, a moral Quasimodo. Add to the fact that he was cunning and intelligent, handsome, even somewhat educated, and had abilities. No, better is fire, better is pestilence and famine than such a person in society!” Svidrigailov was supposed to be the embodiment of such complete moral ugliness. However, this very image and the author’s attitude towards it turned out to be incomparably more complex: along with cheating, dirty debauchery and cruelty that led his victim to suicide, he turns out to be unexpectedly capable of good deeds, philanthropy and generosity. Svidrigailov is a man of enormous inner strength who has lost the sense of boundaries between good and evil.

Crime and Punishment. Feature film 1969 Episode 1

The image of Lebezyatnikov in Crime and Punishment

All other images of the novel were not subjected to major processing. The businessman and careerist Luzhin, who considers any means acceptable to achieve his selfish goals, the vulgar Lebezyatnikov, one of those people who, in the words of Dostoevsky, “stick to the most fashionable current idea in order to vulgarize, caricature everything that they most sincerely serve.” ”, - were conceived the same as we see them in the final edition of the novel. By the way, emphasizing the typicality of Lebezyatnikov’s image, Dostoevsky even creates the term “fawning.” According to some reports, Lebezyatnikov’s character reflected some personal traits of the famous Russian critic V. Belinsky, who at first welcomed the works of the young Dostoevsky, and then criticized them from clumsy and primitive “materialistic” positions. (See Description of Lebezyatnikov, Theory of Lebezyatnikov - quotes from Crime and Punishment.)

The image of Razumikhin in “Crime and Punishment”

The image of Razumikhin in the process of working on Crime and Punishment also remained unchanged in its ideological content, although according to the initial outlines he should have taken a much larger place in the novel. Dostoevsky saw him as a positive hero. Razumikhin expresses soil views inherent in Dostoevsky himself. He opposes revolutionary Western trends, defends the importance of “soil”, Slavophile-understood folk foundations - patriarchy, religious and moral foundations, patience. Razumikhin's reasoning Porfiry Petrovich, his objections to supporters of the “environmental theory”, who explained human actions by the social conditions of life, objections Fourierists and materialists who allegedly seek to level out human nature and eliminate free will, Razumikhin’s assertions that socialism- a Western idea, alien to Russia - all this directly resonates with Dostoevsky’s journalistic and polemical articles.

Razumikhin is a spokesman for the author’s positions on a number of issues and is therefore especially dear to him.

Crime and Punishment. Feature film 1969 Episode 2

The image of Sonya Marmeladova in Crime and Punishment

But already in the next notebook, Sonya Marmeladova appears to the reader as in the final text of the novel - the embodiment of the Christian idea: “NB. She constantly considers herself a deep sinner, a fallen depraved woman who cannot beg for salvation” (First Book, p. 105). The image of Sonya is the apotheosis of suffering, an example of the highest asceticism, complete oblivion of one’s own personality. Life for Sonya is unthinkable without faith in God and the immortality of the soul: “What was I without God,” she says. This idea was very clearly expressed by Marmeladov in his rough drafts for the novel. In response to Raskolnikov’s remark that perhaps there is no God, Marmeladov says: “That is, there is no God, sir, and there will be no His coming... then... then it’s impossible to live... It’s too bestial... Then I would have rushed to the Neva at once. But, dear sir, this will be, this is promised, for the living, well, what then will remain for us... Whoever lives, even in (...) up to his neck, but if only he actually living then he suffers, and therefore, he needs Christ, and therefore, there will be Christ. Lord, what did you say? The only people who don’t believe in Christ are those who have no need for him, who live little, and whose soul is like an inorganic stone” (Second Notebook, p. 13). These words of Marmeladov did not find a place in the final edition, obviously because after combining two ideas - the novel “Drunk” and the story about Raskolnikov - the image of Marmeladov faded into the background.

At the same time, the hard life of the lower classes of the city, depicted by Dostoevsky with such brightness and relief, cannot but cause protest, manifested in one form or another. So, Katerina Ivanovna, dying, refuses to confess: “I have no sins!

During the publication of “Crime and Punishment” in “Russian Messenger”, differences emerged between the writer and the editors of this magazine. The editors demanded the removal of the chapter of the novel in which Sonya reads the gospel to Raskolnikov (Chapter 4, Part 4 according to a separate edition), with which Dostoevsky did not agree.

In July 1866, Dostoevsky informed A.P. Milyukov about his disagreements with the editors of the Russian Messenger: “I explained it to both of them [Lyubimov and Katkov] - they stand their ground! I can’t say anything about this chapter myself; I wrote it in the present inspiration, but it may be bad; but their point is not in literary merit, but in fear for moral. In this I was right - there was nothing against morality and even on the contrary, but they see something else, and, in addition, they see traces nihilism. Lyubimov announced decisively what needs to be changed. I took it, and this reworking of a large chapter cost me at least three new chapters of work, judging by the work and melancholy, but I forwarded it and passed it.”

Sending the revised chapter to the editor, Dostoevsky wrote to N. A. Lyubimov: “Evil and Kind highly separated, and it will no longer be possible to mix them and use them incorrectly. I made all the other amendments you indicated, and, it seems, with more than... Everything that you said, I fulfilled, everything is divided, demarcated and clear. Reading the Gospel given a different flavor.”