Briefly formulate the main features of Tyutchev’s poetic philosophy. Essay on the topic: "Tyutchev's lyrics." Philosophical system in Tyutchev’s works

Critics often call Tyutchev a classic in romanticism. Catchphrases from Tyutchev’s poems are still widely heard (“Russia cannot be understood with the mind...”, “Blessed is he who visited this world / In its fatal moments...”, etc.).

The lyrical hero of Tyutchev’s poetry is a doubting, searching person, located on the edge of the “fatal abyss”, aware of the tragic finitude of life. Painfully experiencing a break with the world, he at the same time strives to gain unity with existence.

In the poem “The gray shadows mixed ...” (1835) we hear a melancholic intonation created by lexical repetitions, gradation and the special romantic epithet “quiet”. Pay attention to the details: the lyrical hero feels both the invisible flight of the moth and the incomprehensibility of the huge slumbering world. Microcosm (internal, spiritual world human) and the macrocosm (the external world, the Universe) seem to merge into one.

Tyutchev’s romantic motive is not connected with life circumstances, is not determined by the traditional conflict “personality - society”, it has, as they say, a “metaphysical basis”. Man is alone in the face of eternity, in front of the mystery of existence. He cannot fully express his thoughts and feelings because there is no complete correspondence to them in the language of words. This is where the motif of poetic silence, so significant for Tyutchev’s lyrics, arises.

Be silent, hide and hide

And your feelings and dreams...

"Silentium!"

Tyutchev's favorite technique is antithesis. Most often they contrast night and day, earth and sky, harmony and chaos, nature and man, peace and movement. The contrast and paradoxical nature of the images contribute to the depiction of the contradictions that the world is full of. “The world of the soul at night” perceives existence with particular acuteness; under the imaginary peace and light of day, primordial chaos is hidden.

Many of Tyutchev's poems are in the form of a poetic fragment and, as a rule, have a symmetrical structure: two, four, six stanzas. This form not only allows us to emphasize the openness of the artistic world, its incompleteness, fleetingness, but also implies its integrity and completeness. Such fragments are closely adjacent to each other, creating a common poetic concept of the world, a kind of lyrical diary.

The main theme of a poem is usually emphasized by repetition, a rhetorical question, or an exclamation. Sometimes a poem resembles a dialogue between a lyrical hero and himself.

The lexical content of Tyutchev's poems is distinguished by a combination of cliches of elegiac and odic poetry, neutral and archaic vocabulary. To convey special emotional state visual, auditory and tactile images are mixed.

When I'm awake, I hear it, but I can't

Imagine such a combination

And I hear the whistle of runners in the snow

And the spring swallows chirp.

From ancient and German poetry, Tyutchev borrowed the tradition of compound epithets: “loudly boiling cup”, “sad orphaned earth”, etc. Before us is not only a description of a phenomenon or object, but also its emotional assessment.

Tyutchev's poems are very musical: repetitions, assonances and alliterations, anaphors and refrains, especially in love lyrics, create their unique melody. It is not without reason that many romances have been written based on Tyutchev’s poems. In addition, the poet uses different poetic meters within one poem, which also allows you to vary the poetic intonation.

One of the most important features of Tyutchev’s lyrics is the “elusiveness” of the poem’s theme. The poet has few actual landscape lyrics: most often the theme of nature is associated with philosophical motives or the theme of love; a poem about love may contain philosophical generalizations.

Source (abbreviated): Lanin B.A. Russian language and literature. Literature: 10th grade / B.A. Lanin, L.Yu. Ustinova, V.M. Shamchikova. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2016

His literary heritage is small: several journalistic articles and about 50 translated and 250 original poems, among which there are quite a few unsuccessful ones. But among the rest there are pearls of philosophical lyricism, immortal and unattainable in depth of thought, strength and conciseness of expression, and scope of inspiration. Tyutchev emerged as a poet at the turn of the 1820s–1830s. The masterpieces of his lyrics date back to this time: “Insomnia”, “Summer Evening”, “Vision”, “The Last Cataclysm”, “How the Ocean Envelops globe", "Cicero", "Spring Waters", "Autumn Evening", etc.

Imbued with passionate, intense thought and at the same time a keen sense of the tragedy of life, Tyutchev’s lyrics artistically expressed the complexity and contradictory nature of reality. Philosophical views Tyutchev were formed under the influence of the natural philosophical views of F. Schelling. Tyutchev's lyrics are saturated with anxiety. The world, nature, man appear in his poems in a constant clash of opposing forces. Man is doomed to a “hopeless”, “unequal” battle, a “desperate” struggle with life, fate, and himself. The poet is particularly drawn to depicting storms and thunderstorms in nature and in the human soul. Images of nature in late lyric poetry are colored with a national-Russian flavor that was previously absent from them. Tyutchev, along with E. A. Baratynsky, is the largest representative of Russian philosophical poetry of the 19th century. Tyutchev's artistic method reflects the general movement for Russian poetry from romanticism to realism. The talent of Tyutchev, who willingly turned to the elemental foundations of existence, itself had something elemental. The ideological content of Tyutchev's philosophical lyrics is significant not so much in its diversity as in its depth.

The least place is occupied here by the lyrics of compassion, represented, however, by such exciting works as “Tears of Men” and “Send, Lord, Your Joy.” The limits set to human knowledge, the limited knowledge of the “human self”, the merging of man with the life of nature, descriptions of nature, a gentle and joyless recognition of the limitations of human love - these are the dominant motives of Tyutchev’s philosophical poetry. But there is another motive - this is the motive of the chaotic, mystical fundamental principle of life. Here Tyutchev is truly quite unique and, if not the only one, then probably the strongest in all poetic literature.” This motif reflects all of Tyutchev’s poetry. Poems “Holy Night”, “What are you howling about, night wind”, “Oh, my prophetic soul”, “How the ocean embraces the globe”, “Night voices”, “Night sky”, “Day and night”, “Madness” "and others represent a one-of-a-kind lyrical philosophy of chaos, elemental ugliness and madness. Both descriptions of nature and echoes of love are imbued with this consciousness in Tyutchev: behind all this lies their fatal essence, mysterious, negative and terrible. Therefore, his philosophical reflection is always permeated with sadness, a melancholy awareness of his limitations and admiration for irreducible fate.

RESPONSE PLAN

1. A word about the poet.

2. Civil lyrics.

3. philosophical lyrics.

4. Landscape lyrics.

5. Love lyrics.

6. Conclusion.

1. Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873) - Russian poet, contemporary of Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Nekrasov, Tolstoy. He was the smartest, exceptionally educated man of his time, a European of the “highest standard”, with all spiritual needs brought up Western civilization. The poet left Russia when he turned 18. He spent the best time of his life, 22 years, abroad. In his homeland he became known only in the early 50s XIX century. Being a contemporary of Pushkin, he was nevertheless ideologically connected with another generation - the generation of “lyubomudrov”, who sought not so much to actively intervene in life as to comprehend it. This penchant for understanding the surrounding world and self-knowledge led Tyutchev to a completely original philosophical and poetic concept. Tyutchev's lyrics can be thematically presented as philosophical, civil, landscape and love. However, these themes are very closely intertwined in each poem, where a passionate feeling gives rise to a deep philosophical thought about the existence of nature and the Universe, about the connection of human existence with universal life, about love, life and death, about human destiny and the historical destinies of Russia.

Civil lyrics

For my long life Tyutchev witnessed many “fatal moments” of history: Patriotic War 1812, Decembrist uprising, revolutionary events in Europe in 1830 and 1848, Polish uprising, Crimean War, the reform of 1861, the Franco-Prussian War, the Paris Commune... All these events could not help but worry Tyutchev both as a poet and as a citizen. Tragically feeling his time, the crisis state of the era, the world standing on the eve of historical upheavals, Tyutchev believes that all this contradicts the moral requirements of man, his spiritual needs.

Waves in borenya,

Elements in the air,

Life in change -

Eternal flow...

On topic human personality the poet treated with the passion of a man who experienced the regime of Arakcheev, and then Nicholas I. He understood how little life “and movement there is in his native country: “In Russia there is an office and a barracks,” “everything moves around the whip and rank,” he told Pogodin. In his mature verses, Tyutchev will write about the “iron dream” that everyone sleeps in the empire of the tsars, and in the poem “December 14, 1825,” dedicated to the Decembrist uprising, he writes:

Autocracy has corrupted you,

And his sword struck you, -

And in incorruptible impartiality

This sentence was sealed by the Law.

The people, shunning treachery,

Blasphemes your names -

And your memory from posterity,

Like a corpse in the ground, buried.

O victims of reckless thought,

Maybe you hoped

That your blood will become scarce,

To melt the eternal pole!

As soon as it smoked, it sparkled,

On the centuries-old mass of ice,

The iron winter has died -

And there were no traces left.

The “Iron Winter” brought deathly peace, tyranny turned all manifestations of life into “fever dreams.” The poem "Silentium!" (Silence) - a complaint about the isolation, the hopelessness in which our soul resides:

Be silent, hide and hide

And your feelings and dreams...

Here Tyutchev gives a generalized image of the spiritual forces hidden in a person doomed to “silence.” In the poem “Our Century” (1851), the poet talks about the longing for the world, about the thirst for faith that a person has lost:

It is not the flesh, but the spirit that is corrupted in our days,

And the man is desperately sad...

He is rushing towards the light from the shadows of the night

AND , Having found the light, he grumbles and rebels.

We are scorched by unbelief and dried up,

Today he endures the unbearable...

And he realizes his death,

And longs for faith...

"...I believe. My God!

Come to the aid of my unbelief!..”

“There are moments when I am suffocated by my powerless clairvoyance, like someone buried alive who suddenly comes to his senses. But unfortunately, I’m not even allowed to come to my senses, because for more than fifteen years I have constantly had a presentiment of this terrible catastrophe - all this stupidity and all this thoughtlessness was inevitably going to lead to it,” Tyutchev wrote.

In the poem “Above this dark crowd...”, echoing Pushkin’s poems about freedom, it sounds:

When will you rise, Freedom,

Will your golden ray shine?..

………………………………………..

Corruption of souls and emptiness,

What gnaws at the mind and aches in the heart, -

Who will heal them, who will cover them?..

You, pure robe of Christ...

Tyutchev felt greatness revolutionary upheavals history. Even in the poem “Cicero” (1830) he wrote:

Happy is he who has visited this world

His moments are fatal!

The all-good ones called him,

As a companion at a feast.

He is a spectator of their high spectacles...

Happiness, according to Tyutchev, is in the “fateful minutes” themselves, in the fact that the bound receives permission, in the fact that the suppressed and forcibly arrested in its development finally comes out into freedom. The quatrain “The Last Cataclysm” prophesies the last hour of nature in grandiose images, heralding the end of the old world order:

When nature's last hour strikes,

The composition of the parts of the earth will collapse:

Everything visible will be covered by waters again,

And God's face will be depicted in them!

Tyutchev's poetry shows that the new society never emerged from the state of “chaos.” Modern man he did not fulfill his mission to the world, he did not allow the world to ascend with him to beauty, to reason. Therefore, the poet has many poems in which a person is, as it were, recalled back into the elements as having failed in his own role.

In the 40-50s, Tyutchev's poetry was noticeably updated. Having returned to Russia and getting closer to Russian life, the poet pays more attention to everyday life, life and human concerns. In the poem “To a Russian Woman,” the heroine is one of many women in Russia who suffers from lack of rights, from narrowness and poverty of conditions, from the inability to freely build their own destiny:

Far from the sun and nature,

Far from light and art,

Far from life and love

Your younger years will flash by

Living feelings die

Your dreams will be shattered...

And your life will pass unseen...

The poem “These poor villages...” (1855) is imbued with love and compassion for the poor people, depressed by a heavy burden, for their patience and self-sacrifice:

These poor villages

This meager nature -

The native land of long-suffering,

You are the edge of the Russian people!

………………………………………..

Dejected by the burden of the godmother,

All of you, dear land,

In slave form the King of heaven

He came out blessing.

And in the poem “Tears” (1849) Tyutchev talks about the social suffering of those who are insulted and humiliated:

Human tears, oh human tears,

Sometimes you pour early and late...

The unknown ones flow, the invisible ones flow,

Inexhaustible, innumerable, -

You flow like streams of rain,

In the dead of autumn, sometimes at night.

Reflecting on the fate of Russia, on its special long-suffering path, on its originality, the poet writes his famous lines, which have become an aphorism:

You can't understand Russia with your mind,

The general arshin cannot be measured:

She will become special -

You can only believe in Russia.

Philosophical lyrics

Tyutchev began his creative path in that era, which is commonly called Pushkin, he created a completely different type of poetry. Without canceling everything that was discovered by his brilliant contemporary, he showed Russian literature another path. If for Pushkin poetry is a way of understanding the world, then for Tyutchev it is an opportunity to touch the unknowable through knowledge of the world. Russian high poetry of the 18th century was, in its own way, philosophical poetry, and in this respect Tyutchev continues it, with the important difference that his philosophical thought is free, prompted directly by the subject itself, while previous poets obeyed provisions and truths that were prescribed in advance and generally known . What is sublime for him is the content of life, its general pathos, its main collisions, and not those principles of the official faith that inspired the old odic poets.

The poet perceived the world as it is, and at the same time knew how to appreciate the transience of reality. He understood that any “today” or “yesterday” is nothing more than a point in the immeasurable space of time. “How little real man is, how easily he disappears! When he is far away, he is nothing. His presence is nothing more than a point in space, his absence is all space,” wrote Tyutchev. He considered death the only exception that perpetuates people, pushing the personality out of space and time.

Tyutchev does not at all believe that modern world built properly. According to Tyutchev, peace, surrounding a person, is barely familiar to him, barely mastered by him, and in its content it exceeds the practical and spiritual needs of a person. This world is deep and mysterious. The poet writes about the “double abyss” - about the bottomless sky reflected in the sea, also bottomless, about infinity above and infinity below. A person is included in the “world rhythm”, feels a closeness to all earthly elements: both “night” and “day”. Not only Chaos turns out to be native, but also Space, “all the sounds of blissful life.” The life of a person on the verge of “two worlds” explains Tyutchev’s passion for the poetic image of dreams:

As the ocean envelops the globe,

Earthly life is surrounded by dreams...

Night will come - and with sonorous waves

The element hits its shore.

A dream is a way of touching the secrets of existence, a special supersensible knowledge of the secrets of space and time, life and death. “Oh time, wait!” - the poet exclaims, realizing the transience of existence. And in the poem “Day and Night” (1839), the day appears to be only an illusion, a ghostly veil thrown over the abyss:

To the world of mysterious spirits,

Over this nameless abyss,

A gold-woven cover is thrown over

By the high will of the gods.

Day is this brilliant cover... The day is beautiful, but it is just a shell hiding the true world, which is revealed to man at night:

But the day fades - night has come;

She came - and, from the world of fate

Fabric of blessed cover

Having torn it off, it throws it away...

And the abyss is laid bare to us

With your fears and darkness,

And there are no barriers between her and us -

This is why the night is scary for us!

The image of the abyss is inextricably linked with the image of the night; this abyss is that primordial chaos from which everything came and into which everything will go. It attracts and frightens at the same time, frightens with its inexplicability and unknowability. But it is as unknowable as the human soul - “there are no barriers between it and us.” Night leaves a person not only alone with cosmic darkness, but also alone with himself, with his spiritual essence, freeing him from petty daytime worries. The night world seems true to Tyutchev, because the true world, in his opinion, is incomprehensible, and it is the night that allows a person to touch the secrets of the universe and his own soul. The day is dear to the human heart because it is simple and understandable. Sunlight hides a terrible abyss from a person, and it seems to a person that he is able to explain his life, to manage it. Night gives rise to a feeling of loneliness, being lost in space, helplessness in the face of unknown forces. This is precisely, according to Tyutchev, the true position of man in this world. Maybe that’s why he calls the night “holy”:

The holy night has risen into the sky,

And a joyful day, a kind day,

She wove like a golden shroud,

A veil thrown over the abyss.

And, like a vision, the outside world left...

And the man is like a homeless orphan,

Now he stands weak and naked,

Face to face before a dark abyss.

In this poem, as in the previous one, the author uses the technique of antithesis: day - night. Here Tyutchev again speaks of the illusory nature of the daytime world - “like a vision” - and the power of the night. A person is not able to comprehend the night, but he realizes that this incomprehensible world is nothing more than a reflection of his own soul:

And in the alien, unsolved night

He recognizes the family heritage.

That is why the onset of evening twilight brings a person the desired harmony with the world:

An hour of unspeakable melancholy!..

Everything is in me and I am in everything!..

Giving preference to the night at this moment, Tyutchev considers it true inner world person. He talks about this in the poem “Silentium!” The true life of a person is the life of his soul:

Just know how to live within yourself -

There is a whole world in your soul

Mysteriously magical thoughts...

It is no coincidence that images of a starry night and clean underground springs are associated with inner life, and images of daylight and external noise are associated with external life. The world of human feelings and thoughts is a true world, but unknowable. As soon as a thought takes on verbal form, it is instantly distorted: “A thought expressed is a lie.”

Tyutchev tries to view things in contradiction. In the poem "Twins" he writes:

There are twins - for earth-born

Two deities - Death and Sleep...

Tyutchev’s twins are not doubles, they do not echo each other, one is feminine, the other is masculine, each has its own meaning; They coincide with each other, but they are also at enmity. For Tyutchev, it was natural to find polar forces everywhere, united and yet dual, consistent with each other and turned against each other.

“Nature”, “elements”, “chaos” on the one hand, space on the other. These are perhaps the most important of the polarities that Tyutchev reflected in his poetry. Separating them, he penetrates deeper into the unity of nature in order to again bring together what was divided:

Thought after thought, wave after wave -

Two manifestations of one element:

Whether in a cramped heart, or in a boundless sea,

Here in prison, there in the open, -

The same eternal surf and rebound,

The same ghost is still alarmingly empty.

Tyutchev's philosophical idea about the unknowability of the world, about man as an insignificant particle in infinite universe, that the truth is hidden from man in a frightening abyss, was expressed even in his love lyrics:

I knew the eyes - oh, those eyes!

How I loved them, God knows!

From their magical, passionate night

I couldn't tear my soul away.

In this incomprehensible gaze,

Life stripped to the bottom,

It sounded like grief,

Such depth of passion! -

This is how the poet describes the eyes of his beloved, in which he sees first of all “a magical, passionate night.” They attract him, but do not calm him down, but make him worry. For Tyutchev, love is both pleasure and fatal passion, but the main thing is the path to knowledge of the truth, for it is in love that life is exposed to the bottom, in love a person comes as close as possible to the most important and most inexplicable. That is why for Tyutchev the intrinsic value of every hour, every minute of fast-flowing life is so important.

Landscape lyrics

It would be more accurate to call Tyutchev’s landscape lyrics landscape-philosophical. The image of nature and the thought of nature are fused together in it; landscapes take on a symbolic meaning. Nature, according to Tyutchev, leads a more honest and meaningful life before man and without man than after man appeared in it. The poet more than once declared nature to be perfect for the reason that nature did not reach consciousness, and man did not rise above it. The poet discovers greatness and splendor in the surrounding world, the natural world. She is spiritualized, personifies the very “ living life”, for which a person yearns:

Not what you think, nature:

Not a cast, not a soulless face -

She has a soul, she has freedom,

It has love, it has language...

Nature in Tyutchev’s lyrics has two faces - chaotic and harmonious, and it depends on a person whether he is able to hear, see and understand this world:

What are you howling about, night wind?

Why are you complaining so madly?..

………………………………………..

In a language understandable to the heart

You talk about incomprehensible torment...

There is melodiousness in the sea waves,

Harmony in spontaneous disputes...

………………………………………..

Equanimity in everything,

Consonance is complete in nature...

And when the poet manages to understand the language of nature, its soul, he achieves a feeling of connection with the whole world, with the cosmos - “Everything is in me and I am in everything.” This state of mind is heard in many of the poet’s poems:

So bound, united from eternity

Union of consanguinity

Intelligent human genius

With the creative power of nature...

Say the cherished word -

And a new world of nature

In the poem “Spring Thunderstorm,” not only man merges with nature, but also nature is animated, humanized: “the first thunder of spring, as if frolicking and playing, rumbles in the blue sky,” “rain pearls hung, and the sun gilded the threads.” The spring action unfolded in the highest spheres and was met with the jubilation of the earth - mountains, forests, mountain streams - and the delight of the poet himself.

In the poem “Winter is angry for a reason...” the poet shows the last battle of the passing winter with spring:

No wonder winter is angry,

Her time has passed -

Spring is knocking on the window

And he drives him out of the yard.

Winter is still busy

And he grumbles about Spring.

She laughs in her eyes

And it just makes more noise...

This fight is depicted in the form of a village quarrel between an old witch - winter and a young, cheerful, mischievous girl - spring. For the poet, in depicting nature, the splendor of southern colors, the magic of mountain ranges, and the “sad places” of central Russia in different times year. But the poet is especially partial to the water element. Almost a third of the poems are about water, sea, ocean, fountain, rain, thunderstorm, fog, rainbow. The restlessness and movement of water jets is akin to the nature of the human soul, living with strong passions and overwhelmed by lofty thoughts:

How good you are, O night sea, -

It's radiant here, dark gray there...

In the moonlight, as if alive,

It walks and breathes and shines...

In the endless, in the free space

Shine and movement, roar and thunder...

………………………………………..

In this excitement, in this radiance,

All as if in a dream, I stand lost -

Oh, how willingly I would be in their charm

I would drown my entire soul...

Admiring the sea, admiring its splendor, the author emphasizes the closeness of the elemental life of the sea and the incomprehensible depths of the human soul. The comparison “as in a dream” conveys man’s admiration for the greatness of nature, life, and eternity.

Nature and man live by the same laws. As the life of nature fades, so does human life. The poem “Autumn Evening” depicts not only the “evening of the year,” but also the “meek” and therefore “bright” withering of human life:

And on everything

That gentle smile of fading,

What in a rational being we call

Divine modesty of suffering!

The poet in the poem “Autumn Evening” says:

There are in the brightness of autumn evenings

Touching, mysterious charm!..

The “lightness” of the evening gradually, turning into twilight, into night, dissolves the world in darkness, which disappears from human visual perception:

The gray shadows mixed,

The color has faded...

But life does not freeze, it only lies hidden and dozes off. Twilight, shadows, silence - these are the conditions in which a person’s spiritual powers awaken. A person remains alone with the whole world, absorbs it into himself, merges with it. The moment of unity with the life of nature, dissolution in it is the highest bliss available to man on earth.

Love lyrics

The theme of love occupies a special place in Tyutchev’s work. A man of strong passions, he captured in poetry all the shades of this feeling and thoughts about the inexorable fate that pursues a person. Such fate was his meeting with Elena Alexandrovna Deniseva. A cycle of poems is dedicated to her, representing, as it were, a lyrical story about the poet’s love - from the origin of feelings to the untimely death of the beloved. In 1850, 47-year-old Tyutchev met 24-year-old E. A. Denisyeva, his daughters’ teacher. Their union lasted for fourteen years, until Deniseva’s death, and three children were born. Tyutchev did not break with his official family, and society rejected the unfortunate woman, “the crowd, rushing in, trampled into the dirt what was blooming in her soul.”

The first poem of the “Denisyev cycle” is an indirect, hidden and fervent plea for love:

Send, Lord, your joy

To the one who follows the path of life,

Like a poor beggar passing by the garden

Walking along the sultry pavement.

The entire “Denisyev cycle” is a self-report made by the poet with great severity, with the desire to atone for his guilt before this woman. Joy, suffering, complaints - all this in the poem “Oh, how murderously we love...”:

Do you remember when you met,

At the first fatal meeting,

Her eyes and speeches are magical

And baby-like laughter?

And a year later:

Where did the roses go?

The smile of the lips and the sparkle of the eyes?

Everything was scorched, tears burned out

With its hot moisture.

Later, the poet surrenders to his own feeling and checks it - what is false in it, what is true.

Oh, how murderously we love!

As in the violent blindness of passions

We are most likely to destroy,

What is dearer to our hearts!..

In this cycle, love is unhappy in its very happiness. Tyutchev’s relationships of love capture the whole person, and along with the spiritual growth of love, all the weaknesses of people, all their “evil life” transmitted to them from social life, penetrate into it. For example, in the poem “Predestination”:

Love, love - says the legend -

Union of the soul with the dear soul -

Their union, combination,

And their fatal radiance,

And... the fatal duel...

Defending his love, the poet wants to protect it from the outside world:

Everything I managed to save

Hope, faith and love,

Everything came together in one prayer:

Get over it, get over it!

The poem "She was sitting on the floor..." shows a page tragic love when it does not please, but brings sadness, although sadness also happens with a bright memory:

She was sitting on the floor

And I sorted through a pile of letters -

And, like cooled ash,

She took them in her hands and threw them...

………………………………………..

Oh, how much life there was here,

Irreversibly experienced!

Oh, how many sad moments

Love and joy killed!..

In a fit of tenderness, the poet kneels before a man who had enough faithful feelings to look back, to return to the past.

One of the most vital and sorrowful poems of this cycle is “All day she lay in oblivion...”. The inevitable fading of the beloved against the backdrop of the summer riot of nature, her departure into “eternity”, bitter hopelessness - all this is the tragedy of the already middle-aged poet, who will have to survive these minutes:

You loved, and the way you love -

No, no one has ever succeeded!

Oh Lord!.. and survive this...

And my heart didn't break into pieces...

Among the poems dedicated to Deniseva, perhaps the highest in spirit are those written after her death. It is as if the beloved is being resurrected. Sad attempts are being made to correct after her death what was not corrected during her lifetime. In the poem “On the Eve of the Anniversary of August 4, 1864” (the day of Denisyeva’s death) there is belated repentance for sins before her. The prayer is addressed not to God, but to man, to his shadow:

This is the world where you and I lived,

My angel, can you see me?

Even in Tyutchev’s sad lines, a light of hope glimmers, which gives a person a glimmer of happiness. Meeting the past is perhaps one of the most difficult tests for a person, and even more unexpectedly, against the backdrop of sorrowful memories, two poems by Tyutchev stand out - “I remember the golden time...” and “I met you - and all the past...”. Both of them are dedicated to Amalia Maximilianovna Lerchenfeld. There is a gap of 34 years between these verses. Tyutchev met Amalia when she was 14 years old. The poet asked for Amalia's hand in marriage, but her parents refused him. The first poem begins with the words:

I remember the golden time.

I remember the dear land to my heart...

And in the second poem the same words are repeated. It turned out that the sounds of the music of love never ceased in the poet’s soul, and that’s why “life spoke again”:

Like after a century of separation,

I look at you as if in a dream -

And now the sounds became louder,

Not silent in me...

There is more than one memory here,

Here life spoke again, -

And you have the same charm,

And that love is in my soul!..

In 1873, before his death, Tyutchev wrote:

“Yesterday I experienced a moment of burning excitement as a result of my meeting with... my good Amalia... who wished to see me for the last time in this world... In her face, the past of my best years came to give me a farewell kiss.”

Having experienced the sweetness and delight of first and last love, Tyutchev remained radiant and pure, passing on to us the bright things that befell him on the path of life.

6. A. S. Kushner in his book “Apollo in the Snow” wrote about F. I. Tyutchev: “Tyutchev did not compose his poems, but... lived them... “Soul” is the word that permeates all of Tyutchev’s poetry , his main word. There is no other poet who is hypnotized by her with such passion, so focused on her. Is it not this, almost against his will, that made Tyutchev’s poetry immortal?” It's hard to disagree with these words.

A. A. Fet

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The main themes and motives of Tyutchev's lyrics

The great Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev left a rich creative heritage to his descendants. He lived in an era when Pushkin, Zhukovsky, Nekrasov, Tolstoy were creating. Contemporaries considered Tyutchev the smartest, most educated man of his time and called him a “real European.” From the age of eighteen, the poet lived and studied in Europe, and in his homeland his works became known only in the early 50s of the 19th century.

A distinctive feature of Tyutchev’s lyrics was that the poet did not seek to remake life, but tried to understand its secrets, its innermost meaning. That is why most of his poems are permeated with philosophical thoughts about the mystery of the Universe, about the connection of the human soul with the cosmos.

In Tyutchev's lyrics one can distinguish philosophical, civil, landscape and love motives. But in each poem these themes are closely intertwined, turning into works that are surprisingly deep in meaning.

Civil lyric poetry includes the poems “December 14, 1825”, “Above this dark crowd...”, “The Last Cataclysm”. Tyutchev witnessed many historical events in Russian and European history: the war with Napoleon, revolutions in Europe, the Polish uprising, the Crimean War, the abolition of serfdom in Russia and others. As a state-minded person, Tyutchev could compare and draw conclusions about the development paths of different countries.

In the poem “December 14, 1825,” dedicated to the Decembrist uprising, the poet angrily denounces the autocracy that has corrupted the ruling elite of Russia:

The people, shunning treachery,

Blasphemes your names -

And your memory from posterity,

Like a corpse in the ground, buried.

The poem “Above this dark crowd...” reminds us of Pushkin’s freedom-loving lyrics. In it, Tyutchev is indignant at the “corruption of souls and emptiness” in the state and expresses hope for a better future:

…When will you rise, Freedom,

Will your golden ray shine?

The poem “Our Century” refers to philosophical lyrics. In it, the poet reflects on the state of the soul of a contemporary person. There is a lot of strength in the soul, but it is forced to remain silent in conditions of lack of freedom:

It is not the flesh, but the spirit that is corrupted in our days,

And the man is desperately sad...

He is rushing towards the light from the shadows of the night

And, having found the light, he grumbles and rebels.

According to the poet, a person has lost faith, without the light of which the soul is “dried up”, and his torment is unbearable. Many poems convey the idea that man has failed in his mission on Earth and must be swallowed up by Chaos.

Tyutchev's landscape lyrics are filled with philosophical content. The poet says that nature is wise and eternal, it exists independently of man. Meanwhile, he only draws strength for life from her:

So bound, united from eternity

Union of consanguinity

Intelligent human genius

With the creative power of nature.

Tyutchev’s poems about spring “Spring Waters” and “Spring Thunderstorm” became very famous and popular. The poet describes a stormy spring, the revival and joy of the emerging world. Spring makes him think about the future. The poet perceives autumn as a time of sadness and fading. It encourages reflection, peace and farewell to nature:

There is in the initial autumn

A short but wonderful time -

The whole day is like crystal,

And the evenings are radiant.

From autumn the poet moves straight into eternity:

And there, in solemn peace

Unmasked in the morning

The white mountain is shining

Like an unearthly revelation.

Tyutchev loved autumn very much; it’s not for nothing that he says about it: “Last, last, charm.”

In the poet's love lyrics, the landscape is often combined with the feelings of the hero in love. So, in the wonderful poem “I Met You...” we read:

Like late autumn sometimes

There are days, there are times,

When suddenly it starts to feel like spring

And something will stir within us.

The masterpieces of Tyutchev’s love lyrics include the “Denis’ev cycle,” dedicated to his beloved E. A. Denis’eva, whose relationship lasted 14 years until her death. In this cycle, the poet describes in detail the stages of their acquaintance and subsequent life. The poems are a confession, like a personal diary of the poet. The last poems written on the death of a loved one are shockingly tragic:

You loved, and the way you love -

No, no one has ever succeeded!

Oh God!.. and survive this...

And my heart didn’t break into pieces...

Tyutchev's lyrics rightfully entered the golden fund of Russian poetry. It is full of philosophical thoughts and is distinguished by the perfection of its form. Interest in the study of the human soul made Tyutchev's lyrics immortal.

Philosophical lyrics as a genre are always thoughts about the meaning of existence, about human values, about the place of man and his purpose in life.
We not only find all these characteristics in the works of Fyodor Tyutchev, but, re-reading the poet’s legacy, we understand that Tyutchev’s philosophical lyrics are the creations of the greatest master: in depth, versatility, psychologism, and metaphor. Masters whose words are weighty and timely, regardless of the century.

Philosophical motives in Tyutchev's lyrics

Whatever philosophical motives may be heard in Tyutchev’s lyrics, they always force the reader, willy-nilly, to listen attentively, and then think about what the poet writes about. This feature was unmistakably recognized in his time by I. Turgenev, saying that any poem “began with a thought, but a thought that, like a fiery point, flared up under the influence of a deep feeling or strong impression; as a result of this ... always merges with an image taken from the world of the soul or nature, is imbued with it, and itself penetrates it inseparably and inseparably.”

Theme of space and chaos

The poet’s world and man, the entire human race and the Universe are “inseparably and inextricably” connected, because Tyutchev’s poems are based on an understanding of the integrity of the world, which is impossible without the struggle of opposites. The motif of space and chaos, the original basis of life in general, the manifestation of the duality of the universe, like no other, is significant in his lyrics.

Chaos and light, day and night - Tyutchev reflects on them in his poems, calling the day a “brilliant cover”, a friend of “man and the gods”, and the healing of a “sick soul”, describing the night as revealing an abyss “with its fears and darkness” in human soul. At the same time, in the poem “What are you howling about, night wind?”, turning to the wind, he asks:

Oh, don’t sing these scary songs
About ancient chaos, about my dear!
How greedily the world of the soul is at night
Hears the story of his beloved!
It tears from mortal breasts,
He longs to merge with the infinite!
Oh, don’t wake up sleeping storms -
Chaos is stirring beneath them!

Chaos is “dear” for the poet, beautiful and attractive, - after all, it is part of the universe, the basis from which light, day, the light side of the Cosmos appears, again turning into the dark - and so on ad infinitum, the transition of one to another is eternal.

But with a new summer - a new cereal
And a different leaf.
And again everything that is will be
And the roses will bloom again,
And thorns too, -

we read in the poem “I sit thoughtfully and alone...”

The eternity of the world and the temporality of man

Chaos, the abyss, space are eternal. Life, as Tyutchev understands it, is finite, man’s existence on earth is precarious, and man himself does not always know how or want to live according to the laws of nature. Speaking in the poem “There is melodiousness in the waves of the sea...” about complete consonance and order in nature, the lyricist complains that we realize our discord with nature only in “ghostly freedom.”

Where and how did the discord arise?
And why in the general choir
The soul sings something other than the sea,
And the thinking reed murmurs?

For Tyutchev, the human soul is a reflection of the order of the universe, it contains the same light and chaos, the change of day and night, destruction and creation. “The soul would like to be a star... in the pure and invisible ether...”
In the poem “Our Century,” the poet argues that a person strives for light from the darkness of ignorance and misunderstanding, and having found it, “murmurs and rebels,” and so, restless, “today he endures the unbearable...”

In other lines he regrets the limit of human knowledge, the impossibility of penetrating the mystery of the origins of being:

We soon get tired in the sky, -
And no insignificant dust is given
Breathe divine fire

And he comes to terms with the fact that nature, the universe, moves on in its development dispassionately and uncontrollably,

One by one all your children,
Those who accomplish their useless feat,
She equally greets her
An all-consuming and peaceful abyss.

In a short poem “Thought after thought, wave after wave...” Tyutchev poignantly conveys the “affinity of nature and spirit, or even their identity” that he perceived:
Thought after thought, wave after wave -
Two manifestations of one element:
Whether in a cramped heart, or in a boundless sea,
Here - in prison, there - in the open -
The same eternal surf and rebound,
The same ghost is still alarmingly empty.

Nature as part of the whole

Another famous Russian philosopher Semyon Frank noted that Tyutchev’s poetry is permeated by a cosmic direction, turning it into philosophy, manifesting itself primarily in the generality and eternity of themes. The poet, according to his observations, “directed his attention directly to the eternal, imperishable principles of existence... Everything serves as a subject for Tyutchev artistic description not in their individual...manifestations, but in their general, enduring elemental nature.”

Apparently, this is why examples of philosophical lyricism in Tyutchev’s poems attract our attention primarily in landscape art, whether the artist “writes” the rainbow words in his lines, “the noise from a flock of cranes,” the “all-encompassing” sea, the “rashly and madly” approaching thunderstorm, “radiant in the heat” river, “half-naked forest” spring day or autumn evening. Whatever it is, it is always part of the nature of the universe, an integral component of the universe-nature-man chain. Observing in the poem “Look how in the expanse of the river...” the movement of ice floes in the expanse of the river, he states that they are floating “towards the same place” and sooner or later “all - indifferent, like elements - will merge with the fatal abyss!” The picture of nature evokes reflections about the essence of the “human self”:

Isn't this your meaning?
Isn't this your destiny?..

Even in the seemingly completely simple in essence and perception of the poem “In the Village,” describing a familiar and nondescript everyday episode of a dog’s prank that “disturbed the majestic peace” of a flock of geese and ducks, the author sees the non-randomness, the conditionality of the event. How to disperse stagnation “in the lazy herd... a sudden onslaught of the fatal was needed, for the sake of progress,”

So modern manifestations
The meaning is sometimes stupid... -
...Someone, you say, just barks,
And he performs his highest duty -
He, comprehending, develops
Duck and goose talk.

The philosophical sound of love lyrics

We find examples of philosophical lyrics in Tyutchev’s poems in any topic of his work: powerful and passionate feelings give rise to philosophical thoughts in the poet, no matter what he talks about. The motive of recognition and acceptance of the impossibly narrow limits of human love, its limitations, sounds endlessly in love lyrics. In “the violent blindness of passions, we most likely destroy what is dear to our hearts!” - the poet exclaims in the poem “Oh, how murderously we love...”. And in love, Tyutchev sees the continuation of confrontation and unity inherent in the cosmos, he speaks about this in “Predestination”:

Love, love - says the legend -
Union of the soul with the dear soul -
Their union, combination,
And their fatal merger,
And... the fatal duel...

The duality of love is visible in Tyutchev’s work from the very beginning. A sublime feeling, a “ray of sunshine”, an abundance of happiness and tenderness and at the same time an explosion of passions, suffering, a “fatal passion” that destroys the soul and life - all this is the poet’s world of love, which he so passionately talks about in the Denisiev cycle, in poems “I remember the golden time...”, “I met you - and all the past...”, “Spring” and many others.

The philosophical nature of Tyutchev's lyrics

The philosophical nature of Tyutchev’s lyrics is such that it not only affects the reader, but also influences the work of poets and writers of completely different eras: the motives of his lyrics are found in the poems of A. Fet, symbolist poets, in the novels of L. Tolstoy and F. Dostoevsky, works A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, I. Bunin and B. Pasternak, I. Brodsky, E. Isaev.

The poet, critic, philosopher D. Merezhkovsky appreciated the power of the poet’s words, the ability to briefly say a lot about the existence of the world like this: Analysis of Tyutchev’s philosophical lyrics leads us to the conviction that the poet, approaching the “living chariot of the universe,” all his life deeply felt the “threshold of double existence “The soul of man, the earthly, mortal and eternal cosmic principle, the unity of the worlds of man and nature, and it is precisely because of this that his poetry is timeless.