Participle– a part of speech, which is a special form of a verb that denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.

As a verbal form, participles have the following grammatical features:

• Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) dozing(what to do? - take a nap); the cat jumped(what to do? - jump);
• Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) dozing, cat (what?) escaped);
• Refundability: returnable and non-refundable.

Morphological and syntactic features of participles

There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has characteristics that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some features of adjectives, such as

• object attribute designation
• and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number and case).

Participles are active and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in a sentence plays the role of the nominal part of the compound predicates. For example: Textbook revealed on page ten.

Participles can be inflected by case, number and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verbal characteristics, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: A lost book, a lost briefcase, a lost panel.

Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Active and passive participles are formed using suffixes.

Types of participles and their examples.

Passive participles.

Passive participles- these are those participles that denote a characteristic created in one object under the influence of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) drawn or drawn by a student.

Formed from verb stems in the present and past tenses using suffixes:

• -om- (-em-) – for verbs of the first conjugation
• -im- – for verbs of II conjugation
• -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense

Examples: read, carried, lit, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split

Active participles.

Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by the subject/object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Active participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tenses using suffixes

Participles have some grammatical features of a verb, noun and adjective.

Participles, as a special form of a verb, are of two types:

• perfect form - decided (from decide), prompted (from induce), excited (from excite);
• imperfect form - falling asleep (from falling asleep), worried (from worrying).

Participles have two tenses:

• past - decided (the one who decided), excited (the one who was excited);
• present - the one falling asleep (the one who falls asleep), the worried one (the one who is worried).

Participles do not have a future tense form.

Participles are:

• reflexive - with the suffix -sya (decided, rushed),
  irrevocable - without the suffix -sya (prompted, built);
• valid - reflect the attribute of an object or subject as the initiator of an action, that is, those who “act” (a decided swimmer - who decided, a motivating reason - which prompted);
  passive - reflect the attribute of an object or object as a performer of an action, which “suffers” and performs an action on the initiative of another (the agitated sea - which is agitated by the wind, the agitated me - who is agitated by memories).

Like nouns and adjectives, participles change by case, number, and gender. For participles:

• Cases - nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional (awakened day, awakened day, awakened day, etc.);
• Numbers - singular and plural (child falling asleep, children falling asleep);
• Gender - masculine, feminine, neuter (boiling stream, boiling water, boiling milk).

The case, number, gender of participles is determined by the case, number, gender of the noun with which the participle correlates (under the waving flag - the noun has a flag and the waving participle has singular number, masculine, instrumental case). Full participles are declined like adjectives.

Some participles, like adjectives, have two forms:

• Full form - submerged, covered,
• Brief form - flooded, covered.

The initial form of participles is the nominative singular masculine case. The morphological features of participles are correlated with the infinitive form of the verb, which determines transitivity or intransitivity, perfect or imperfect form.

Examples of participles

Let's give examples of sentences with participles. Participles are highlighted in color.
The picture, drawn by a fifth-grade student, was exhibited at a city-wide competition. The sailors did not dare to go out into excited stormy sea. He noticed a friend walking up the steps to the second floor.

By numbers

My long-term work is finished.
All preparations were completed.

By form

The boat was glued to the black water, thickly decorated with yellow leaves (M. Gorky).
The chest of his starched shirt was decorated with a devilishly colorful tie (M. Gorky).

Starched, decorated - passive participles in full form. Glued, decorated - passive participles in short form.

From time to time

Examples of passive and active participles in different tenses from the works of M. Lermontov:
Real present tense:
Suddenly, a shadow flashed across the bright stripe crossing the floor.
Past active:
In the entryway she knocked over a teapot and a candle standing on the floor.
Present Passive:
An oak leaf tore itself from its native branch and rolled off into the steppe, driven by a fierce storm.
Past passive:
Mashuk's head was smoking like an extinguished torch.

Syntactic role

The participle in its full form acts as a definition in a sentence.
The resting trees silently and obediently dropped their yellow leaves (A. Kuprin).
On the dried, compressed fields, on their prickly yellow bristles, an autumn cobweb glistened with a mica sheen (A. Kuprin).

Participles in short form appear in a sentence only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.
Long earrings are hung like bells along the branches (E. Maksimov).
The glow of sunset embraces the distance of heaven (S. Nadson).

- an unconjugated verbal form expressing a characteristic of a person or object that arises as a result of an action: comrade(Which?), arrived from Moscow(comrade who came from Moscow);
book(which?), read by me(the book I read).

The participle combines the grammatical features of a verb and an adjective. In it, as in the verb, the difference is , ; The participle controls the same case as the verb; the same adverbs can be attached to the participle as to the verb. But at the same time, the participle is declined and agrees with the noun in gender, number and case, like an adjective.

Participles are divided into valid And present and past passives. There is no future participle tense.

Active participles

Active participles denote a characteristic of a person or object that arises as a result of the actions of that person or object: reading student book, standing there is a table in the room.
Active participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs and retain the control characteristic of the verb; active participles of reflexive verbs retain the particle (meeting, met, met).

Formation of active participles

Active present participles are formed only from imperfective verbs by adding the present tense to the stem (for the first conjugation) or -ash-/-box-
push-ut - push-ushch-y (writing, writing, writing),
know - knowing (knowing, knowing, knowing),
knock-at - knock-ash-y (knocking, knocking, knocking),
pageó -yat - pageó -box (pageó building, building, building).

Active past participles formed from imperfective and perfective verbs by adding a suffix to the past tense stem -vsh-(after a vowel) or -sh-(after a consonant) plus generic endings of the adjective: wrote(nonsov.) - pisa-vsh-y, wrote-l(owl) - writing, carried(nonsov.) - brought it, brought it(owl) - brought it.

Passive participles

Passive participles denote a sign of a person or object undergoing some action: book, read comrade(a book that a friend read); house, built workers(the house that the workers built). Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs.

Formation of passive participles

Passive present participles formed from imperfective verbs by adding a suffix to the present tense stem -eat-(for the first conjugation) or -them-(for the second conjugation) plus generic endings of the adjective:
read - read-e-th (readable, readable, readable),
vúd-im - vúd-im-y (visible, visible, visible).

Many imperfective transitive verbs do not form passive present participles (for example, from protect, beat, shave, bend, heat, hold, fry, measure, wash, crush, drink, heat, clean, sew and so on.).

Passive past participles are formed from transitive verbs of the imperfect and perfect forms by adding suffixes to the past tense stem -nn- , -enn- , -T- plus generic endings of the adjective: read-l - chúta-nn-y, brought - brought-y, closed-l - closed.

Suffix -nn- joins past tense stems ending in a vowel and I, Sometimes e:sow-l - sow-nn-y, uvúde-l - uvúde-nn-y.

Suffix -enn- (or -yonn- ) is added to stems ending in a consonant (see example above) or vowel And , which drops out (in this case, an alternation of the final consonants of the base occurs, similar to the alternations in the formation of the 1st line of the present or future simple tense): purchased - purchased(cf. I'll buy), asked - asked(cf. I'll ask).

Suffix -T- joins the stems of verbs ending in the indefinite form with -no, -no, -here , and to monosyllabic stems (the prefix is ​​not taken into account): took it out(from take out) - take it out,number(from prick) - colo-th, wiped(from wipe off) — wiped it, bi-l(from beat) — bú-t-y(similar to: nailed down, broken).

The most common are the passive past participles of perfective verbs.

Declension of participles

Participles are inflected like full adjectives: real participles are inflected like adjectives with stems on sch, sh(For example, general, good), passive participles - modeled on adjectives with a base on a hard consonant (for example, new): reading, reading it... reading, reading it..., hú tann-y, hú Tann-oh etc.

Passive participles of the present and past tenses have a short form, which is formed similarly to the short form of adjectives: masculine - without ending, feminine - with ending -A , neuter - with ending -O , plural - with ending -s (for all genera): from darling - love, darling, darling, darlings; from brought - brought, brought. brought, brought.
In a sentence, short participles, like short adjectives, are used as a predicate (in combination with or without an auxiliary verb): Shop closed; Window was closed;
Books will be purchased .

• ← Communion →

Introduction

I believe that the participle is one of the most difficult parts of speech. It depends on the grammatical indicators of the verb. Four, and if we take into account reflexive ones, then six participles are formed from transitive verbs of the imperfect form. So, from “read” there are six possible participles: reading, read, read and reflexive: read, read.

V.I. said very aptly about participles. Dahl, author of the famous dictionary: “The part of speech involved in the verb, in the form of an adjective.” Here attention is paid not only to the content, but also to the form of the participle, since in its “appearance” it really resembles an adjective: it changes by gender, number and case, agrees with nouns and answers the question which? Consequently, participles contain characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. This duality of the participle was also noticed by the ancient grammarians, giving it the name “participle”, i.e. participle of noun and verb. Combining features of different parts of speech in one word naturally makes these words richer in content, and therefore more economical, which was noted by M.V. Lomonosov: “These verbal names serve to shorten the human word, containing the name and the verb force. This property of participles to contain “had and the verb force” is widely used in writing, especially in fiction. Pictures of nature, portrait characteristics, internal The experiences of heroes are very often conveyed by writers through participles. But in ordinary colloquial speech, participles are harsh. A.S. Pushkin wrote about this: “Partipulations... are usually avoided in conversation. We don't say: a carriage galloping over a bridge; servant sweeping the room; we say: which gallops, which sweeps, etc. - replacing the expressive brevity of the participle with a sluggish turn of phrase"

In my essay I wanted to explain the most difficult points in education, use, etc. participles. The main difficulty and frequent mistakes arise from the fact that many people confuse participles with adjectives. By comparison, examples, and mistakes, you can still learn to write correctly and understand all the subtleties and depth of the great Russian language.

Participle

Participle is a hybrid verbal-adjective form, which in the school tradition is considered as a special verbal form. Participles connect the attributes of a verb and an adjective, expressing the meaning of a procedural attribute of an object. Verb signs of participles:

1. The nature of verbal control is preserved (for example: dreaming of freedom - dreaming of freedom);

2. The form of the corresponding verb is preserved;

3. The participle has two voice forms (in accordance with the two-voice concept) - active and passive voice (for example: permitted - active voice, permitted - passive voice);

4. The participle has two tense forms - present (loving, beloved) and past (loved) tense.

All verbal features of participles are constant, variable features are the features of an adjective: gender, number, case, full or short (for passive participles) form and the corresponding inflection in the sentence - predicate or attribute.

Present participles are formed from the verbal stem of the present tense using the suffixes -уш-/-уж, -аш/-яж- - active participles, suffixes -ем-, -ом-, -im- - passive participles. Past participles are formed from a stem with an infinitive stem. In this case, to form active participles, the suffixes -vsh- are used if the stem ends in a vowel (for example: hear-t - heard) or -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant (for example: brought-ti - brought-shiy). When forming passive past participles, the suffixes -nn- are added to the verb stem if the stem ends in a vowel, except for /i/ (for example: vesha-t - hanged), -enn if the stem ends in a consonant or /i/, and in the latter case /and/ drops out (for example: shoot-t - shot, bring-ti - brought), -t- - to form participles from some verbs of unproductive classes with stems on i-, ы-, o -, as well as from verbs of the IV productive class (for example: sew-t - sewn, wash - washed, stabbed - stabbed, turn - turned). The initial form of the participle, like the adjective, is the nominative singular masculine case.

A common feature of the use of participles is that they belong to bookish speech. This is explained by the history of participles.

The main categories of participles relate to elements of the literary language, borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language, which affects a number of their phonetic features, for example, the presence of у in present participles: current, burning, which correspond to the adjectives flowing, hot, which are Old Russian participles in origin, and also present in a number of participles before a hard consonant under the stress e, while in the verbs from which they are formed, under the same conditions there is e (o): he came, but came, invented, but invented, blossomed, but blossomed.

The connection of participles with the Old Church Slavonic language in the 18th century. noted by Lomonosov, who in his “Russian Grammar” explains about several categories of participles that they are used only from Slavic verbs and are unacceptable from Russians. Thus, he writes: “The active voice of the tense of the present participle ending in -schie is derived from verbs of Slavic origin: crowning, writing, nourishing; and they are very indecent from simple Russian ones, which are unknown among the Slavs: speaking, chomping.” He notes the same regarding the passive participles of the present tense “From Russian verbs, which were not in use among the Slavs, produced, for example: touched, rocked, soiled, are very wild and unbearable to the ear,” and regarding the past participles of the active voice: “... for example, blurted out, blurted out, dived, dived, very disgusting." At the same time, Lomonosov also notes the greater relevance of participles for high styles of speech, pointing out that they “are more appropriately used in rhetorical and poetic works than in simple calm, or in common speech.”

At present, two centuries after Lomonosov, there are no restrictions on the formation of participles from purely Russian verbs alien to the Old Church Slavonic language. And the examples of unacceptable participles demonstrated by Lomonosov do not create the impression of an insult to the linguistic sense, which he speaks about with such categoricalness, and are quite acceptable. The main categories of full participles are productive and are easily formed from any verbs, including new formations (vernalized, vernalized, vernalized). The least common passive participles of the present tense, but in some types of verbs they are also productive (clogged, formed, stored) and unproductive only with the suffix -om- (carried, driven, sought).

But even now, firstly, participles are part of the literary language (they are absent in dialects); secondly, they almost never appear in colloquial speech.

Standing apart are the short participles of the past tense of the passive voice (written, brought, poured), which are widely used in everyday speech and used in dialects.

On the contrary, for different styles of book speech, full participles represent one of the most necessary means, which is used extremely widely. This is due to the fact that participles contribute to the conciseness of speech, making it possible to replace subordinate clauses; compare: Enterprises that fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule and Enterprises that fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule; A delegate elected by the general meeting and a Delegate elected by the general meeting. In newspaper speech, phrases with participles are almost always preferred.

Participles are close in meaning to adjectives and often turn into adjectives. The general difference between participles and adjectives is that a participle denotes a temporary attribute of an object, created by the action of the object itself (real participles) or an action carried out on this object (passive participle), while an adjective denotes a permanent attribute of an object, for example: flying seeds are seeds that fly are in motion, and flying seeds are seeds that have structural features that make them easy to fly and carried by the wind. The adjective, on the contrary, only characterizes the object and does not give information about what state it is in, so the phrase is possible: The earth was covered with flying maple seeds, although these seeds lie motionless on the ground.

A part of speech that combines the properties of an adjective and a verb is called a participle. This article describes the characteristic features of the participle, its morphological features, types, and main differences from the adjective. Examples are also given for better understanding of the material.

Participle– a special form of a verb that combines the grammatical properties of a verb and an adjective. Indicates the attribute of an object by action and answers questions - Which? Which? Which? Which? What do you do? What did he do? What did he do?

Examples of participles: lying, washed, paid off, collected, written, hugging, wishing.

The concept of participle as a grammatical unit

The grammatical description of a participle includes morphological features of verbs and adjectives.

Constant grammatical features of participles (verb features):

• Type(active or passive);
• View(perfect or imperfect);
• Time(present or past).

Inconstant signs of participles (signs of adjectives):

TOP 5 articleswho are reading along with this

• Form(full or short);
• Number(singular or plural);
• Genus(male, female, average);
• Case.

The initial form of participles is the full form of the singular, nominative case, masculine (seeking, replaced, moved).

What kinds of participles are there?

There are active and passive participles. Each type has two subtypes - groups of words of the present and past tense.

Participle as part of a sentence

Participle in full form is usually used as a modifier in sentences and agrees with nouns or pronouns. Participles in short form are the nominal part of a compound predicate.

Examples: Fields covered with snow were visible from the window (fields (what?) covered - definition). The fields were covered with snow (the fields (what were they doing?) were covered - part of a compound predicate).

Adjectives and participles

Adjectives are often confused with their corresponding participles. To determine which word is used in a sentence, it is enough to replace it with a synonymous word or phrase:

• A participle can be replaced by a verb denoting the same action as the participle (seeds scattered by the wind - seeds scattered by the wind);
• An adjective can be replaced by another adjective (absent-minded person – forgetful, inattentive person).

The differences between adjectives and participles are briefly studied in 7th grade.

Test on the topic

Article rating

Average rating: 4.4. Total ratings received: 4573.