Kruglov Sergey Nikiforovich. Sergei Nikiforovich Kruglov S N Kruglov Minister of Internal Affairs
“Totalitarianism is a form of government in which morality falls within the purview of power.” (A. N. Kruglov) - political science
The essence of the problem that the author of the statement, A. Kruglov, touches on (I never found who it is) is that under a totalitarian regime of government, power establishes dictatorship in all spheres of society, even covering the process of morality formation.
Kruglov’s position is close to me, and I also believe that totalitarian power dictates to people their way of life, their model of behavior, and life values.
To explore this problem in more depth, let us turn to its theoretical meaning.
Totalitarianism is a regime of government in a state in which the authorities strive for complete control over the life of the entire society and each individual person. A totalitarian regime is especially different from other regimes (authoritarian, democratic) in that the state controls even the spiritual sphere of society, that is, science, art, religion and even morality, i.e. a system of norms and rules of human behavior. It dictates to people how they should think. The state establishes an official ideology that all its residents must follow. A totalitarian regime is characterized by a one-party system and a complete absence of opposition to the ruling party, mass terror and repression of dissidents.
The government has a monopoly on the means of production and information. Having come to the conclusion that in such a state a person’s private life is enclosed within a very narrow framework, we can say that the totalitarian regime actually controls even morality.
The problem of totalitarianism was also touched upon famous writers. Yevgeny Zamyatin's novel "We" describes a picture of the future, where a totalitarian regime reigns: people live according to a schedule, dissent and the expression of personal desires are prohibited. Every year in this world elections are held for the Benefactor, that is, the ruler of the entire state, and all voters unanimously give preference to a single candidate. The authorities dictate moral standards to the residents of the state: short women cannot give birth to children, couples cannot walk alone, people have several partners, which seems immoral to me. However, this is exactly what has been established by the state within the framework of the law and is part of the ideology, belief system of the state, which all citizens must follow.
Of course, in history we can also find examples of government control over people’s worldviews, if we remember the USSR in the 1930s-50s. During this period, the state tried in every possible way to form in people values and outlooks on life that suited it. There was a strict system of denunciations, during which a person could be repressed or shot for saying the wrong word regarding the party and the party leadership. On the streets there were posters and slogans broadcasting ideal behavior. Soviet man. So, Soviet authority dictated to her people how to live correctly, how to treat other people, how to treat the party. The authorities dictated values that were a priority for the leadership, but not for the people, because under totalitarianism she could afford it.
Based on the above arguments, we can conclude that a totalitarian regime really gives the authorities the right to form the morality they desire among the population.
Updated: 2018-04-29
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Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Department of History of Foreign Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy, Russian State University for the Humanities.
Education:
Faculty of Philosophy, Moscow State University, 1996, specialty: philosopher, teacher of philosophy
Faculty of History of Tverskoy state university, 1997, specialty: historian, teacher of history and social studies
Postgraduate studies at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1999
PhD thesis:
The nature of the transcendental method, IFRAN, 1999. Specialty 09.00.01
Doctoral dissertation:
I. N. Tetens and the discussion about metaphysics in German philosophy of the second half of the 18th century, Russian State University for the Humanities, 2005. Specialty 09.00.03
Courses taught
Lectures:
- German classical philosophy
- History of philosophy
Elective courses(bachelor's and specialist's degrees):
Metaphysics of the 18th century
- German philosophy from Chr. Wolf to I. Kant
- German philosophy of the mid-18th century
- Philosophy of the German Enlightenment
- KPV. Metaphysics by I. N. Tetens
- Philosophy of religion by I. Kant
- Perception of I. Kant’s philosophy in Christian denominations
- Kant's socio-political views
- The concept of a priori in the “Critique of Pure Reason” by I. Kant
- The problem of method in I. Kant
- “Metaphysics of Morals” by I. Kant
- Kant's ethics
- The concept of the transcendental in the philosophy of modern times
- Kant in Russian fiction
- Problems of formal logic in I. Kant and G. W. F. Hegel
- “Phenomenology of Spirit” by G. W. F. Hegel
Master's degree:
- KPV. History of philosophical concepts
- Transcendentalism in the history of philosophy
Teaching at other universities
- Discussion über die Metaphysik in der deutschen Philosophie der 60er-70er Jahre des 18. Jahrhunderts
- Der Einfluß der Diskussion über die Evidenz in der Metaphysik auf die kritische Philosophie Kants
Grants, scholarships
2013, May-June: research project“Thoughts of Immanuel Kant, selected by L. N. Tolstoy”, Universität Trier, Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
2007-2008: grant “Kantian philosophy in Russia” from the President of the Russian Federation for young doctors of science
2007, September: research project “Kant’s Philosophy in Russia”, Universität Trier, Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
2006-2007: research grant from the Russian Humanitarian Foundation “Kant in Russian fiction”
2005: research grant from the Russian Humanitarian Foundation “History of the concept of the transcendental”
2004, July-August: research project “Lectures on metaphysics by I. N. Tetens”, Universität zu Kiel, DAAD
2001, September - 2003, May: research project “Metaphysics of I. Kant”, Universität Trier, Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
2000, October - 2001, July: research project "Transcendentalist interpretation of science", Universität Karlsruhe, scholarship from the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts of Baden-Württemberg
1998, October - 1999, July: research project “Features of the transcendental method”, Universität zu Kiel, DAAD
1995, December - 1996, May: research project “The Concept of a priori in Kant”, Katholische Universität Eichstätt, Volkswagen-Stiftung
Publications
Monographs:
Kant and Kantian philosophy in Russian fiction. M.: Kanon + ROOI “Rehabilitation”, 2012. 480 p.
Tetens, Kant and the discussion about metaphysics in Germany in the second half of the 18th century. M.: “Phenomenology-Hermeneutics”, 2008. 440 p.
Transcendentalism in philosophy. M.: NIPKTs "Voskhod-A", 2000. 384 p.
Fencing in Western Europe and Japan of the 16th-18th centuries: spiritual and philosophical foundations. M.: NIPKTs "Voskhod-A", 2000. 240 p.
Chapters in textbooks:
Sidorina. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2012 (5th ed.). pp. 261-289.
German classical philosophy // Philosophy: Textbook / Ed. V. D. Gubina, T. Yu. Sidorina. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2012 (5th ed.). pp. 261-289.
German classical philosophy // History of world philosophy / Ed. V. D. Gubina, T. Yu. Sidorina. M.: Astrel:AST:Hranitel, 2007. P. 195-226.
German classical philosophy // Philosophy: Textbook / Ed. V. D. Gubina, T. Yu. Sidorina. M.: Gardariki, 2003 (3rd ed.), 2004, 2008 (4th ed.). pp. 265-297. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2012 (5th ed.). pp. 261-289.
Contact Information.
Sergei Nikiforovich Kruglov(September 19 (October 2), 1907, village Ustye, Kalyazinsky district, Tver region, - July 6, 1977, Pushkinsky district, Moscow region) - People's Commissar (Minister) of Internal Affairs of the USSR from 1945 to 1956, one of the heads of authorities state security USSR, State Security Commissioner 2nd rank (February 4, 1943), Colonel General (July 9, 1945). Member of the CPSU(b) since December 1928. Member of the CPSU Central Committee (1952-56; candidate member of the CPSU Central Committee in 1939-52). Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1946-58).
- 1 Biography
- 2 Family
- 3 Awards
- 4 Notes
- 5 Literature
- 6 Links
Biography
Born into a peasant family. 1924-1925 - secretary and chairman of the Nikiforovsky village council (Tver province). 1925-1926 - head of the hut-reading room in the village. Nikiforovka. 1926-1928 - repair worker, mechanic at the Vakhnovo state farm in the Pogorelsky district of the Tver province. 1928-1929 - member of the board, chairman of the board of the consumer society "Constellation" (Tver province). 1929-1930 - served in the Red Army, junior auto mechanic of the 3rd tank regiment. 1930-1931 - senior instructor-mechanic of educational and experimental grain farm No. 2, (Kustanai region).
Since 1931, a student at the Moscow Industrial Pedagogical Institute. K. Liebknecht, in 1934 he was transferred to the Japanese department of the special sector of the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies, and from 1935 he was sent to the eastern department of the Historical Institute of the Red Professorship, where he studied in 1935-1937, but did not complete his studies.
Since October 1937, responsible organizer of the Department of Leading Party Bodies (ORPO) of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
In November 1938 (after the arrival of L.P. Beria at the USSR Institute of Schools) he was sent to the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs as a special representative of the NKVD of the USSR, he was awarded the special rank of “senior major of state security.”
- 1939-1941 - Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR for Personnel.
- 1939-1952 - candidate member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
- 1941 - 1st Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, member of the Evacuation Council under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, member of the Military Council of the Reserve Front.
- 1941-1942 - member of the Military Council of the Western Front.
- 1941-1943 - Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
- 1943-1945 - 1st Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
- 1945-1953 - People's Commissar-Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
- 1952-1956 - member of the CPSU Central Committee.
After the death of I.V. Stalin, when the ministries of internal affairs and state security were merged into a single department under the leadership of L. Beria, on March 11, 1953, he was appointed first deputy minister of internal affairs of the USSR. There is evidence that Kruglov took an active part in preparing the removal of Beria, preparing an operation to eliminate him. After the arrest of L. Beria on June 26, 1953, he took the vacated position of minister and the entire punitive apparatus of the USSR was subordinate to him. Despite the fact that he was an ally of L. Beria, he was entrusted with the task of removing from office and, if necessary, arresting several dozen of the most odious figures of the former NKVD of the USSR and then proceeding to reform the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. Kruglov is credited with the initiative to create the State Security Committee, which was formed on March 13, 1954 by separating “operational security departments and departments” from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.
In the eyes of the new party leadership, Kruglov, however, remained “Beria’s henchman.” The beginning of the decline of his career was his removal from the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in January 1956 and his transfer to the insignificant position of Deputy Minister of Construction of Power Plants of the USSR, where he could apply the construction management experience he had accumulated during the years of supervising Glavpromstroi in the Gulag system. August 1957 was transferred to the position of Deputy Chairman of the Kirov Council National economy, and in July 1958 he was retired due to disability. In 1959, he was deprived of his general's pension and evicted from an elite apartment, and on June 6, 1960, he was expelled from the party for “involvement in political repression.” He spent the rest of his life modestly. On July 6, 1977, he died after being hit by a train near the Pravda platform of the Yaroslavl direction of the Moscow Railway.
He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.
Family
In 1934 he married Taisiya Dmitrievna Ostapova (1910-1984), daughter Irina (1935-2011), son Valery (1937-2009).
Awards
- 5 Orders of Lenin (09/20/1943; 09/16/1945; 10/29/1949; 12/8/1951; 09/19/1952)
- Order of the Red Banner (04/26/1940)
- Order of Suvorov, 1st degree (03/08/1944, stripped 04/06/1962) - for the deportation of Chechens and Ingush.
- Order of Kutuzov, 1st degree (02/24/1945)
- Order of Kutuzov, 2nd degree (10/20/1944)
- 2 Orders of the Red Star (02/21/1942; 06/25/1954)
- English Order of the Bath - for the protection of conferences in Yalta and Potsdam
- US medal - for the protection of conferences in Yalta and Potsdam
- "Honored Worker of the NKVD" (1942)
Notes
- Kruglov Sergey Nikiforovich
- Kruglov Sergey Nikiforovich
- “BERIA, GET UP! YOU ARE ARRESTED! Retrieved March 19, 2013.
- From a note from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee on February 4, 1954. Source: Kommersant Power: magazine. No. 4 (808). February 2, 2009
Literature
- Kruglov S.N. // Petrov N.V., Skorkin K.V. Who led the NKVD, 1934-1941: reference book / Ed. N. G. Okhotin and A. B. Roginsky. - M.: Links, 1999. - 502 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-7870-0032-3.
Links
- Information on the Chekist website. RU
| Ministers (People's Commissars) of Internal Affairs of Russia and the USSR | |
|---|---|
| Russian empire (1802-1917) | Kochubey Kurakin Kozodavlev Golitsyn Kochubey Kampenhausen Lanskoy Zakrevsky Bludov Stroganov Perovsky Bibikov Lanskoy Valuev Timashev Makov Loris-Melikov Ignatiev Tolstoy Ivan Durnovo Goremykin Sipyagin Pleve Svyatopolk-Mirsky Bulygin Pyotr Durnovo Stolypin Makarov Maklakov Shcherbatov Alexey Khvostov Sturmer Alexander Khvostov Proto priests |
| Provisional Government (1917) | Lvov Tsereteli Avksentiev Nikitin |
| RSFSR (1917-1930) | Rykov Petrovsky Dzerzhinsky Beloborodov Tolmachev |
| Soviet Union (1934-1960) | Yagoda Yezhov Beria Kruglov Beria Kruglov Dudorov |
| RSFSR (1960-1966) | Stakhanov Tikunov |
| Soviet Union (1966-1991) | Shchelokov Fedorchuk Vlasov Bakatin Pugo Trushin (acting) Barannikov |
| RSFSR (1989-1992) | Trushin Barannikov Dunaev Erin |
| Russian Federation(since 1992) | Erin Kulikov Maslov (acting) Stepashin Rushailo Gryzlov Nurgaliev Kolokoltsev |
| People's Commissariat Internal Affairs of the USSR | ||
|---|---|---|
| People's Commissars | G. G. Yagoda (1934-1936) N. I. Ezhov (1936-1938) L. P. Beria (1938-1945) S. N. Kruglov (1945-1946) | |
| Deputies People's Commissioner |
I. A. Serov M. P. Frinovsky L. M. Zakovsky Ya. S. Agranov G. E. Prokofiev M. D. Berman L. N. Belsky V. M. Kursky V. V. Chernyshev M. I. Ryzhov S. B. Zhukovsky L. P. Beria G. V. Filaretov V. N. Merkulov I. I. Maslennikov S. N. Kruglov | |
| Main departments | State security Workers' and Peasants' militia Border and internal security Fire protection Economic Transport Camps Prison | |
| Others divisions |
Board of the State Security Directorate Directorate of Special Departments Directorate of Transport and Communications Directorate of Special Construction Directorate of the Commandant of the Moscow Kremlin Administrative and Economic Directorate Special Meeting Investigative Unit Secretariat Testing and Filtration Camps | |
Ustye village, Kalyazinsky district, Tver province, Russian Empire
Pushkinsky district, Moscow region, RSFSR, USSR
4th Directorate of Defense Works (1941)
 |
 |
Sergei Nikiforovich Kruglov (real name Yakovlev) (September 19 [October 2], village Ustye, Tver province - July 6, Pushkinsky district, Moscow region) - People's Commissar (Minister) of Internal Affairs of the USSR (-), one of the heads of state security agencies of the USSR, Commissioner of State Security 2- rank (February 4), colonel general (July 9). Member of the CPSU(b) since December 1928. Member of the CPSU Central Committee (1952-1956; candidate member of the CPSU Central Committee in 1939-1952). Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1946-1958).
Biography
Born into a peasant family. In 1924-1925 - secretary and chairman of the Nikiforovsky village council (Tver province). In 1925-1926 - head of the hut-reading room in the village. Nikiforovka. In 1926-1928 - a repair worker, mechanic at the Vakhnovo state farm in the Pogorelsky district of the Tver province. In 1928-1929 - member of the board, chairman of the board of the consumer society "Constellation" (Tver province). In 1929-1930 he served in the Red Army, junior auto mechanic of the 3rd tank regiment. In 1930-1931 - senior instructor-mechanic of the educational and experimental grain farm No. 2, (Kustanai region).
In the eyes of the new party leadership, Kruglov, however, remained “Beria’s henchman.” The beginning of the decline of his career was his removal from the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in January 1956 and his transfer to the insignificant position of Deputy Minister of Construction of Power Plants of the USSR, where he could apply the construction management experience he had accumulated during the years of supervising Glavpromstroi in the Gulag system. In August 1957, he was transferred to the position of Deputy Chairman of the Kirov Council of National Economy, and in July 1958, he was dismissed on disability pension. In 1959, he was deprived of his general’s pension and evicted from an elite apartment, and on June 6, 1960, he was expelled from the party for “involvement in political repression.” He spent the rest of his life modestly. On July 6, 1977, he died after being hit by a train near the Pravda platform of the Yaroslavl direction of the Moscow Railway.
He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.
Family
In 1934 he married Taisiya Dmitrievna Ostapova (1910-1984), daughter Irina (1935-2011), son Valery (1937-2009).
Awards
- 5 Orders of Lenin (09/20/1943; 09/16/1945; 10/29/1949; 12/8/1951; 09/19/1952)
- Order of the Red Banner (04/26/1940)
- Order of Suvorov, 1st degree (03/08/1944), awarded “for the deportation of Chechens and Ingush”, Decree on awarding was canceled 04/06/1962.
- Order of Kutuzov, 1st degree (02/24/1945)
- Order of Kutuzov, 2nd degree (10/20/1944)
- 2 Orders of the Red Star (02/21/1942; 06/25/1954)
- English Order of the Bath - for the protection of conferences in Yalta and Potsdam
- US medal - for the protection of conferences in Yalta and Potsdam
- "Honored Worker of the NKVD" (1942)
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Notes
Literature
- // Petrov N.V., Skorkin K.V./ Ed. N. G. Okhotin and A. B. Roginsky. - M.: Links, 1999. - 502 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-7870-0032-3.
- // Bogdanov Yu. N. Sergey Kruglov. Two decades in the leadership of state security and internal affairs agencies of the USSR. - TD Algorithm LLC, 2015. - 623 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-906817-40-2.
Links
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White movement (1918-1919)An excerpt characterizing Kruglov, Sergei Nikiforovich
In the happiest state of mind, returning from his southern trip, Pierre fulfilled his long-standing intention to call on his friend Bolkonsky, whom he had not seen for two years.Bogucharovo lay in an ugly, flat area, covered with fields and felled and uncut fir and birch forests. The manor's yard was located at the end of a straight line, along the main road of the village, behind a newly dug, full-filled pond, with the banks not yet overgrown with grass, in the middle of a young forest, between which stood several large pines.
The manor's courtyard consisted of a threshing floor, outbuildings, stables, a bathhouse, an outbuilding and a large stone house with a semicircular pediment, which was still under construction. A young garden was planted around the house. The fences and gates were strong and new; under the canopy stood two fire pipes and a barrel painted green; the roads were straight, the bridges were strong with railings. Everything bore the imprint of neatness and thrift. The servants who met, when asked where the prince lived, pointed to a small, new outbuilding standing at the very edge of the pond. Prince Andrei's old uncle, Anton, dropped Pierre out of the carriage, said that the prince was at home, and led him into a clean, small hallway.
Pierre was struck by the modesty of the small, albeit clean, house after the brilliant conditions in which he last saw his friend in St. Petersburg. He hurriedly entered the still pine-smelling, unplastered, small hall and wanted to move on, but Anton tiptoed forward and knocked on the door.
- Well, what's there? – a sharp, unpleasant voice was heard.
“Guest,” answered Anton.
“Ask me to wait,” and I heard a chair being pushed back. Pierre walked quickly to the door and came face to face with Prince Andrei, who was coming out to him, frowning and aged. Pierre hugged him and, raising his glasses, kissed him on the cheeks and looked at him closely.
“I didn’t expect it, I’m very glad,” said Prince Andrei. Pierre said nothing; He looked at his friend in surprise, without taking his eyes off. He was struck by the change that had taken place in Prince Andrei. The words were affectionate, a smile was on Prince Andrei’s lips and face, but his gaze was dull, dead, to which, despite his apparent desire, Prince Andrei could not give a joyful and cheerful shine. It’s not that his friend has lost weight, turned pale, and matured; but this look and the wrinkle on his forehead, expressing long concentration on one thing, amazed and alienated Pierre until he got used to them.
When meeting after a long separation, as always happens, the conversation could not stop for a long time; they asked and answered briefly about things that they themselves knew should have been discussed at length. Finally, the conversation gradually began to dwell on what had previously been said fragmentarily, on questions about his past life, about plans for the future, about Pierre’s travels, about his activities, about the war, etc. That concentration and depression that Pierre noticed in the look of Prince Andrei now was expressed even more strongly in the smile with which he listened to Pierre, especially when Pierre spoke with animated joy about the past or the future. It was as if Prince Andrei wanted, but could not, take part in what he said. Pierre began to feel that enthusiasm, dreams, hopes for happiness and goodness in front of Prince Andrei were not proper. He was ashamed to express all his new, Masonic thoughts, especially those renewed and excited in him by his last journey. He restrained himself, was afraid to be naive; at the same time, he irresistibly wanted to quickly show his friend that he was now a completely different, better Pierre than the one who was in St. Petersburg.
“I can’t tell you how much I experienced during this time.” I wouldn't recognize myself.
“Yes, we have changed a lot, a lot since then,” said Prince Andrei.
- Well, what about you? - asked Pierre, - what are your plans?
- Plans? – Prince Andrey repeated ironically. - My plans? - he repeated, as if surprised at the meaning of such a word. - Yes, you see, I’m building, I want to move completely by next year...
Pierre silently peered intently into the aged face of (Prince) Andrei.
“No, I’m asking,” said Pierre, “but Prince Andrei interrupted him:
- What can I say about me... Tell me, tell me about your journey, about everything you did there on your estates?
Pierre began to talk about what he had done on his estates, trying as much as possible to hide his participation in the improvements made by him. Prince Andrei several times prompted Pierre ahead of what he was telling, as if everything that Pierre had done had happened a long time ago famous story, and listened not only not with interest, but even as if ashamed of what Pierre was telling.
Pierre felt awkward and even difficult in the company of his friend. He fell silent.
“But here’s what, my soul,” said Prince Andrei, who was obviously also having a hard time and shyness with his guest, “I’m here in bivouacs, and I came just to have a look.” I'm going back to my sister now. I'll introduce you to them. “Yes, you seem to know each other,” he said, obviously entertaining the guest with whom he now felt nothing in common. - We'll go after lunch. Now do you want to see my estate? “They went out and walked around until lunch, talking about political news and mutual acquaintances, like people who are not very close to each other. With some animation and interest, Prince Andrei spoke only about the new estate and building he was organizing, but even here, in the middle of the conversation, on the stage, when Prince Andrei was describing to Pierre the future location of the house, he suddenly stopped. “However, there’s nothing interesting here, let’s go have lunch and leave.” “At dinner the conversation turned to Pierre’s marriage.
“I was very surprised when I heard about this,” said Prince Andrei.
Pierre blushed the same way he always blushed at this, and hastily said:
“I’ll tell you someday how it all happened.” But you know that it's all over and forever.
- Forever? - said Prince Andrei. – Nothing happens forever.
– But do you know how it all ended? Have you heard about the duel?
- Yes, you went through that too.
“The one thing I thank God for is that I didn’t kill this man,” said Pierre.
- From what? - said Prince Andrei. – It’s even very good to kill an angry dog.
- No, killing a person is not good, it’s unfair...
- Why is it unfair? - repeated Prince Andrei; what is just and unjust is not given to people to judge. People have always been mistaken and will continue to be mistaken, and in nothing more than in what they consider just and unjust.
“It is unfair that there is evil for another person,” said Pierre, feeling with pleasure that for the first time since his arrival, Prince Andrei became animated and began to speak and wanted to express everything that made him what he was now.
– Who told you what evil is for another person? - he asked.
- Evil? Evil? - said Pierre, - we all know what evil is for ourselves.
“Yes, we know, but the evil that I know for myself, I cannot do to another person,” Prince Andrei said more and more animatedly, apparently wanting to express his A New Look on things. He spoke French. Je ne connais l dans la vie que deux maux bien reels: c"est le remord et la maladie. II n"est de bien que l"absence de ces maux. [I know in life only two real misfortunes: remorse and illness. And the only good is the absence of these evils.] To live for yourself, avoiding only these two evils: that is all my wisdom now.
– What about love for one’s neighbor, and self-sacrifice? - Pierre spoke. - No, I cannot agree with you! To live only in such a way as not to do evil, so as not to repent? this is not enough. I lived like this, I lived for myself and ruined my life. And only now, when I live, at least try (Pierre corrected himself out of modesty) to live for others, only now I understand all the happiness of life. No, I don’t agree with you, and you don’t mean what you say.
Prince Andrei silently looked at Pierre and smiled mockingly.
“You’ll see your sister, Princess Marya.” You’ll get along with her,” he said. “Maybe you’re right for yourself,” he continued, after a short silence; - but everyone lives in their own way: you lived for yourself and you say that by doing this you almost ruined your life, and you only knew happiness when you began to live for others. But I experienced the opposite. I lived for fame. (After all, what is glory? the same love for others, the desire to do something for them, the desire for their praise.) So I lived for others, and not almost, but completely ruined my life. And since then I have become calmer, as I live only for myself.
- How can you live for yourself? – Pierre asked heatedly. - And the son, and the sister, and the father?
“Yes, it’s still the same me, it’s not others,” said Prince Andrei, but others, neighbors, le prochain, as you and Princess Mary call it, are the main source of error and evil. Le prochain [Neighbor] are those, your Kyiv men, to whom you want to do good.
And he looked at Pierre with a mockingly defiant gaze. He apparently called Pierre.
“You’re kidding,” Pierre said more and more animatedly. What kind of error and evil can there be in the fact that I wanted (very little and poorly fulfilled), but wanted to do good, and at least did something? What evil can it be that unfortunate people, our men, people just like us, growing up and dying without any other concept of God and truth, like ritual and meaningless prayer, will be taught in the comforting beliefs of a future life, retribution, reward, consolation? What evil and delusion is it that people die from illness without help, when it is so easy to help them financially, and I will give them a doctor, and a hospital, and a shelter for the old man? And isn’t it a tangible, undoubted blessing that a man, a woman and a child have no rest day and night, and I will give them rest and leisure?...” said Pierre, hurrying and lisping. “And I did it, at least poorly, at least a little, but I did something for this, and not only will you not dissuade me that what I did was good, but you will also not disbelieve me, so that you yourself do not think so.” “And most importantly,” Pierre continued, “I know this, and I know it correctly, that the pleasure of doing this good is the only true happiness in life.
Department of History of Foreign Philosophy
Job title
ProfessorAcademic degree
Doctor of Philosophy, ProfessorBiographical information
Graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University (1996), Faculty of History from Tver State University (1997). Candidate's dissertation "The Nature of the Transcendental Method", IFRAN (1999), doctoral dissertation "I. N. Tetens and the discussion about metaphysics in German philosophy of the second half of the 18th century", Russian State University for the Humanities (2005).Scientific and pedagogical activities
He has been teaching at the Russian State University for the Humanities since 1999. Visiting professor at the University of Luxembourg (2007), Baltic Federal University. I. Kant (2012, 2014), University of Trier (Germany) (2015-2016, 2018).Area of scientific interests and scope of scientific activity
Kantian philosophy, philosophy of the German Enlightenment, German idealism, Russian philosophy of the 18th-19th centuries, philosophical issues of Russian literaturePublications
- Kruglov, A. N. Transcendentalism in philosophy. M.: NIPKTs "Voskhod-A", 2000.
- Kruglov, A. N. Fencing in Western Europe and Japan in the 16th–18th centuries: spiritual and philosophical foundations. M.: NIPKTs "Voskhod-A", 2000.
- Kruglov, A.N. Tetens, Kant and the discussion about metaphysics in Germany in the second half of the 18th century. M.: “Phenomenology-Hermeneutics”, 2008.
- Kruglov, A. N. Kant’s philosophy in Russia at the end of the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries. M.: “Canon+” ROOI “Rehabilitation”, 2009.
- Kruglov, A. N. (2012). Kant and Kantian philosophy in Russian fiction. M.: “Canon+” ROOI “Rehabilitation”, 2012.
- Polemiki z Janem Śniadeckim. Opracowanie naukowe A. Krouglov, T. Kupś. Przekład tekstów rosyjskich A. Kondrat. Redakcja R. Specht. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uni-wersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, 2016.
- Tolstoj, L. N. Gedanken Immanuel Kants. Anhand der Originalvorlagen aus dem Russischen zurückübertragen, eingeleitet und hrsg. von A. N. Krouglov. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: frommann-holzboog, 2016.
- Tetens, J. N. Über die allgemeine speculativische Philosophie, neue kritische Ausgabe, hrsg. von A. N. Krouglov, H. P. Delfosse in Zusammenarbeit mit K. Probst. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: frommann-holzboog, 2017.
Translations
- Tetens, I. N. On general speculative philosophy / Introduction, translation and notes by A. N. Kruglov, preface by N. Hinske. M.: “Canon+” ROOI “Rehabilitation” 2013.
Updated: 02/20/2019 15:03:55
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