Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov. The largest Russian commanders and naval commanders of the 18th century Russian commander, first Russian field marshal
Great Russian commanders and naval commanders. Stories about fidelity, about exploits, about glory... Ermakov Alexander I
Boris Petrovich Sheremetev (1652–1719)
Boris Petrovich Sheremetev
Among the associates of Peter the Great, Boris Petrovich Sheremetev occupies a special place. It was he who had the honor of winning the first major victory at Erestfera over the previously invincible Swedes. Acting carefully and prudently, Sheremetev accustomed Russian soldiers to field warfare, tempered them with the transition from smaller to larger tasks. Using offensive tactics with a limited goal, he recreated the morale and fighting efficiency of the Russian troops and deservedly became the first field marshal in Russia.
Boris Petrovich Sheremetev was born on April 25, 1652. He belonged to an old aristocratic family, which, like the Romanovs, traced its origins to Andrei Kobyla. The Sheremetev surname arose from the nickname Sheremet, which was borne by one of the ancestors at the end of the 15th century. The descendants of Sheremet are already mentioned as military leaders in the 16th century. From that time on, the Sheremetev family began to supply boyars.
Boris Sheremetev's career began as usual for the scion of a noble family: at the age of 13 he was promoted to stolnik. This court rank, which ensured closeness to the king, opened up broad prospects for promotion in ranks and positions. However, Sheremetev's stewardship dragged on for many years. Only in 1682, at the age of 30, he was granted a boyar status.
Boris Petrovich showed a penchant for military affairs from childhood. He gained his military leadership skills while serving under his father. In 1681, he commanded troops in repelling the raid of the Crimean Tatars with the rank of governor and governor of Tambov.
Sheremetev also successfully proved himself in the diplomatic field. In 1686, he was one of four members of the Russian delegation at peace negotiations with the ambassadors of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. For the successful signing of the eternal peace, Sheremetev was awarded a gilded silver bowl, a satin caftan and 4 thousand rubles. In the summer of the same year, he headed the embassy sent to Warsaw to ratify the peace treaty. The boyar took an unconventional approach to negotiations: he asked for an audience with the queen, which flattered her pride, and thereby gained support for his endeavors. From Poland Sheremetev went to Vienna, where he could not achieve success. However, he was the first of the Russian representatives to present the letter directly to the emperor. Before this, such certificates were accepted by ministers. In Moscow, the results of Sheremetev’s embassy were assessed positively, and the boyar received a large estate in Kolomensky district as a reward.
In 1688, Boris Petrovich was appointed commander of the troops located in Belgorod and Sevsk. Staying away from Moscow freed Sheremetev from the need to participate in the events of 1689. Peter I won the struggle for power. But this circumstance did not change the position of the boyar - for many years he was not called to court. Apparently, Boris Petrovich did not enjoy the young tsar’s favor. This is evidenced by the fact that in the first Azov campaign (1695), Peter entrusted him with command of the troops, which delivered only a diversionary blow. Trust had to be won through deeds, and Sheremetev spared no effort. Without much difficulty, he ravaged the Turkish fortresses along the Dnieper, and a year later he decisively stopped all attempts by the Turks to recapture them.
In June 1697, Tsar Peter entrusted Boris Petrovich with a responsible diplomatic mission in a number of European countries. The purpose of Sheremetev’s trip was to put together an anti-Ottoman alliance of European powers. Create such a union Russian government failed, but an anti-Swedish coalition was formed, which included Russia, Denmark and Saxony.
On August 18, 1700, peace was signed with Turkey, and the next day, August 19, the war with Sweden began. Start Northern War did not foretell trouble for the allies. Overcoming impassable terrain, the horse and foot regiments of the Russian army, accompanied by a huge convoy, moved towards Narva. By mid-October, the army concentrated under the walls of the fortress.
While the Russian army was moving towards Narva, the Swedish king Charles XII, who at the age of 18 showed remarkable military leadership talents, managed to force the Danish king to capitulate. Then he put the army on ships, crossed the Baltic Sea and landed in Revel and Pernov. He hurried to Narva to free it from the siege.
Sheremetev, at the head of a reconnaissance detachment of irregular cavalry of five thousand people, was sent towards the Swedes. In three days, having advanced 120 versts to the west, he captured two small Swedish detachments. The prisoners showed that the thirty thousand army of the Swedish king was moving towards Narva. Sheremetev retreated, sending a report to the Tsar. Peter expressed dissatisfaction with the retreat and ordered the boyar to return to his previous place.
Meanwhile, Swedish troops left Revel on November 4 and moved east. Sheremetev was the first to come into contact with the enemy. He occupied the only road for defense, which lay between two cliffs. There was no way to get around it, because there were swamps and bushes all around. But Sheremetev, instead of destroying two bridges across the river and preparing for battle with the Swedes, hastily retreated to Narva. He arrived there early in the morning of November 18, reporting that the army of Charles XII was moving towards the fortress behind him. Peter had already left for Moscow before Sheremetev’s arrival, leaving command of the army to Duke Charles de Croix, who had recently been hired into Russian service. The battle began at 11 o'clock on November 19, 1700. The Russian regiments were located near the walls of Narva in a semicircle with a total length of seven miles. This made it easier for the Swedes, gathered into a fist, to break through the thin line of defense of the Russian army.
Another condition that favored the Swedes was the heavy snow that fell at two o'clock in the afternoon. The enemy quietly approached the Russian camp, filled the ditch with fascines and captured the fortifications and cannons. Panic began among the Russian troops. Shouts of “The Germans have betrayed us!” further increased the confusion. They saw salvation in flight. The cavalry, led by Sheremetev, rushed to swim across the Narova River in fear.
Boris Petrovich safely crossed to the opposite bank, but more than a thousand people drowned. The infantry also rushed across the only bridge. A stampede began, the bridge collapsed, and Narova accepted new victims.
The "Germans" really changed. De Croix was the first to go to the Swedish camp to surrender. His example was followed by other mercenary officers, of whom there were many in the Russian army. However, not everyone succumbed to panic.
Three regiments - Preobrazhensky, Semenovsky and Lefortovo - did not flinch, showed resilience and skillfully defended themselves from the advancing Swedes. As darkness fell, the battle stopped. Charles XII was preparing to resume it the next day, but this was no longer necessary: negotiations began late in the evening. Karl promised to let Russian troops through to the opposite bank with banners and weapons, but without guns.
The exit of the encircled began in the morning, and the Swedish king violated the terms of the truce. Only the guardsmen passed through unhindered - the Swedes did not dare touch them. Other regiments were disarmed, stripped, and the carts were plundered. Moreover, 79 generals and officers were captured. The Russian army lost all its artillery and at least 6,000 soldiers. The Swedes did not get this victory in vain: they lost 2,000 people - a fourth of their small army.
Narva did not add glory to Sheremetev’s military reputation. Twice his actions caused censure: he refused to fight with the Swedes when he commanded a five-thousand-strong cavalry detachment; Later, together with the cavalry, Sheremetev fled from the battlefield in panic. True, the defeat at Narva was primarily a tribute to Russia’s unpreparedness for war.
Considering the “Russian men” not dangerous to himself, Charles XII turned all his efforts against Augustus II of Saxony. The war began to be fought in two separate theaters: Polish (the main forces of the Swedes with the king) and the Baltic (barrier). Having left Schlippenbach's corps (8,000 people) in Livonia and Krongiort's corps (6,000 people) in Ingria to the latter, Karl considered these forces sufficient to contain the Russians.
Indeed, horror and confusion gripped Russia at the news of the Narva defeat. The army lost its commanders and lost all its artillery. The morale of the troops was undermined. Among the general despondency, only Peter I was not lost. During the winter of 1700–1701, the army was reorganized, ten dragoon regiments were re-formed, and 770 guns were cast from church bells - twice as many as were lost at Narva.
By the spring of 1701, the main forces of the Russian army (35,000) concentrated near Pskov. The troops were led by Boris Petrovich Sheremetev. The boyar decided to move into the Swedish borders, enter into battle only if there was overwhelming superiority and, acting carefully and prudently, gradually accustom the troops to field warfare. The year 1701 passed in minor skirmishes, but on December 29, Sheremetev won the first major victory over the Swedes at Erestfer (up to 2,000 prisoners were taken). The trophies included 16 banners and 8 cannons. Up to 3,000 Swedes were killed; Russian losses amounted to 1,000 people. The victory raised the spirit of the Russian troops. Sheremetev was awarded the order Andrew the First-Called with a gold chain and diamonds and awarded the rank of Field Marshal.
In 1702, Peter decided to take advantage of the disunity of the Swedish forces and defeat them separately. Sheremetev was to act in Livonia against Schlippenbach, while Peter with the main forces was heading to Ingria - against Krongiort. On July 18, the field marshal completely defeated the enemy at Gummelshof, completely destroying Schlippenbach's corps. He possessed 30,000 soldiers against 7,000 Swedes. The battle was fought with extreme ferocity, 5,500 Swedes were killed, only 300 were captured with 16 banners and 14 guns.
Russian losses were 400 killed and 800 wounded. This victory turned Sheremetev into the absolute master of Eastern Livonia.
The field marshal’s success was noted by the tsar: “We are extremely grateful for your efforts.”
The next operation with the participation of Sheremetev was associated with the capture of the ancient Russian Oreshok, renamed by the Swedes to Noteburg. One of the conditions for success laid down in the operation plan was the complete surprise of the strike. Peter I, accompanied by two guards regiments, moved from Nyukhcha to the White Sea to Noteburg. The king handed over command of the assembled troops (over 10,000) to the field marshal. The siege work began on September 27, and the assault began on October 11. The fortress fell.
On December 4, 1702, Sheremetev's victories in Livonia and the capture of Noteburg were marked by a solemn march of troops through three triumphal gates built in Moscow. The hero of the occasion himself did not participate in the festivities, for he arrived later.
In the spring of 1703, Sheremetev took Nyenschanz, near which Peter founded Petersburg. Further, Koporye, Yamburg, and Wesenberg fell to the field marshal’s troops. By the beginning of the 1704 campaign, the Russian army had become so strong that it was able to simultaneously lay siege to two powerful fortresses - Narva and Dorpat. Peter I led the siege of Narva himself, and sent Sheremetev to Dorpat. Here the field marshal displeased the king with the slowness of his actions. However, on July 13 Dorpat fell. The winners received 132 cannons, 15 thousand cannonballs, and significant food supplies. On August 9, Narva also fell. Thus, in four campaigns of 1701–1704, the Swedish troops left against the Russian army were exterminated, most of the Baltic states were conquered, and Russian troops (60,000 people) were accustomed to action in the open field.
In 1705, the tsar sent a field marshal to Astrakhan, where a mutiny of the Streltsy broke out. Sheremetev received the decree on his new appointment on September 12. The field marshal dealt harshly with the rebels, although Peter I recommended that he act carefully. The successful completion of the punitive expedition was noted by the tsar: Sheremetev received estates, the title of count and 7 thousand rubles.
At the end of 1706, the field marshal returned to the active army. By this time, Charles XII was preparing for an offensive in Russia. Sheremetev participated in the work of the military council and the development of a plan for the further conduct of the war. It was decided, without accepting a general battle, to retreat deep into Russia, acting on the flanks and behind enemy lines. The year 1707 passed in anticipation of the Swedish invasion. In September 1708, Charles XII made the final decision to march to Ukraine.
In the unusually harsh winter of 1709 for those places, the army of Charles XII needed rest and food. The Swedes found neither one nor the other in Ukraine. Sheremetev commanded the troops, but did not have much success.
From the first days of April, Karl's attention was focused on Poltava. If the king had managed to force the city’s garrison to surrender, then in this case the Swedes’ connections with the Crimea and especially with Poland, where significant Swedes were located, would have been facilitated, and the road from the south to Moscow would have been opened. Peter I arrived near Poltava on June 4, and on June 16, the military council convened by the tsar decided to cross the Vorskla River with the entire army and have a general battle. In the Battle of Poltava, which took place on June 27, the main character was Peter. Menshikov, Bour and Bruce made important contributions to the victory. Sheremetev's role was less noticeable: he headed the reserve and practically did not participate in the battle. Generous rewards awaited participants in the Poltava victory. The first on the award list of senior officers was Boris Petrovich, granted by the village of Chernaya Gryad. Then Sheremetev moved to Riga and at the end of October 1709 began the siege. The protracted siege of the city and fortress lasted until July 4, 1710. Then the Swedish garrison capitulated. In December 1710, the war with Turkey began.
The Prut campaign, in which the field marshal took part, ended extremely unsuccessfully. The peace treaty signed on July 12 inflicted a deep wound on Boris Petrovich. The fact is that the vizier demanded that the hostages fulfill the terms of the agreement between Chancellor Shafirov and the field marshal’s son, Mikhail Borisovich.
1718 was a very difficult year for the field marshal. The troubles are connected with the case of Tsarevich Alexei and the Tsar’s deep conviction that Sheremetev sympathized with Alexei. On June 8, senators, nobles, senior officers and church hierarchs were summoned to the capital for his trial. The death sentence for the prince was signed by 127 socialites, but the field marshal’s signature was not there. Boris Petrovich did not come to St. Petersburg. Peter was inclined to explain Sheremetev’s absence by feigning illness. Tsar in in this case he was wrong, but it cost the old field marshal the loss of peace of mind in the last months of his life.
Boris Petrovich Sheremetev died on February 17, 1719. At the order of the Tsar, his body was taken to St. Petersburg and solemnly buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Great is the merit to the Russian army of the first field marshal general, who had the most difficult task - re-educating the “Narva fugitives” and gradually turning them into victorious soldiers.
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Boyar Boris Petrovich Sheremetev, even before the accession of Peter I, had many services to Russia - military and diplomatic. But it was not because of them that he fell into Peter’s favor. In 1698, when the tsar returned from a trip abroad, Sheremetev was the only one of all the Moscow boyars to meet him dressed in full European uniform - in a “German” dress, without a beard and with the cross of the Knight of Malta on his chest. Peter realized that he could rely on such a person.
And for sure: Sheremetev served the young tsar faithfully and truly. It all started, however, with a major failure. In 1700, near Narva, Boris Petrovich commanded noble cavalry, which was the first to flee under the onslaught of the Swedes.
But Sheremetev quickly learned a bitter lesson and a few months later, on December 29, he won the first victory in the Northern War over the Swedes at Erestver Manor, in Estonia.
To celebrate, Peter rewarded the winner royally: he bestowed the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and a field marshal's baton. Both awards were still new in Russia at that time.
In the summer of 1702, Sheremetev captured an amazing trophy in Marienburg - Pastor Gluck’s pupil Marta Skavronskaya. She passed from Boris Petrovich to Menshikov, and Peter took Marta from Danilych, baptizing her into Catherine. In 1712 they got married. From now on, Sheremetev’s position at court was completely strengthened. Only he and Prince Caesar Romodanovsky were allowed to see the Tsar without a report. And although he and the tsar were not close, Peter’s respect for the first Russian field marshal was great. Suffice it to say that Sheremetev was relieved of the obligation to drain the Great Eagle Cup at the royal feasts. You need to see this bottomless vessel at least once to understand what a heavy duty our hero was spared.
Sheremetev walked all the roads of the Northern War, was the commander-in-chief in the Battle of Poltava, took Riga, suppressed the evil Astrakhan rebellion, shared the shame of the Prut campaign with the tsar, led Russian regiments to Pomerania...
In 1712, 60-year-old Boris Petrovich asked to retire. He dreamed of taking monastic vows at the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. But Peter, who loved surprises, instead of a monastic hood, presented Sheremetev with a beautiful bride - his relative, Anna Petrovna Naryshkina (nee Saltykova). The old field marshal did not refuse the new service. He performed his marital duty as honestly as he had previously performed his military duty. In seven years, his young wife bore him five children.
Shortly before his death, in 1718, Sheremetev showed himself to be a man of honor, refusing to participate in the trial of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich under the pretext of poor health.
However, his health was indeed undermined by many years of military labor.
In 1719, Peter personally buried the ashes of the first Russian field marshal.
In his will, Sheremetyev asked to be buried in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, but Peter I, having decided to create a pantheon in St. Petersburg, ordered Sheremetyev to be buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. The body of the first Russian field marshal was interred on April 10, 1719. The Tsar followed the coffin from the field marshal’s house, located on the Fontanka, opposite the Summer Garden, to the monastery, accompanied by the court, foreign ministers, generals and two guards regiments, Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky. Peter ordered to put up a banner with the image of the field marshal at Sheremetev’s grave.
P.S.
The first Russian field marshal was a man with humor, as evidenced by the following story.
“Sheremetev near Riga wanted to hunt. There was then in our service some prince from the seaside, they said, from Mecklenburg. Pyotr Alekseevich caressed him. He also went for Field Marshal (B.P. Sheremetev). By the time they reached the beast, the prince asked Sheremetev about Malta; As if he didn’t get rid of it and wanted to know if he had traveled somewhere else from Malta, Sheremetev took him around the whole world: he decided to go around all of Europe, look at Constantinople, and fry in Egypt, look at America. Rumyantsev, Ushakov, the prince, the sovereign’s usual conversation, returned to dinner. At the table, the prince could not be quite amazed how the field marshal managed to travel around so many lands. “Yes, I sent him to Malta.” — “And from there, wherever he was!” And he told his whole journey. Pyotr Alekseevich remained silent, and after the table, leaving to rest, he ordered Rumyantsev and Ushakov to stay; then giving them the question points, he ordered them to take an answer from the field marshal, among other things: from whom did he have leave to Constantinople, to Egypt, to America? They found him in the heat of a story about dogs and hares. “And the joke is not a joke; I’m going to confess myself,” Sheremetev said. When Pyotr Alekseevich began to scold him for fooling the foreign prince like that: “He’s a pretty bad kid,” Sheremetev answered. “There was nowhere to run from the demands. So listen, I thought, and he was dumbfounded.”
Lubyanovsky F. P. Memoirs. M., 1872, p. 50-52.
However, such tricks did not prevent foreigners from considering him the most polite and cultured person in Russia. The count knew Polish and Latin well.
Nikolai Vasilyevich came from an ancient princely family, dating back to Rurik. He received a good education at home. In 1745 he was enlisted as a soldier in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment, and already at the age of 14, as a sergeant, he took part in the first military campaign of Russian troops to the Rhine in his life. With the beginning Seven Years' War The young prince received permission from Empress Elizabeth Petrovna to volunteer in the army.In 1759, Repnin was sent to the allied French army to gain military experience. Returning the following year to St. Petersburg, he transferred from the guard, of which he was a captain, to the army with the rank of colonel and again returned to the theater of military operations. Participated in the capture of Berlin. In April 1762, Repnin was promoted to the rank of major general.
Catherine II, who ascended the throne in June 1762, sent Repnin as ambassador to Prussia to Frederick II. While there, he had the opportunity to evaluate the military potential of the Prussian kingdom and the military leadership talent of the Prussian king, of whom he remained an admirer all his life.
In 1763, the prince was appointed to the post of director of the Land Noble Cadet Corps, and was soon sent as ambassador to Poland.
With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish War of 1768–1774. Repnin goes into the active army under the command of Prince Golitsyn. By this time Repnin was already a lieutenant general. In the campaign of 1770 he was the commander of the advanced corps. Having gathered his corps, thinned out after the epidemic, on the Prut near the Ryabaya Mogila, from the end of May he repelled the attacks of the Tatar horde of Kaplan-Girey, numbering more than 70 thousand horsemen. Baur's equestrian vanguard came to Repnin's aid, and by June 16, the main forces, which attacked the Tatars the next day. The enemy retreated to Larga. In the battle of Larga against 38 thousand Russian troops there were 65 thousand Tatar cavalry and 15 thousand Turkish infantry. Here, the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, Rumyantsev, used divisional squares, which enabled the infantry to conduct more active offensive operations. The divisions of generals Olitsa, Plemyannikov, Bruce, Baur and Repnin surrounded the Turkish camp in a semicircle and, having repelled the attack of the Janissaries, launched a counter-offensive, completely defeating the enemy, who lost more than 20 thousand people, 300 banners and 203 guns.
On June 27, 1770, Repnin was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd degree. After these victories, Repnin's troops captured Izmail and, leaving a strong garrison there, approached the Kiliya fortress in early August. The Turks set fire to the outskirts, but Russian artillerymen managed to install their batteries and begin shelling the city. Twice the prince turned to the commander of the fortress, Osman Pasha, with a proposal to surrender, but the fortress capitulated only on August 18. In Kiliya, 68 guns and a large amount of ammunition were captured.
In the campaign of 1771, Repnin was appointed commander of all troops in Wallachia. In the spring and summer, the initiative was given to the Turks, who again brought their army to 160 thousand people. They managed to occupy Western Wallachia and temporarily take possession of Jurja, but when moving to Bucharest they were defeated by the corps of General Essen. The Russian garrison, led by Hansel, left in Zhurzh in February, repelled an assault by a 14,000-strong Turkish garrison in May, but then surrendered the fortress to the enemy. Repnin's division, going to the rescue of the besieged garrison, did not have time to approach the fortress. For this failure, Commander-in-Chief Rumyantsev blamed Repnin, who submitted his resignation and went abroad.
In 1774, Repnin returned to the army and took part in developing the terms of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace Treaty. Peace was signed on July 10. Under its terms, Turkey recognized the independence of the Crimean Khanate, the annexation to Russia of part of the coast with the fortresses of Azov, Kerch, Yenikale and Kinburn, as well as Kabarda and a number of areas between the Dnieper and Bug rivers. Moldova and Wallachia received autonomy and came under the protection of Russia. Rumyantsev, in his report to Catherine II, wrote that Prince Repnin “had full participation in the conclusion of peace.” Nikolai Vasilyevich was promoted to general-in-chief and lieutenant colonel of the Life Guards Izmailovsky Regiment, and the following year appointed his Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Turkey.
In 1777–1778 Repnin served as governor-general of Smolensk. And in 1781 he was promoted to adjutant general and appointed governor-general of Pskov, while retaining the position of governor-general of Smolensk. Over the next two years, he commanded the reserve corps in Poland and received the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree, on the day of its establishment, and diamond insignia for the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called for his administrative activities and military distinctions.
With the beginning of the new Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1791. Repnin is again in the ranks of the active army. In 1788, he took part in the siege and assault of the Ochakov fortress, and the following year, before the arrival of the commander-in-chief, Prince G. A. Potemkin, he commanded the Ukrainian army in Moldova.
In 1791 Potemkin left for St. Petersburg. He was replaced as commander-in-chief by Repnin. Contrary to the instructions, he decided to act offensively and already in April sent the detachments of Golitsyn and Kutuzov across the Danube. Repnin himself, having up to 60 thousand soldiers, moved towards Galati.
The Russian army crossed the Danube and attacked the Turks on June 28. Repnin's actions were decisive. The success of the battle was predetermined by a bold attack on the left flank of the detachment under the command of Kutuzov. The Turkish army was defeated and fled to Girsovo.
The defeat forced Turkey to begin negotiations and accelerated the conclusion of the Treaty of Iasi. He confirmed the annexation of Crimea and Kuban to Russia. The new border was now established in the southwest along the Dniester River, and in the Caucasus it was restored along the Kuban River. Türkiye renounced its claims to Georgia. The treaty significantly strengthened Russia's position in the Caucasus and Balkans.
On July 15, 1791, General-Chief Repnin was awarded the Order of St. George, 1st degree. However, during the celebration of peace with Turkey, Repnin did not receive a field marshal's baton. The Empress only awarded him a letter of commendation and for the second time awarded him the diamond insignia of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, appointing the prince to the secondary position of Riga and Revel governor-general.
Paul I, who took the throne in November 1796, promoted Repnin to the rank of field marshal and appointed him commander of the Lithuanian division, military governor in Riga, and on the day of coronation Repnin received 6 thousand souls of peasants, the post of chancellor of the order and inspector of infantry in Lithuania and Livonia.
In 1798, the emperor sent Repnin to Berlin and Vienna, but his diplomatic mission in Prussia and Austria with the aim of creating an anti-French coalition ended in vain. Frederick William III, who ascended the Prussian throne in 1797, promised Paul I his support, but did not dare to join the anti-French coalition. After this failure, Repnin was dismissed and settled in Moscow, where he lived for about three years and died in 1801.
Veide Adam Adamovich(1667-1720) - Russian commander, infantry general. From the family of a foreign colonel who served the Russian tsars. He began his service in the “amusing” troops of Peter l. Participant Azov campaigns 1695-1696 Military training by order of Peter took place in Austria, England and France. In 1698 he compiled the “Military Regulations”, which provided for and strictly described the duties of military officials. He participated in the drafting of the “Military Charter” of 1716. During the Northern War, he commanded a division at Narva (1700), where he was captured and remained there until 1710. He also commanded a division during the Prut campaign. Participated in expeditions of the Russian army to Finland, Pomerania, and Mecklenburg. He particularly distinguished himself in the Gangut naval battle. Since 1717 - President of the Military Collegium.
Greig Samuil Karlovich(1736-1788) - military leader, admiral (1782). Honorary Member of the St. Petersburg Academy
Sciences (1783). Originally from Scotland. Served as a volunteer in the English Navy. In Russia since 1764. He was accepted into service as captain of the 1st rank. He commanded a number of warships of the Baltic Fleet. During the Mediterranean expedition of the squadron of Admiral G. A. Spiridov, he was an adviser on maritime affairs to A. G. Orlov. In the Battle of Chesme he commanded a detachment that destroyed the Turkish fleet, for which he was awarded hereditary nobility. In 1773-1774 commanded a new squadron sent from Kronstadt to the Mediterranean Sea. In May 1775, he delivered Princess Tarakanova, captured by A.G. Orlov, to St. Petersburg. From 1777 - head of the naval division. In 1788 he was appointed commander of the Baltic Fleet. Defeated the Swedes in Gogland naval battle. He made a great contribution to the rearmament of the Russian fleet, the reconstruction of ports and naval bases.
Gudovich Ivan Vasilievich(1741-1820) - military leader, field marshal general (1807), count (1797). He began serving as an ensign in 1759. Then he became the aide-de-camp of P.I. Shuvalov, adjutant-general of Uncle Peter III - Prince George of Holstein. With the coming to power of Catherine II, he was arrested, but soon released / Since 1763 - commander of the Astrakhan infantry regiment. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. distinguished himself in the battles of Khotin (1769), Larga (1770), Kagul (1770). In November 1770, the troops led by him occupied Bucharest. From 1774 he commanded a division in Ukraine. Then he was Ryazan and Tambov governor-general, inspector general (1787-1796). In November 1790, he was appointed commander of the Kuban Corps and head of the Caucasian line. At the head of a 7,000-strong detachment he occupied Anapa (June 22, 1791). He achieved the annexation of the territory of Dagestan to Russia. In 1796 retired. After the accession to the throne of Paul I, he was returned and appointed commander of the troops in Persia. From 1798 - Kyiv, then Podolsk governor-general. In 1799 - Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Rhine Army. In 1800, he was dismissed for criticizing the military reform of Paul I. In 1806 he was again returned to service and appointed commander-in-chief of the troops in Georgia and Dagestan. Since 1809 - Commander-in-Chief in Moscow, member of the Permanent (since 1810 - State) Council, senator. Since 1812 - retired.
Panin Petr Ivanovich(1721-1789) - military leader, general-in-chief, brother of N. I. Panin. During the Seven Years' War, he commanded large formations of the Russian army, proving himself to be a capable military leader. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded the 2nd Army, took the Vendora fortress by storm. In 1770 he resigned, becoming one of the leaders of the palace opposition. In July 1774, despite the negative attitude of Catherine II, he was appointed commander of the troops aimed at suppressing the Pugachev uprising.
Repnin Anikita Ivanovich(1668-1726) - military leader, field marshal general (1725). One of Peter's companions! Since 1685 - lieutenant of the "amusing" troops. Since 1699 - Major General. Participant of the Azov campaigns. He took part in the creation of the regular Russian army in 1699-1700. In 1708 he was defeated, for which he was demoted, but in the same year he was restored to the rank of general. During the Battle of Poltava, he commanded the central section of the Russian army. In 1709-1710 led the siege and capture of Riga. From 1710 - Governor-General of Livonia, from January 1724 - President of the Military Collegium.
Repnin Nikolay Vasilievich(1734-1801) - military leader and diplomat, Field Marshal General (1796). He served as an officer since 1749. He took part in the Seven Years' War. In 1762-1763 ambassador to Prussia, then to Poland (1763-1768). During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded a separate corps. In 1770 he stormed the fortresses of Izmail and Kiliya, and participated in the development of the terms of the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhi peace. In 1775-1776 Ambassador to Turkey. In 1791, during the absence of G. A. Potemkin, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the war with Turkey. Governor-General of Smolensk (1777-1778), Pskov (1781), Riga and Revel (1792), Lithuanian (1794-1796). In 1798 he was dismissed.
Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky Petr Alexandrovich(1725-1796) - an outstanding Russian commander, field marshal general (1770), count (1744). Enlisted in the guard at the age of six, and from the age of 15 he served in the army with the rank of second lieutenant. In 1743, he was sent by his father to St. Petersburg with the text of the Abo Peace Treaty, for which he was immediately promoted to colonel and appointed commander of an infantry regiment. At the same time, together with his father, he was awarded the title of count. During the Seven Years' War, commanding a brigade and a division, he distinguished himself at Groß-Jägersdorf (1757) and Kunersdorf (1759). Since 1761 - general-in-chief. After the overthrow of Peter III, he fell into disgrace. Since 1764 under the patronage of the Orlovs, he was appointed president of the Little Russian Collegium and governor-general of Little Russia (he remained in this position until his death). In the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. commanded the 2nd Army and then the 1st Army. In the summer of 1770, within one month, he won three outstanding victories over the Turks: at Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Kagul. From 1771 to 1774 he acted at the head of the army in Bulgaria, forcing the Turks to make peace with Russia. In 1775 it was given the honorary name Transdanubian. Under Potemkin, Rumyantsev's position at court and in the army weakened somewhat. In 1787-1791 commanded the 2nd Army. In 1794 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the army in Poland. Outstanding military theorist - “Instructions” (1761), “Rite of Service” (1770), “Thoughts” (1777).
Saltykov Nikolay Ivanovich(1736-1816) - military and statesman, field marshal general (1796), prince (1814). He began his military service in 1748. He was a participant in the Seven Years' War. Since 1762 - Major General. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. (in the capture of Khotin in 1769, etc.). Since 1773 - general-in-chief, vice-president of the Military Collegium and trustee of the heir Pavel Petrovich. Since 1783, he was the chief educator of the Grand Dukes Constantine and Alexander. Since 1788 - and. O. President of the Military Collegium. Since 1790 - Count. In 1796-1802 - President of the Military Collegium. In 1807 - leader of the militia. In 1812-1816. - Chairman of the State Council and the Cabinet of Ministers.
Saltykov Petr Semenovich(1696-1772) - military leader, field marshal general (1759), count (1733). He began his military training under Peter I, who sent him to France, where he remained until the 30s. Since 1734 - Major General. Participated in military operations in Poland (1734) and against Sweden (1741-1743). Since 1754 - general-in-chief. At the beginning of the Seven Years' War, he commanded land militia regiments in Ukraine. In 1759 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army and proved himself to be an outstanding commander, winning victories over Prussian troops at Kunersdorf and Palzig. In 1760 he was removed from command. In 1764 he was appointed Governor-General of Moscow. After the "plague riot" he was dismissed.
Spiridov Grigory Andreevich(1713-1790) - military leader, admiral (1769). From an officer's family. In the fleet since 1723, he sailed in the Caspian, Azov, White and Baltic seas. From 1741 - commander of the battleship. Participant in the Russian-Turkish War of 1735-1739, the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763. and the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Since 1762 - rear admiral. From 1764 - chief commander of the Revel port, and from 1766 - of the Kronstadt port. Since 1769 - commander of the squadron that made the transition to the Mediterranean Sea. Successfully led the fleet in the battle in the Chios Strait (1770) and in the Battle of Chesme (1770). In 1771-1773 commanded the Russian fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. He made a great contribution to the development of Russian naval art.
Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich(1729-1800) - an outstanding Russian commander. Generalissimo (1799). Count of Rymniksky (1789), Prince of Italy (1799). In 1742 he was enrolled in the Semenovsky Guards Regiment. He began serving there as a corporal in 1748. In 1760-1761. with the rank of lieutenant colonel, he was an officer on the staff of Commander-in-Chief V.V. Fermor. In 1761 participated in hostilities against the Prussian corps near Kolberg. In 1770 he was promoted to major general. From 1773 on the Russian-Turkish front, where he won his first victory at Turtukai, and then at Girsovo. In June 1774, he put to flight a 40,000-strong Turkish army at Kozludzha, having only 18,000 people. In the same year he was sent to the Urals to suppress the Pugachev uprising. In 1778-1784. commanded the Kuban and Crimean corps, and then prepared an expedition against Persia. During the war with the Turks of 1787-1791. with the rank of general-in-chief, he was appointed corps commander. In 1787, he defeated the Turkish landing on the Kinburn Spit, and then defeated the Turks at Focsani and Rymnik. In 1790, he took the impregnable fortress of Izmail by storm. From 1791 - commander of troops in Finland, in 1792-1794. - in Ukraine. He took part in the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1794, and then (1795-1796) commanded troops in Poland and Ukraine. There he compiled his main military book, “The Science of Victory,” in which he formulated the essence of the tactics he used in the well-known triad: eye, speed, onslaught. In February 1797 he was dismissed and exiled to the Konchanskoye estate. However, soon, at the request of Russia’s allies in the 2nd anti-French coalition, he was appointed commander of the allied forces in Italy, where, through his efforts, the entire territory of the country was liberated from the French in just six months. After the Italian campaign. in the same 1799, he undertook a very difficult campaign in Switzerland, for which he was awarded the rank of generalissimo. Soon he was dismissed again. Died in exile.
Rules of war by D. V. Suvorov
1. Act nothing other than offensively. 2. In a campaign - speed, in an attack - swiftness; cold steel. 3. There is no need for methodism, but the correct military view. 4. Full power to the commander in chief. 5. Beat and attack the enemy in the field. 6. Don’t waste time in sieges; perhaps some Mainz, as a storage point. - Sometimes an observation corps, a blockade, or best of all an open assault. - There is less loss here. 7. Never split up your strength to occupy points. If the enemy has bypassed him, so much the better: he himself goes to defeat... Late 1798-1799 Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich(1744-1817) - an outstanding Russian naval commander, admiral (1799).. Graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1766. Served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1769 he was assigned to the Don Flotilla. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. commanded the battleship St. Paul. In 1788 The vanguard of the Black Sea squadron led by him played a decisive role in the victory over the Turkish fleet near the island. Fidonisi. Since 1789 - rear admiral. Since 1790 - commander of the Black Sea Fleet. He won major victories over the Turks in the Kerch naval battle (1790), near the island. Tendra (1790), near Cape Kaliakria (1791). Since 1793 - vice admiral. He led the campaign of a military squadron in 1798-1800. to the Mediterranean Sea. In 1799 he stormed the fortress on the island. Corfu. During the Italian campaign, Suvorov (1799) contributed to the expulsion of the French from Southern Italy, blocking their bases in Ancona and Genoa, commanding landing forces that distinguished themselves in Naples and Rome. The squadron was recalled at the request of the allies in 1800. Since 1807 - retired.
Kutuzov, Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky Mikhail Illarionovich (Larionovich) (5.9.1747-16.4.1813, Bunzlau, Silesia), count (1811), His Serene Highness (1812), commander, diplomat, field marshal general (1812). From the nobles. The only son of Lieutenant General and Senator Illarion Matveevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov and his wife, nee Beklemisheva. After the death of his mother, he was taken in by his grandmother, and after his father moved to serve in St. Petersburg, he went with him. He studied at the Artillery and Engineering Noble School in St. Petersburg, and at the same time, from 1759, he taught arithmetic and geometry there. After graduating from school (1761), he was promoted to ensign engineer. In 1762, the adjutant wing of the Revel Governor-General, Field Marshal General P.A.F. Holstein-Becksky. In the same year, he was promoted to captain and appointed company commander of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment, which at that time was commanded by A.V. Suvorov. He began his fighting career in Poland; from 1764 he was at the disposal of the commander of the Russian troops in Poland, Lieutenant General I.I. Weimarn. Kutuzov commanded small detachments operating against the Polish Confederates. In 1767-1768 he was a member of the Commission for the drafting of a new Code. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-74, from 1770 he served as chief quartermaster under Major General F.V. Baur, then in the Smolensk and Stary Oskol infantry regiments. He distinguished himself in the battles of Ryabaya Mogila, Larga, Ka-gul and during the assault on Bendery. Due to a careless joke addressed to the Commander-in-Chief of the Danube Army, Field Marshal General Count P.A. Rumyantsev in 1772 was transferred to the Crimean Army under General-Chief Prince V.M. Dolgorukova. In the battle near Alushta on July 23, 1774, Kutuzov, commanding the grenadier battalion of the Moscow Legion, was the first to break into the fortified village of Shumy, while pursuing a fleeing enemy, he was seriously wounded by a bullet in the temple and gradually lost the ability to see with his right eye. For this deed he was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree. The wound forced Kutuzov to undergo serious treatment abroad, in Berlin and Vienna, where he had the opportunity to be introduced to King Frederick the Great and Field Marshal Laudon. Since 1776, Kutuzov was the head of the Masonic lodge “To the Three Keys” (Regensburg), and was later accepted into the lodges of Frankfurt, Vienna, Berlin, St. Petersburg and Moscow. In 1777-1782 he served in Novorossiya under the command of Field Marshal Prince G.A. Potemkin. In 1777-1784 he commanded the Lugansk pikemen and Mariupol light horse regiments, and from 1785 he was the chief of the Bug Jaeger Corps that he formed. With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791, Kutuzov's corps guarded the border along the Bug River, and in the summer of 1788 participated in the siege of Ochakov, during which on August 18 he was wounded in the head for the second time. In 1789 he commanded a separate corps, with which he participated in the battle of Kaushany (September 13) and in the occupation of the fortresses of Akkerman and Bendery. In 1790, during the assault on Izmail, Kutuzov commanded the 6th column and personally led the soldiers to the attack. His actions received highly appreciated Suvorov, who even before the capture of the fortress appointed Kutuzov as its commandant. The Izmail detachment of Kutuzov defeated the Turkish corps (about 15 thousand Turkish and about 8 thousand Tatar troops) near Babadag on June 4, 1791. Kutuzov played an outstanding role in the Battle of Machinsky (1791): commanding the left-flank corps, his cavalry forces delivered a decisive blow to the rear of the right flank of the Turkish troops and put them to flight. In 1792, Kutuzov commanded part of the army of General-Chief M.V. Kakhovsky, who acted against Polish troops. After the conclusion of the Peace of Jassy, Kutuzov was sent as ambassador extraordinary to Constantinople; managed to persuade the Turkish government to conclude an alliance with Russia and other European powers against revolutionary France, as well as resolve in favor of Russia a number of controversial issues that arose in connection with the implementation of the Peace of Jassy in 1791. In 1794-1797, the chief director of the Land Noble Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg (in the words of Catherine II, “a breeding ground for military people”), reorganized and established a strict regime in it, strengthened the practical orientation of training, introduced the teaching of tactics (he himself taught this course, as well as the course military history). In 1795-1796 he simultaneously commanded
ground forces in Finland. In 1797-1798 he successfully completed a diplomatic mission in Prussia, persuading it to join the anti-French coalition. In January 1798 he was promoted to infantry general, in 1798-1799 he was an inspector of troops in Finland, and drew up an operational plan in case of war with Sweden. In September 1799 he was appointed commander of the corps intended for the expedition to Holland, at the end of 1799 - the Lithuanian military governor and infantry inspector of the Lithuanian and Smolensk inspections, as well as the chief of the Pskov musketeer regiment, which before its disbandment in 1918 bore the name of Kutuzov. In 1800 he was the commander of the army in Volyn, in 1801 he was the military governor of St. Petersburg (he also ruled the civilian part of the St. Petersburg and Vyborg provinces) and inspector of the Finnish Inspectorate. In 1802 he asked for dismissal and retired to his Volyn estate. The War of 1805 again forced him to take command of the Russian army. Having fallen out of favor after Austerlitz (Kutuzov was again wounded in the head), he was appointed first Kyiv and then Vilna governor-general. In the conditions of the impending war with Napoleon and the need to end the protracted war with Turkey, Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army on March 7, 1711. On June 22, near Rushchuk, Russian troops won a major victory, and in October they surrounded and captured the entire Turkish army near Slobodzeya, for which Kutuzov received the title of count (10/29/1811). Kutuzov achieved the signing of the Bucharest Peace Treaty, which was beneficial for Russia, for which he received the title of His Serene Highness (29.7.1812). All actions of Russian troops during the Patriotic War of 1812 are associated with the name of Kutuzov. For services to Patriotic War received the rank of Field Marshal, was awarded the Field Marshal's baton, golden weapons, the title of Smolensky and the Order of St. George, 1st degree, becoming the first full Knight of St. George in Russia.
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