Multimedia presentation for the event "November 4 - National Unity Day". Presentation for primary classes "National Unity Day" Download presentation for Unity Day on November 4

Slide 6

Blessing of Patriarch Hermogenes

Slide 7

Main role Posad people played in the militia. Minin and Pozharsky headed the “Council of the Whole Earth”. Funds for arming the militia were obtained thanks to voluntary donations from the population and mandatory taxation on a fifth of the property. Yaroslavl became the center of formation of the new militia

Slide 8

The militia turned out to be an amazing phenomenon; it appeared when it seemed that Russia was surviving last days when it seemed that there was no force that would be able to resist the invaders. It was a demonstration of the will to independence, love for the Motherland, the ability to self-organize when there is no central government, the capital was surrendered to Russian collaborators, military units went over to the enemy’s side. On the throne are people alien to Russia.

Slide 9

On October 22, on the day of the discovery of the icon of the Kazan Mother of God, which accompanied the militia, China, the city, was taken. Four days later, the Polish garrison in the Kremlin surrendered.

Slide 10

Slide 11

In memory of the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, a temple in honor of the icon of Our Lady of Kazan was erected on Red Square at the expense of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.

Slide 12

Grateful Russia erected the first sculptural monument in Moscow to Minin and Pozharsky on Red Square (sculptor Martos, 1818)

Slide 13

This will be repeated many times in Russian history. Ordinary Russian people, realizing that the country is threatened by a mortal enemy, selflessly stand up for its defense. Example: The feat of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin, who sacrificed his own life in the fight against the Polish invaders, leading his enemies into a dense forest and into a swamp, forever serves as a symbol of loyalty to the Motherland (1613). According to legend, in this way he saved Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, who was then living in Kostroma and was elected to the kingdom. An example of self-sacrifice. 1812 People's militia - patriots of Smolensk, Borodino. Tarutino. A massive partisan movement that made the French presence in Russia unbearable. The militia that pursued the enemy, making it possible to preserve the main forces of the Russian army.

Slide 14

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov

Methodical development of the scenario class hour on the theme “National Unity Day November 4” is offered to visitors, and is recommended for holding in the middle school level. In addition to the script, there is also a fascinating and visual presentation of 44 slides in development.

The material of the educational hour makes it possible to organize it in the form of a civil-patriotic orientation, dedicated to the Day of National Unity on November 4. Basic goals class hours are as follows:

development of feelings of patriotism and citizenship, love for the Motherland;
increased interest in historical events, which took place in Russian state;
fostering feelings of respect and pride for;
formation of responsibility for the future, for the fate of one’s homeland.

National Unity Day November 4 – brief description of the class hour

From the first minutes of the “National Unity Day” class hour, the teacher reports, accompanied by presentation slides, about the Russian national holiday to which the event is dedicated and announces the performance of the national anthem ( first verse and chorus).

And after listening to an excerpt from the hymn Russian Federation, the conversation with class students is intensified on the following questions:
Tell me, what does this holiday call for all citizens of our country?
What do you suppose is the meaning of National Unity Day?
Why do you think our people need unity?

Having introduced students to the topic on the above questions, we move on to reading thematic poems: "Unity Forever", .

History of the celebration of National Unity Day

At the next stage of the class, we introduce the children to the history of the origin of this holiday. This holiday was established in memory of the events that took place in the Russian state on November 4, 1612. It was on this day, more than four hundred years ago, under the leadership of Dmitry Pozharsky, as well as Kuzma Minin, the people’s militia were able to storm Kitai Gorod, which led to the liberation of Moscow from the Polish interventionists.

But, the most important thing is that this event demonstrated an example of genuine unity and heroism of the entire people, regardless of religion, position in society, material well-being or origin.

If we consider this holiday from a historical perspective, then it can be associated with the end of the Time of Troubles, which took place in Russia during the late 16th - early 17th centuries. When the Moscow throne began to shake after the death of Ivan the Terrible, and none of his three sons stood at the head of the throne for a long time, Boris Godunov came to power. This is where the period of history began, called the Troubles.

The contribution of Minin and Pozharsky and National Unity Day

Despite the fact that Boris Godunov intended to do a lot of good for his country, the people did not forgive him for his death in the midst of famine and crop failure youngest son Ivan the Terrible Tsarevich Dmitry. Here False Dmitry I ascended the throne with the support of the Polish king. However, he did not suit the boyars and Poles, since he did not allow Rus' to be freely ravaged.

Then False Dmitry II ascended the throne, wishing to place the son of the Polish king Vladislav on the Moscow throne. However, the Polish king Sigismund decided to take the Moscow throne himself, making Rus' part of the Kingdom of Poland. Here the patience of the people ran out, and they began to form militias one after another.

Minin and Pozharsky

These militias were headed by Prokopiy Lyapunov, and then by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, to whose militia the merchant Kozma Minin was one of the very first to donate all his property, calling on others to follow his example. And now the militia of Minin and Pozharsky managed to gather a large army and besiege Moscow occupied by the Poles. Two months later, on November 4, 1612, the so-called Kitai-gorod was taken, and the enemy army surrendered to the victors.

National Unity Day November 4 and Ivan Susanin

Let’s not forget about another feat accomplished in 1613 by Ivan Susanin. He managed to lead a detachment of Polish interventionists into a deep forest, which was going to capture only the elected Russian Tsar, the son of Patriarch Filaret - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. At the cost of his death, Susanin managed to destroy the invaders, leading them to the swamps of a dense forest.

Poems and musical works were composed in honor of Ivan Susanin. During the course, the scriptwriter proposes to organize a dramatization "Ivan Susanin" based on the poem by K. Ryleev

We also remind students that November 4th is also the Day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. These two holidays have become identical since 2005, since the celebration in honor of the icon named "Kazan", was established precisely as a sign of gratitude for the liberation of Rus' from the Poles in 1612.

At the end of the class hour, the results are summed up and a quiz is held on the questions, accompanied by presentation slides. A detailed development of the scenario for the class hour, which is called “National Unity Day,” can be downloaded along with the presentation at the beginning of the article. In the player below we recommend viewing the slides of the specified presentation ↓

Conversation with elements of frontal questioning

"Revived holiday"

Target. Cultivate an interest in studying the history of your country, a sense of pride and respect for the defenders of the state.

Introduce students to the history, meaning and significance of the national holiday;

Give an idea of ​​the events of the early 17th century;

Contribute to the education of patriotic feelings, a sense of pride for the Motherland;

Equipment: multimedia projector, screen, Pover Point presentation.

Slide 1

November 4 in Russia National Unity Day is celebrated .

Our task is to find out why the holiday is “revived”.

Slide 2

National Unity Day was established in December 2004 by Russian President Vladimir Putin in memory of the events of 1612, when the people's militia led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky liberated Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian occupiers.

This is the youngest public holiday was celebrated for the first time in Russia on November 4, 2005.

This is a revived holiday having its own centuries-old history.

Slide 3.

Historically, this holiday is associated with the end of the Time of Troubles in Russia in the 17th century. V Troubles,

The Time of Troubles is the name of the tragic period in the history of our fatherland from 1598 to 1613. Chronologically, this period can be designated as 1584 - 1613. After the death of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible in 1584, his heir Fyodor Ioannovich ascended the throne, who showed little interest in state affairs. Tsar Fedor had no heirs, and his only successor, Tsarevich Dmitry, died in Uglich in childhood. In 1598, Fyodor Ioannovich died, and the royal Rurik dynasty ended with him.

15 years in the history of Russia included so many events that in the history of any other state they would be more than enough for a good hundred years: V
– three kings - Boris Godunov (1598–1605), False Dmitry I (1605–1606) and Vasily Shuisky (1606–1610);
Seven Boyars;

V Slide 4-5.

Boyar conspiracies and intrigues, V terrible famine (1601 - 1603), drought, plague epidemic.

V Slide 6-8

Cossack, Polish and simple bandits were rampant everywhere, mocking the Russian people with impunity, robbing, killing, and mocking shrines. Fires and violence started.

The Polish lords took advantage of the terrible situation, trying to enslave Rus'. In their insidious plans they used impostors False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II, who acted under the name of Tsarevich Dmitry.

Slide 9

Today it is difficult for us to imagine what the Russian people had to endure then. Here are just three historical fact Polish intervention:
– The siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery lasted 16 months (from September 1608 to January 1610). 15 thousand Poles could not break the spirit of two and a half (!) thousand Russians, of whom only every tenth remained alive by the last assault on July 31, 1609;

Slide 10 V 11

– in September 1609, the Polish king Sigismund besieged Smolensk. The city is steadfast V lasted 20 months, although due to terrible scurvy (there was just no salt!) its population decreased by 9 times; Open Polish intervention began. V
- in March 1611, the Poles burned Moscow to Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin, where they took refuge themselves. There were about 60 thousand killed and burned Muscovites.

“..everything threatened the Russian land with inevitable destruction”...

Slide 12

And there would have been destruction if not for the faith and patriotism of the Russian people. Throughout the Russian land, indignation grew against the Poles and their dashing people.

Nizhny Novgorod took over the banner of the liberation struggle.

At a meeting of elected people who had gathered to talk about the disasters of the earth, the zemstvo elder and merchant Kozma Zakharyich Minin-Sukhoruk rose from his place. Nizhny Novgorod residents knew him as an active and practical person. At a city meeting, Kuzma Minin made his famous speech: “Orthodox, let us help the Moscow state, we will not spare our bellies, and not just our bellies - we will sell our yards, we will pawn our wives and children. It's a great thing! But God will help us."
The next day, a sacrificial impulse swept the entire city. People gave their last.

Slide 13

To lead the militia, the residents of Nizhny Novgorod decided to call upon the prince and governor, the 30-year-old Novgorod prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, who was being treated nearby after being wounded, and sent delegations of townspeople to him Nizhny Novgorod for negotiations.

Pozharsky agreed, but on one condition: the treasury of the militia must have a special person with exceptional powers. This person was Kuzma Minin.

Kuzma Minin began to manage the militia treasury.

Slide 14

So these two people, elected by the people, became the heads of the Nizhny Novgorod militia.
From that time on, Pozharsky and Minin began to represent the only legitimate power in the Moscow state.

Slide 15

At the beginning of March 1611, the Nizhny Novgorod militia set out on a campaign. He was hurried by both time and the coming spring, which threatened the road with mud.

Slide 16

The Polish occupiers had their last refuge - the Kremlin, which came under a strong siege.

Slide 17

In August 1612 Militia detachments defeated the Polish army near the capital. October 22 / November 4, 1612 militia fighters led by Minin and Pozharsky took Kitay-Gorod by storm.

Slide18-19-20

With the militia, which was led by Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, was the miraculous icon of the Mother of God of Kazan. The Most Holy Lady took the militia under Her protection, and Russia was saved through Her intercession. Before the decisive battle, the Orthodox army endured a three-day fast and tearfully prayed to the Queen of Heaven in front of Her Kazan Icon for the granting of victory. The icon became the main shrine of the militia, a kind of battle banner.

On Sunday, October 25, Russian squads solemnly, with a procession of the cross, went to the Kremlin, carrying the Kazan Icon. The Poles, besieged in the Kremlin, exhausted by hunger and having lost hope of outside help, were forced to surrender. The command of the interventionist garrison signed the surrender. This day became a day of national celebration.

Slide 21

The confidence that it was thanks to the icon of the Kazan Mother of God that the victory was won was so deep that Prince Pozharsky, with his own money, specially built the Kazan Cathedral on the edge of Red Square. Amazingly beautiful, it is decorated with a large mosaic icon of the Kazan Mother of God. Above the entrance is an icon of the Savior.

Slide 22

By decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who reigned in 1645-1676, the obligatory celebration of November 4 was established in 1649 as a day of gratitude to the Blessed Virgin Mary for her help in liberating Russia from the Poles (celebrated until 1917). This day was included in the church calendar as the Celebration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in memory of the deliverance of Moscow and Russia from the Poles in 1612.

In 2004, the holiday was approved as National Unity Day by President V.V. Putin
Thus, National Unity Day is essentially not a new holiday at all, but a return to an old tradition. On National Unity Day in different cities of our country, political parties and social movements organize rallies, processions and concerts, charity events and sporting events.

Slide 23 -24

Heroes and heroes in Rus', it seemed, had already disappeared. But there were two honest people who timidly and even seemingly reluctantly emerged from the faceless mass of Russian people - and only then, after their unparalleled feat, went back into the shadows. These two - a Russian peasant and a Russian service man - showed a rare example of selfless service to the fatherland. Therefore, it is no coincidence that their descendants, and only their image, decided to decorate Red Square.

Slide 25

A copy of the monument in Nizhny Novgorod. And in other cities of our country

Slide 26

The merits of Minin and Pozharsky were highly appreciated by the new autocrat: Pozharsky was granted a boyar, and Minin - a Duma nobleman (an act unprecedented at that time).

In the new Moscow government, Minin was entrusted with collecting treasury from all cities. He performed this work until his early death in 1616.

Prince Dmitry Pozharsky successfully led troops in battles against the Polish invaders. Since 1619 he actively worked in the Russian government, heading a number of Orders. Dmitry Pozharsky died on April 30, 1642.

Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky are among the most revered Russian national heroes.

Slide 27

Summary of the conversation. This historical page of our Fatherland has once again shown that in difficult times for the country, Russian people’s patriotic feelings are especially clearly manifested and their best qualities are revealed: selfless love for the Fatherland, the greatest valor and heroism,

the ability to withstand the most difficult trials and defend one’s independence.

Additional Help

Monument to Minin and Pozharsky the work of the sculptor I. P. Martos (1752 - 1835) is one of the most famous monuments in Moscow. It was created from 1804 to 1815. on public donations and was installed on February 20, 1918 (old style) on Red Square opposite the entrance to the Upper Trading Rows.

The sculptor depicts the moment when Kuzma Minin, pointing his hand towards Moscow, hands Prince Pozharsky an ancient sword and calls on him to stand at the head of the Russian army. Leaning on the shield, the wounded governor rises from his bed, which symbolizes the awakening of national self-awareness in a difficult hour for the Fatherland. On the pedestal of the monument, decorated with two bas-reliefs, there is an inscription: "Grateful Russia to Prince Pozharsky and citizen Minin. 1818" .

In 1930, it was decided to move the sculpture so that it would not interfere with parades. From this time to the present day, the first monument in Moscow is located at the Intercession Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral).

Kazan Cathedral, consecrated in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, was built in the 20s of the 17th century at the expense of Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky in gratitude for his help and intercession in the fight against the Polish-Lithuanian invaders. The wooden Temple was consecrated by the Patriarch in the presence of the Tsar and Prince Pozharsky himself, who brought the revered icon of the Kazan Mother of God from the Church of the Presentation, where it was kept until the construction of the Kazan Cathedral.

A few years later, the Temple was seriously damaged by a fire and was restored from brick by the architects Glebov and Petrov in 1635-1637 by order of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. After the revolution, the Cathedral, like many other Temples, was destroyed. At first it was closed and turned into a canteen and warehouse, and in the summer of 1936 it was demolished, thus marking its three hundredth anniversary. Fortunately, the architect P. Baranovsky, carrying out the restoration in 1920, managed to make drawings and measurements. By decision of the Moscow government, the Kazan Cathedral on Red Square was restored according to the design of O. Zhurin, a student of P. Baranovsky.

http://famouspeople.ucoz.r u/news/4_nojabrja_1612_goda_osvobozhdenie_moskvy_ot_poljakov

http://pro 100-mica.livejournal.com/63696.html

Slide 1

Slide 2

The beginning of the Time of Troubles

The beginning of the Time of Troubles in Rus' is considered to be the death of the last tsar from the Rurik dynasty - Fyodor Ivanovich. He died on January 6, 1598, leaving no heirs. His younger brother Tsarevich Dmitry died in Uglich on May 15, 1591. The prince's relatives blamed Boris Godunov for his death. But the facts indicate that he was not involved in what happened.

Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Portrait from the Titular Book. XVII century

Slide 3

Tsar Boris Godunov 1598-1605

After the death of Fyodor Ivanovich, with the support of Patriarch Job, Irina’s (Fyodor’s wife) brother Boris was elected to the throne. The Boyar Duma was against it. The matter was decided by the dowager queen. “The time has come for you to be clothed in royal purple,” read her decree. Only after this Godunov entered the royal chambers.

Slide 4

Early XVII century

During his short reign, Boris Godunov did a lot for Russia. In 1598, the Siberian Khanate was finally defeated and Rus' advanced from the Irtysh and Ob to the Yenisei. Good neighborly relations were established with the Crimea. In 1601, a twenty-year truce was concluded with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The attachment of peasants to the land contributed to the development of Agriculture Powerful fortresses and cathedrals were built. The port in Arkhangelsk came into operation. But his reign witnessed the most severe natural disaster the country has experienced in the last thousand years.

Slide 5

Winters in 1601-1602 were long and snowy. In the summer it rained for weeks, and sometimes it snowed. Winter crops died under the snow, spring grains rotted on the vine. At the beginning of 1603, bread prices rose 18 times, money was rapidly losing value, and there were no more reserves. The hungry flocked to the capital in droves, but they no longer received help. In large cities, all cats and dogs were eaten, and there were cases of cannibalism. People were dying of hunger right on the streets. In Moscow, 127 thousand people were buried in just three mass graves, mostly those who came to the capital in the hope of salvation. Muscovites were buried, as a rule, in church cemeteries, and how many of them were buried in the ground is not even counted. Contemporaries believed that a third of the kingdom of Moscow had died out. Robberies became more frequent, and special detachments under the command of experienced commanders had to be sent to fight them. The next year was easier at first, but few people had any grain left to sow. Still, bread prices have dropped slightly. But later the disaster repeated itself - again continuous rains and early frosts. The chronicle reports that “in Moscow in the middle of the summer great snow fell and there was frost, we rode in sleighs.” This means that the snow lay for at least two or three days. By this time, bread had already risen in price 25 times.

Slide 6

The first impostor.

It was at this time that a man appeared in Lithuania, calling himself the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry (he went down in history under the name of False Dmitry I), allegedly miraculously avoiding death and hiding in monasteries for many years. He was well educated, knew court etiquette, many secrets of the Moscow court and details of the events in Uglich. Some believed him, others pretended to believe him. The Polish princes, who were not satisfied with the peace with Russia, decided to take the opportunity and help Dmitry (False Dmitry) ascend to the Moscow throne

Slide 7

Marina Mnishek The impostor's invasion of Russia

In exchange for support, False Dmitry agreed to fulfill a number of conditions. He promised to pay Mnishek a million gold pieces, marry his daughter Marina and give her Pskov and Novgorod as an inheritance, the king - part of the Russian lands, and the Jesuits - to convert Rus' to Catholicism. In the fall of 1604, the army of False Dmitry (about two thousand mercenaries) invaded Russia. Many western, and especially southern cities and villages support the impostor and stand under his banner. Dissatisfaction with the policies of Boris Godunov is brewing in the country. In the spring of 1605, government troops completely lost their combat effectiveness. In the last weeks before his death, Boris increasingly fell into doubt, almost lost his mind and did not know whether to believe that Dmitry was alive or that he had died. On April 13, 1605, Boris Godunov died

Slide 8

The end of the Godunovs

Three days after the death of Boris Godunov, Moscow swore allegiance to his 16-year-old son Fyodor Borisovich. Sworn and Largest cities Russia - Novgorod, Kazan, Astrakhan, as well as Pomorie and Siberia. Perhaps Fyodor would have become a good sovereign. He received an excellent education and had obvious abilities. But he was the grandson of Malyuta Skuratov, and this doomed him to death. In May 1605, first in the tsar's army, and then in Moscow, a rebellion began. A countless crowd gathered on Red Square and broke into the Kremlin. The tsar managed to hide, but at first they didn’t look for him - people rushed to rob the royal mansions, the Godunovs’ courtyards (and other rich courtyards). There were no murders, but there were also casualties: the crowd destroyed the wine cellars, and about 50 people drank themselves to death. By noon the unrest had subsided - Muscovites did not know what to do next. Later, the king and his mother were discovered and placed under house arrest. On June 3, the boyars went to Serpukhov to bow to the impostor. He announced that he would not enter Moscow until Fyodor Godunov and his mother were destroyed. The boyars fulfill the demand. Mother and son were strangled and their bodies were displayed in the square. The body of Boris Godunov was removed from the tomb of the Archangel Cathedral and put up for desecration. “And they threw stones at him, and kicked his body, which was prostrate and lying on the ground,” the chronicle reports.

Slide 11

Reign of False Dmitry I

On June 20, 1605, the “royal” train, accompanied by armed Polish warriors and Cossacks, entered Moscow. The capital greeted him with the ringing of bells. The crowd that filled the streets of the city roared: “God grant you health, sir!” The 11-month reign of the impostor began. In an effort to strengthen his position, the impostor placed his protege, the Greek Ignatius, on the patriarchal throne. He also tried to put an end to the resistance of the boyars. The influential boyar Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky, who tried to expose the impostor and claimed that the real Tsarevich Dmitry died in Uglich, was captured following a denunciation. The executioner had already led Shuisky to the place of execution, but at the last moment False Dmitry pardoned him. The execution was replaced by exile. To put an end to rumors of imposture, False Dmitry summoned Maria Naguya to the capital. On July 17, 1605, near the village of Taininskoye near Moscow, the impostor and Maria Nagaya “recognized” each other. The naked woman was showered with gifts. Her relatives from now on sat in the Boyar Duma above the Golitsyns, Saltykovs, Sheremetevs, who were very annoyed. A few days after meeting with his “mother,” False Dmitry was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral. “I have two ways to maintain my kingdom,” the impostor told his friends, “one way is to be a tyrant, the other is to spare no expense in order to reward; it’s better to have a model to favor...” Indeed, one gets the impression that False Dmitry tried to please all segments of the population. And the most incredible rumors circulated around Moscow. Someone saw Boris Godunov alive. Someone claimed that “Tsarevich Peter” appeared among the Don Cossacks - the son of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (Fyodor Ioannovich, as you remember, died childless). On the Terek, the Cossacks actually recognized a certain Ileika Gorchakov (Muromets) as “Tsarevich Peter”. “Tsarevich Peter” wrote to False Dmitry, demanding “the throne of his father,” and fought in the South of the towns where the governors appointed by the “tsar” sat. The upcoming wedding of the Tsar with Marina Mnishek added fuel to the fire. Despite their love for False Dmitry, the people called his bride nothing less than a heretic

Slide 12

Death of the impostor

By the spring of 1606, a conspiracy had matured in Moscow to overthrow the impostor. At the head of the conspiracy were Ivan and Vasily Golitsyn, Vasily, Dmitry and Ivan Shuisky, Mikhail Tatishchev. The conspirators, in order not to quarrel, were ready to invite a “neutral” contender to the throne, for example, the son of Sigismund III Wladyslaw, subject to the support of the conspiracy by the Polish monarch. At dawn on May 17, the conspirators began to implement their plan. Two hundred boyars and nobles under the leadership of the Shuiskys and Golitsyns entered the Kremlin. There was a changing of the guard, and there were no more than 30 guards in the palace. The Duma clerk Osipov undertook to kill the Tsar. But before he had time to shout swear words to False Dmitry, he was hacked to death. In Moscow, meanwhile, the bells were already ringing with might and main. People screaming “The Kremlin is burning!” ran to Red Square. The Poles, sensing something was wrong, grabbed their weapons and also rushed to the Kremlin. “Lithuania wants to beat the Tsar and the boyars! Don't let them into the Kremlin!” - Shuisky’s people shouted, and the Poles were pushed back. One of the conspirators shot at False Dmitry. The others attacked the wounded man and cut him to death. The dead man was torn off his royal clothes and dragged out of the Kremlin by his feet. The corpse was shown to Maria Naked, and the frightened old woman renounced her “son.” The body of the impostor was put on public display at Lobnoye Mesto. A pipe was inserted into the dead man’s mouth, and a masquerade mask, which the “pagan Grishka” allegedly worshiped, was thrown onto the ripped open stomach. People crowded around him day and night. Many people cried sincerely. A few days later, the body of the “tsar” was tied to a horse and taken out of the capital to be burned in an amusing fortress near Moscow.

Slide 13

Vasily Shuisky

The murder of False Dmitry opened the way to the throne for Vasily Shuisky. On May 19, 1606, his supporters gathered the servicemen and merchants who were in Moscow for a kind of Zemsky Sobor. It was decided to elect a king at the Place of Execution in the presence of “all the people.” Vasily Shuisky was brought out to the crowd and shouted: “Is Shuisky, a sufferer for Orthodoxy, worthy to reign?” The people, bribed by the Shuiskys, shouted in approval, captivating the rest of the people with their example. The new king took the oath to his subjects. In the “cross-kissing record” he promised: not to place disgraces on anyone “without guilt”; do not take away estates from anyone without trial; do not take away property and yards from the wives, children and other relatives of the disgraced. The Boyar Duma was declared the highest judicial authority. Only she could condemn a noble man to death. The tsar could execute “black people” at his own discretion, “without the boyars,” but he promised not to listen to slander and to punish false witnesses..

Slide 14

Civil War

With the election of Vasily Shuisky as tsar, the turmoil did not end. In 1606-1607, an uprising took place under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov. It covered a huge area. The ranks of the rebels were varied, and their goals were different. The boyars were looking for ranks, power, service people- estates with serfs. Fugitives, slaves and peasants were waiting for freedom, mitigation of taxes, quitrents and other duties. The goal of the rebels was to free Moscow from the “traitor Vasily Shuisky”. In October 1606 The rebels defeated the enemy near the village of Troitskoye and occupied Kolomenskoye. The path to Moscow was open. With generous gifts, Shuisky lured the noble regiments of Lyapunov and Pashkov to his side. In October 1607 The uprising was suppressed.

Slide 16

Tushino thief

In the spring of 1607, a new self-proclaimed Dmitry appeared in Belarus (he went down in history as False Dmitry II, or the Tushino thief). Apparently, the calls of Bolotnikov and “Peter Fedorovich” to send at least someone who could be passed off as Tsar Dmitry had an effect. But the sovereign was found to be some kind of inferior one. It is believed that the role of False Dmitry II was played by a wandering teacher who, out of poverty, served in a priest’s house in Mogilev. Gathering an army of Zaporozhye Cossacks and Polish nobles, False Dmitry moved towards the center of Russia. In the summer, he camped near the northwestern walls of the capital in Tushino. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, legends circulated about the generosity of the impostor. The Lithuanian magnate Jan Sapieha with mercenaries moved to False Dmitry and besieged the rich Trinity-Sergius Monastery (the siege lasted 16 months). False Dmitry II was recognized as her husband by Marina Mnishek. The province initially swore allegiance to the impostor. But False Dmitry allocated volosts for feeding the Polish companies and Cossack hundreds. Bread, belongings, horses were taken from the unfortunate residents, and great violence was committed. Faith in “good Dmitry” wavered. The population began to resist the Tushins.

Slide 17

Lifting the siege from Moscow

Besieged Moscow endured cold, disease, and hunger. The people were seething. Shuisky's opponents in the capital were preparing a palace coup. Meanwhile, Moscow decided to resort to the help of Sweden, especially since the Swedish king Charles IX had repeatedly offered it. An agreement was concluded with the Swedes. A detachment of Swedish mercenaries (5 thousand people) who arrived in Novgorod, together with Russian warriors, set out on a campaign under the leadership of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky. Skopin's army defeated the Tushins near Tver and lifted the siege from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. On March 13, 1610, Skopin solemnly entered the capital. Skopin's victories caused panic among Tushino residents. False Dmitry fled to Kaluga. The Tushino camp collapsed. Meanwhile, Sigismund III, dissatisfied with Russia's treaty with Poland's enemy Sweden, broke the truce and started a war, besieging Smolensk (June - September 1609). Moscow honored Skopin with endless feasts. This made the king’s brother Dmitry Shuisky furious, believing that his nephew wanted to take the throne from him (Tsar Vasily had no children). At a feast at the Vorotynskys, Skopin suddenly became ill; after wandering around in delirium for two weeks, the 24-year-old governor died. In June 1610, a Polish army led by Hetman Stanislav Zolkiewski approached Moscow. Dmitry Shuisky stepped forward to meet him. On June 24, 1610, he was defeated in the battle of Klushino. Tsar Vasily lost his army. His days were numbered.

Slide 18

Seven Boyars

July 17, 1610 Moscow rebelled. Tsar Vasily was deposed. On the same day he was forcibly tonsured a monk. (Subsequently, the Poles took Vasily, Dmitry and Ivan Shuisky to Poland, where the older brothers soon died.) They decided to choose a new tsar at the Zemsky Sobor - a congress of representatives of “the whole earth.” In the meantime, power passed to the Boyar Duma of seven boyars. This government went down in history under the name “Seven Boyars”. Meanwhile, Hetman Zholkiewski and False Dmitry II were advancing on Moscow with the Cossacks of Dmitry Trubetskoy and the “Lithuanian people” of Jan Sapieha. The idea of ​​​​inviting Vladislav to the Russian throne first arose among the Tushino boyars. In February 1610, they even entered into an agreement with Sigismund III that at the end of the Time of Troubles, Vladislav would become the Russian Tsar. On August 16, 1610, the Seven Boyars signed an agreement with Zholkiewski, similar to the agreement between the Tushino people and Sigismund. Russia remained an independent state. The Tsar had to rule in consultation with the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor. It was specifically stipulated that the prince would convert to the Orthodox faith. A “great embassy” headed by Filaret Romanov and Vasily Golitsyn left Moscow for Smolensk. But it was not possible to come to an agreement with Sigismund. The king did not agree to his son changing his faith and demanded the surrender of Smolensk. Romanov and Golitsyn firmly stood their ground. Negotiations have reached a dead end. The king turned the ambassadors into hostages and on November 21 began a new assault on Smolensk.

Slide 19

Defense of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra from Polish invaders

Slide 20

First militia

The people did not take well the news of Vladislav's election. The authority of the “Tushino thief” began to grow again. The Seven Boyars, fearing a popular revolt in favor of False Dmitry, introduced a Polish garrison into the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod. The capital was virtually occupied. The Polish governor Alexander Gonsevsky became its sovereign master. On December 11, 1610, not far from Kaluga, the head of the personal guard of False Dmitry II, Tatar Prince Pyotr Urusov, shot the impostor with a gun, and then cut off his head. The remnants of the Tushin troops were led by Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky. In February-March 1611 All patriotic forces united with the goal of expelling the Poles from Moscow. The Ryazan land became the center of unification. The first militia was formed here. In the spring of 1611 An advanced detachment of militias led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky entered the capital. The Poles were forced to retreat. Then they set the city on fire and took refuge behind the stone Chinese city wall. Wooden Moscow was engulfed in fire. Residents fled the capital. The last to leave Moscow were the warriors of Dmitry Pozharsky, taking away their seriously wounded commander. The empty capital burned for another two days. On June 3, 1611, the battle for Smolensk ended. It lasted more than 20 months. Events developed like this. (message)

Slide 21

Minin and Pozharsky

By the autumn of 1611, Russia ceased to exist as single state. A significant part of the territory, including Moscow, was captured by the Poles. Numerous impostors operated in the south. Novgorod land came under Swedish rule. The situation in the northeast of the country remained more or less stable. Local nobles and townspeople ruled here - the zemshchina; they formed the so-called “second militia”. It all started with the fact that the Nizhny Novgorod zemstvo elder Kuzma had a vision. The Monk Sergius appeared to him, ordered him to collect a “treasury” for military needs and ordered him to “cleanse” the Moscow state. Minin realized that the Lord himself was protecting him. Winter was spent preparing troops and difficult negotiations with the Cossacks, who were still besieging Moscow. Zarutsky already considered himself a ruler and was not going to take into account the interests of the zemshchina. He twice sent assassins to Pozharsky and did not allow warriors from the southern cities into the location of the militia. In July 1612, the Polish king Sigismund III sent the army of Jan Chodkiewicz with food and ammunition to help his garrison in Moscow

Kuzma Minin.

Sabers of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky

Slide 22

Minin's appeal to Nizhny Novgorod residents

Slide 23

Liberation of Moscow

Meanwhile, the vanguard of the militia arrived in Moscow. Having learned about the approach of the militia, Zarutsky and his Cossacks left for Kolomna. The militia set up a camp on the left bank of the Moscow River, near the Arbat Gate. Khodkevich appeared on August 22. From the Kremlin, emboldened nobles shouted to Pozharsky: “Disband your warriors to the plows!” Polish hussars crossed the Moscow River at the Novodevichy Convent. Pozharsky attacked them. The fierce battle went on all day. The militia were forced to retreat to the Chertol Gate. But in the evening, hundreds of nobles from the right bank of the Moscow River came to the aid of Pozharsky, who pushed Khodkevich away from Kitay-Gorod. On August 23, 1612, the Poles tried to break into the Kremlin from Zamoskvorechye. But Pozharsky figured out their maneuver and sent part of the militia to the right bank of the Moscow River. The enemy was stopped. The battle resumed at dawn on August 24. Pozharsky's horse hundreds entered into battle with the hussars. Khodkevich's army retreated to the Donskoy Monastery. And on August 25, without resuming the battle, it went to Lithuania. After Chodkiewicz left, the Polish garrison in Moscow was doomed. However, the siege continued until October 1612. 1.5 thousand Poles died of hunger. On October 22, the Cossacks took Kitay-Gorod by storm. On October 26, the Kremlin garrison surrendered to the mercy of the victors.

Slide 25

Expulsion of Polish interventionists from the Moscow Kremlin

Slide 26

National Unity Day

In the face of the threat of the death of the state, the population of Russia was able to unite, feel like a single people, and gain the consciousness that only together they can repel the aggressor. The turning point of resistance to the Polish army was October 25 (November 4, new style) 1612. Militia fighters led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky took Kitay-Gorod by storm. Prince Pozharsky entered Kitai-Gorod with the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and vowed to build a temple in memory of this victory. In 1636, in Moscow, in honor of the miraculous deliverance from the Polish invasion, the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was erected and consecrated. In memory of the events of 1612, the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2004 decided to introduce a new public holiday - National Unity Day and declare November 4 a day off.

Slide 27

Fedotova Lyudmila Ivanovna. MKOU Beloyarsk secondary school of Achinsk district Krasnoyarsk Territory. History and social studies teacher.