Message-report on the work of I.S. Turgenev “On the Eve” Plan 1. Summary of the novel 2. The main character of the novel and the idea that he expresses. 3. Testing the hero for genius and “nature”. Does it stand up to the test? 4. Why does the test of love occupy a special place in Turgenev’s novel? 5. The meaning of the ending of the novel 1. The action of the novel begins in the summer of 1853 in the dacha of Kuntsevo near Moscow. Two young people are in love with Elena, the twenty-year-old daughter of the leading nobleman Nikolai Artemyevich Stakhov and Anna Vasilyevna Stakhova, a native of Shubina - 26-year-old Pavel Yakovlevich Shubin, an artist-sculptor, and 23-year-old Andrei Petrovich Bersenev, an aspiring philosopher, third candidate at Moscow University. Elena treats Bersenev with great sympathy, which causes Shubin annoyance and jealousy, but this does not in any way affect his friendship with Bersenev. Friends are completely different: if Shubin, as befits an artist, sees everything sharply and brightly, wants to be “number one” and craves love and pleasure, then Bersenev is more restrained, considers the purpose of his life to be “number two” and love for him First of all, sacrifice. Elena shares a similar point of view. She tries to help and protect everyone, patronizes oppressed animals, birds, insects she encounters, provides charity and gives out alms. Bersenev invites his university friend, Bulgarian Insarov, to Kuntsevo. Dmitry Nikanorovich Insarov is a man of iron spirit, a patriot of his homeland. He came to Russia to study with one sole purpose - to then apply the knowledge he acquired in the liberation of his native Bulgaria from the Turkish yoke. Bersenev introduces Insarov to Elena. A bright, real, mutual, selfless, sensual love flares up between Insarov and Elena. Bersenev, remaining true to his principles, steps aside. Passionately in love Insarov, faithfully serving his main purpose, tries to drown out love with his departure, in order to protect his chosen one in advance from the terrible trials awaiting her. However, at the last minute, Elena is the first to open up to Insarov and admits that she cannot see her future life without him. Insarov surrenders to the power of his feelings, but cannot forget about the purpose of his life and prepares to leave for Bulgaria. Elena doesn’t know anything else for herself but to follow the person she loves so much. In search of a solution to the difficulties of leaving Russia, Insarov catches a cold and becomes seriously ill. Bersenev and Elena nurse him. Insarov recovers a little and secretly marries Elena. Thanks to “well-wishers,” this secret is revealed and serves as a blow to Elena’s parents, who see her future in marriage to college adviser Yegor Andreevich Kurnatovsky. However, thanks to Anna Andreevna’s love for her daughter, the marriage of Elena and Insarov is still blessed and financially supported. In November, Elena and Insarov leave Russia. Insarov has no direct route to Bulgaria. His illness progresses and he is forced to undergo treatment in Vienna for two months. In March, Elena and Insarov come to Venice, Italy. From here, Insarov intends to reach Bulgaria by sea. Elena constantly looks after Insarov and even, feeling the approach of something terrible and irreparable, does not at all repent of her actions. Her feelings for Insarov only deepen. From this love Elena blossoms. Insarov, exhausted by illness, fades away and is supported only by his love for Elena and the desire to return to his homeland. On the day the ship arrives, Insarov quickly dies. Before his death, he says goodbye to his wife and homeland. Elena decides to bury her husband in Bulgaria and sets off after Insarov's ship arrives across the dangerous Adriatic Sea. Along the way, the ship encounters a terrible storm and Elena's further fate is unknown. In her last letter home, Elena says goodbye to her family and writes that she does not repent of anything and sees her happiness in loyalty to the memory and life’s work of her chosen one. 2. The main character of the novel is the Bulgarian Dmitry Insarov, who personifies a new generation of people of civic feat, whose words do not diverge from deeds. Insarov speaks exclusively the truth, certainly fulfills his promises, does not change his decisions, and his whole life is subordinated to one highest goal for him - the liberation of Bulgaria from the Turkish yoke. The ideological core of Insarov is the belief in the union of all anti-serfdom forces, the union of all parties and political movements in the struggle against the forces of enslavement and humiliation of man. 3. Drawing the image of Insarov, Turgenev endows his hero not only with a rare mind (not everyone, however, as now, manages to enter Moscow University), but also with excellent physical strength and dexterity, vividly describing the scene of Insarov’s defense of Zoe, a companion, at the Tsaritsyn pond Elena from the encroachments of a drunken hulk of a German. 4. Love in the novel is constantly contrasted with a common cause. It’s easier for Elena here than for Insarov. She completely surrenders to the power of love and thinks exclusively with her heart. Love inspires her and under the influence of this great power Elena blossoms. It is much more difficult for Insarov. He has to split between his chosen one and the main goal of his life. Sometimes, love and a common cause are not entirely compatible, and Insarov more than once tries to run away from love. However, he does not succeed, and even at the moment of death, Insarov utters two characteristic words: “mignonette” - the subtle smell of Elena’s perfume and “Rendich” - Insarov’s compatriot and like-minded person in the fight against the Turkish enslavers. With this opposition, Turgenev is probably trying to convey to the reader that as long as there is injustice in the world, pure love will always have a worthy competitor. And only people themselves can help love reign supreme over the world if they all extend their hands to each other in a single impulse. 5. The ending of the novel is frankly sad and uncertain regarding its main character. However, the tragic colors, if we consider the novel solely as a very beautiful love story, highlight even more clearly the great power that is true love. If, while reading the novel, you feel the symbolic overtones in it and see in Elena the personification of young Russia, standing “on the eve” of great changes, then the sad outcome of the work can be seen as a warning from the author about the vulnerability and weakness of an individual, even such a person as Insarov, and great strength people united by one idea.

"The day before"- a novel by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, published in 1860.

The history of writing the novel

In the second half of the 1850s, Turgenev, according to the views of a liberal democrat, who rejected the ideas of revolutionary-minded commoners, began to think about the possibility of creating a hero whose positions would not conflict with his own, more moderate, aspirations, but who would at the same time be revolutionary enough not to provoke ridicule from his more radical colleagues at Sovremennik. The understanding of the inevitable change of generations in progressive Russian circles, clearly evident in the epilogue of “The Noble Nest,” came to Turgenev back in the days of work on “Rudin”:

In 1855, Turgenev’s neighbor in Mtsensk district, landowner Vasily Karateev, who was going to Crimea as an officer in the noble militia, left the writer the manuscript of an autobiographical story, allowing him to dispose of it at his own discretion. The story told about the author's love for a girl who preferred him to a Bulgarian student at Moscow University. Later, scientists from several countries established the identity of the prototype of this character. This man was Nikolai Katranov. He came to Russia in 1848 and entered Moscow University. After the Russian-Turkish war began in 1853, and the revolutionary spirit revived among the Bulgarian youth, Katranov and his Russian wife Larisa returned to his hometown of Svishtov. His plans, however, were hindered by an outbreak of transient consumption, and he died during treatment in Venice in May of the same year.

Karateev, who had a presentiment of his death when he handed over the manuscript to Turgenev, did not return from the war, dying of typhus in the Crimea. Turgenev’s attempt to publish Karateev’s work, which was artistically weak, was not successful, and until 1859 the manuscript was forgotten, although, according to the recollections of the writer himself, when he first read it, he was so impressed that he exclaimed: “Here is the hero I was looking for!” » Before Turgenev returned to Karateev’s notebook, he managed to finish “Rudin” and work on “The Noble Nest.”

Returning home to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo in the winter of 1858-1859, Turgenev returned to the ideas that occupied him in the year he met Karateev, and remembered the manuscript. Taking as a basis the plot suggested by his late neighbor, he began to artistically rework it. Only one scene from the original work, a description of a trip to Tsaritsyno, according to Turgenev himself, was retained in general terms in the final text of the novel. In working on the factual material, he was helped by his friend, writer and traveler E.P. Kovalevsky, who was well acquainted with the details of the Bulgarian liberation movement and who himself published essays about his trip to the Balkans at the height of this movement in 1853. Work on the novel “On the Eve” continued both in Spassky-Lutovinovo and abroad, in London and Vichy, until the autumn of 1859, when the author took the manuscript to Moscow, to the editorial office of the Russian Messenger.

Plot

The novel begins with a dispute about nature and the place of man in it between two young people, the scientist Andrei Bersenev and the sculptor Pavel Shubin. In the future, the reader gets acquainted with the family in which Shubin lives. The husband of his second cousin Anna Vasilyevna Stakhova, Nikolai Artemyevich, once married her for money, does not love her and makes acquaintance with the German widow Augustina Christianovna, who robs him. Shubin has been living in this family for five years, since the death of his mother, and is engaged in his art, but is subject to bouts of laziness, works in fits and starts and does not intend to learn the skill. He is in love with the Stakhovs' daughter Elena, although he does not lose sight of her seventeen-year-old companion Zoya.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

"The day before"

On one of the hottest days of 1853, two young people lay on the banks of the Moscow River in the shade of a blooming linden tree. Twenty-three-year-old Andrei Petrovich Bersenev had just graduated as the third candidate at Moscow University, and an academic career awaited him. Pavel Yakovlevich Shubin was a sculptor who showed promise. The dispute, quite peaceful, concerned nature and our place in it. Bersenev is struck by the completeness and self-sufficiency of nature, against the background of which our incompleteness is seen more clearly, which gives rise to anxiety, even sadness. Shubin suggests not reflecting, but living. Stock up on a friend of your heart, and the melancholy will pass. We are driven by a thirst for love, happiness - and nothing else. “As if there is nothing higher than happiness?” - Bersenev objects. Isn't this a selfish, divisive word? Art, homeland, science, freedom can unite. And love, of course, but not love-pleasure, but love-sacrifice. However, Shubin does not agree to be number two. He wants to love for himself. No, his friend insists, putting ourselves number two is the whole purpose of our lives.

The young people stopped the feast of the mind at this point and, after a pause, continued talking about everyday things. Bersenev recently saw Insarov. We need to introduce him to Shubin and the Stakhov family. Insarov? Is this the Serb or Bulgarian that Andrei Petrovich already talked about? Patriot? Was it he who inspired the thoughts he had just expressed? However, it’s time to return to the dacha: you shouldn’t be late for dinner. Anna Vasilyevna Stakhova, Shubin’s second cousin, will be dissatisfied, but Pavel Vasilyevich owes her the very opportunity to engage in sculpting. She even gave money for a trip to Italy, and Pavel (Paul, as she called him) spent it on Little Russia. In general, the family is very entertaining. And how could such parents have such an extraordinary daughter like Elena? Try to solve this mystery of nature.

The head of the family, Nikolai Artemyevich Stakhov, the son of a retired captain, dreamed of a profitable marriage from his youth. At twenty-five, he fulfilled his dream - he married Anna Vasilyevna Shubina, but he soon got bored, got in touch with the widow Augustina Christianovna and was already bored in her company. “They stare at each other, it’s so stupid...” says Shubin. However, sometimes Nikolai Artemyevich starts arguments with her: is it possible for a person to travel the entire globe, or know what is happening at the bottom of the sea, or predict the weather? And I always concluded that it was impossible.

Anna Vasilievna tolerates her husband’s infidelity, and yet it hurts her that he deceived her into giving a German woman a pair of gray horses from her, Anna Vasilievna’s, factory.

Shubin has been living in this family for five years now, since the death of his mother, an intelligent, kind French woman (his father died several years earlier). He devoted himself entirely to his calling, but he works, although diligently, in fits and starts, and does not want to hear about the academy and professors. In Moscow he is known as a promising one, but at twenty-six years old he remains in the same capacity. He really likes the Stakhovs’ daughter Elena Nikolaevna, but he does not miss the opportunity to be attracted to the plump seventeen-year-old Zoya, who was taken into the house as a companion for Elena, who has nothing to talk about with her. Pavel behind the eyes calls her a sweet German girl. Alas, Elena does not understand “the whole naturalness of such contradictions” of the artist. The lack of character in a person always outraged her, stupidity made her angry, and she did not forgive lies. As soon as someone lost her respect, he ceased to exist for her.

Elena Nikolaevna is an extraordinary person. She has just turned twenty years old and is attractive: tall, with large gray eyes and a dark brown braid. In her entire appearance, however, there is something impetuous, nervous, which not everyone likes.

Nothing could ever satisfy her: she thirsted for active good. Since childhood, she was worried and occupied by the poor, hungry, sick people and animals. When she was ten years old, a beggar girl, Katya, became the subject of her concern and even worship. Her parents did not approve of this hobby. True, the girl soon died. However, the trace of this meeting remained in Elena’s soul forever.

From the age of sixteen she already lived her own life, but a lonely life. No one bothered her, but she was torn and languished: “How can I live without love, but there is no one to love!” Shubin was quickly dismissed due to his artistic inconstancy. Bersenev occupies her as an intelligent, educated, real and deep person in his own way. But why is he so persistent with his stories about Insarov? These stories aroused Elena's keen interest in the personality of the Bulgarian, obsessed with the idea of ​​liberating his homeland. Any mention of this seems to ignite a dull, unquenchable fire in him. One can feel the concentrated deliberation of a single and long-standing passion. And this is his story.

He was still a child when his mother was kidnapped and killed by a Turkish aga. The father tried to take revenge, but was shot. At eight years old, left an orphan, Dmitry arrived in Russia to live with his aunt, and after twelve he returned to Bulgaria and in two years walked the length and breadth of it. He was persecuted and in danger. Bersenev himself saw the scar - a trace of the wound. No, Insarov did not take revenge on Agha. His goal is broader.

He is poor like a student, but proud, scrupulous and undemanding, and amazingly efficient. On the first day after moving to Bersenev’s dacha, he got up at four in the morning, ran around the area around Kuntsev, took a swim and, after drinking a glass of cold milk, got to work. He studies Russian history, law, political economy, translates Bulgarian songs and chronicles, compiles Russian grammar for Bulgarians and Bulgarian for Russians: it is a shame for a Russian not to know Slavic languages.

On his first visit, Dmitry Nikanorovich made less of an impression on Elena than she expected after Bersenev’s stories. But the incident confirmed the correctness of Bersenev’s assessments.

Anna Vasilievna decided to somehow show her daughter and Zoya the beauty of Tsaritsyn. We went there with a large group. The ponds and ruins of the palace, the park - everything made a wonderful impression. Zoya sang well as they sailed on a boat among the lush greenery of the picturesque shores. A group of Germans who had been having fun even shouted an encore! They did not pay attention, but already on the shore, after the picnic, we met them again. A man of enormous stature, with a bullish neck, separated from the company and began to demand satisfaction in the form of a kiss because Zoya did not respond to their encores and applause. Shubin floridly and with a pretense of irony began to admonish the drunken impudent man, which only provoked him. Then Insarov stepped forward and simply demanded that he go away. The bull-like carcass leaned forward menacingly, but at the same moment swayed, lifted off the ground, lifted into the air by Insarov, and, plummeting into the pond, disappeared under the water. "He'll drown!" - Anna Vasilievna shouted. “It will float out,” Insarov said casually. Something unkind and dangerous appeared on his face.

An entry appeared in Elena’s diary: “...Yes, you can’t joke with him, and he knows how to intercede. But why this anger?.. Or<…>You can’t be a man, a fighter, and remain meek and soft? Life is rough, he said recently." She immediately admitted to herself that she loved him.

The news becomes even more of a blow for Elena: Insarov is moving out of his dacha. So far, only Bersenev understands what’s going on. A friend once admitted that if he fell in love, he would certainly leave: for personal feelings, he would not betray his duty (“...I don’t need Russian love...”). Having heard all this, Elena herself goes to Insarov.

He confirmed: yes, he must leave. Then Elena will have to be braver than him. He apparently wants to force her to confess his love first. Well, that's what she said. Insarov hugged her: “So will you follow me everywhere?” Yes, she will go, and neither the anger of her parents, nor the need to leave her homeland, nor danger will stop her. Then they are husband and wife, the Bulgarian concludes.

Meanwhile, a certain Kurnatovsky, Chief Secretary in the Senate, began to appear at the Stakhovs. Stakhov intends him to be Elena’s husband. And this is not the only danger for lovers. Letters from Bulgaria are becoming more and more alarming. We must go while it is still possible, and Dmitry begins to prepare for departure. Once, after working all day, he got caught in a downpour and was soaked to the bone. The next morning, despite the headache, he continued his efforts. But by lunchtime there was a strong fever, and by evening it went away completely. For eight days Insarov is between life and death. Bersenev has been caring for the patient all this time and reporting his condition to Elena. Finally the crisis is over. However, true recovery is far from complete, and Dmitry does not leave his home for a long time. Elena can’t wait to see him, she asks Bersenev not to come to his friend one day and appears to Insarov in a light silk dress, fresh, young and happy. They talk for a long time and passionately about their problems, about the golden heart of Bersenev who loves Elena, about the need to rush to leave. On the same day, they no longer become husband and wife in words. Their date does not remain a secret for the parents.

Nikolai Artemyevich demands his daughter to answer. Yes, she admits, Insarov is her husband, and next week they are leaving for Bulgaria. "To the Turks!" - Anna Vasilievna faints. Nikolai Artemyevich grabs his daughter’s hand, but at this time Shubin shouts: “Nikolai Artemyevich! Augustina Christianovna has arrived and is calling you!”

A minute later he is already talking with Uvar Ivanovich, a retired sixty-year-old cornet who lives with the Stakhovs, does nothing, eats often and a lot, is always imperturbable and expresses himself something like this: “It should be... somehow, that...” At the same time, he desperately helps himself gestures. Shubin calls him a representative of the choral principle and black earth power.

Pavel Yakovlevich expresses his admiration for Elena to him. She is not afraid of anything or anyone. He understands her. Who does she leave here? Kurnatovskys, and Bersenevs, and people like himself. And these are even better. We don't have people yet. Everything is either small fry, hamlets, or darkness and wilderness, or pouring from empty to empty. If there were good people among us, this sensitive soul would not have left us. “When will we have people, Ivan Ivanovich?” “Give it time, they will,” he answers.

And here are the young people in Venice. The difficult journey and two months of illness in Vienna are behind us. From Venice we go to Serbia and then to Bulgaria. All that remains is to wait for the old sea wolf Rendich, who will transport him across the sea.

Venice was the best place to help for a while to forget the hardships of travel and the excitement of politics. Everything that this unique city could give, the lovers took in full. Only in the theater, listening to La Traviata, are they embarrassed by the farewell scene between Violetta and Alfred, dying of consumption, and her plea: “Let me live... die so young!” Elena leaves a feeling of happiness: “Is it really impossible to beg, turn away, save<…>I was happy... And with what right?.. And if it doesn’t come for free?”

The next day Insarov gets worse. The heat rose and he fell into oblivion. Exhausted, Elena falls asleep and has a dream: a boat on the Tsaritsyn pond, then finding herself in a restless sea, but a snow whirlwind hits, and she is no longer in a boat, but in a cart. Katya is nearby. Suddenly the cart flies into a snowy abyss, Katya laughs and calls her from the abyss: “Elena!” She raises her head and sees the pale Insarov: “Elena, I’m dying!” Rendich no longer finds him alive. Elena begged the stern sailor to take the coffin with her husband’s body and herself to his homeland.

Three weeks later, Anna Vasilievna received a letter from Venice. The daughter is going to Bulgaria. There is no other homeland for her now. “I was looking for happiness - and I will find, perhaps, death. Apparently... there was guilt.”

The further fate of Elena remained unclear. Some said that they later saw her in Herzegovina as a sister of mercy with the army in an invariable black outfit. Then her trace was lost.

Shubin, occasionally corresponding with Uvar Ivanovich, reminded him of an old question: “So, will we have people?” Uvar Ivanovich played with his fingers and directed his mysterious gaze into the distance.

1853 Summer. 23-year-old Andrei Petrovich Bersenev, who had just graduated from university, and sculptor Pavel Yakovlevich Shubin argued about the nature of happiness. Shubin wants to introduce his friend to Insarov. Shubin has been living at the dacha of the Stakhov family for 5 years now (since his mother died), with his second cousin, who helped him develop as a sculptor. They have a daughter, Elena, whom Shubin likes, but he sometimes hits on 17-year-old Zoya, 20-year-old Elena’s companion. This girl always lived with active goodness: she thought about the poor, the hungry, the sick and animals. She did not take Shubin seriously. The head of the family was Nikolai Artemyevich Stakhov. For the sake of profit, he married Shubina, then became friends with the widow Augustina Christianovna, and the wife tolerates her husband’s infidelity.

Bersenev's stories about Insarov, who is obsessed with the idea of ​​liberating his homeland, interested Elena. Insarov's story is tragic: his mother was kidnapped and killed by the Turkish Agha, his father was shot while trying to take revenge. Dmitry was 8 years old when he was orphaned. He grew up with an aunt in Russia, then went to Bulgaria and was exposed to danger. Poor, proud, efficient Insarov is not going to take revenge on the Agha; his goal is broader. Elena was fascinated by Insarov after the incident when he easily dealt with an arrogant big man who was trying to humiliate Zoya. Insarov, realizing that he is falling in love with Elena, is going to move out of the dacha - he does not need Russian love. Elena confessed her love to Insarov and agrees with him to go anywhere.

The Strakhovs often began to see their chief secretary in the Senate, Kurnatovsky, who was being groomed as a husband for Elena.

Insarov, caught in a downpour, fell ill for 8 days. Bersenev looked after him. Afterwards, Elena comes to Insarov and they become husband and wife. Parents are aware of their affair. Elena confesses to her parents that she will soon leave with Insarov for Bulgaria. And the young people leave. On the way, Insarov dies. Elena brings her husband’s coffin to Bulgaria and remains to live there, now considering this country her homeland.

Elena's further fate is not very well known. It was rumored that she was a sister of mercy with the army in Herzegovina. Then her trace was lost.

Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich created his novel “On the Eve” in 1859. A year later, the work was published. Despite the remoteness of the events described in it, the novel remains in demand today. Why does it attract the modern reader? Let's try to understand this issue.

History of creation

In the 1850s, Turgenev, who supported the views of liberal democrats, began to think about the possibility of creating a hero whose positions would be quite revolutionary, but at the same time would not conflict with his own. The implementation of this idea would allow him to avoid the ridicule of his more radical colleagues at Sovremennik. His understanding of the inevitability of a generational change in progressive Russian circles was already clearly heard in the epilogue to “The Noble Nest” and was reflected in the work “Rudin”.

In 1856, landowner Vasily Karateev, a neighbor of the great writer in the Mtsensk district, left notes for Turgenev, which served as the manuscript of an autobiographical story. It was a story telling about the author's unhappy love for a girl who left him for a Bulgarian student from Moscow University.

Somewhat later, scientists from several countries conducted research, as a result of which the identity of this character was established. The Bulgarian turned out to be Nikolai Katranov. He came to Russia in 1848, entering Moscow University here. The girl fell in love with the Bulgarian, and together they went to his homeland in the city of Svishtov. However, all the plans of the lovers were dashed by a fleeting illness. The Bulgarian contracted consumption and soon died. However, the girl, despite the fact that she was left alone, never returned to Karateev.

The author of the manuscript went to Crimea to serve as an officer of the noble militia. He left his work to Turgenev and offered to edit it. Already 5 years later, the writer began to create his novel “On the Eve”. The basis for this work was the manuscript left by Karateev, who had already died by this time.

Shubin and Bersenev

The plot of Turgenev's novel “On the Eve” begins with an argument. It is led by two young men - the sculptor Pavel Shubin and the scientist Andrei Bersenev. The topic of the dispute concerns nature and the place of man in it.

I. S. Turgenev introduces his heroes to the reader. One of them is Andrey Pavlovich Bersenev. This young man is 23 years old. He has just received a diploma from Moscow University and dreams of starting an academic career. The second young man, Pavel Yakovlevich Shubin, is waiting for art. The young man is a budding sculptor.

Their dispute about nature and man’s place in it did not arise by chance. Bersenev is struck by her completeness and self-sufficiency. He is sure that nature outshines people. And these thoughts make him sad and anxious. According to Shubin, it is necessary to live life to the fullest and not reflect on this matter. He recommends that his friend take his mind off sad thoughts by finding a girlfriend.

After this, the conversation between the young people goes back to normal. Bersenev reports that he recently saw Insarov and wishes him to meet Shubin and the Stakhov family. They are in a hurry to return to the dacha. After all, you can't be late for lunch. Pavel's aunt, Anna Vasilyevna Stakhova, will be extremely unhappy with this. But it was thanks to this woman that Shubin had the opportunity to do his favorite thing - sculpting.

Stakhov Nikolay Artemyevich

What does the summary of “On the Eve” given in the article tell us? Turgenev introduces his reader to a new character. Nikolai Artemyevich Stakhov is the head of the family, who from a young age dreamed of a profitable marriage. At 25, his plans came true. He took Anna Vasilievna Shubina as his wife. But soon Stakhov took a mistress - Augustina Christianovna. Nikolai Artemyevich was already bored with both women. But he does not break his vicious circle. His wife tolerates his infidelity, despite the mental pain.

Shubin and Stakhovs

What else do we know from the summary of “On the Eve”? Turgenev tells his reader that Shubin has been living in the Stakhov family for almost five years. He moved here after the death of his mother, a kind and intelligent French woman. Pavel's father died before her.

Shubin does his job with great diligence, but in fits and starts. At the same time, he doesn’t even want to hear about the academy and professors. And despite the fact that in Moscow they believe that the young man shows great promise, he still could not do anything outstanding.

Here I. S. Turgenev introduces us to the main character of his novel, Elena Nikolaevna. This is Stakhov's daughter. Shubin really likes her, but the young man does not miss the opportunity to flirt with 17-year-old plump Zoya, who is Elena’s companion. Stakhov's daughter is not able to understand such a contradictory personality. She is outraged by the lack of character in any person and is angry at stupidity. In addition, the girl never forgives lies. Anyone who has lost respect simply ceases to exist for her.

Image of Elena Nikolaevna

A review of the novel “On the Eve” by Turgenev speaks of this girl as an extraordinary person. She is only twenty years old. She is statuesque and attractive. The girl has gray eyes and a dark brown braid. However, there is something impetuous and nervous in her appearance, which not everyone likes.

Elena Nikolaevna's soul strives for virtue, but nothing can satisfy it. Since childhood, the girl was interested in animals, as well as sick, poor and hungry people. Their situation troubled her soul. At the age of 10, Elena met a beggar girl named Katya and began to take care of her, making her a kind of object of worship. Parents did not approve of such a hobby. But Katya died, leaving an indelible mark on Elena’s soul.

From the age of 16, the girl considered herself lonely. She lived an independent life, unconstrained by anyone, while believing that she had no one to love. She could not even imagine Shubin in the role of her husband. After all, this young man was distinguished by his inconstancy.

Bersenyev attracted Elena. She saw in him an intelligent, educated and deep person. But Andrei constantly and persistently told her about Insarov, a young man obsessed with the idea of ​​liberating his homeland. This aroused Elena’s interest in the Bulgarian’s personality.

Dmitry Insarov

We can also learn the story of this hero from the summary of “On the Eve”. Turgenev told his reader that the young man’s mother was kidnapped and then killed by a Turkish aga. Dmitry was still a child then. The boy's father decided to avenge his wife, for which he was shot. At the age of eight, Insarov was left an orphan and was taken in by his aunt, who lived in Russia.

At the age of 20, he returned to his homeland and in two years traveled the length and breadth of the country, having studied it well. Dmitry was in danger more than once. During his travels he was pursued. Bersenev talked about how he himself saw a scar on his friend’s body that remained at the site of the wound. However, the author of the novel points out that Dmitry does not at all want to take revenge on the Agha. The goal pursued by the young man is more extensive.

Insarov, like all students, is poor. At the same time, he is proud, scrupulous and undemanding. He is distinguished by his enormous capacity for work. The hero studies law, Russian history and political economy. He is translating Bulgarian chronicles and songs, compiling a grammar of his native language for Russians, and Russian for his people.

Elena's love for Insarov

Dmitry already made a strong impression on the girl during his first visit to the Stakhovs. The courageous character traits of the young man were confirmed by an incident that happened soon. We can learn about him from the summary of Turgenev’s “On the Eve”.

One day Anna Vasilievna came up with the idea of ​​​​showing her daughter and Zoya the beauty of Tsaritsyn. They went there in a large group. The ponds, the park, the ruins of the palace - all this made a great impression on Elena. While walking, a man of impressive stature approached them. He began to demand a kiss from Zoya, which would serve as compensation for the fact that the girl did not respond to applause during her beautiful singing. Shubin tried to protect her. However, he did this in a florid manner, trying to admonish the drunken impudent man. His words only angered the man. And here Insarov stepped forward. In a demanding manner, he asked the drunk to leave. The man did not listen and leaned forward. Then Insarov lifted him and threw him into the pond.

Further, Turgenev’s novel tells us about the feeling that arose in Elena. The girl admitted to herself that she loved Insarov. That is why the news that Dmitry was leaving the Stakhovs was a blow to her. Only Bersenev understands the reason for such a sudden departure. After all, one day his friend admitted that he would leave if he fell in love. Personal feeling should not become an obstacle to his duty.

Declaration of love

After her confession, Insarov clarified whether Elena was ready to follow him and accompany him everywhere? To this the girl answered him in the affirmative. And then the Bulgarian invited her to become his wife.

First difficulties

The beginning of the joint journey of Turgenev’s main characters “On the Eve” was not cloudless. Nikolai Artemyevich chose the chief secretary of the Senate Kurnatovsky as a husband for his daughter. But this obstacle was not the only one for the happiness of the lovers. Alarming letters began to arrive from Bulgaria. Dmitry was getting ready to go home. However, he suddenly caught a cold and was on the verge of death for eight days.

Bersenev looked after his friend and constantly talked about his condition to Elena, who was simply in despair. But the threat passed, after which the girl visited Dmitry. The young people decided to hurry up and leave. On the same day they became husband and wife.

Elena's father, having learned about the date, called his daughter to account. And here Elena told her parents that Insarov had become her husband, and that they would soon leave for Bulgaria.

Journey of the Young

Further in Turgenev's novel the reader is told that Elena and Dmitry arrived in Venice. Behind them was not only the difficult journey, but also the two months of illness that Insarov spent in Vienna. After Venice, the young couple went to Serbia and then moved to Bulgaria. To do this, you need to wait for Rendic.

This old “sea wolf” will transport them to Dmitry’s homeland. However, the young man suddenly suffers from consumption. Elena takes care of him.

Dream

Elena, exhausted from caring for the sick, fell asleep. She had a dream in which she was in a boat, first on a pond in Tsaritsyno, and then at sea. Afterwards, a snow whirlwind covers her, and the girl finds herself in a cart near Katya. The horses carry them straight into the snowy abyss. Elena's companion laughs and calls her into the abyss. The girl wakes up, and at that moment Insarov says that he is dying. Rendich, who arrived to take the young people to Bulgaria, no longer finds Dmitry alive. Elena asks him to take the coffin with the body of her lover and goes with him.

The further fate of the heroine

After the death of her husband, Elena sent a letter to her parents saying that she was going to Bulgaria. She wrote to them that there was no other homeland for her except this country. What happened to her then, no one knows. They said that someone accidentally met a girl in Herzegovina. Elena got a job as a nurse and worked with the Bulgarian army. After that, no one saw her.

Analysis of the work

The theme of Turgenev’s work “On the Eve” touches on the artistic understanding of the issue of the active principle in man. And the main idea of ​​the novel is the need for active natures for the progress and movement of society.

The image of Elena Stakhova in Turgenev’s novel “On the Eve” is something that readers have long expected. After all, he shows us a strong-willed woman who has chosen an active and decisive man for herself. Critics of Turgenev’s novel “On the Eve” also noted this. Feedback from literary critics confirmed that the completely Russian, lively and complete image of Elena became a real pearl of the work. Before Turgenev, no Russian work had shown such a strong female character. The main feature of the girl is her self-sacrifice. Elena's ideal is active good, which is associated with the understanding of happiness.

As for Insarov, he, of course, towers over all the characters in the novel. The only exception is Elena, who is on the same level with him. Turgenev's main character lives with the thought of heroism. And the most attractive feature of this image is love for the homeland. The young man's soul is filled with compassion for his people, who are in Turkish bondage.

The entire work of the Russian writer is imbued with the thought of the greatness and holiness of the idea of ​​​​liberation of the fatherland. At the same time, Insarov is a real ideal of self-denial.

According to critics, Turgenev's genius was most clearly reflected in this novel. The writer was able to consider the current problems of his time and reflect them in such a way that the work remains relevant for the modern reader. After all, Russia always needs purposeful, brave and strong individuals.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

THE EVE

In the shade of a tall linden tree, on the banks of the Moscow River, not far from Kuntsevo, on one of the hottest summer days of 1853, two young men lay on the grass. One, apparently about twenty-three, tall, dark-skinned, with a sharp and slightly crooked nose, a high forehead and a restrained smile on his wide lips, lay on his back and thoughtfully looked into the distance, slightly squinting his small gray eyes; the other lay on his chest, supporting his curly blond head with both hands, and also looked somewhere into the distance. He was three years older than his comrade, but seemed much younger; his mustache barely broke through, and a light fluff curled on his chin. There was something childishly cute, something attractively graceful in the small features of his fresh, round face, in his sweet, brown eyes, beautiful, convex lips and white hands. Everything in him breathed the happy gaiety of health, breathed youth - carelessness, arrogance, spoiledness, the charm of youth. He rolled his eyes, and smiled, and propped up his head, as boys do who know that people are willing to look at them. He was wearing a loose white coat, like a blouse; a blue scarf wrapped around his thin neck, and a crumpled straw hat lay in the grass next to him.

In comparison with him, his comrade seemed an old man, and no one would have thought, looking at his angular figure, that he, too, was enjoying himself, that he was having a good time. He lay awkwardly; his large head, wide at the top and pointed at the bottom, sat awkwardly on his long neck; the awkwardness was reflected in the very position of his hands, his torso, tightly covered in a short black frock coat, his long legs with raised knees, like the hind legs of a dragonfly. With all this, it was impossible not to recognize him as a well-educated person; the imprint of “decency” was noticeable throughout his clumsy being, and his face, ugly and even somewhat funny, expressed the habit of thinking and kindness. His name was Andrei Petrovich Bersenev; his comrade, a blond young man, was nicknamed Shubin, Pavel Yakovlevich.

Why don't you lie on your chest like me? - Shubin began. - It’s much better that way. Especially when you raise your feet and knock your heels on each other - like that. Grass under your nose: if you get tired of staring at the landscape, look at some pot-bellied booger as it crawls along a blade of grass, or at an ant as it scurries around. Really, it's better that way. And now you have taken some kind of pseudo-classical pose, like a dancer in a ballet, when she leans her elbows on a cardboard cliff. Remember that you now have every right to rest. Just kidding: I came out as the third candidate! Rest, sir; stop straining, spread your limbs!

Shubin delivered this entire speech in his nose, half-lazy, half-jokingly (spoiled children say this with friends at home who bring them candy), and without waiting for an answer, he continued:

What strikes me most about ants, beetles and other insect gentlemen is their amazing seriousness; running back and forth with such important faces, as if their lives meant something! For mercy, man, the king of creation, the highest being, looks at them, but they don’t even care about him; yet, perhaps, another mosquito will land on the nose of the king of creation and begin to eat him as food. It hurts. On the other hand, why is their life worse than our life? And why shouldn’t they put on airs if we allow ourselves to put on airs? Come on, philosopher, solve this problem for me! Why are you silent? A?

What? - Bersenev said, perking up.

What! - Shubin repeated. - Your friend expresses deep thoughts to you, but you don’t listen to him.

I admired the view. Look how these fields sparkle hotly in the sun! (Bersenev whispered a little.)

An important color has been launched,” said Shubin, “One word, nature!”

Bersenev shook his head.

You should admire all this even more than I do. This is your thing: you are an artist.

No with; “It’s not my job, sir,” Shubin objected and put his hat on the back of his head. - I'm a butcher, sir; my job is meat, to sculpt meat, shoulders, legs, arms, but here there is no shape, there is no completeness, it has spread in all directions... Go catch it!

“But there’s beauty here too,” Bersenev noted. - By the way, have you finished your bas-relief?

Child with a goat.

To hell! to hell! to hell! - Shubin exclaimed in a singsong voice. - I looked at the real people, at the old people, at the antiques, and broke down my nonsense. You point me to nature and say: “And there is beauty.” Of course, there is beauty in everything, even in your nose there is beauty, but you can’t keep up with any beauty. The old people didn’t even chase after her; she herself descended into their creation, from where - God knows, from heaven, or something. The whole world belonged to them; We don’t have to spread ourselves so widely: our arms are short. We cast a fishing rod at one point and keep watch. Bite - bravo! but won’t bite...

Shubin stuck out his tongue.

Wait, wait,” Bersenev objected. - This is a paradox. If you do not sympathize with beauty, love it wherever you find it, then it will not be given to you in your art. If a beautiful view, beautiful music don’t say anything to your soul, I want to say, if you don’t sympathize with them...

Oh, you sympathizer! - Shubin blurted out and laughed at the newly invented word, and Bersenev thought about it. “No, brother,” Shubin continued, “you are smart, a philosopher, the third candidate at Moscow University, it’s scary to argue with you, especially for me, a half-educated student; but I’ll tell you this: besides my art, I love beauty only in women... in girls, and only for some time now...

He rolled over onto his back and put his hands behind his head.

Several moments passed in silence. The silence of the midday heat loomed over the shining and sleeping earth.

By the way, about women,” Shubin spoke again. - Why won’t anyone take Stakhov in their hands? Have you seen him in Moscow?

The old man went completely crazy. He sits all day with his Augustina Christianovna, she’s terribly bored, but she sits. They stare at each other, it’s so stupid... It’s even disgusting to look at. Here you go! What a family God blessed this man with: no, give him Augustina Christianovna! I don't know anything more disgusting than her duck face! The other day I sculpted a caricature of her, in Dantan's style. It turned out very well. I'll show you.

“And the bust of Elena Nikolaevna,” Bersenev asked, “is it moving?”

No, brother, he’s not moving. This face can drive you to despair. Look, the lines are clean, strict, straight; it seems not difficult to grasp the resemblance. It wasn’t like that... It’s not given like a treasure in your hands. Have you noticed how she listens? Not a single feature is touched, only the expression of the gaze constantly changes, and the whole figure changes from it. What can you tell a sculptor, and a bad one at that, to do? An amazing creature... a strange creature,” he added after a short silence.

Yes, she is an amazing girl,” Bersenev repeated after him.

And the daughter of Nikolai Artemyevich Stakhov! After that, talk about blood, about breed. And the funny thing is that she is definitely his daughter, she looks like him and she looks like her mother, like Anna Vasilievna. I respect Anna Vasilievna with all my heart, she is my benefactor; but she's a chicken. Where did Elena's soul come from? Who lit this fire? Here's your task again, philosopher!

But the “philosopher” still did not answer. Bersenev was not at all guilty of verbosity and, when he spoke, he expressed himself awkwardly, hesitatingly, unnecessarily spreading his hands; and this time some special silence came over his soul - a silence similar to fatigue and sadness. He had recently moved out of town after a long and difficult job that took him several hours a day. Inactivity, the bliss and purity of the air, the consciousness of an achieved goal, a whimsical and careless conversation with a friend, a suddenly evoked image of a sweet creature - all these heterogeneous and at the same time for some reason similar impressions merged in him into one common feeling, which calmed him, and worried and exhausted... He was a very nervous young man.

It was cool and calm under the linden tree; the flies and bees that flew into the circle of her shadow seemed to buzz more quietly; pure fine grass of emerald color, without golden tints, did not sway; the tall stems stood motionless, as if enchanted; Small clusters of yellow flowers hung enchanted, as if dead, on the lower branches of the linden tree. With every breath, the sweet smell was forced into the very depths of the chest, but the chest willingly breathed it. In the distance, across the river, up to the horizon, everything sparkled, everything was burning; From time to time a breeze passed there and crushed and intensified the sparkle; radiant steam wavered above the ground. The birds were not heard: they do not sing during the hot hours; but the grasshoppers were chattering everywhere, and it was pleasant to listen to this hot sound of life, sitting in the cool, at rest: it put one to sleep and awakened dreams.

Have you noticed,” Bersenev suddenly began, helping his speech with movements of his hands, “what strange feeling nature arouses in us? Everything in her is so complete, so clear, I want to say, so self-satisfied, and we understand this and admire it, and at the same time, at least in me, she always arouses some kind of concern, some kind of anxiety, even sadness. What does it mean? Do we become more conscious in front of her, in her face, of all our incompleteness, our obscurity, or are we not satisfied with the satisfaction with which she is content, and she does not have the other, that is, I want to say, what we need?