Science creating a scientific picture of the world lesson notes. Lesson topic: “Science: creating a scientific picture of the world. "The sensations continue"
Question 01. Explain the reasons for the rapid development of physics and other natural sciences in the 19th century.
Answer. Discoveries in the field of natural sciences immediately found practical implementation in new inventions, which immediately brought fame (as well as money), which stimulated scientists to make new discoveries and young people to engage in science. Research began to require investment, but thanks to the discoveries, both business and government were interested in sponsoring the natural sciences.
Question 02. Fill out the table “The most important scientific discoveries in the 19th - early 20th centuries” in your notebook. Columns of the table: scientific field, year of discovery, name of the scientist, content and significance of the discovery.
Question 03. Prepare a message about a discovery. Also use the text of the document. What qualities do you think a scientist should have?
Answer. Charles Darwin went to his discovery for many years. He traveled on a British naval ship navy, on which he traveled around the world and made many observations as a naturalist, because the voyage lasted five years. For example, in the Galapagos Islands (in the Pacific Ocean) he studied finches. He noticed that at approximately same shape The bodies of many species of finches have different shapes and sizes of beaks. He suggested that they descended from one ancestor, but over time, development divided them into different types. When he returned, he began to study the selection of domestic animals, on the basis of which new breeds appeared. He was especially interested in pigeons. People obtained a wide variety of colors for these birds by selecting from the offspring only individuals with the qualities they desired. Darwin suggested that nature does the same thing: it selects the qualities it needs and allows organisms with only these qualities to leave offspring. He consolidated his conclusions using the example of plants. Thus was born evolutionary theory Darwin, which he published in 1859. But that wasn't the end of the story. Further, Darwin had to endure fierce polemics with opponents of his theory until the end of his life.
Charles Darwin knew how to collect material, draw conclusions from it that others had not thought of, and knew how to confirm these conclusions. He had the industriousness to develop his theory, the determination to publish it, the tenacity to defend it, and the longevity to display the above qualities. This is exactly what, in my opinion, pioneers need (although, I believe, there is no universal set of qualities characteristic of all of them).
Question 04. Describe the successes of medicine in turn of XIX-XX centuries Think about the reasons for these successes.
Answer. Medicine in the 19th century developed vaccines for many diseases and clarified the connection between public hygiene and epidemics. All this made it possible to deal much better with many mass diseases and laid the foundations for a complete or almost complete victory over them in the twentieth century. Anesthesia was discovered in surgery, and an X-ray machine appeared. Thanks to these and many other discoveries, wounds previously considered fatal were now treatable. In many ways, the reasons for these successes lie in interaction with others. natural sciences. The emergence of microbiology and a vaccine against rabies would not have been possible without the development of microscopes (respectively, optics), the X-ray machine was named after the physicist because it would not have been possible without his discovery, the work of chemists made it possible to create new medicines, etc.
Michael Faraday In 1837 he discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, the phenomenon of generation electric field alternating magnetic field. 3
James Clark Maxwell in 1873 complete theory of electromagnetism, equations of the electromagnetic field. According to his theory, there are invisible electromagnetic waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. 4
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz In December 1888, he discovered electromagnetic waves, experimentally confirming Maxwell's theory. 5
Hendrik Anton Lorenz developed the electronic theory of matter, and also formulated a self-consistent theory of electricity, magnetism and light. 6
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays, later called X-rays, laureate in 1895 Nobel Prize in 1901 in physics
Group of scientists Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre and Marie-Sklodowska Curie Ernest Rutherford Niels Henrik David Bohr 8
Charles Robert Darwin, in his book The Descent of Man (1871), substantiated the hypothesis of the origin of man from an ape-like ancestor. 9
Louis Pasteur Studied the etiology of many infectious diseases. He developed a method of preventive vaccination against chicken cholera (1879), anthrax (1881), and rabies (1885). Introduced methods of asepsis and antiseptics, pasteurization. 10
Jenner Edward –1823 Cowpox vaccine
Jean Nicolas Corvisart introduced into practical medicine a new diagnostic method, percussion, discovered in 1761 by L. Auenbrugger. The main works are devoted to diseases of the heart and large vessels. One of the creators of semiotics. 12
Laennec Rene Théophile Hyacinthe Invented the stethoscope in 1816, developed (1819) and introduced into practice the method of auscultation, with the help of which he accurately described many important signs of disease. He was the first to give a pathological description of tuberculosis, establish its specificity, linking the development of the disease with the formation of tubercles. For the first time he proved the possibility of curing tuberculosis. 13
Robert Koch announced on March 24, 1882 that he had managed to isolate the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, winner of the Nobel Prize in 1905 in physiology or medicine
Homework 15 1) Find definitions in the dictionary literary trends: Romanticism Romanticism Critical realism Critical realism Naturalism Naturalism 2) Prepare a report about ONE representative of foreign literature of the 19th century: George Byron George Byron Victor Hugo Victor Hugo Heinrich Heine Heinrich Heine Honore de Balzac Honore de Balzac Charles Dickens Charles Dickens Emile Zola Emile Zola Joseph Rudyard Kipling Joseph Rudyard Kipling
"Nizhneikoretsk Secondary School"
Liskinsky district, Voronezh region
Integrated subjects: history, biology, physics.
Topic: “Science in the 19th century. Creation of a scientific picture of the world."
Form of conduct: scientific conference.
Target audience: 8th grade (with invitation to 7th and 9th grades).
Duration 2 training hours.
Objectives: to determine trends in the development of scientific thought in Europe in the 19th century;
introduce students to the biographies of scientists and their discoveries;
determine the significance of scientific discoveries of the 19th century for modern times.
Tasks:
teach students to work with literature and Internet resources, compose and present electronic presentations;
develop the ability to speak in front of an audience;
teach to make generalizations and formulate conclusions.
Multimedia projector, computer, equipment for demonstrating the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction (magnets, ammeter, copper wire). Exhibition of objects invented in the 19th century (typewriter, sewing machine, matches, photography, telephone, microphone, rubber, aluminum, celluloid). Portraits of scientists (Faraday, Maxwell, Pasteur, Mechnikov, Koch, Darwin, Roentgen, Curie, Nobel).
During the classes.
Organizing time. Communicating the goals and objectives of the lesson. Presentations of groups of students who were formed in advance and received advanced tasks - to make electronic presentations about scientists and their discoveries. Students are placed in groups of “biologists,” “physicists,” and “experts.”
Introduction. History teacher's words:
Three boys run out with newspapers and take turns shouting the news.
1800 - Volta created batteries. The age of inventions and discoveries begins.
1816 - English postmen switched to bicycles: quickly and conveniently.
1827 - photography was invented: now you can immortalize events and people.
1829 - Braille invented the alphabet and made it possible for blind people to read and write.
1832 - acetylene gas and its ability to weld metal were discovered. It became possible to use metal structures in the construction of bridges, houses, and towers.
1852 - the elevator was invented for lifting high-rise buildings.
1854 - a new metal was born - aluminum. For now it is used as decoration, but in the next century it will be used to make airplanes.
1855 - matches - fire in a small box. Now it's safer and more convenient.
1861 - Celluloid was invented. Children's toys have become lighter and more practical.
1866 - humanity switches to artificial food. Margarine replaces butter.
1867 - Sholes gives a patent to Rellington for a typewriter.
1866 - Singer invented the sewing machine, but only patented a needle with a hole in the point.
1866 - Alfred Nobel created dynamite - good and evil in “one bottle”.
A history teacher:
Every year since 1901, Nobel Prizes have been awarded for discoveries in science and the promotion of peace. Among the representatives of science of the 19th century there are also Nobel Prize laureates, but everything is in order.
Performance by a group of physicists led by a physics teacher. Students present their presentations.
In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. He noticed that if a copper wire is placed in a magnetic field, an electric current arises in it.
This discovery gave life to all generators, dynamos and electric motors. Faraday was called “Lord of Lightning” by his contemporaries.
He became a member of the Royal Society and many academies around the world.
The discovery of the English physicist Maxwell was a sensation. In the 60s he developed the electromagnetic theory of light. According to the theory, there are invisible electromagnetic waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. This is how the idea of non-mechanical movement was born. For Maxwell, light appears as a type of electromagnetic oscillation. 10 years later, the German engineer Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and obtained them in laboratory conditions and proved that no objects could interfere with their propagation. Based on these discoveries, Popov and Marconi created a wireless telegraph.
In 1874, the Dutch physicist Lorentz, continuing to develop Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, tried to explain it from the point of view atomic structure substances. The Englishman Stoney introduced the term “electron” to designate the atom of electricity in 1891. Later it turned out that the electron is component atom. This was the beginning of atomic physics.
In 1895, the German physicist Roentgen discovered invisible rays, which he called x-rays. Invisible rays penetrated the barrier and reflected the image on the photographic film. This invention is widely used in medicine. Roentgen was the first physicist to receive the Nobel Prize.
Maria Sklodowska-Curie, together with her husband Pierre Curie, investigated the phenomenon of radioactivity and obtained new radioactive elements in addition to uranium, also radium and polonium. The element curium is named in honor of these dedicated scientists. Marie Curie was the first female doctor of science, a teacher at the Sorbonne, and a member of the French Academy of Medicine. She received the Nobel Prize twice.
The presenter gives the floor to the “biologists”. Under the guidance of the biology teacher, students make their presentations.
A revolution in natural science was made by the book of the great English scientist Charles Darwin “The Origin of Species”. For five years on a trip around the world, Darwin collected, studied, systematized botanical and zoological material and came to the sensational conclusion that it was not God who created all living things, but nature was gradually formed in the process of development. He introduces the term “evolution” and proves that man is a product of the evolution of ape-like creatures.
French scientist Louis Pasteur studied the fermentation process. He discovered microbes that cause food spoilage and milk souring. He also discovered a way to fight them. Pasteurization and sterilization are thoroughly included in medicine and industry, as well as in the kitchen of housewives. Pasteur introduced the concept of “immunity” and proved that weakened microbes in vaccines contribute to the body’s resistance and prevent disease.
Pasteur's theory was supported by Jenner. He noticed that milkmaids did not suffer from smallpox, which claimed the lives of millions of people. Jenner proved that milkmaids in a weak form become infected with smallpox from cows and they develop immunity to the disease. He created a vaccine that saves people's lives. “Vakka” means “cow”. In 1882, Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacillus and developed a vaccine against consumption. The Nobel Prize laureate was the Russian scientist Ilya Mechnikov, who created the doctrine of protecting organisms from microbes. A new science has emerged - microbiology. They invented a vaccine against typhoid and rabies.
In the 19th century, drugs were invented - aspirin and sulfa drugs. The use of a new device, a stethoscope, made it possible to listen to the lungs and detect wheezing. In 1831, chloroform gas was discovered, which is used for anesthesia. The industry began to produce soap, which also reduced the risk of infection.
In my hand I have another invention of the 19th century - a student’s pen. This invention became a symbol of change in education. The development of science and technology required changes in education. At the end of the century, universal compulsory elementary education. The school is exempt from church patronage. American philosopher John Dewey said: “Education is already life, not preparation for it.” Dewey created a laboratory school at the University of Chicago, where labor was put at the forefront. Instead of retelling and memorizing, the children made crafts, talked, discussed various topics and argued. A new generation was growing up, capable of developing the scientific ideas of their predecessors.
The lead teacher gives the floor to a group of “experts”. Experts voice their conclusions about the trends in the development of scientific thought in the 19th century and their significance for humanity.
The main feature of the natural scientific discoveries of the second half of the 19th century was that ideas about the structure of matter, space, movement, the development of living nature, the causes of diseases and the origin of life on earth changed radically.
Science has refuted previous knowledge and provided the key to discovering the invisible secrets of nature. A new picture of the world was being formed, because Science has come close to the structure of the atom.
The development of science has led to advances in medicine, which is very important for all humanity.
Life has changed thanks to science everyday life society.
New directions in science have emerged: microbiology, nuclear physics - an unlimited field for new research and discoveries.
Lead teacher:
Thanks to the experts, and now we invite our audience to take part in a short quiz.
1.Who discovered the all-penetrating X-rays? (X-ray)
2. Who gave an explanation of the origin of life on earth that differed from church teaching? (Darwin)
3. Who discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity? (Curie)
4. Whose discoveries led doctors to sterilize medical instruments? (Pasteur)
5. Who studied the wave theory of light? (Maxwell)
6. Who discovered the pathogen and taught how to treat tuberculosis? (Koch)
7. Who established the prize for scientists for outstanding achievements in science? (Nobel).
Lead teacher:
Thanks everyone for your work. Good luck in your studies!
List of literature and online resources:
Physics. Encyclopedia for children. Volume 16.- M.: Avanta, 2003.
Reader on physics / ed. B.I. Spassky. – M.: Education, 1987.
Lesson on New history in 8th grade on the topic: “Science: creating a scientific picture of the world”
History teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Budinskaya Secondary School
Tver region
Goals: - (sl. 2)
Find out what changes have occurred in the development of science; what reasons contributed to the development of science and scientific knowledge;
How did these studies influence the lives of modern people;
Develop the ability to find the necessary information from various sources, the ability to compile tabular entries.
Equipment: presentation, computer, survey cards.
During the classes.
1. Org. start of the lesson.
2. Checking homework.
1) testing
1. The development of railway transport in cities was facilitated by:
A) the appearance of steam locomotives;
B) the transformation of cities into industrial centers
C) a great desire to make life easier for citizens
2. The first public transport - the omnibus appeared for the first time in:
A) Paris
B) London
In Berlin
3. The appearance of electric trams is associated with the name:
A) Edison
B) S. Rhodes
B) K. Benz
4. In what year was the first subway opened in London?
A) 1872
B) 1868
B) 1863
5. An integral part of the street landscape late XIX– the beginning of the 20th century was the appearance
A) electric vehicles
B) lamp posts
B) boys selling newspapers
6. A machine designed for sewing clothes was invented by:
A) L. Dagger
B) Singer
B) r. Hill
7. The founder of the first method of photography is:
A) L. Dagger
B) L. Sholes
B) Singer
8. Candles and oil lamps were replaced in the 50s by:
A) lanterns
B) kerosene lamps
B) lamps
9. In what year did L. Sholes receive a patent for the invention of the typewriter?
A) 1867
B) 1870
B) 1875
10. During the Napoleonic era, the dominant style was:
A) modern
B) classicism
A vampire
11. A distinctive feature of the early 20th century in clothing was that:
A) women’s skirts are tapered, and men wear three-piece suits;
B) women's skirts widen, men wear tailcoats
C) women wear low necklines, and men wear tuxedos and tails
Criteria for evaluation:
Less than 5 – “2”
From 5 to 7 – “3”
From 8 to 10 – “4”
11 - "5"
Answer key:
1-b, 2-a, 3-a,4-c,5-c,6-b, 7-a, 8-b, 9-a,10 –c,11 –a
3. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.
(sl. 3)Lesson plan:
Reasons for the rapid development of science.
"Lord of Lightning."
The sensations continue.
Revolution in natural science.
New science – microbiology.
Advances in medicine.
Development of education.
(page 4) - draw a table to be filled out during the lesson.
4. Learning new material:
1 ) work according to the textbook:
(sl. 5) Why did they begin to develop so actively in the 19th – early 20th centuries?
various sciences?
You will find the answer to the question by reading point 1 on page 39.
(sl. 6)
Reasons for the development of science in modern times:
1. Life itself demanded to know the laws and use them in production
2. Radical changes in the consciousness and thinking of people of the New Age.
(sl. 7) In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, which made it possible to begin creating an electric motor. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Let's find out more about him.
Michael was born on September 22, 1791 in Newton Butts (now Greater London). His father was a poor blacksmith from the London suburbs. His elder brother Robert was also a blacksmith, who in every possible way encouraged Michael’s thirst for knowledge and at first supported him financially. Faraday's mother, a hardworking and uneducated woman, lived to see her son achieve success and recognition, and was rightfully proud of him. The family's modest income did not allow Michael to even graduate high school, from the age of thirteen he began working as a supplier of books and newspapers, and then at the age of 14 he went to work in a bookstore, where he studied bookbinding. Seven years of work in a workshop on Blandford Street became for the young man years of intense self-education. All this time, Faraday worked hard - he enthusiastically read all the stories he intertwined. scientific works in physics and chemistry, as well as articles from the Encyclopedia Britannica, repeated in his home laboratory the experiments described in the books on homemade electrostatic devices. An important step Faraday's life began to include classes at the City Philosophical Society, where Michael listened to popular science lectures on physics and astronomy in the evenings and participated in debates. He received money (a shilling to pay for each lecture) from his brother. At the lectures, Faraday made new acquaintances, to whom he wrote many letters in order to develop a clear and concise style of presentation; he also tried to master the techniques of oratory.
Gradually, his experimental research increasingly shifted to the field of physics. After opening in 1820magnetic action of electric current, Faraday was fascinated by the problem of communication betweenAndINAn entry appeared in his laboratory diary: “Convert magnetism into electricity.” Faraday's reasoning was as follows: if inElectric current has a magnetic force, and, according to Faraday, all forces are interconvertible, then magnets should excite electric current. In the same year, he attempted to find the polarizing effect of current on light. By passing polarized light through water located between the poles of a magnet, he tried to detect the depolarization of light, but the experiment gave a negative result.
In 1823, Faraday became a member and was appointed director of the physical and chemical laboratories of the Royal Institution, where he conducted his experiments.
(sl. 8) In the 1860s, he developed the electromagnetic theory of light, which summarized the results of experiments and theoretical constructions of many physicists in different countries in the field of electromagnetism.
James Clerk Maxwell) - British physicist and mathematician. Scottish by birth. Member of the Royal Society of London (1861). Maxwell laid the foundations of modern classical electrodynamics (Maxwell's equations), introduced the concepts of And , received a number of consequences from his theory (prediction , electromagnetic nature , and others). One of the founders (installed ). He was one of the first to introduce statistical concepts into physics and showed the statistical nature (« "), obtained a number of important results in And (Maxwell's thermodynamic relations, Maxwell's rule for the liquid-gas phase transition and others). Pioneer of quantitative color theory; author of the principle . Maxwell's other works include studies on sustainability , and mechanics ( , Maxwell's theorem), optics, mathematics. He prepared manuscripts of works for publication , paid a lot of attention , designed a number of scientific instruments.
(sl. 9) According to his theory, there are invisible waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. Light is a type of electromagnetic vibration.
(page 10 ) In 1883, the German engineer Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and proved that no material object could prevent their propagation
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz - German physicist.
Graduated, WITHBygg. was a professor. Since 1889 - professor of physics at the university in.
The main achievement is experimental confirmation of the electromagnetic theory of light. Hertz proved the existence. He researched in detail, , And, proved that the speed of their propagation coincides with the speed of propagation of light, and thatis nothing more than a type of electromagnetic wave. He constructed the electrodynamics of moving bodies based on the hypothesis that the ether is carried away by moving bodies. However, his theory of electrodynamics was not confirmed by experiments and later gave way to the electronic theory. The results obtained by Hertz formed the basis for the development.
In 1886-87 Hertz was the first to observe and describe the external. Hertz developed the theory of a resonant circuit, studied the properties of cathode rays, and investigated the effect of ultraviolet rays on electric discharge. In a number of works ongave the theory of impact of elastic balls, calculated the time of impact, etc. In the book “Principles of Mechanics” (1894), he deduced the general theorems of mechanics and its mathematical apparatus, based on a single principle (Hertz’s principle).
The Hertz name is given to a unit of frequency measurement that is part of the international metric system of units.
(sl. 11) Hertz established that electromagnetic waves propagate at a speed of 300 thousand km/s. These waves became known as Hertz waves. It was on the basis of these discoveries that Marconi and Popov created the wireless telegraph. In 1897 A.S. Popov sent the first telegram, consisting of two words: “Heinrich Hertz”
- (sl. 12) Nevertheless, discoveries continued. Back in 1878, the Dutch physicist Hendrik Anton Lorenz tried to explain Maxwell's electromagnetic theory from the point of view of the atomic structure of matter
Hendrik Anton Lorenz
Lorenz studied physics and mathematics at. His astronomy teacher, Professor, had a great influence on him as a future physicist.. In the UniversityWithhe then worked as a professor. In 1880, together with his practically namesakebrought out. He developed electromagnetic theoryand electron theory, and also formulated a self-consistent theory, and light. The name of this scientist is associated with a famous school course physicists(the concept of which he developed in) - force acting on, moving in. INThe method of calculating the local field, first proposed by Lorentz, and known as “».
He developed a theory about transformations of the state of a moving body, describing the decrease in the length of an object during translational motion. Obtained within the framework of this theoryare the most important contribution to the development.
For his explanation of the phenomenon known as, he was awarded jointly with another Dutch physicist
(sl. 13) That., A revolution took place in the natural scientific ideas of mankind, a new picture of the world was formed, which still exists today
(page 14) At the end of 1895 in Germany, physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, based on Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic waves, discovered invisible rays, which he called X-rays.
X-ray
Discovery of the rays
Despite the fact that Wilhelm Roentgen was a hardworking man and, as the head of the physics institute at the University of Würzburg, he used to stay late in the laboratory, the main discovery in his life was - he committed when he was already 50 years old. , Roentgen's experiments showed the basic properties of previously unknown radiation, which was called X-rays. As it turns out, X-rays can penetrate many opaque materials; however, it is not reflected or refracted. X-ray radiation ionizes the surrounding air and illuminates the photo plates. ((page 15) Also, Roentgen made the first photographs using X-rays.
The discovery of the German scientist greatly influenced the development of science. Experiments and research using x-rays helped to obtain new information about the structure of matter, which, together with other discoveries of that time, forced us to reconsider a number of provisions of classical physics. After a short period of time, X-ray tubes found application in medicine and various fields of technology.
Representatives of industrial companies approached Roentgen more than once with offers to profitably purchase the rights to use the invention. But Wilhelm refused to patent the discovery, since he did not consider his research a source of income.
By 1919, X-ray tubes had become widespread and were used in many countries. Thanks to them, new areas of science and technology emerged - , X-ray diagnostics, roentgenometry, and etc.
(sl. 16) - A whole group of scientists - Henri Becquerel, Pierre Maria Sklodowska - Curie, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr - studied radioactivity and created the doctrine of the complex structure of the atom.
(sl. 17 ) In 1903, Marie and Pierre Curie, together with Henri Becquerel, received the Nobel Prize in Physics “for outstanding services in joint research into the phenomena of radiation.”
(sl. 18) A revolution in natural science was made by the book of the great scientist and naturalist Charles Darwin “On the Origin of Species”
Charles Robert Darwin - English naturalist and traveler, was one of the first to realize and clearly demonstrate that all types of living organisms evolve in time from common ancestors. In his theory, the first detailed presentation of which was published in in the book " ", Darwin called the main driving force of evolution And . The existence of evolution was recognized by most scientists during Darwin's lifetime, while his theory natural selection as the main explanation of evolution became generally accepted only in the 30s of the 20th century with the advent . Darwin's ideas and discoveries, in revised form, form the foundation of modern and form the basis , as providing a logical explanation for biodiversity. Orthodox followers of Darwin's teachings develop the direction of evolutionary thought that bears his name ( ).
(pp. 42 – 43 – textbook statement by Darwin)
(sl. 19) In 1885, the scientist saved the life of a young man who was bitten 14 times by a rabid dog. He was working on obtaining a rabies serum. Gave the world a new science - microbiology
Louis Pasteur - And , member ( ). Pasteur, showing the microbiological essence and many man, became one of the founders of microbiology and . His work in the field of crystal structure and phenomena formed the basis . Pasteur also put an end to the centuries-old dispute about the spontaneous generation of some forms of life at the present time, experimentally proving the impossibility of this (see. ). His name is widely known in non-scientific circles thanks to the technology he created and later named after him .
StudyingPasteur took up. TOPasteur showed that education, Andfermentation can only occur in the presence, often specific.
Louis Pasteur proved that fermentation is a process closely related to life, which feed and reproduce due to fermenting liquid. In clarifying this issue, Pasteur had to refute Liebig's view of fermentation as a chemical process, which was dominant at that time. Particularly convincing were Pasteur's experiments with a liquid containing pure sugar, various mineral salts that served as food for the fermenting fungus, and ammonium salt, which supplied the fungus with the necessary nitrogen. The fungus developed, increasing in weight; ammonium salt was wasted. Pasteur showed that forthe presence of a special “organized enzyme” (as living microbial cells were called at that time) is also necessary, which multiplies in the fermenting liquid, also increasing in weight, and with the help of which fermentation can be caused in new portions of the liquid.
At the same time, Louis Pasteur made another important discovery. He found that there are organisms that can live without. For some of them, oxygen is not only unnecessary, but also poisonous. Such organisms are called strict. Their representatives are microbes that cause. At the same time, organisms capable of both fermentation and respiration grew more actively in the presence of oxygen, but consumed less organic matter from the environment. Thus, it has been shown that anaerobic life is less efficient. It has now been shown that from the same amount of organic substrate, aerobic organisms are able to extract almost 20 times more energy than anaerobic organisms.
(page 20)
Study of infectious diseases
In 1864, French winemakers turned to Pasteur with a request to help them develop means and methods of combating wine diseases. The result of his research was a monograph in which Pasteur showed that wine diseases are caused by various microorganisms, and each disease has a specific pathogen. To destroy harmful “organized enzymes,” he suggested heating the wine at a temperature of 50-60 degrees. This method, called pasteurization, is widely used in laboratories and in the food industry.
IN Pasteur was invited by his former teacher to the south to find the cause of silkworm disease. After publication in work, at the request of his mother. The treatment was successful, and the boy did not develop symptoms of rabies.
Pasteur studied biology all his life and treated people without receiving either a medical or biological education.
Pasteur also painted as a child. Whensaw his work years later, he said how good it was that Louis chose science, since he would have been a big competitor to us.
IN(at the age of 46) Pasteur suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. He remained disabled: his left arm was inactive, his left leg dragged along the ground. He almost died, but eventually recovered. Moreover, after this he made the most significant discoveries: he created a vaccine against anthrax and vaccinations against rabies I. I. Mechnikova Pasteur was a passionate patriot and a hater of the Germans. When they brought him a German book or pamphlet from the post office, he took it with two fingers and threw it away with a feeling of great disgust..
Later, a genus of bacteria, pasteurs, causing septic diseases, to the discovery of which he apparently had nothing to do, was named after him.
Pasteur was awarded orders from almost all countries of the world. In total he had about 200 awards.
(sl. 21) At the end of the 18th century, an English doctor noticed that milkmaids did not get smallpox, which at that time was killing thousands of people. Jenner quite correctly explained this by saying that milkmaids in a weak form become infected with smallpox from cows and this creates immunity in them. Therefore, he developed the first vaccine - against smallpox. Jenner came up with the idea of injecting the seemingly harmless cowpox virus into the human body.
(f. 22) At the beginning of the 19th century, Jean Corvisart “listened” to his patients using a special stick and determined the condition of the lungs and heart by sound. Rene Laenne, a student of Jean Corvisart, found that solids produce sounds differently. He constructed a tube made of beech wood - a stethoscope. One end was applied to the patient's chest, and the other to the doctor's ear.
(sl. 23) German microbiologist, discovered the anthrax bacillus, Vibrio cholerae and tuberculosis bacillus. For his research on tuberculosis he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905.
Koch later made attempts to find the causative agent of tuberculosis, a widespread disease at that time and a leading cause of death. Proximity filled with tuberculosis patients, makes his task easier - every day, early in the morning, he comes to the hospital, where he receives material for research: a small amount of sputum or a few drops of blood from patients with consumption.
However, despite the abundance of material, he still fails to detect the causative agent of the disease. Koch soon realizes that the only way to achieve his goal is with the help of dyes. Unfortunately, ordinary dyes turn out to be too weak, but after several months of unsuccessful work, he still manages to find the necessary substances.
Institute of Microbiology on Dorotheestrasse in - here Robert Koch discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis
Koch stains the crushed tuberculosis tissue of the 271st drug in methyl blue, and then in the caustic red-brown dye used in finishing leather, and discovers tiny, slightly curved, bright blue colored rods - .
On March 24, 1882, when he announced that he had isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, Koch achieved the greatest triumph of his entire life. At that time, this disease was one of the main causes of death. In his publications, Koch developed the principles of “obtaining evidence that a particular microorganism causes certain diseases.” These principles still form the basis of medical microbiology.
Cholera
Koch's study of tuberculosis was interrupted when, on instructions from the German government, he went to Egypt and India as part of a scientific expedition to try to determine the cause of the disease. . While working in India, Koch announced that he had isolated the microbe that causes this disease - .
(sl. 24) Russian and French biologist (zoologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist and pathologist).
One of the founders of evolutionary embryology, phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, creator of the comparative pathology of inflammation.
Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908). He created the original doctrine of protecting organisms from microbes.
(sl. 25) Read the paragraph “Development of Education” on pp. 44-45 yourself and answer the question “ How in different countries Has education developed?
5. Summing up the lesson:
(page 26) Task on cards
Match the scientist and his invention
Michael Faraday
Invisible X-rays
James Maxwell
Electromagnetic waves
3
Heinrich Hertz
IN
Discovery of radioactivity
4
Wilhelm Roentgen
G
Rabies vaccine
5
Pierre and Marie Curie
D
Discovery of electromagnetism
6
Charles Darwin
E
The causative agent of tuberculosis
7
Louis Pasteur
AND
"Origin of Species"
8
Robert Koch
Z
Electromagnetic theory of light
Answers:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
d
h
b
A
V
and
G
e
6. Homework(sl. 27)
Paragraph 5, questions, notes in notebooks.
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 2 What changes have occurred in the development of science What reasons contributed to the development of science and scientific knowledge; How did these studies influence the lives of modern people; Today you will learn:
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 3 1. Reasons for the rapid development of sciences. 2. "Lord of Lightning." 3. The sensations continue. 4. Revolution in natural science. 5. New science - microbiology. 6. Advances in medicine. 7. Development of education. We are working according to plan:
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 4 Working with the table Scientific area Year of discovery Name of the scientist Contents and significance of the discovery
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 5 Reasons for the rapid development of sciences Why did various sciences begin to develop so actively in the 19th – early 20th centuries? You will find the answer to the question by reading point 1 on page 39.
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 6 Reasons for the rapid development of sciences 1. Life itself demanded to know the laws and use them in production 2. Fundamental changes in the consciousness and thinking of people of modern times
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal Educational Institution Budinskaya Secondary School 7 In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, which made it possible to begin creating an electric motor. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society. "The Lightning Lord" Michael Faraday
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSH 8 In the 1860s, he developed the electromagnetic theory of light, which summarized the results of experiments and theoretical constructions of many physicists from different countries in the field of electromagnetism. "The Sensation Continues" James Carl Maxwell
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal Educational Institution Budinskaya Secondary School 9 According to his theory, there are invisible waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. Light is a type of electromagnetic vibration. Maxwell with a color spinning top in his hand "The sensations continue"
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal Educational Institution Budinskaya Secondary School 10 In 1883, the German engineer Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and proved that no material object could prevent them from spreading “The sensations continue” Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya OOSH 11 Hertz established that electromagnetic waves propagate at a speed of 300 thousand km/s. These waves became known as Hertz waves. "The Sensations Continue" Hertz's 1887 experimental apparatus.
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal Educational Institution Budinskaya Secondary School 12 The Dutch physicist tried to explain Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory from the point of view of the atomic structure of matter “The sensations continue” Hendrik Anton Lorenz
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 13 “The sensations continue” A revolution took place in the natural scientific ideas of mankind, a new picture of the world was formed, which still exists today
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSH 14 At the end of 1895 in Germany, physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, based on Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic waves, discovered invisible rays, which he called X-rays. "The sensations continue"
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 15 Remaining invisible, the rays penetrate various objects to varying degrees. The resulting image can be captured on film. This discovery has found wide application in medicine. "The sensations continue" X-rays
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 16 Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Maria Sklodowska-Curie “The sensations continue” Ernest Rutherford Niels Bohr Scientists studying the phenomenon of radioactivity
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal Educational Institution Budinskaya Secondary School 17 In 1903, Marie and Pierre Curie, together with Henri Becquerel, received the Nobel Prize in Physics “for outstanding services in joint research into radiation phenomena.” Pierre and Marie Curie In the laboratory "The sensations continue"
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal Educational Institution Budinskaya Secondary School 18 A revolution in natural science was made by the book of the great scientist and naturalist Charles Darwin “The Origin of Species” Charles Darwin “Revolution in Natural Science”
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 19 In 1885, a scientist saved the life of a young man who was bitten 14 times by a rabid dog. He was working on obtaining a rabies serum. Louis Pasteur gave the world a new science - microbiology "Revolution in Medicine"
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 20 Worked with the fermentation process, created a method for sterilization and pasteurization of various products. Developed several vaccinations against infectious diseases. Explained to surgeons the need to disinfect hands and instruments before work. "Revolution in Medicine"
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 21 English doctor, developed the first vaccine against smallpox. Jenner came up with the idea of injecting the seemingly harmless cowpox virus into the human body. "Revolution in Medicine" Edward Jenner
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 22 Rene Laennec established that solids differently make sounds. He constructed a tube made of beech wood - a stethoscope. One end was applied to the patient’s chest, and the other to the doctor’s ear “Revolution in Medicine” The first stethoscopes
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 23 German microbiologist, discovered the anthrax bacillus, Vibrio cholera and tuberculosis bacillus. For his research on tuberculosis he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905. "Revolution in Medicine" Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 24 Russian and French biologist (zoologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist and pathologist). One of the founders of evolutionary Embryology, phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, creator of the comparative pathology of inflammation. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908). "Revolution in Medicine"
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 25 “Development of education” Read the paragraph “Development of education” on page yourself and answer the question “How did the development of education occur in different countries?”
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 27 Homework: Paragraph 5, questions, notes in a notebook.
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school %D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B A%D0%BE%D0%B2http:// ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BB %D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0 %B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B A%D0%BE%D0%B2 %D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/% D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_ %D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85 * * 0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0 %B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8Chttp://nova.rambler.ru/search?query=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0% 91%D 0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C Anzhelika Viktorovna Antonenkova History teacher, Budinskaya secondary school, Tver region
Loading...