Not all democracies are equally true. Why is democracy impossible? There is no theory of democracy

In Democracy, the true meaning of the term

We all know how our government calls us to democracy.
The United States also strives for democracy. Moreover, they aggressively seek to “democratize” all countries of the world.

The true meaning of the term “democracy” is unknown to the vast majority, for the history of ancient Greece is a delicate matter. Let's see what the real meaning of this concept is?

The concept of "democracy" originates from ancient Greece, from Athens.
"Demos", a word of Dorian origin, denoted a people living in a certain territory and associated with the history of this territory, the polis, a system of relations, social, ethnic and professional. The term "demos" meant something completely different from the word "laos", which also defines "people" in Greek. “Laos,” in contrast to “demos,” is the entire population, regardless of the presence or absence of ties to a given cultural area. And it is in this sense that we use the word “people”. For us, the people are the entire population.

It turns out that the concept of “demos” comes from the name of the region of Athens, in which the richest representatives of society nested. Society was divided into three main strata:
1. Ohlos- slaves, poor people, farm laborers - non-voting .
2. Plebos- free people, small owners, owners of their own houses and lands - can choose, but cannot be chosen .
3. Demos- large slave owners, residents of Demos - a wealthy area of the city, passing a certain property qualification. Only they could be elected to governing bodies .

Thus, the true meaning of the term "democracy" is the power of the elected and rich, who have given themselves the right to be the power . This is unknown to the overwhelming majority, who constantly choose “democracy” and naively believe that the people can somehow govern there. Already the Greeks, who mastered logic, clearly understood that the people could not physically govern in any way (the principles of management themselves presuppose a hierarchical organization).

And therefore, who should be nominated from among the people? The Chosen Ones! That's what they're called.
This is how a subtle and cunning substitution occurs. Thanks to deception, people believe that it is they who control something. But think about it, in FACT it is NOT the PEOPLE that govern!!! The people only vote (and even then, it’s just the appearance of voting, remind us of how Medvedev was elected).

Let's repeat.
Democracy, when viewed in depth as a mechanism, is only the promise of popular government. The people themselves do not govern in any way and cannot physically govern. What should you promise? Promise! Fools believe.
They are governed by the “chosen ones”, whom the fool people themselves nominate.

What prompted me to write this was a paragraph from a new article by B. F. Poltoratsky:
Thirdly, we are told about democracy in the “Judeo-Christian civilization”, but through the history of the science of physics we discover something completely different. Democracy is a system of self-government of the demos, i.e. people. And we see a system controlled by secret, underground organizations. This is no longer democracy. And a civilization cannot be called such if all the media are controlled by thieving priests with morality hanging on the HPVG argument.

I wish we hadn't seen this. The trained eye of an experimenter, accustomed to seeing true phenomena, and not false promises, sees what is happening in reality. Namely, the “system of self-government of the demos” in reality, in fact it is a system of the elite. All this is amazingly cleverly arranged. Deception, an imperceptible, subtle substitution of meaning. The fooled people seem to fool themselves.

P.S.
An indispensable condition for successful management of a complex system is the presence of feedback.
When applied to the management of society, this means that the ruling elite must at least somehow depend on the “lower classes” - that is, ultimately on the success of their governing actions.

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

Not all democracies are the same. True democracies are political systems in which certain people gain access to power and the right to make decisions through free general elections. However, the mechanisms for electing parliament and forming a government differ depending on the national form of government...

In a presidential republic, power is transferred through direct elections, and not as a result of promotion to a leading position in one or another influential party, as in a parliamentary republic. Parliamentary systems, unlike presidential systems, support and protect strong parties. Thus, when choosing a presidential or parliamentary model, one must proceed from what is preferable: focusing on parties or on individual candidates who won direct elections.

Another difference between political systems is the method of voting to elect candidates to the highest bodies of power: proportional or majoritarian (majority principle). In a majoritarian system, one deputy is elected from each electoral district. The winner of the election is the candidate who receives the most votes. Systems of proportional representation involve the distribution of seats in parliament in accordance with the number of votes received in elections (according to party lists) ...

Often, when deciding whom to vote for, a voter is guided by the following considerations. Citizens vote often based on generally accepted opinions and ideologies, rather than on a careful comparison of different political options for addressing the problems facing the country. In addition, voters willingly listen to the opinions of others, including the calls of the candidates themselves. The outcome of the elections is determined not only by the course of the election campaign, but no less by the personal circumstances, beliefs and preferences of each voter.

(M. Wallerstein)

The text mentions “considerations” that influence voter behavior. Name any of these “considerations.” Using social science knowledge, identify one positive and one negative consequence of the voter's choice under the influence of this “consideration.”

Explanation.

1) Answer to the first question:

Generally accepted opinions and ideologies;

Opinions of others, including calls from the candidates themselves.

2) Answer to the second question (indicating as a “consideration” the opinions of others, including the calls of the candidates themselves):

Positive: Most people rarely make mistakes.

Negative: parties can deceive in their promises.

Which of the electoral systems examined by the author most protects strong political parties? Using the text and social studies knowledge, explain how this defense manifests itself. Name and illustrate with an example any function of political parties that is manifested in the electoral process.

Explanation.

The correct answer must include the following elements:

1) Answer to the first question:

Proportional.

2) Answer to the second question:

Under this system, a strong party is guaranteed to enter parliament, receiving a majority of seats.

3) Indication of the function and its illustration with an example:

Electoral. On the eve of the elections to the State Duma, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation conducted pre-election campaign, which secured the support of 20% of voters.

Elements of the answer can be given in other formulations that are similar in meaning.

Source: Unified State Exam in Social Studies 03/30/2016. Early wave

3. Civil society, based on pluralism of opinions and interests of people, is not able to ensure the voluntary obedience of the law by citizens, to avoid acute social explosions, and perhaps even bloody clashes, if public authorities are not formed on a fair electoral basis with the participation of the citizens themselves.

Elements of the answer can be given in other formulations that are similar in meaning.

Adjacent to it, on the one hand, is the private world, and on the other, the world of the state. There can be no democracy unless a middle-ground civil condition involves private interests and beliefs on the one hand and commitment to the state on the other. There certainly cannot be a democracy if private convictions and national allegiances meet directly, dispensing with the middle ground of the civil condition. But democracy is weak and almost meaningless if it does not allow the existence of these two worlds on both sides, if it strives to be identified with the whole of life, personal and public. Democracy is a constant effort to create a sphere of citizenship and to ensure that private beliefs and group affiliations can meet and be united within it in an atmosphere of mutual respect.

Democracy must be representative, i.e. its political representatives must correspond to the people in society generally, or at least to a significant extent, so that these people can identify themselves with the political authorities, even if coalitions, alliances and internal party struggles create veils between society and politics that weaken and obscure the connections between them.

The more interest groups become diverse and specialized, the less able they are to address the general problems of society and, as a result, the more democracy weakens. Threatened, on the one hand, by the coercive assertion of social unity and the reluctance to tolerate diversity of interests, democracy is also threatened by a variety of pressure groups whose actions resemble those of economic groups in the market. Democracy is neither a community nor a political market.

(Touraine Alain "What does democracy mean today?")

What two necessary conditions for the implementation of democracy does the author note? Indicate them based on the text.

	Points
The correct answer must contain the following elements: The threats are indicated: 1) direct (direct) connection between private beliefs and national commitment, “getting rid of the average position of the civil state”; 2) forced affirmation of the unity of society and unwillingness to allow diversity of interests; 3) the presence of various pressure groups that are unable to engage in common interests and lobby only for their own interests. Other wording of the answer may be given.
Three threats identified
Two threats indicated
One threat or threats are specified incorrectly
Maximum score	2

The author emphasizes that democracy must be representative. How does the author understand the essence of representative democracy? Reveal the author's understanding based on the text. Give two manifestations of representative democracy in the development of the political system of modern society.

Contents of the correct answer and instructions for assessment (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	Points
Revealed author's understanding representative democracy, let's say: - Democracy must be representative, i.e. its political representatives must correspond to the people in society generally, or at least to a significant extent, so that these people can identify themselves with the political authorities; 2) Manifestations of representative democracy are given, for example: - elections of deputies of the legislative assembly (parliamentarians); - popular elections of the head of state - the president; - elections of deputies to local legislative assemblies; - elections of heads of local administrations (city mayors, governors); - elections to local government bodies (deputies of municipal assemblies and heads of municipalities). Other true manifestations can be given.
The author's understanding of the essence of representative democracy is revealed, two manifestations are given
The author's understanding of the essence of representative democracy is revealed, one manifestation is given OR the author's understanding is not disclosed, but two manifestations are given
The author's understanding is disclosed, but manifestations are not given OR the author's understanding is not disclosed, but one manifestation is given
Wrong answer
Maximum score	3

The author writes that “democracy is a constant effort to build up the sphere of citizenship and to ensure that private beliefs and group affiliations can meet and be united within it in an atmosphere of mutual respect.” Give three arguments to support the author's conclusion.

Contents of the correct answer and instructions for assessment (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	Points
The correct answer must contain the following elements: Arguments are given, for example: 1) Civil status consists, in particular, in the ability to reconcile one’s private interests with the interests of the collective, society as a whole; 2) A citizen cannot be indifferent to the life of the community or state, but it is the participation of citizens in politics and decision-making that constitutes the essence of democracy; 3) For the spirit and essence of democracy, an atmosphere of trust and respect between the individual citizen and society, and partnerships between the citizen and the authorities are important. Other valid arguments can be given
Three arguments given
Two arguments given
One argument given
Wrong answer
Maximum score	3

C5.1

What meaning do social scientists put into the concept "political values"? Using knowledge from your social studies course, write two sentences containing information about political values.

	Points
The correct answer must contain the following elements: 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: - spiritual guidelines, attitudes towards which citizens are guided in their political behavior and assessment of political phenomena and processes. 2) two sentences with information about political values based on knowledge of the course, for example: - “the political values of a modern state are based on respect for the sovereignty of the people, the inviolability of their rights and freedoms.” - “political values are based on the historical traditions of the people, the peculiarities of the national mentality.” - Various in different regimes - To list them - pluralism. Separation of powers. Democratic elections, etc. Any other proposals containing information about political values can be drawn up.
The meaning of the concept is revealed and two sentences are composed containing information about the corresponding social object.
The meaning of the concept is revealed and one sentence is compiled containing information about the corresponding social object OR the meaning of the concept is not explicitly disclosed, but is presented in two composed sentences indicating that the graduate knows the social science content of this concept.
OR wrong answer.
Maximum score	2

C5.2

Elections to representative bodies of government are held both in democratic countries and in countries with non-democratic regimes. List three features that make it possible to characterize elections as truly democratic.

Contents of the correct answer and instructions for assessment (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	Point
The correct answer must contain the following elements: Signs are indicated, for example: 1) Holding elections on an alternative basis, when candidates represent different political forces and programs; 2) Free and open coverage of the election process in the media; 3) Equal access to the media for all political forces participating in elections; 4) Laws guarantee the activities of opposition forces; 5) Regularity of elections; 6) Elections should be universal, no one should be discriminated against in voting rights; 7) Elections must be equal (one voter - one vote); 8) There must be public control over the voting procedure. Other correct signs may also be indicated.
Three signs are indicated
Two signs are indicated
One sign is indicated OR the answer is incorrect
Maximum score	2

Illustrate with three examples. activities of the “fourth estate”, the media in political life modern democratic state.

Contents of the correct answer and instructions for assessment (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	Points
The correct answer must contain the following elements: 1) the main purpose of the media activity is indicated- informing citizens about events and facts of political life, presenting a wide range of assessments of these events and facts by political scientists and society; 2) the goal is revealed with the help of examples, for example: - the media publish materials about forums of political parties, adopted programs, main events in party life; - the media publish speeches and interviews of government leaders and assessments of these speeches by the professional community of political scientists and citizens; - the media publish materials about elections, election campaigns, and provide information about election results. Coverage of election campaigning The purpose of the media can be revealed using other examples.
The purpose of the media is indicated and disclosed using three examples.
The purpose of the media is indicated and disclosed using two examples.
The purpose of the media is indicated and disclosed using one example
The purpose of the media is not indicated in any number of examples given, OR the answer is incorrect
Maximum score	3

In one of the developed countries of the world, a group of businessmen presented a deputy of the legislative assembly with an expensive Swiss watch as a gift. The fact became known thanks to information in the press. What consequences could such a situation have for a deputy? rule of law? Give two reasons to support your answer.

Contents of the correct answer and instructions for assessment (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	Points
The correct answer must contain the following elements: 1) The correct answer is given:- a deputy may lose his parliamentary mandate and be forced to resign, since this fact violates parliamentary ethics and laws on lobbying; 2) two arguments are given, for example: - in a rule-of-law state, there are special laws that prohibit holders of state power from accepting such gifts; - in a rule-of-law state, such a phenomenon is considered as a fact of bribery of a deputy, a fact of corruption; - in a rule-of-law state, deputies of representative bodies must interact with business representatives strictly on formal, legal grounds. Other valid arguments may be given.
The correct answer is given, two arguments are given
The correct answer is given, one argument is given, OR the answer is present in an implicit form, but the quality of the two arguments given allows us to conclude that the graduate knows the answer to the question and relies on it when arguing
The correct answer is given without arguments, OR one argument is given, allowing one to conclude that the graduate knows the answer to the question and relies on it when arguing
Wrong answer
Maximum score	3

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Civil society and the rule of law". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

Contents of the correct answer and instructions for assessment (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)	Points
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the plan items in terms of their compliance with the given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for a plan for covering this topic: 1) Civil society is a set of amateur initiatives of citizens. 2) Signs of civil society: a) initiative and initiative of citizens; b) high level of political culture; c) responsibility of citizens for what is happening in the country; d) recognition of the value of individual rights and freedoms. 3) Partnership between civil society and the rule of law. 4) Directions of interaction between civil society and the rule of law: a) protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens; b) environmental activities; c) protection of the interests of entrepreneurs and workers; d) development of democratic institutions and traditions; e) activities in the field of education, healthcare, culture. 5) The tendency to expand the position of civil society as a feature of the development of the modern political system. A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan is possible. They can be presented in nominative, question or mixed form.
The wording of the plan items is correct and reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan.
Individual points of the plan do not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan. OR The wording of the plan items reflects the content of the topic. The structure of the answer does not fully correspond to the complex type plan (there is no specification of individual points).
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic
Maximum score	2

By completing task C9, you can demonstrate your knowledge and skills in the content that is more attractive to you. To this end, select only one of the statements below

Select one from the statements below and express your thoughts (your point of view, attitude) regarding the problem raised. Provide the necessary arguments to justify your position.

When completing the task, use knowledge received while studying a social studies course, corresponding concepts, and data public life and one's own life experience.

Policy	“History is a policy that can no longer be corrected. Politics is history that can still be corrected.” (Z. Graff)
Among the criteria by which the completion of task C9 is assessed, criterion K1 is decisive. If the graduate, in principle, did not reveal (or revealed incorrectly) the meaning of the statement, that is, did not identify the problem (the topic put forward) sent by the author, and the expert gave 0 points according to criterion K1, then the answer is not checked further. For the remaining criteria (K2, K3), 0 points are given in the protocol for checking tasks with a detailed answer.
№	Criteria for assessing the answer to task C9	Points
K1	Revealing the meaning of a statement
The meaning of the statement is revealed, OR the content of the answer gives an idea of its understanding.
The meaning of the statement is not revealed, the content of the answer does not give an idea of its understanding.
K2	Presentation and explanation of the graduate’s own position
The graduate’s own position is presented and explained
The graduate’s own position is presented without explanation (simple agreement or disagreement with the judgment of the author of the statement) OR the graduate’s own position is not presented.
K3	The nature and level of the judgments and arguments presented
Judgments and arguments are revealed based on theoretical principles, conclusions and factual material. During the discussion, several aspects of the problem are revealed.
When several aspects of a problem (topic) are disclosed, judgments and arguments are presented based on theoretical provisions and conclusions, but without the use of factual material OR One aspect of the problem (topic) is disclosed and an argument is given based on theoretical provisions and factual material OR When several aspects of a problem are disclosed (topics) judgments and arguments are presented based on factual material, but without theoretical provisions and conclusions. OR Several aspects of the problem are revealed with a lack of factual or theoretical argumentation
Several aspects of the problem (topic) are listed without argumentation OR Only one aspect of the problem (topic) is touched upon, only factual or only theoretical argumentation is given.
Only one aspect of the problem (topic) is touched upon without argumentation. OR Arguments and judgments do not correspond to the thesis being substantiated.
	Maximum score	5

SOCIAL SCIENCE
Option 107
1/8
Unified State Exam in SOCIAL STUDIES
Part 1
The answers to tasks 1–20 are a word (phrase) or
sequence of numbers. Write your answers in the answer fields in the text
work, and then transfer them to ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of
numbers of the corresponding tasks, starting from the first cell, without
spaces, commas and other additional characters. Each character
write in a separate box in accordance with those given in the form
samples.
Instructions for performing the work
The examination paper consists of two parts, including
29 tasks. Part 1 contains 20 short answer questions. Part 2
contains 9 tasks with detailed answers.
For examination work in social studies
Allotted 3 hours 55 minutes (235 minutes).
The answers to the tasks in Part 1 are a word (phrase) or
sequence of numbers. Write your answer using the examples below.
in the answer field in the text of the work without spaces, commas and others
additional characters, and then transfer to answer form No. 1.
CMM
1
Characteristics of a person
CONCEPTS
Individual
Form
Answer: MORALITY.
Answer:
Answer:
...
2 3
Answer: 125.
Write down the word missing in the table.
CHARACTERISTICS
Individual representative of the human race
Man as a subject of social relations

2
A B C D E
In the row below, find the concept that generalizes
for all other concepts presented. Write down this phrase.
Production cooperative, economic society, lawyer
chamber, legal entity, public foundation.
3 2 3 1 1
Answer: ___________________________.
Part 2 tasks (21–29) require a complete answer (give an explanation,
description or rationale; express and argue your own
opinion). In answer form No. 2, indicate the task number and write it down
complete solution. By completing the last task of your work, you can demonstrate
your knowledge and skills on the content that is more important to you
attractive.
All Unified State Exam forms are filled out in bright black ink.
You can use a gel, capillary, or fountain pen.
When completing assignments, you can use a draft. Posts
in the draft are not taken into account when evaluating work.
The points you receive for completed tasks are summed up.
Try to complete as many tasks as possible and score the highest
number of points.
We wish you success!

Copying is not allowed
3
Below is a list of functions performed by banks. All of them,
with the exception of two, they belong to the sphere of activity of commercial banks.
1) setting the discount rate; 2) purchase and sale of currency; 3) sale
traveler's checks; 4) servicing company accounts; 5) implementation
monopoly issue of money; 6) opening and servicing deposits
citizens.
Find two functions that “fall out” from the general series and write them in the table

Answer:

Unified State Exam
4
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Option 107
2/8
Choose the correct judgments about cognition and write down the numbers under which
they are indicated.
6
1) The forms of rational knowledge are sensation, perception,
performance.
2) Forms of sensory knowledge include concepts and judgments.
3) Rational cognition allows us to identify essential features,
connections, patterns, laws.
4) The sensory stage (stage) of cognition is characterized by reproduction
external features and properties of objects.
5) Sensory cognition involves direct influence
cognizable objects to the senses.
In country Z there is a widespread introduction of computer technology
into various areas of life. What other signs are listed?
indicate that country Z is developing as a post-industrial
society? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Natural factors influence the development of society.
2) Extensive farming methods predominate.
3) A significant portion of workers are switching to remote work
work.
4) In order to regulate social relations, legal acts are issued.
technologies
are
the most important
factor
5) Information
production.
6) Science-intensive, resource-saving technologies are developing the most
industries.
Answer: ___________________________.
Answer: ___________________________.
5
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types (types) of culture:
For each element given in the first column, select the corresponding
element from the second column.
SIGNS
A) influence on the socialization of the individual
B) variety of means used
B) absence of pronounced
commercial orientation
D) complexity of content
D) entertaining character
TYPES OF CULTURE
1) only mass culture
2) only elite culture
3) and massive,
and elite culture

Answer:
A B
B D D
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7
Select the correct judgments about costs in the short run
and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Variable costs in the short term directly depend
on the volume of products produced.
2) Fixed costs do not depend on the volume of production.
3) Variable costs in the short term include payments for
previously taken loan.
4) The cost of production is also called fixed costs.
5) Fixed costs in the short term include insurance
fees and security payments.
Answer: ___________________________.

Unified State Exam
8
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Establish a correspondence between factors and types of economic growth:
For each position given in the first column, select the corresponding
position from the second column.
FACTORS
introduction of new technologies
retraining of workers
increasing the area of enterprises
increase in numbers
service personnel
D) additional investment
in the purchase of raw materials
A)
B)
IN)
G)
Option 107
3/8
10
TYPES OF ECONOMIC
GROWTH
1) intense
2) extensive
Which of the following factors can cause
such a change? Write down the numbers under which
they are indicated.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer:
9
A B
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
pension
wage
land tax
interest on loan
insurance premiums
interest on deposit
Answer: ___________________________.
© 2016 Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Copying is not allowed
reducing the cost of feed for cows
expectations for increased consumption of dairy products
bankruptcy of several dairy farms
increase in energy prices
construction of new dairy factories
Answer: ___________________________.
B D D
Anna Nikolaevna, a pensioner, works in a library. She got
inheritance. She placed one part of these funds on a bank deposit,
the other was spent on drawing up a property insurance contract. Anna
Nikolaevna also took out a loan to purchase a plot of land. What from
does the following relate to Anna Nikolaevna’s income? Write down the numbers
under which they are indicated.
The figure shows the change in supply
dairy products on the relevant market:
supply line S has moved to the new
position – S1. (P – price; Q – quantity.)
11
Choose the correct judgments about social groups and their types and write down
the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Social groups are stable collections of people who have
excellent, characteristics inherent only to them (social status,
interests, value orientations).
2) Demographic groups are distinguished by ethnosocial composition.
3) In a formal group, interpersonal interactions tend to be
based on mutual sympathy, common interest or habit.
4) Belonging to different social groups determines
a person's position in society.
5) Groups and organizations influence human behavior.
Answer: ___________________________.

Unified State Exam
12
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Option 107
4/8
During sociological surveys of adult residents of countries Z and Y, they
proposed to compare the number of domestic and imported products
in stores in their localities. Survey results (% of the number
respondents) are shown in the diagram.
13
Choose the correct judgments about the political elite and write down the numbers under
by which they are indicated.
1) The political elite is a group of people who are constitutionally
an approved source of power in any state.
2) The political elite nominates political leaders.
3) The main functions of the political elite include production
and consumption of material goods.
4) In relation to power, the political elite is divided into the ruling
and the counter-elite.
5) The political elite is relatively small
an independent group capable of making political decisions.
Answer: ___________________________.
14
Find in the list below conclusions that can be drawn based on
charts, and write down the numbers they appear under.
1) The share of those who believe that the store has approximately the same amount
There are more domestic and imported products in country Z than
in country Y.
2) Equal shares of respondents in each country noted that in the store
more imported products.
Share
those who found it difficult to answer the question in country Z
3)
more than in country Y.
4) In country Z, the opinion is that the store has more imported products, less
is more popular than the opinion that the store has more domestic products.
5) In country Y, the opinion is that the store has more domestic products,
The more popular opinion is that the store has more imported products.
Answer: ___________________________.
Install
correspondence
between
powers
And
subjects
state authorities exercising these powers: to each position,
given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second
column.
POWERS
A) announces an amnesty
B) manages the federal
property
B) passes federal laws
D) resolves disputes about competence between
subjects of state power of the Russian Federation
and constituent entities of the Russian Federation
D) exercises executive power
in the Russian Federation
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer:
© 2016 Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science of the Russian Federation
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SUBJECTS
STATE
AUTHORITIES
1) Government of the Russian Federation
2) State Duma
3) Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
A B
B D D

Unified State Exam
15
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Option 107
5/8
Political reforms were carried out in State Z. Which of
The above facts indicate that the state has become
legal? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
17
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of social
norms: for each position given in the first column, select
the corresponding position from the second column.
CHARACTERISTICS
1) The basic law of the state reflects and implements in practice
guarantees of individual rights and freedoms.
2) The republican form of government was approved.
3) The autonomy and independence of the branches was legislatively introduced
authorities.
4) Citizens support the reforms carried out.
5) The conservative party won the elections.
6) The rule of law was proclaimed in all spheres of life.
A) protection solely by force
public opinion and (or)
a person's inner beliefs
B) a measure of socially significant behavior
B) formal certainty
D) universally binding for the entire population,
living on the territory
a certain state
D) regulation of social relations
Answer: ___________________________.
TYPES OF SOCIAL
NORM
1) both legal and moral
norms
2) only legal norms
3) only moral standards
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer:
16
Which of the following applies to personal (civil) rights?
(freedoms) of a citizen of the Russian Federation? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
right to participate in the administration of justice
the right to live
the right to defend one's honor and good name
the right to be elected to government bodies
right to privacy of correspondence and telephone conversations
Answer: ___________________________.
18
A B
B D D
Sergei is 44 years old and successfully passed the job interview.
But the employer gave preference to another applicant who was less successful
passed the interview, only because he is five years younger than Sergei
years. Find in the list below the positions that correspond to the legal
context of the situation described, and write down the numbers under which they
indicated.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
discrimination
criminal law
victim
statement to the police department
lawsuit
labor law
Answer: ___________________________.
© 2016 Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science of the Russian Federation
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Unified State Exam
19
Read the below
indicated by a specific letter.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
text,
each
position
whom
(A) The concept of “political system of society” has entered into scientific circulation
in the second half of the twentieth century. (B) The political system regulates
production and distribution of goods between social communities
based on the use of state power, participation in it, struggle for
her. (B) System-forming category that integrates these elements
into a single political system - the category “political power”.
(D) Political power is the ability of one person or group of persons
control the behavior and actions of citizens and society based on
national or statewide tasks. (D) Essence
the political system of society is most clearly manifested in its functions.
Determine which text provisions have
1) factual nature
2) the nature of value judgments
3) the nature of theoretical statements
Write down in the table under the letter indicating the position, the number,
expressing his character.
Answer:
A B
Option 107
6/8
B D D
20
Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.
Select from the list of words you want to insert into the
place of passes.
“According to the classical definition, ________(A) is a community of people
based on marriage, joint housekeeping, moral
________(B) and spiritual attachment. She performs the whole complex
the most important functions for the existence of society: ________ (B) people;
transmission from generation to generation of the most important social ________(D),
attitudes, knowledge. Its main functions also include organizing
household. The family carries out social ________(D). Members
families provide each other with emotional support. The basis of nuclear
family is ________(E) – authorized and regulated
state form of relationship between a man and a woman,
defining their rights and obligations."
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Every word can be
used only once.
Select one word after another, mentally filling in
every pass. Please note that there are more words in the list than
You will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1) marriage
2) control
3) institute
4) mutual responsibility
5) norm
6) family
7) mobility
8) marriage
9) reproduction
The table below shows the letters indicating the missing
words. Write down in the table under each letter the number of your choice
words.
Answer:
A B
C D E E
Do not forget to transfer all answers to answer form No. 1
in accordance with the instructions for performing the work.
© 2016 Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Copying is not allowed

Unified State Exam
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Option 107
7/8
Part 2
To record answers to tasks in this part (21–29), use the FORM
ANSWERS No. 2. First write down the number of the task (21, 22, etc.), and then
a detailed answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.
21
What, according to the author, distinguishes true democracy? Based on text
Name two types of republican form of government. Which
Does the author note the difference between them?
22
The text mentions “considerations” that influence behavior
voter. Name any of these “considerations.” Using
social science knowledge, indicate one positive and one negative
the consequences of the voter's choice under the influence of this “consideration”.
23
Which of the electoral systems examined by the author has the greatest
to what extent does it protect strong political parties? Using text
and social science knowledge, explain how this defense manifests itself.
Name and illustrate with an example any one function
political parties, which manifests itself in the electoral process.
24
Based on social science knowledge and facts of social life,
give three arguments confirming the need for elections for
functioning and development of a democratic state.
Read the text and complete tasks 21–24.
Not all democracies are the same. True democracies represent
are political systems in which certain people receive
access to power and the right to make decisions as a result of free
general elections. However, the mechanisms for electing parliament and
government formations differ from each other depending on
national form of government...
In a presidential republic, power is transferred through direct
elections, and not as a result of promotion to leading positions in that
or another influential party, as in a parliamentary republic.
Parliamentary systems, unlike presidential ones, support
and protect strong parties. Thus, when choosing a presidential
or the parliamentary model must proceed from what is preferable:
focus on parties or individual candidates who won the
direct elections.
Another difference between political systems is the way
voting to elect candidates to the highest bodies of power:
proportional or majoritarian (majority principle). At
In the majoritarian system, one is elected from each electoral district
deputy The winner of the election is the candidate who scores
greatest
quantity
votes.
Systems
proportional
representation involves the distribution of seats in parliament
in accordance with the number received in the elections (by party
lists) of votes...
Often, when deciding who to vote for, a voter
is guided by the following considerations. Citizens vote
often guided by generally accepted opinions and ideologies, rather than
careful comparison of different policy options
problems facing the country. In addition, voters are willing
listen to the opinions of others, including the calls of themselves
candidates. The outcome of the elections is determined not only by the course of the pre-election
struggle, but no less due to personal circumstances, beliefs
and the preferences of each voter.
(M. Wallerstein)
© 2016 Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Copying is not allowed

Unified State Exam
SOCIAL SCIENCE
25
What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “globalization”?
Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences:
one sentence containing information about any one manifestation
globalization in the economic sphere, and one sentence revealing
any one negative manifestation of globalization.
26
Name any three positive formal
and illustrate each with an example.
27
Nikolai Petrovich decided to open a store selling spare parts for
cars. He sought advice from the local tax authorities
his accounting to find out what taxes and in what amount he will have to
pay. Are tax authorities obliged to provide him with such
information? Justify your answer. Name any two responsibilities
taxpayer.
28
social
Option 107
8/8
sanctions
You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Competition and its
functions in a market economy." Make a plan according to which
You will be covering this topic. The plan must contain at least three points,
of which two or more are detailed in sub-clauses.
© 2016 Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Copying is not allowed
By completing task 29, you can demonstrate your knowledge and skills on
content that is more attractive to you. To this end
choose only ONE of the statements below
(29.1–29.5).
29
Choose one of the statements below and reveal its meaning
in the form of a mini-essay, highlighting different aspects if necessary
the problem posed by the author (the topic touched upon).
When expressing your thoughts about the problem raised (indicated
topics), when arguing your point of view, use knowledge
received while studying a social studies course, corresponding
concepts, as well as facts of social life and one’s own life
experience. (Cite at least two factual arguments
examples from various sources.)
29.1
Philosophy
"Revolution
(J. Jaurès)
–
barbaric
form
progress."
29.2
Economy
“A business can reach a dead end if it concentrates
not on customers, but on competitors.” (D. Bezos)
29.3
Sociology,
social
psychology
“Youth is the spring time of man, in which
seeds are sown for future years of life.”
(Ya. Knyazhnin)
29.4
Political science
“Political culture is a manifestation of how
people perceive politics and how they
interpret what they see." (S. Verba)
29.5
Jurisprudence
“The law cannot make people free: they themselves
people must make the law free." (G. Thoreau)

political science

Plan:

1. The importance of elections in a democratic society

1.1. way of implementing democracy

1.2. gaining legitimacy by the government

1.3. a way to realize the political rights of citizens to elect and be elected

1.4. renewal of political elites and leaders

1.5. political socialization of citizens

2. Types of elections

2.1. by scale

2.1.1. federal

2.1.2. elections in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

2.1.3. local

2.2. by object

2.2.1. for the presidency

2.2.2. for the post of regional heads

2.2.3. for the post of heads of local government

2.2.4. parliamentary

2.2.5. to regional representative bodies

2.2.6. to local authorities

2.3. Electoral system

2.3.1. concept

2.3.2.1. majoritarian

2.3.2.2. proportional

2.3.2.3. mixed

2.4. Election campaign

2.4.1. concept

2.4.2. stages

2.4.2.1. preparatory

2.4.2.2. nomination of a candidate

2.4.2.3. election campaign

3. Political technologies of the voter

Concepts

Election campaign- activities related to the preparation and conduct of elections, carried out during the period from the day of the official publication of the decision to hold elections until the day the relevant election commission submits a financial report on the expenditure of funds allocated for the preparation and conduct of elections.

Populism- a style in politics that allows one to achieve voter support thanks to the masses’ pliability to simple explanations of complex issues, to primitive, but outwardly attractive slogans.

Absenteeism - evasion of participation in elections.

Political Marketing- a set of activities to study the “market” (interests, sentiments, ideas and expectations) of voters, as well as methods of influencing them in order to ensure victory in the elections of their clients.

Candidate's image- these are the most attractive traits and properties of his personality to the public.

Scheme

Workshop

1. Are the following statements about electoral systems true?

A. The electoral system covers the principles and conditions for the participation of citizens in the formation of elected bodies.

B. The electoral system determines how seats are distributed
in elected bodies after the voting results have been established.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

2. Are the judgments about the shortcomings of the majoritarian electoral system correct?

A. A significant portion of voters in the country may remain unrepresented in government.

B. As a rule, not the entire spectrum of political parties and movements is represented in the country’s parliament.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

3. In the state of Georgia there is a proportional electoral system in which the leading role belongs to political parties. Indicate the feature that distinguishes this system.

1) a single national electoral district is created

3) candidates’ programs are presented in the media

4) the candidate who receives the majority of votes in the election wins the district

4. Which of the following situations indicates a violation of the democratic election procedure?

1) Citizens cannot use additional votes.

3) For citizens who are unable to come to the polling station for health reasons, ballot boxes can be delivered to their home.

4) Under investigation and accused citizens who are under arrest do not participate in voting.

5. What is characteristic of both majoritarian and proportional electoral systems?

1) nomination of candidates by lists from political parties

2) creation of single-mandate electoral districts

3) formation of a single national electoral district

6. Which of the following features is characteristic of both majoritarian and proportional electoral systems?

1) holding elections in single-mandate constituencies

2) holding several rounds of elections with the elimination of candidates

4) creation of a single national electoral district

7. Not all democracies are the same. True democracies are political systems in which certain people gain access to power and the right to make decisions through free general elections. However, the mechanisms for electing parliament and forming a government differ depending on the national form of government...

In a presidential republic, power is transferred through direct elections, rather than through advancement to leadership positions in that area.
or another influential party, as in a parliamentary republic. Parliamentary systems, unlike presidential ones, support
and protect strong parties. Thus, when choosing a presidential or parliamentary model, one must proceed from what is preferable: focusing on parties or on individual candidates who won direct elections.

8. The text mentions “considerations” that influence voter behavior. Name any of these “considerations.” Using social science knowledge, identify one positive and one negative consequence of the voter's choice under the influence of this “consideration.”

9. Which of the electoral systems examined by the author most protects strong political parties? Using the text and social studies knowledge, explain how this defense manifests itself. Name and illustrate with an example any function of political parties that is manifested in the electoral process.

10. Based on social science knowledge and facts of public life, give three arguments confirming the need for elections for the functioning and development of a democratic state.

Political process

Place in the system of social sciences and humanities: political science

Plan:

Concepts

Scheme

Workshop

POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

Place in the system of social sciences and humanities: political science

Plan:

1. The concept of political participation

2. Subjects of political participation

2.1. political elite

2.2. ordinary citizens

3. Signs of political participation

3.1. specific action

3.2. voluntarily

3.3. participation is real and not fictitious.

4. Types (forms) of political participation

4.1. direct (immediate) and representative (mediated)

4.2. autonomous and mobilized.

5. Classification of personality according to the degree of involvement in politics

5.1. Activist personality.

5.2. A person who occasionally takes part in politics.

5.3. A personality of a political observer with varying levels of competence, who does not always show interest in politics and does not personally participate in it.

5.4. Passive personality with a neutral, indifferent attitude towards politics.

5.5. An apolitical or aloof person with a negative attitude towards his participation in politics, who is not interested in it and knows little about it.

6. Incentives for human political activity

6.1. Political competence (education)

6.2. Interest in politics (socio-economic needs and the need for legal protection).

7.1. concept

7.2. causes

7.2.1. low level of education

7.2.2. lack of confidence in oneself and one's capabilities

7.2.3. disappointment in one's political participation due to lack of desired results

7.2.4. the collapse of group values or the loss of an individual’s sense of belonging to any social group

7.3. the impact of absenteeism on society and the individual himself

8. The concept of political culture

8.1. levels of political culture

8.1.1. political culture of the individual

8.1.1.1. political consciousness

8.1.1.1.1. political knowledge

8.1.1.1.2. political value orientations

8.1.1.2. political behavior

8.1.1.2.1. ways of practical political action

8.1.2. political culture of society

8.1.2.1. traditions

8.1.2.2. political symbols

8.1.2.3. ceremonies, ceremonies, rituals

9. Political culture and political participation

10. Typology of political cultures

10.1. according to the uniqueness of individual countries and regions

10.1.1. patriarchal culture

10.1.2. subject culture

10.1.3. participatory culture

10.1.4. civic culture

10.2. by type of political system

10.2.1. totalitarian type of political culture

10.2.3. democratic type of political culture.

11. Political culture of modern Russia

Scheme

Concepts

Political participation– these are the actions of a citizen with the aim of influencing the development, adoption and implementation of government decisions, the selection of representatives to government institutions.

Absenteeism– avoidance of participation in politics.

Political culture of the individual- the unity of three components: knowledge about the world of politics, political value orientations, methods of practical political action.

Workshop

1. Are the following statements about political participation true?

A. Political participation is a set of relevant
to the politics of people's actions.

B. Political participation may have a protest character.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

2. During an excursion to the district government, 10th grade students got acquainted with the work of the local government. Which of the functions and features of local government are listed below? Select from the list given the provisions that reflect the functions and features of local government, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Local governments are part of the system of state authorities.

2) Local governments may establish local taxes and fees.

3) Local government bodies are appointed by the city administration.

4) Citizens are given equal rights to exercise local self-government.

5) Local governments resolve issues of local importance.

6) Local governments have legislative power.

3. Give two examples each that reveal the impact of the state on the individual and the individual on the state in the political sphere in a democratic society.

4. The cultural subsystem of the political system includes

1) views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories

2) constitutions and laws

3) parties and socio-political movements

4) the state and its bodies

5. One of the problems in the development of a number of countries in the world has been the apoliticality of young people, their weak interest in political problems. Formulate a judgment that reveals the impact of such a situation on democracy. Suggest two policy measures that could change this situation and increase the interest of young people in the political life of the country.

6. Country N. is a democratic state with a dynamically developing market economy and a high standard of living for the majority of citizens. However, every year in the country of N. the number of citizens who evade participation in elections at various levels is growing. List three possible reasons for the citizens of this country avoiding their civic duty as voters.

7. Are the following judgments about political participation true?

A. The variety of forms of political participation depends on the age of the citizen, his occupation, education, religious
and political preferences.

B. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to elect and be elected to government bodies.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

8. Are the following judgments about local self-government in the Russian Federation true?

A. The structure of local self-government includes a representative body consisting of deputies elected by the population.

B. In different municipalities there are different options for organizing the system of local government bodies.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

9. Are the following statements about political participation true?

A. Forms of political participation of the majority of citizens are elections to state authorities and local self-government, referendums.

B. The motivation for political participation can be a real opportunity to change the political situation for the better.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

10. Are the following judgments about political subjects true?

A. The subjects of politics include the programs of political parties and movements.

B. The subjects of politics include voters.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

4.13 POLITICAL LEADERSHIP

Place in the system of social sciences and humanities: political science

Plan:

1. The concept of political leadership

2. Functions of a political leader

2.1. analyzes the political situation, assesses the state of society.

2.2. formulates goals, determines the means to achieve them, and develops a program of action. He makes sure that the goals and planned actions meet the needs of interested groups of the population, correspond to real opportunities, and finds optimal political solutions

2.3. strengthening the connection between the government and the people, explaining one’s political position

2.4. rallying supporters

2.5. integration of society, maintenance of law and public order

2.6. representation of the country's interests in the international arena.

3. Leadership qualities

3.1. sharp mind, analytical skills,

3.2. strong will, courage and determination

3.3. honesty, loyalty to public duty, concern for the public good and justice

3.4. sociability

3.5. ability to quickly and accurately navigate the situation, political intuition

3.6. management skills,

3.7. education and competence,

3.8. ability to argue against other opinions, political wisdom, greater flexibility, ability to maneuver between polar forces

3.9. the ability to behave well, the talent to attract people, the ability to persuade, oratory, a sense of humor.

4. Factors that influence the nature of political leadership

4.1. the leader's core political beliefs

4.2. leader's political style

4.3. the motives that guide a leader in striving to achieve the position of political leader

4.4. leader's response to pressure and stress

4.5. circumstances in which the leader first found himself in the position of political leader

4.6. previous political experience of the leader

4.7. the political climate in which the leader began his activities.

5. Image of a political leader

6. Types of leadership

6.1. by scale of leadership

6.1.1. national

6.1.2. leaders of a particular class or other large social group

6.1.3. leaders of a public organization or movement

6.2.2. democratic

6.2.3. liberal

6.3. on the basics of leadership

6.3.1. traditional

6.3.2. legal

Scheme

Concepts

Political leader

Image of a political leader

Management abilities

Traditional type of leadership

Rational-legal type of leadership

Charismatic type of leadership

Workshop

11. Are the following judgments about political leadership true?

A. Depending on the scale of leadership, democratic ones are distinguished
and authoritarian leaders.

B. The traditional type of leadership is based on the belief in the inviolability of the existing order.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect

12. Are the following judgments about political leadership true?

A. Legal political leadership is a stable, priority influence of the person exercising power on society.

B. A political leader must develop a policy taking into account the needs of various groups in society.

1) only A is correct

2) only B is correct

3) both judgments are correct

4) both judgments are incorrect