General patterns of distribution of vegetation cover on the territory of the Russian Federation. Factors influencing population distribution How vegetation is distributed on the plains
Factors placement of productive forces (production) - a set of spatially unequal conditions and resources, their properties, the correct use of which ensures the best results in the placement of production facilities and the development of the regional economy. Factors in the distribution of productive forces mediate the action of the principles of distribution of productive forces.
TO accommodation conditions include the population (producer of the product and its consumer), the material, technical and scientific base, the system of production communications (for the organization, operation and management of production), the socio-historical conditions for the development of production.
Conditions and factors are interrelated and have a direct or indirect impact on the development and location of individual enterprises, industries, and the territorial organization of the economy of individual regions.
The following groups of factors are distinguished:Natural, which include quantitative reserves and qualitative composition of natural resources, mining, geological and other conditions of their extraction and use, climatic, hydrogeological, orographic characteristics of the territory. They play a decisive role in the location of the mining industry and fuel, energy, raw materials, and water-intensive industries.
Socio-economic, which primarily include the characteristics of population distribution, territorial concentration of labor resources and their qualitative characteristics.
Logistics and market-infrastructural conditions and factors include material, technical and scientific-technical bases, as well as market infrastructure.
Technical and economic factors determine the costs of production and sales of raw materials, materials and finished products.
These include:
Energy factor
The energy factor is important due to the shortage of energy resources and the implementation of energy-saving policies in the European regions of the country. In highly energy-intensive industries of the chemical industry and non-ferrous metallurgy (nylon and viscose silk, aluminum, nickel), fuel consumption significantly exceeds the weight of the finished product, reaching 7-10 tons or more for each ton. The total energy costs for the production of such products are greater than for raw materials. The share of the energy component is largest, in addition to electricity, in the metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries. In ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper industry, production of copper, lead, hydrolytic yeast, caustic soda and some other specific energy intensity of production is 1-3 tons of standard fuel, but the total need for energy resources due to large production volumes is very significant. Therefore, further development of energy-intensive industries is most effective in the eastern regions, primarily in Siberia, based on the rich and cheap energy resources available there.
Water factor
The water factor plays a significant, and in some cases, a decisive role in the location of enterprises in the chemical, pulp and paper, textile industries, ferrous metallurgy, and electric power industries. The costs of the entire complex of water management activities (water supply, disposal and wastewater treatment) range from 1-2% to 15-25% of the cost of an enterprise under construction in water-intensive industries. As a result, they should be located in Siberia, the Far East, and the European North, where the cost of 1 m3 of fresh water is 3-4 times less than in the regions of the Center and South of the European part.
Labor factor
The labor factor (the cost of living labor for the manufacture of products) remains important when locating mechanical engineering (in particular instrument making), light industry, as well as the largest enterprises in other industries. Since labor costs per 1 ton of product and the share of wages in the cost do not give a correct idea of the labor intensity of the product, when organizing the placement of productive forces taking into account the labor factor, it is advisable to focus on the absolute need of each enterprise for labor.
Land factor
The land factor becomes especially acute when sites are allocated for industrial construction (their size for large enterprises reaches hundreds of hectares), in areas of intensive agriculture and in cities with limited urban communications and engineering structures. The most rational option in this case is the group placement of enterprises in the form of industrial hubs.
Raw material factor
The raw material factor determines material intensity, i.e. the consumption of raw materials and basic materials per unit of finished product. To industries with the highest material intensity indices (more than 1.5 tons of raw materials and supplies per
1 t of products) include full-cycle ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper, hydrolysis, plywood, cement, and sugar industries. At the same time, enterprises remote from sources of supply of raw materials and enterprises with large-tonnage products (metallurgical, chemical, pulp and paper mills) require special attention. When placing them, it is necessary to correctly determine the areas of consumption of finished products and the costs of their transportation.
Transport factor
The transport factor is of particular importance for Russia with its large continental spaces. Despite the systematic reduction in the share of transport costs in the cost of industrial products, in a number of industries it remains very high - from 20% for ferrous metal ores to 40% for mineral construction materials. The transportability of raw materials and finished products depends on the material intensity of production, the transport intensity of transported goods, the quality properties of raw materials and finished products in terms of the possibility of their transportation and storage. When the material intensity index is more than 1.0, production gravitates towards raw material bases, less than 1.0 - towards regions and places of consumption of finished products.
Agroclimatic conditions
Agroclimatic conditions play a decisive role in the distribution of agricultural activities of the population. The specialization and efficiency of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy is directly related to the natural fertility of soils, climate, and water regime of the territory. Agricultural climate assessment is based on a comparison of the agroclimatic conditions of the territory with the requirements of various cultivated plants for their life factors and has significant regional differences.
Environmental factors in the location of productive forces at the present stage of economic development play a special role, since they are directly related to the careful use of natural resources and the provision of necessary living conditions for the population. Significant economic losses from anthropogenic pollution of the natural environment and increasing negative consequences for public health have led to an urgent need to constantly take into account the environmental factor in the location of production.
Features of socio-historical development. These include: the nature of social relations, features of the current stage of development of the state, stability of the economic and political system, perfection of the legislative framework, etc.
Recent decades have been marked by a noticeable change in the role of factors in the location of productive forces in a developed market environment. Thus, the process of scientific identification (the synthesis of science with production) led to the advancement of potential opportunities for establishing close ties through cooperation and the attraction of industrial enterprises to the largest scientific centers to the forefront in the location of industry. However, due to the extremely high fuel, energy, raw material and material intensity of the Russian economy, the specifics of the sectoral structure of its economy and the gigantic continental spaces, new factors for the location of productive forces in our country have not yet acquired such great importance as in developed post-industrial countries.
Of the variety of economic location factors, some of them are characteristic of many sectors of the production complex (for example, attraction to the consumer) and the non-production sphere, others are inherent only in one industry or group of industries (gravity towards recreational resources).
However, each sector of the economy has its own set of factors for its location. Moreover, even factors common to other industries in each specific case manifest themselves with varying strength, and if for some industries a factor has a decisive influence on the location of the industry, then in another industry it is of secondary importance.
Thus:- Each sector of the economy is characterized by its own set and combination of factors for its location;
- the combination and role of individual factors in the location of an economy in a certain territory depends on the sectoral structure of the economy of a country or region.
At the same time, for most non-production industries, consumer orientation is the most important factor in their location. And the higher the share of non-production sectors in the economic complex of a country or region, the greater the role in the location of the economy plays by the attraction to the consumer. Since the industrial structure of most countries of the world is evolving along the path of increasing the share of non-production sectors and decreasing the production sector, it can be stated that the increasing role of the consumer factor in the location of the economy is a global trend.
Approaches and methods of production research
Scientific research into the processes of production location involves the use of certain approaches and methods that make it possible to determine the prevailing trends in the formation of the territorial structure of the national economy, quantitative and qualitative parameters of the socio-economic development of the region and the degree of its participation in the all-Russian and international division of labor.
Research approaches refer to the use of specific techniques and organizational forms for conducting scientific research. All approaches, based on the time of their origin, are conventionally divided into traditional and new.
Traditional approaches
These include territorial, complex, historical and typological.
Territorial approach
For Russia, with its gigantic spaces, the territorial approach is of great importance, the use of which makes it possible to regulate territorial and economic processes. The essence of this approach is to take into account the complex relationships between various objects and phenomena located in the same territory. In this case, the study is carried out at different spatial levels (ranks), the highest of which is global, followed by regional (subregional), national (country), district and local levels. The need to apply a territorial approach follows from the presence of the territorial organization of the country and the existing political and administrative structure of the Russian Federation. The enormous scale of Russia, the diversity of natural and social conditions characteristic of individual zones and regions requires taking into account regional characteristics when solving complex economic problems, especially the development of new territories. This approach was used in previous decades and found its manifestation in the development of such programs as the transformation of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia, the development of the BAM zone, and the development of the economy and culture of the indigenous peoples of the North.
The territorial approach reveals ways of rational distribution of production throughout the country and its regions, ensuring the integrated development of individual territories based on their rational specialization, optimal dynamic spatial proportions of production and distribution of products, improving settlement systems, nature conservation and environmental improvement. At the same time, the ultimate goal of using the territorial approach in studying the location of productive forces is the most effective development of the economy in the interests of society as a whole.
A complex approach
An integrated approach means establishing optimal interconnectedness between the elements of the economy of a certain territory, in which the main economic function (specialization) of the region is successfully performed based on the rational use of its natural, scientific, industrial, technical and socio-economic potential.
An integrated approach involves balancing the economic and social aspects of the functioning of the economy, the proportionality of the development of specialized, auxiliary and service industries, material production and non-production spheres by coordinating the activities of enterprises and organizations of various departmental subordination located in the district.
Historical approach
The historical approach reveals patterns of development of various territorial objects, processes and phenomena, features of their occurrence and functioning at different time stages, and makes it possible to trace trends in their development.
Typological approach
The typological approach is used in territorial studies of various objects when comparing classifications (groupings) and typologies. This approach is associated with the development of typologies that notice the quantitative differences of spatial objects, and the search for characterizing features and fundamental criteria for these typologies.
New approaches
New approaches include systemic, environmental, constructive, behavioral and problematic.
Systems approach
The systems approach involves considering each object (phenomenon, process, complex) as a complex formation consisting of various elements (structural parts) interacting with each other. The use of this approach is most appropriate when studying objects with various internal and external connections (territorial production complexes, transport systems).
Ecological approach
The ecological approach involves identifying and studying the connections that exist between the object being studied and its environment. According to Academician I.P. Gerasimov, it should include monitoring environmental changes, forecasting the consequences of the impact of economic activities on the environment, and optimizing the environment in the created natural-technical systems.
Constructive approach
The constructive approach is associated with changes in spatial objects, phenomena and processes from the point of view of the possibility and feasibility of their use in human life and economic activity. This approach is a unique tool for building an optimal territorial organization of society and the basis for the development of applied regional research (district planning, long-term forecast of socio-economic development, etc.).
Behavioral approach
The behavioral approach is used to study the behavior of people in space, which is determined by the characteristics of the perception of the environment by various social, professional, gender, age, ethnic and other groups of people and is manifested in population migrations, the planning structure of populated areas, the territorial organization of places of employment, etc.
Problem Approach
The problem-based approach focuses research on the analysis and solution of a problem - a subjective category (since it is formulated by people) and acting as a barrier to achieving the goal. The development goal of society is a social benchmark (result) that must be achieved and in accordance with which society organizes its resources. Accordingly, a problem is understood as a concentrated expression of the contradictions of spatio-temporal development, which is important for the distribution of productive forces.
1. Distribution of the population across the Earth's territory. Factors influencing population distribution. The most densely populated areas of the world.
2. Electric power industry: significance, countries that stand out in terms of absolute and per capita indicators of electricity production.
3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main grain exporters.
1. Distribution of the population across the Earth's territory. Factors influencing population distribution. The most densely populated areas of the world.
The average population density of the Earth today is more than 30 people/sq. km. But there are huge contrasts across individual continents and countries.
The Eastern Hemisphere has a larger population (86%) than the Western Hemisphere, and the Northern Hemisphere has more people compared to the Southern Hemisphere, which has only 10%. At the same time, the bulk of the population lives within the temperate, subtropical and subequatorial climatic zones at altitudes up to 500 m above sea level.
The nature of human settlement on the planet, including their density, is determined by a number of factors:
1) factor of natural conditions: proximity to the sea, flatness of the territory, favorable climate, fertile soils, abundance of natural resources, etc.
For your information: out of every 100 inhabitants of the Earth, 80 live in lowlands, plains, i.e. at an altitude of up to 500 m above sea level, which occupy only 28% of the earth's land.
2) historical factor: long-developed territories are the areas where ancient states were formed - Egypt, Rome, Greece, China, India.
3) demographic factor: high or, conversely, low natural population growth can significantly affect the distribution and density of people in the regions.
4) socio-economic factors:
· employment of the population in agriculture;
For your information: the development of labor-intensive rice cultivation on irrigated lands led to the formation of the largest population clusters in East and South Asia.
· industrial development;
· attraction to transport and trade routes.
Some of the largest population concentrations in the modern world include:
1) East Asian: includes the states - China, Japan, North Korea, Republic of Korea, where over 1 billion people live.
2) South Asian: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan - approximately 1 billion people live in them.
3) Southeast Asian: Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, etc., with a population exceeding 300 million people.
4) European.
5) Atlantic (in the northeastern USA).
2. Electric power industry: significance, countries that stand out in terms of absolute and per capita indicators of electricity production.
The electric power industry is one of the leading industries of the scientific and technological revolution era, when the role of electronicization and integrated automation has increased worldwide. This industry has a decisive impact not only on development, but also on the territorial distribution of industry and all productive forces of society.
The main part (1st place) of the energy produced in the world comes from thermal power plants (TPP). Their share in total electricity generation is 63%. Typically, thermal power plants gravitate either to coal basins or to energy consumption areas. Leaders in production: USA, Russia, China.
The second place belongs to hydropower (hydroelectric power stations). Its share in world output is 20%, but it is also gradually decreasing. Today, the main prospects for hydropower are associated with developing countries, which account for 65% of the world's hydro resources, but they are still poorly used here (in Africa - only 5% of the potential, in South America - 10%). And the United States and Russia are leaders in the use of hydropower.
The third place falls on nuclear power plants (NPP). Their share in world output is 17%, and it is gradually increasing. Nuclear power plants have been built in more than 30 countries around the world. In terms of absolute scale of energy production at nuclear power plants, the leaders are the USA, France, Japan, Germany, and Russia.
Finally, alternative energy sources are becoming increasingly popular around the world:
· solar energy (the largest solar power plants in the USA and France);
· wind energy (small stations have been developed in almost all countries of the world, especially in the USA and Denmark);
· tidal energy (the largest tidal stations in France, Canada, USA, Russia, China);
· geothermal energy (used in Iceland, USA, Russia, Philippines, Italy, New Zealand).
Non-traditional sources also include the production of synthetic fuels based on coal, oil shale, oil sands and biomass.
With an annual electricity production of more than 200 billion kWh. Only 11 countries have it: USA, Russia, Japan, Ukraine, Italy, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany and India.
In terms of electricity production per capita, the following are distinguished:
1) very well-endowed countries: Norway - more than 26 thousand kWh. - 1st place in the world; Canada, Sweden, USA - up to 26 thousand kWh.
2) moderately wealthy countries: Russia, Australia, European countries, etc. - up to 10 thousand kWh.
3) countries that are insufficiently wealthy: most of Latin America, Africa, Asia - up to 2 thousand kWh. and less.
3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main grain exporters.
The main branch of crop production is grain farming, its most important crops being wheat, corn, and rice. In addition to them, they grow: barley, millet, sorghum, oats, rye, chumiza, etc.
Grains occupy 1/2 of the total cultivated area in the world, of which 4/5 of the total gross yield comes from 3 key crops:
1) wheat: predominantly steppe and forest-steppe crop; states that grow it: Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, North America, Argentina, Australia, China.
The main exporters of wheat are: USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Ukraine.
2) rice: this is a typical crop of the monsoon climate, almost always cultivated under artificial irrigation; tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, Latin America.
Main exporters of rice: USA, Myanmar, Thailand, India.
3) corn: used for grain, but also for silage at milky-waxy ripeness. Cultivation areas mainly coincide with wheat crops.
Main exporters of corn: USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia, France
Flora of Russia
Goals and objectives of the lesson:
Consider the types of vegetation and the relationship of the flora with climate, topography, soils, and waters. Identify the main reasons influencing the distribution of vegetation across the territory of our country, the main types of vegetation in Russia, and under what conditions they are formed.
Continue to develop the ability to tell stories and enter into dialogue on the problem of the unity of the relationship between man and nature. Develop memory, thinking, imagination.
Develop the ability to work in a team, developing such qualities as mutual assistance and a culture of learning.
Equipment:
wall maps; “Vegetation of Russia”, “Natural zones of Russia”,
herbarium,
slides “vegetation of Russia”,
paintings of natural areas,
instruction cards for each student.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
II. Teacher's opening speech
Message of topic and goal: today we will get acquainted with the nature of vegetation on the territory of Russia, typical plants, and the conditions of their formation. We must trace the relationship “Vegetation - nature. Time. Human". Famous historian V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “The power that holds in its hands the cradle of every nation is the nature of its country.” Our task is to confirm the statement with facts.
Vegetation is one of the most important components of nature. By vegetation we recognize a natural area; vegetation determines the face of the landscape.
Plants are an important factor in soil formation.
Vegetation protects the soil from erosion, maintains the groundwater level, and, therefore, affects the full flow of rivers and lakes.
Plants provide food for animals and humans.
Earth's plants shape the composition of the atmosphere by supplying oxygen released during photosynthesis.
The planet's vegetation is also its beauty.
Plants do not exist in isolation, but in plant communities. The composition of plants in a community is determined by the ratio of heat and moisture throughout the year. Russia has a variety of plant communities.
Factors influencing vegetation. The natural vegetation cover of Russia is very diverse - from the tundra in the Far North to the desert at the southern borders of the country. The main reason for this diversity is
human activity
differences in the climate of individual areas.
Groundwater
In the cold, harsh, windy North we find a squat carpet of plants dominated by mosses and lichens; in the central zone of the country, where the climate is warmer and forests are widespread; even further south, where it is hot in summer and there is very little moisture, only steppe and desert communities can exist. plants.
If areas differ in climate type, then they necessarily have different natural vegetation cover. On the plains, vegetation changes over a large area, for example, when moving from north to south over several hundred or even thousands of kilometers.
As the story progresses, the teacher draws a diagram on the board:
In Russia, the zonation of vegetation is best expressed in the European part: tundra, forest, steppe, desert. To determine which zone we are in, we need to pay attention to the vegetation that predominates on loamy, flat areas located outside river valleys, i.e. zonal vegetation.
III. Group work
Teacher: What makes Russia memorable? The discreet beauty of nature, the blue of countless lakes. Time seemed to stand still in small villages lost among the forests. In the severity and grandeur of ancient cities. New buildings, lost among the swamps. “Wildlife” accompanies man. It is generally accepted that the main thing in “wild nature” is vegetation, flora. Even the names of natural zones speak about it - taiga, steppe, forest-steppe, etc. There are about 18 thousand higher plants in our country. It is interesting that among the representatives of the plant world, species of herbaceous plants predominate - there are many thousands of them, while there are slightly more than 500 trees. You cannot tell about them all. Therefore, we will hear the results of research from scientific expeditions.
Students become familiar with different types of plant communities by working in groups. The class is divided into groups of 4 people. Each group receives a herbarium of plants from one plant community on which it will work, and a sheet with an action program and questions.
10-15 minutes are allotted for work, then the groups report on the work completed. Everyone listens and fills out the summary table.
Types of plant communities
Plant community
Formation conditions
General form
Typical plants
Adaptation to environmental conditions
Sheet 1. Tundra.
Read the text of the textbook (B.: p. 102; R.: p. 149), Answer the questions
1. Where tundra vegetation predominates in Russia, show on the map the southern border of the tundra. (According to the map of the atlas “Vegetation”);
2. What are the conditions for the formation of the tundra plant community?
H. Look at the species of tundra plants in the herbarium, name them and show them to the class when reporting.
4. What adaptations do plants have (leaves, roots, annual perennials)?
5. Why do plants have small growth and pillow-shaped shapes? Why do they have small leaf blades?
6. Why do perennial plants predominate?
7. Why do plants have a branched root system?
Message:
Botanist. The summer tundra is full of colors. There are many types of lichens and herbs; cranberries, blueberries, cloudberries, and blueberries grow in abundance. Thickets of sedges and cotton grass during flowering create the impression of snow cover.
There are many useful plants in the tundra: berries, fodder, medicinal, which are well adapted to local climatic conditions. Huge areas are occupied by dwarf vegetation - birch, willow, juniper. The low growth of tundra plants allows them to benefit from freezing protection from snow cover, and in the summer to receive heat from the soil, which heats up more than the surrounding air.
Most tundra plants are evergreen, their leaves do not die off in the fall, and awaken again in the spring, because the summer is short and the plant does not waste time budding. In spring, the tundra is full of colors: gum, polar poppy, and saxifrage bloom. The pillow-shaped plants are pressed to the ground - this saves them from the burning cold and large evaporations. Significant areas of the tundra are occupied by lichens, of which moss is a valuable food for deer
Sheet 2. Forests
Message:
The forest, including coniferous ones, contains mushrooms, berries, wood, medicinal herbs, and game. Natural zones of coniferous forests occupy a large territory of Russia. Russia accounts for 22% of the world's forest resources - 60% of the country's entire territory. Wood reserves exceed those of the USA and Canada by 3.5 times and more than 80% are coniferous species. In the western zone of Russia, 26% of the area is covered with taiga. In the eastern zone (Northern Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, Far East) - 65% of the territory is covered with coniferous forest - these are territories with the exception of tundra and forest-tundra. The forest itself influences the state of the lower layer of the atmosphere (decreasing wind speed, increasing evaporation, clearing the air of dust).
1. Read the text of the textbook (Pages 150-151)
2. What types of vegetation can be distinguished in forest communities? ( Dark coniferous taiga, pine forests, light coniferous larch taiga of Siberia, mixed and broad-leaved forest.)
3. What are the conditions for the formation of forest vegetation? ( Temperate climate, cold winters, warm summers, excess moisture)
4. Examine the herbarium and drawings, identify the plants of broad-leaved forests and taiga.
5. What adaptations do forest plants have? ( leaves turned into needles, larch sheds its needles) Why do spruce roots go deep, while larch roots spread in the surface layer? ( Larch grows on frozen soils)
6. How do the growing conditions of broad-leaved forests differ from the conditions of coniferous forests? ( Broadleaf forests grow to the south of coniferous forests where winters are milder.
7. Why is it that in the harshest continental climate of Eastern Siberia, only larch grows in the forests? ( It is more cold resistant)
9. What species are classified as light coniferous?
Physical education minute.
They raised their hands and shook them - these are trees in the forest.
Arms bent, hands shaken
The wind blows away the dew.
Let's wave our hands to the sides, smoothly -
These are the birds flying towards us.
Let us show you how they sit down quietly -
The wings were folded back.
What natural area is the poem talking about?
On all sides let:
No forest, no mountains!
The vast expanse!
Endless space!
Of course, these are poems about the steppe.
Leaf of the Z. Steppe
1. Study the text of the textbook (p. 152;). On the map (Fig. 70, p. 159) determine the distribution area of steppe vegetation. ( South of the Russian and West Siberian Plains.)
2. What are the conditions for the formation of steppe plants? ( k = 0.9-0.8, insufficient moisture, very warm summer.)
3. Examine herbarium specimens of steppe plants.
4. What adaptations do steppe plants have to environmental conditions? ( These are herbs with powerful roots, with bulbs and rhizomes, some have very thin leaves - feather grass.)
5. Why do the steppes turn green only in early spring? ( In the spring there is enough moisture in the soil; in the spring, plants with a short growing season bloom, usually having a reserve of nutrients in the bulbs and rhizomes - these are tulips, irises, peonies, etc. They are called ephemera.)
Message:
The southern steppe is the kingdom of feather grass. The appearance of the vegetation is peculiar, unique - a silvery, gray sea, agitated by the wind. Against this background, only bright spots of flowering herbs are scattered here and there. And in some places there is none at all.
Feather grass grows in a unique way - in the form of a large, very dense bush. Feather grass leaves are very narrow and almost always folded lengthwise. This shape of the leaf blade serves as a device to reduce evaporation from leaf tissues. Feather grasses are fairly drought-resistant plants that tolerate a lack of moisture in the soil.
The feather grass fruit is very narrow and sharp. Sticking into the ground and thanks to a special device, the grain is screwed into the soil. This ensures better seed germination (they immediately end up in the soil rather than remaining on its surface).
6. Why don’t trees grow in the steppes? ( They lack moisture.)
Sheet 4. Deserts
1. Read the text of the textbook (page 152;).
2. Find on the vegetation map the territory occupied by deserts and semi-deserts. ( Southeast of the Russian Plain, Caspian Lowland.)
3. Examine herbarium samples and determine plant adaptations to conditions of poor moisture. ( Long roots, small leaves pubescent or covered with a waxy coating, lack of leaves, lumps.)
4. Name the plants of the desert community. ( Camel thorn, solyanka, saxaul tree, juzgun, stag wood, wormwood.)
Azonal plant communities: meadows and swamps.
In addition to the zonal plant communities that we studied today, there are azonal plant communities that do not form a continuous strip. These are meadows and swamps. You can find them in several natural areas, among other plant communities.
Plant resources
The plant world provides humans with food products, feed, and raw materials.
Forest resources– these are various forest resources used in the national economy.
What does the plant world give to man? ( The forest provides wood for construction, for making paper, fabric (viscose), and is used as firewood. Tree resin is used in printing.)
And you also have resin in your pen paste. Otherwise, the letters will fall off the paper very quickly.
Students remember medicinal plants, edible ones - strawberries, raspberries, nuts, mushrooms. Plants are food for pets. Meadows are pastures and hayfields.
IU. Lesson summary
The result of the lesson is a completed table in a notebook - modeled on tundra vegetation.
Teacher: Listening to the reports of the expedition, we found out that the flora of Russia is amazing and diverse, but touching it must be gentle. The future prosperity of humanity is possible only with a reasonable combination of respect for nature.
The earth is our home, a person must be aware of his responsibility to his descendants. I return to the words of Klyuchevsky: “The power that holds in its hands the cradle of every nation is the nature of its country.”
Homework
Desert plant community.
Compose a crossword puzzle “Flora world of Russia” or 10 surveys about plants and their adaptation to environmental conditions.
Individual tasks. Prepare messages:
a) about a reindeer, b) about a camel.
Questions
Why are perennial plants predominant in the tundra?
Why is it that in the harshest continental climate of Eastern Siberia, only larch grows in the forests? ( It is more cold resistant)
What tree species are light coniferous?
Why don't trees grow in the steppes? ( They lack moisture.)
5. Why do several annual rings form on saxaul in one year? ( The formation of rings is related to the number of rainy days.)
Champions of the Forest
1. The most durable tree, living up to 900 years - larch.
2. Tallest tree – cedar.
3. The most common tree is pine.
4. The most beautiful New Year tree - Christmas tree
5. The most common deciduous “pioneer tree” is birch.
- Remember from botany and zoology courses how plants and animals are adapted to their environment.
- What primarily influences the placement of plants and animals?
The flora and fauna are often called “wildlife,” thereby emphasizing the role of these components in the biosphere. It is living nature that primarily personifies the beauty of the landscape for us. Love for living nature enriches our lives, inspires artists, poets, composers, and cultivates humane feelings in people. Caring “for our little brothers” is an indicator of a person’s morality.
It is generally accepted that the most important thing in living nature is vegetation. Even the names of natural zones speak about it - taiga, steppes, etc. But the animal world is richer in species composition. In our country there are up to 130 thousand species of animals (of which up to 90 thousand are insects), and there are only about 18 thousand higher plants. It is interesting that among the representatives of the plant world, species of herbaceous plants predominate - there are many thousands of them, while there are slightly more than 500 species of trees.
Among representatives of the animal world, insects hold the championship. There are significantly fewer vertebrates, especially terrestrial ones, in the fauna of Russia. Fish are numerous, there are more than 1450 species.
There are very few amphibians and reptiles - only 160 species. The diversity of birds is expressed (including all those that occur during seasonal migrations) by a figure of about 710. Of the mammals, about 350 species live in our country.
The composition and abundance of living organisms is greatly influenced by human activities. As a result, some species have sharply reduced their numbers, and some have even been completely exterminated.
At the same time, there are species artificially introduced into our flora and fauna, for example, the American muskrat, raccoon, mink, etc., and among the plants are the tea bush and bamboo.
The flora and fauna of our country are very diverse. The appearance and composition of the flora and fauna of our country, as well as the entire planet, is determined by two main factors: physical and geographical differences between regions - different regimes of light, temperature and humidity, the nature of the soil, relief features - and the geological history of the territory.
The change in the face of the Earth during geological evolution, its surface and climate, the appearance and disappearance of continental connections were the reason that the processes of speciation proceeded differently in different regions. In the distribution of representatives of certain species of plants and animals, patterns can be traced, determined primarily by latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zonality.
Think about which continents and countries the flora and fauna of our country are similar to.
But all these differences are explained not only by modern conditions. Both plants and animals carry in their appearance and distribution features inherited from the distant past. Desert-steppe groups of plants and animals came to us from Central Asia. North American conifers penetrated from Alaska to the Far East. The specific features of our Far Eastern flora are combined with the originality of the Manchu-Chinese fauna.
The flora and fauna of Russia were greatly influenced by the Quaternary glaciation.
Main types of vegetation in Russia include vegetation of arctic deserts, tundras, forests, steppes, and deserts.
The vegetation of Arctic deserts does not form a continuous cover. Individual patches of lichens and individual plant stems are replaced by bare areas.
The harsh climatic conditions of the tundra (low temperatures, large swampy areas, permafrost, strong winds) determine the characteristics of the vegetation cover of the tundra. Mosses, lichens, and low-growing shrubs predominate here; The absence of forest is also characteristic. Typical representatives of tundra vegetation are moss lichen (“reindeer moss”), green mosses, lingonberries, polar poppies, dwarf birch, and polar willow.
Think about how to explain the small growth of plants in the tundra and their tendency to spread along the ground. What species form the northern border of the forest in Russia and why?
Rice. 60. Typical representatives of woody vegetation of Russia
The forest vegetation of Russia is widespread in the temperate zone, represented by dark coniferous forests of spruce and fir in the north, taiga cedar-larch forests in Siberia, mixed forests of spruce, pine, aspen, birch, etc. in the middle zone and broad-leaved forests in the southern regions of this zone .
Using the map (Fig. 60), identify typical representatives of the flora of the forest zone of Russia. Remember from your botany course how taiga plants are adapted to severe frosts.
The steppe zone in its virgin form, unaffected by human agricultural activity, is a sea of grass vegetation. The most common in the steppe are feather grass, fescue, tonkonog, and a host of other flowering plants. Since the steppes are located in an area with insufficient moisture, representatives of herbaceous vegetation tolerate the lack of moisture in the soil well.
In semi-deserts and temperate deserts, conditions are less favorable for the existence of plants and animals than in the steppe, therefore, as in Arctic deserts, a continuous cover of vegetation does not form here. Desert vegetation is well adapted to drought: the leaves of many plants have turned into thorns, evaporating a minimum of moisture, the roots are branched and very long. Various types of wormwood and solyanka predominate.
Diversity of the animal world of Russia. The fauna of the Arctic deserts is mainly associated with the sea. Walruses, seals, polar bears, and many bird colonies are common here. In the tundra, the number of terrestrial animals increases somewhat, although a small number of their species are represented here: lemming, mountain hare, wolf, arctic fox, ptarmigan, snowy owl, and reindeer. Huge flocks of migratory birds fly to the tundra in the summer. Waterfowl are especially numerous: geese, ducks, swans.
In the taiga, predators include the bear, wolf, and lynx; from ungulates - elk, wild boar; among rodents the squirrel and chipmunk predominate; Fur-bearing species include marten and sable. In broad-leaved forests the number of ungulates increases: deer, roe deer, elk. Birds are more diverse than in the taiga: blackbirds, black grouse, etc.
Rice. 61. Typical representatives of the animal world of Russia
In the steppe the number of birds increases even more. There are many birds nesting on the ground. Some of them feed on plants (quail), others on plants and insects (bustard, little bustard, lark), and others are predators that eat insects and small rodents (steppe kestrel, steppe eagle). There are many rodents in the steppe - gophers, hamsters, voles. By storing large reserves of grain in their burrows for the winter, they cause significant damage to agriculture.
Of the large animals in the steppe, there are ungulates - saigas, which escape from enemies with the help of fast legs.
The fauna of deserts is dominated by reptiles (lizards, snakes), fast-moving ungulates (galled gazelles, saigas, kulans), and rodents (jerboas). Common birds include larks, pipits, desert sparrows, and bustards.
Rice. 62. Game animals of Russia
Plants and animals are perfectly adapted to their habitats. For example, in our forests birch and spruce coexist. Birches promote the growth of shade-loving young spruce trees under their canopy, and then the grown spruce trees are left without light by the birches that helped them grow... Trees in forests, grasses in the steppes, dwarf trees and crooked forests in the tundra - all these are examples of the ideal adaptation of plants to their habitat.
Animals - flying, running, climbing, swimming - also differ in appearance and adaptability to the same conditions.
Birch
The white-trunked tender birch tree has long symbolized Russian nature, Russia. The image of the Russian birch has been sung by many wonderful poets and artists.
Birch trees reach a height of 10-25 m (maximum 45), trunk diameter - 25-120 cm (maximum up to 150).
The bark of birch trees (birch bark) is white in many species. This is the only breed in the world with snow-white bark. The lifespan of a birch is from 40 to 120 years. Flowering from 8-15 years, in plantings - from 20-30 years, abundant and almost annual.
Birch is light-loving, grows successfully in various climatic conditions, is frost-resistant, tolerates permafrost, is drought-resistant, has little demand for soil fertility and moisture, and therefore is found on rocky, poor sandy soils, and peat bogs. The birch goes far to the north and south, rising high into the mountains. It is one of the first to settle in pine-spruce clearings. In the spring, the birch tree is one of the first to awaken in the forest: there is still snow, and there are already thawed patches near it, orange earrings are swollen on the tree... And in the fall, the birch tree is among the first to rush to put on a beautiful golden headdress...
Brown bear
The brown bear is a mammal of the bear family of the carnivorous order. This is a large animal: body length up to 2.5 m, height at withers up to 135 cm, weight up to 450 kg. The largest bears are found in our country in Kamchatka and Sakhalin. Limbs with severely blunted claws. The fur is thick and long. The coloring is monochromatic. The bear lives in various forests, preferring taiga forests, especially spruce forests. The diet is dominated by plant foods: pine nuts, hazel, beech nuts, acorns, all kinds of berries, wild fruits, green parts of plants; Bears also feast on fish and insects. Sometimes the bear attacks wild ungulates and livestock. Causes damage to people by visiting oats, corn, orchards, and apiaries.
For the winter it hides in a den and hibernates. In January - February, cubs appear in the mother bear's den, usually two or three.
The most numerous bears are in Kamchatka, Primorye, Yakutia, in the mountains of Siberia, and in the north-west of the European part of Russia. The bear has become a symbol of the animal world of Russia. For a long time, the figure of a bear has been present in various coats of arms. The most striking example of this is the coat of arms of the city of Yaroslavl.
Questions and tasks
- What is richer in species composition - the flora or fauna of Russia?
- What influences the placement of vegetation?
- Name the main types of vegetation in our country.
- How are animals adapted to life in treeless areas? in the forests?
- Practical work No. 7. Making a forecast of changes in flora and fauna when other components of the natural complex change.
Analyze the flora and fauna of this natural complex. How have plants and animals adapted to the peculiarities of the relief, climate, and moisture of the territory?
Who will be the first to respond to changes in the natural complex: plants or animals?
How will the flora and fauna change with changes in other components of the natural complex?
You will learn from this article what reasons influence the distribution and density of the world's population.
What influences the settlement of people?
On Earth, humanity is distributed extremely unevenly: 70% of the population lives on 7% of the land. Mostly people live within the subtropical, subequatorial and temperate climatic zones. The population density can reach several hundred people per 1 km2. The average population density is 40 people per 1 km2. The most densely populated areas in the world are South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan), Northeast USA, East Asia (east coast of Japan, China, North Korea), Foreign Europe.
Factors influencing population distribution:
- Geographical or natural factor
Modern scientists believe that the homeland of people is the island of Java. Presumably our ancestors were dark-skinned and short. They mastered vast expanses of land and, in the process of adapting to new conditions, divided into races. But, nevertheless, the habitat of people covered the entire surface of the Earth - mountains, deserts, the Arctic and the Arctic, tropical jungles. These are the most populated areas of the planet. Thus, up to 56% of earthlings live in the lowlands, 25% of people live at an altitude of 200 to 500 meters, and 8% of the population lives above 1000 meters. The highest population density is in the subtropics and subequator of the planet.
- Socio-economic factor
There is a dependence in the distribution of the population relative to the distance from the coast, a favorable zone for farming. The following settlement zones are distinguished: direct coastal settlement up to 50 km from the sea (30% of the world's population and 40% of all city dwellers), indirect settlement from 50 to 200 km (25% of the world's population), independent zones from 200 km from the sea (45% of settlements) . Conclusion - almost half of the population lives 200 kilometers from the ocean coast.
- General historical factor
The raids of nomads, the advance and collapse of glaciers, mass migrations of tribes and animals, epidemics and numerous wars have left their mark on the geographical distribution of human settlements. A particularly important role was played by the Great Migration and the Age of Discovery, when the Northeast of the United States was settled and slaves were exported from African countries.
- Demographic factor
This is a mathematical dependence of migrations and natural population growth on the population density of the territory. Today, natural increase rates are influenced by state demographic policy. Highly industrialized countries in Europe and some countries in Africa and Asia are characterized by the highest population density.
We hope that from this article you learned what factors influence the distribution of the population.
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