Among simple sentences based on the presence of main members, they distinguish two-part And one-piece. In two-part sentences, the grammatical basis consists of both main members - subject and predicate, in one-part sentences - only one.

It is important that the main member of one-part sentences is neither subject nor predicate, because it combines the functions of the two main members of the sentence.

The following types of one-part sentences are distinguished:

• definitely personal
• vaguely personal
• impersonal
• infinitives
• nominative

Definitely personal sentences are one-part sentences in which the main member indicates a specific character and is expressed in the personal form of the verb (1st or 2nd person). No.: I love thunderstorm in early May- here is the form of the main story. indicates a specific person - the speaker himself. The main members are defined-personal. sentence most often expressed hl. 1l. And 2l. units or plural. present or bud. time, as well as ch. pov incl., e.g.: I'm coming on the way to. We're sitting, we think, we write. Don't let it cool down your heart, son! Such one-part sentences are synonymous with two-part sentences: I'm coming on the way to - I'm coming on the way to. Used in formal speech, in business style and in casual style. literature.

Vaguely personal sentences are one-part sentences in which the action expressed by the predicate forms refers to an unspecified person. For example: In the door knocking (someone unspecified). The main term is most often expressed in the form 3 l. pl. h. present or bud. time, ch. pl. part last time, ch. in consonance inclination. Eg: You are waiting in the audience. You handed over the book (will be handed over). If I asked, I would agree.

Impersonal are those one-part sentences in which the main member denotes an action or state that exists independently of the idea of ​​the person, example: Already it was getting light. Was frosty And It's clear . In impersonal sentences, natural phenomena are called ( Freezing), physical and mental states of a person ( I'm bored), state of the environment, assessment of the situation ( Cold. Good thinking on steppe roads), modal relations ( I wanted toThere is) etc. Predicate in impersonal. the sentence is expressed by an impersonal verb ( It's getting light), a personal verb in an impersonal meaning ( There was a knocking sound in the attic), words of the state category ( How nice it is all around!), short passive participle past. time ( Decided to go on an excursion), negative word ( There is no peace). Most often used in bad times. lit. (accuracy, conciseness).

Infinitives- these are sentences in which the main member is expressed by an independent infinitive and denotes a necessary, inevitable or desirable action, for example: You start! They differ from impersonal ones in that they are impersonal. the infinitive is dependent, and in infinitives it is independent: To you tell about it?- inf. And To you should(need to) tell about it?- impersonal

Nominative (nominal)- these are sentences in which the main member is expressed in the nominative case of the name and denotes the existence of objects, phenomena, states, for example: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy(Block). The main member combines the meaning of the subject and its existence. The following types of sentences are distinguished: nominative existential: Night. Street; nominative demonstratives: There's an asterisk; nominative emotional-evaluative: What a neck! What eyes!(Krylov).

Types of one-part sentences

Principal term expression form	Examples	Correlative constructions of two-part sentences
1. Sentences with one main member - PREDICATE
1.1. Definitely personal proposals
Predicate verb in the 1st or 2nd person form (there are no past tense or conditional forms, since in these forms the verb has no person).	I lovethunderstorm in early May.Run Behind me!	I love thunderstorm in early May.You runBehind me!
1.2. Vaguely personal proposals
Verb-predicate in the third person plural form (in the past tense and conditional mood, verb-predicate in the plural).	They're knockingin the door.They knocked in the door.	Someone is knocking in the door.Someone knockedin the door.
1.3. Generalized personal proposals
They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Isolated by value. Two main types of meaning: a) an action can be attributed to any person; b) the action of a specific person (speaker) is habitual, repetitive, or presented in the form of a generalized judgment (the predicate verb is in the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person).	Easilyyou can't take it outfish from the pond(the form is definitely personal). Chicks in the fallconsider(in form - indefinite-personal). From the spoken wordyou won't get rid of it. Have a snack at a halt, and then again will you go .	Any(any) easilywon't take it outfish from the pond.Allchickens in the fallconsider. Any ( any) chickens in the fallbelieves. From the spoken word no one will give up. I'll have a snackat a halt and then againI'll go.
1.4. Impersonal offer
1) Predicate verb in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form).	A) It's getting light; It was getting light; To melucky; b) Melting; V) To me(Danish case) can't sleep; G) by the wind(creative case) ripped offroof.	Snow is melting; V) I am not sleeping; G) The wind blewroof.
2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	A) On the streetCold; b) I'm cold; V) I'm upset;	a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; V) I am sad.
3) Compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	A) I'm sorry to leavewith you; b) I have to go.	A) I don't want to partwith you; b) I have to go.
4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a short passive participle of the past tense in the singular form, neuter.	Closed. Foldable said , Father Varlaam. In the room smoky .	The shop is closed. Father Varlaamfoldablesaid. In the room someone smoked.
5) Predicate No Not+ addition in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences).	No money. There was no money . No money left . Didn't have enough money .
6) Predicate No or verb in impersonal form with a negative particle Not+ object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither(negative impersonal sentences).	In the skythere's not a cloud in sight. In the sky there wasn't a cloud . I have not a penny . I have there wasn't a penny .	The sky is cloudless. The sky was cloudless . I do not have not a penny. I did not have not a penny.
1.5. Infinitive sentences
The predicate is an independent infinitive.	Everyonekeep silent! Be thunderstorm! I'd like to go to sea! To forgive a person, you need to understand him.	Everyone keep quiet. There will be a thunderstorm . I would go to sea. So that you can forgive a person, you must understand him.
2. Sentences with one main member - SUBJECT
Nominative (nominative) sentences
The subject is a name in the nominative case (the sentence cannot have a circumstance or addition that would relate to the predicate).	Night. Spring .	Usually there are no correlative structures.

Note!

1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( Na nebenet not a cloud; I have No not a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a penny).

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate to be.

Wed: It was night ; It will be night ; Let there be night ; If it were night .

3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance (Pharmacy - (where?) around the corner; I - (where?) to the window), then it is more appropriate to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.

Wed: Pharmacy is located / located around the corner ; I rushed / ran to the window .

4) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that are correlated with the predicate. If there are such additions in the sentence (I am (after whom?) behind you), then it is more appropriate to parse these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.

Wed: I'm coming / I follow you .

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

1. Determine the type of one-part sentence.

2. Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that allow the sentence to be classified specifically as this type of one-part sentence.

Sample parsing

Show off , city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.

In the kitchenlitfire(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.

A kind word and a stone melt (proverb).

The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; by meaning – generalized-personal: the action of a predicate verb refers to any actor (cf.: Laskovin a word and a stonewill meltany / everyone).

Proposals are divided into one-part and two-part. Grammar basis two-part sentences consists of two main members - subject and predicate:

Chichikov's strange request suddenly interrupted all his dreams..

Grammar basis one-part sentences consists of one main member - subject or predicate:

Young birch trees are now planted in parks and large cities; Red caftan, gold shoes, light brown wig, lace sleeves.

At the same time, a one-part sentence is characterized by semantic completeness.

TYPES OF SINGLE SENTENCES

Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal one-part sentences express an action related to a specific but not named person: I carefully raise my hand. I pull the shawl off one ear. We drink coffee with milk at a large table covered with a clean tablecloth. Let's shout and cry frankly, sometimes together, sometimes apart, sometimes alternately.

Definitely personal proposals are characterized by the following features:

1) the actor exists, he is defined, but not named;

2) you can insert a subject me, we, you you ;

3) the predicate is expressed:

- verb of the 1st or 2nd person singular. or more numbers of the indicative mood present. or bud. time;

- an imperative verb.

Vaguely personal proposals

Vaguely personal one-part sentences denote an action performed by vague or unidentified persons: Bridge they started to repair(they are some people), but because of the crisis, apparently they stopped. At the end of the war, German prisoners were brought to our village. They didn’t let me go anywhere, they didn’t give me days off, they kept me strictly, almost like a military man.

For vaguely personal proposals :

1) the actor exists, but is not named or defined, since he is unimportant; the result of the activity is important;

2) you can insert the subject they, some people;

3) the predicate is expressed only in the plural form of the verb:

- 3rd person indicative present. or bud. vr.;

- past vr. indicative mood;

— conditional mood;

Generalized personal proposals

Generalized personal one-part sentences do not report specific actions, but express general judgments applicable to any person. Often these are proverbs, well-known truths, aphorisms: If you love to ride, you also love to carry a sled; Do not count your chickens before they are hatched . Live and learn . Pancakes are baked with milk.

For generalized personal proposals the following symptoms are characteristic :

1) the agent exists, he is not named, but is thought of as generalized;

2) you can insert a subject everyone, any, all people ;

3) in structure they coincide with definite-personal or indefinitely-personal;

4) are proverbs, sayings, moral teachings and truths, aphorisms;

Impersonal offers

Impersonal one-part sentences are sentences in which there is not and cannot be an agent: To me I had to come For dinner. Cold and damp ; Face to face, no face to be seen; The garden is blooming; There is not a soul; It smells like bird cherry; Blooms; It's blowing outside the window.

They express:

1) a process or state independent of the active figure, of the will of a person: I can not wait;

2) state of nature: It's cloudy outside;

3) actions of an unknown force, element: The car skidded at an intersection;

4) action of an indirect subject: The wind blew the poster off;

5) absence of something: No time; Neither people nor animals;

6) modal meanings (must, necessity, possibility, impossibility): Need to think; We should agree.

Impersonal sentences are characterized by:

1) there is no actor and there cannot be;

2) the predicate is not combined with Im.p.;

3) the predicate is expressed:

- impersonal verb;

- a personal verb in impersonal use;

- short passive participle;

- infinitive and various auxiliary components;

- words of state with or without a copular component and an infinitive;

- a negative word in combination with the genitive case;

- a noun in the genitive case with negation;

- infinitive (some linguists distinguish the type of infinitive sentences, while others consider them as a type of impersonal);

4) express:

- a process or state independent of the active agent;

- state of nature;

- actions of an unknown force, element;

- an action performed by an indirect subject;

- absence of something;

- modal values.

Nominative (nominative) sentences

One-part denominative (nominative) sentences have one main member - the subject, expressed by a noun in the form of the nominative case (less often - a personal pronoun or numeral):

Transparent spring air. Clouds crawling slowly and lazily. Morning . Freezing . Here comes the turn. Such sentences serve to state the fact of the existence of something in reality, that is, they name objects or phenomena that exist here and now.

For denomination sentences the following symptoms are characteristic :

1) the presence of only the subject;

2) express the fact of the existence of an object or phenomenon here and now

3) have no additions or circumstances

may include agreed and inconsistent definitions, particles, demonstrative words

4) the nominative presentation (nominative topic) is not a nominative sentence.

I bring to your attention the research work of a 9th grade student. This work is devoted to the issue of one-part sentences and their role in a literary text (using the example of G. Uspensky’s story “Morals of Rasteryaeva Street”). It seemed especially interesting to us to choose such a work, since Gleb Uspensky is our fellow countryman, a native of Tula, and the work depicts Tula of the late 19th century.
Why was this form of work chosen? The learning process becomes conscious, the student masters the scientific style of speech, learns to write accurately and concisely. In addition, the abstract can be counted as an examination essay.

Teacher I.E. LARIKOVA

Ksenia MASHKOVA,
9th “B” grade, Lyceum “School of Managers”,
Novomoskovsk

One-part sentences and their role in a literary text

(using the example of G. Uspensky’s story “Morals of Rasteryaeva Street”)

9th grade

Introduction

In the Russian language, along with simple two-part sentences, there are one-part sentences. “One-part sentences are those whose grammatical basis consists of one main member” (p. 309). In modern science there is no consensus on one-part sentences. Some linguists do not consider one-part sentences to be independent communicative units and consider them as a type of two-part structure. This work highlights the traditional point of view on the structure of one-part sentences, enshrined in textbooks on the Russian language edited by prof. S.G. Barkhudarov and V.V. Babaytseva.
It is known that different types of one-part sentences are not equally common in speech. I found it interesting to observe the role of one-part sentences in a literary text. As the material, I chose the story of our fellow countryman, writer G. Uspensky, “Morals of Rasteryaeva Street.”

Definitely personal proposals

“Definitely personal sentences are one-part sentences with a predicate-verb in the form of the 1st or 2nd person” (p. 88). The verb in sentences of this type does not necessarily require the presence of a pronoun, since its form already contains an indication of a very specific person. There are two types of definite-personal sentences depending on the forms of expression of the predicate verb:

1. The predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural of the present and future tense of the indicative mood, for example:

Well, Let's see, try our luck...

The appearance of definitely personal sentences of this type is caused by stylistic factors.

2. The predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of the 2nd person singular and plural imperative, for example:

Come on, fool give it back mothers!
Send for half a dozen...
Serve it up money here!
How much let me ask, should we cover people?

Not only stylistic and expressive aspects play a role here: the absence of a subject pronoun is explained by the structure of the Russian language.
In the Old Russian language, the verbal form of the person was expressed by the ending of the verb: they said not I was walking A there was going (ecu was going, there was going). Then is, ecu, is disappeared, which led to a confusion of faces. To avoid this, when using a participle verb -l began to substitute I, you, he (I walked, you walked, he walked). By analogy, they began to use it for I'm going - I'm going with the verb you go - you go. So, for example, the omission of the 1st and 2nd person pronouns in imperative sentences grammatically contrasts the imperative with homonymous forms of the indicative mood (cf.: We'll go home - Let's go home!) and gives speech greater energy and definition. The order sounds more categorical if the pronoun is omitted You or You. Compare: Come here And You come here. In a sentence with You the meaning of the order is erased, the meaning of the request appears.
So, the formation of definite-personal sentences is explained by historical factors, and their use is explained by stylistic tasks, since definitely-personal sentences, in comparison with two-part ones, give laconicism and dynamism to speech. It was this type of one-part sentence that Ouspensky valued:

Just don’t be discouraged and don’t complain.
For the first time in my life I see you.

They are the ones who give expression to the life situations that our amazing fellow countryman conveys in his work. The personal form of the predicate activates the reader’s perception: Uspensky, as it were, involves the reader in solving the problem posed.
Linguists have repeatedly noted the advantage of definitely-personal sentences over synonymous two-part sentences: indicating a person in the latter only gives speech a calmer tone, makes it, in the words of A.M. Peshkovsky, “more sluggish, liquefied.”

Vaguely personal proposals

“Indefinite-personal sentences are one-part sentences with a predicate-verb in the form of the 3rd person plural” (p. 88).

At first begged all day, then to church came in .

The predicate denotes an action performed by unspecified persons who are not clearly identified because the speaker does not know them or does not want to name them. This silence is possible because it is impossible to determine a person by the verbal predicate.
The modality of indefinite-personal sentences is different: they express an action that is real, only possible, impossible, necessary. In terms of emotional coloring, vaguely personal sentences can also be different. In indefinite-personal sentences, the predicate verb can be used in any tense form:

They'll be back on Monday: the verb is used in the present tense; begged: the verb is used in the past tense form.
Indefinite-personal sentences can have a predicate consisting of a finite verb and an adjacent infinitive (this type of sentence could not be found in the work). Indefinite personal sentences are also formed from predicate verbs in the form of the conditional mood.
Constructions of indefinite-personal sentences can be common and non-common, like other types of sentences. Indefinitely personal sentences are less productive in modern Russian than definitely personal sentences; their scope of use is narrower. This is mainly colloquial speech, from where they easily turn into artistic speech, giving it lively intonations. When conveying the speech of his characters, Uspensky widely uses this type of sentence:

After all, look at this husk, are dying!
Did they pull him out?
If only they had waited a little!

This allows the author to vividly convey conversational intonation.
Such one-part sentences are stylistically neutral and can be used in any style. Vaguely personal sentences are interesting stylistically because they emphasize action. The use of such sentences allows G. Uspensky to focus on the predicate verb, that is, on the action, while the subject of the action is relegated to the background, regardless of whether he is known to the reader or not. I found especially expressive those sentences in which the bearer of the action is presented as an indeterminate person. The emphasized verbality gives them a special dynamism.
But this quality of vaguely personal sentences is used not only in artistic style. One cannot ignore their effective use in the journalistic style of speech. The use of vaguely personal sentences as newspaper headlines is especially effective. In the scientific style, the use of vaguely personal sentences is dictated by the author’s desire to draw attention to the nature of the action. In formal business style, vaguely personal sentences are used along with impersonal ones.

Generalized-personal proposals

Generalized personal sentences are one-part subjectless sentences, the main member of which is usually expressed by a verb in the form of the 2nd person singular, less often in the form of the 1st or 3rd person plural, denoting an action potentially attributable to any person (you can mentally substitute subject everything, everyone, anyone and so on). As a rule, generalized personal sentences are implemented in proverbs and sayings. Often generalized personal sentences are formed with a predicate expressing the meaning of the condition in complex sentences, for example: I picked up the tug - don’t say it’s not strong. Generalized personal sentences use stable constructions characteristic of colloquial speech with a colloquial flavor.
Generalized personal sentences stand out from all single-component personal sentences by their expression. The most characteristic form of the predicate for these sentences - the form of the 2nd person singular, which receives a generalized meaning - is also the most expressive. It is no coincidence that this type of sentence is very often found in Russian proverbs and sayings.
Lines from works of art in which writers resort to generalized personal sentences acquire a folk-poetic tone. The expressiveness of such constructions is partly achieved by the figurative use of facial forms: the 2nd person of the verb indicates the speaker himself.
The vivid expressiveness of such structures is limited by their functioning. In addition to colloquial and artistic speech, journalistic style is open to them. A.M. Peshkovsky wrote about generalized personal sentences: “The more intimate any experience, the more difficult it is for the speaker to flaunt it in front of everyone, the more willingly he puts it in the form of a generalization, transferring this experience to everyone, including the listener, who the power of this is more captured by the narrative than in the personal form.”
Gleb Uspensky widely uses proverbs and sayings in his work. This is especially true for situations in which heroes receive instructions from older people:

When they take off their heads, they don’t cry over their hair.
Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
They will collect a thread from the world and you will have a shirt.
You can't fill a bottomless barrel with water.

Uspensky often uses indefinitely personal sentences in the sense of generalized personal ones. These sentences thus take on the meaning “everyone should do this; this is true for everyone” (p. 89).

They don’t leave the church without praying.
What kind of people you won’t see in Zarechye!
You get up for work before dark and arrive in the dark.

Impersonal offers

“Impersonal sentences are one-part sentences with a predicate, in which there is not and cannot be a subject” (p. 90).
Impersonal sentences in Russian can have the following meanings:

1. Sentences expressing logical and intellectual perceptions of reality, for example: There was no answer.
2. Sentences expressing psychological and emotional perceptions and experiences, for example: The artisan's heart was relieved. I'm bored. It's embarrassing to think what will happen next.
3. Sentences expressing the state of nature: Please take a look at how things went from there. It became darker and fresher.

Each of these groups is divided into many subgroups. The following types of impersonal sentences are distinguished by form:

1. Sentences with a predicate, an expressed verb in the 3rd person form.
2. Impersonal sentences with a predicate - a short passive participle.
3. Impersonal sentences formed from infinitive constructions: May I die on the spot!
4. Impersonal sentences with a predicate - a word no (wasn't): There was no one in the house.
5. Impersonal sentences of an idiomatic nature: Be that as it may, you will have to go.

Impersonal sentences are distinguished by a special variety of constructions and their stylistic application in speech. Among them there are those that are typical of colloquial speech, and those that stand out with their clerical coloring.
There are constructions that are lyrical in emotional coloring, favorite by poets, and there are sentences used in journalistic speech. Compared to one-part personal sentences, which, according to D.E. Rosenthal, “contain an element of activity, manifestation of the will of the actor,” impersonal sentences are characterized by “a shade of passivity, inertia” (p. 375).
A special category of impersonal sentences are infinitive sentences. They provide significant opportunities for emotional and aphoristic expression of thought. Therefore, they are used in proverbs, in artistic speech and even for slogans.
However, the main area of ​​their functioning is conversational style.

There is no bread in the house!
Bring Porfisha here!

Artists of words turn to infinitive sentences as a means of creating a casually conversational coloring of speech and introduce them into dialogues and monologues rich in emotions. With appropriate intonation design, infinitive sentences carry a huge expressive charge and stand out with special tension.

Name sentences

“Nominal sentences are one-part sentences in which there is only one main member - the subject. They report that some phenomenon or object exists (is) in the present” (p. 96).

Nominative (nominative) sentences in content can:

1. Describe natural phenomena: It's hot!
2. Describe the environment and setting.
3. Describe the appearance and psychological state of living beings: Beautiful, soft and white hands, an absurd ruddy face.
4. Express wishes, orders and greetings: Salts, salts!

Nominal sentences are essentially created for description: they contain great visual possibilities. By naming objects, coloring them with definitions, writers draw pictures of nature, the situation, describe the state of the hero, and evaluate the world around him. However, such descriptions do not reflect the dynamics of events, since nominative sentences indicate the static existence of an object.
A linear description of events with these sentences is impossible: they record only the present tense.
Here, for example, is how Uspensky describes the house after the death of the “Rasteryaevsky master” in the chapter “First Experience”:

Tall copper candlesticks. Soldiers, women. The sad figure of the master's last favorite, Lizaveta Alekseevna, in a huge satin hat, with tear-stained eyes and hands... Candles, smoky lamps. A sexton with a broad back is preparing to read the psalter...

And here is how the writer depicts the house of the tradesman Lubkov:

The very figure of the house gave some idea about the character of the owner. Rotten frames, thin muslin curtains of a dull blue color clinging to them, shutters torn off and dangling on one hinge, clumsy supports, one end resting almost in the middle of the street, and the other against a bulging rotten wall.

Nominative sentences can sound with great tension, performing an expressive function with appropriate intonation design.

Conclusion

Thus, the stylistic role of one-part sentences is quite extensive. Single-part personal sentences add laconicism, expression, dynamics, lively conversational intonations to speech, bring action to the fore, and make it possible to avoid unnecessary repetition of pronouns, while generalized personal sentences emphasize the typicality of what is being designated and give the message the character of a maxim. The use of “the most motley” in speech, according to V.V. Babaytseva, “and the most common group of one-part sentences,” impersonal, allows you to give an expressive description of the physical and moral state of a person, describe the landscape, the environment where the event takes place, express various shades - needs, opportunities, etc., make the narrative more lyrical. Title sentences allow you to succinctly depict pictures of nature and the internal state of the hero; By focusing our attention on individual objects, the author thereby distinguishes them from the entire situation. These details seem particularly important to the writer, and subsequently to the reader. They help to recreate the picture as a whole, and everything superfluous and unnecessary is omitted.

Over the past month, I have been observing and analyzing how one-part sentences “work” in the work of Gleb Uspensky. He actively uses one-part sentences. The most commonly used sentences were definitely personal, indefinitely personal and nominative; impersonal sentences were used less frequently. In my opinion, the most important to the author are the actions and states of a specific person, the character of the work - Doctor Khripushin, Prokhor Porfirych, the “dark rich man” Drykin, the orphan Alifan and many others.

The work of G. Uspensky was a major contribution of the writer to democratic literature of the 60s of the 19th century. It attracts with its great artistic skill, vividly and accurately depicted characters, excellent language, and the varied intonation of the author’s speech, according to Professor Milonov, “either sincerely mournful, now ironic, now murderously sarcastic.” “Morals of Rasteryaeva Street” contains masterfully drawn portraits of heroes, expressive landscape sketches, and paintings of Rasteryaeva Street at different times of the year. But, perhaps, the speech of his characters, the hero’s confession (Prokhor Porfirych’s story about the beginning of his life’s journey), monologue, and dialogue are of particular importance for the author.

Literature

1. Babaytseva V.V. and etc. Russian language. Theory. 5th–11th grades: Textbook. for general education textbook establishments. M.: Bustard, 1995.

2. Barkhudarov S.G. and etc. Russian language: Textbook. for 8th grade. general education institutions. M.: Education, 2002.

3. Research project on the Russian language // Russian language, No. 38/98.

4. Milonov N.A.. G.I. Uspensky and Tula. Tula: Interpaper, 1995.

5. Peshkovsky A.M.. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. M.: Education, 1956.

6. Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language / Ed. I.B. Blue 3rd ed., rev. M.: Rolf, 2001.

7. Rukhlenko N.M.. One-part sentences in a literary text // Russian language at school. 2001. No. 5.

8. Uspensky G.I.. Now and before. M.: Sov. Russia, 1977.

From the editor. These kinds of abstracts have been fashionable lately; Many students think that this form of work is simple and willingly take on it. Undoubtedly, it is useful for the student to become more familiar with the grammatical material and think about the peculiarities of the writer’s language. I’m sure that today’s material (a typical example of an essay) taught the girl a lot! However, a teacher offering work of this kind must explain to the student that his main task is to analyze the text, examples, and classify them. The grammatical material should be presented briefly and concisely, and highlighted in the text All cases in which a given phenomenon can be observed (if examples of a certain type are very numerous, it is necessary to say so, maybe even count them). Stylistic functions should be discussed when an example included in the context is discussed. Then the abstract will be not just an abstract, but the first step towards scientific research.

One-part sentences- sentences with one main member, only the predicate or only the subject: Silence. It's getting light. There's no one on the street. A one-part sentence has only one main member, and it cannot be called either subject or predicate. This is the main part of the sentence.

One-part sentences can be common or uncommon, depending on whether the main member is explained by additional words or not. There are two types of one-part sentences: verbal and substantive.

One-part verb sentence. A distinctive feature of verbal one-part sentences is their lack of subjectivity: the subject of the action is not represented in them, therefore the action is considered as independent. Such a one-part sentence includes the conjugated form of the verb as an auxiliary or linking verb, or is only such a verb: Are you going home?; They are singing outside the window; You can't fool him; He was having fun; You can't get through here. Verbal one-part sentences are divided into:

definitely personal;

vaguely personal;

generalized-personal;

impersonal;

Definitely personal proposals- one-part sentences denoting the actions or states of direct participants in speech - the speaker or interlocutor. The predicate (main member) in them is expressed in the 1st or 2nd person form of singular or plural verbs.

The category of person is in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed in the following forms: I’ll tell you, you’ll tell me, let’s tell you, tell me, tell me, tell me, let’s tell you; I'm going, you're going, we're going, you're going, you're going to go, you're going to go, we're going to go, you're going to go, go, go, let's go.

I know that when you go outside the ring of roads in the evening, we’ll sit in a pile of fresh ones under a nearby haystack. (S. Yesenin);

In the depths of Siberian ores, keep proud patience. (A. Pushkin).

These sentences are very close in meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by substituting a subject into the sentence me, you, we or you.

Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an unspecified person; the actor is not grammatically named, although he is thought of personally, but the emphasis is on the action.

The main member of such sentences is the form of the 3rd person plural (present and future tense, indicative mood and imperative mood) or the plural form (past tense verbs and conditional mood or adjectives): they say, they will speak, they spoke, let them speak, they would speak; (they are) satisfied; (he) is welcome.

For example:

They say in the village that she is not his relative at all... (N. Gogol);

They drove an elephant through the streets... (I. Krylov);

And let them talk, let them talk, but no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky);

It’s okay that we are poets, as long as they read us and sing. (L. Oshanin).

The 3rd person plural form of the predicate verb does not contain information about the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively addressing the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) person known and unknown: Somewhere in the distance they are shouting; I got an A on the exam.

Indefinite personal sentences most often contain secondary members, i.e. Vaguely personal sentences are usually common. As part of indefinite personal sentences, two groups of minor members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the actor: There was singing in the hall. There is noise in the next class. In youth they often try to imitate someone (A. Fadeev); These distributors usually indirectly characterize the actor, denoting the place and time associated with human activity. 2) Direct and indirect objects placed at the beginning of the sentence: We were invited into a room; He is welcome here; Now they will bring him here (M. Gorky).

Generalized-personal proposals- these are one-part sentences in which the predicate verb denotes an action that is performed by a wide, generalized circle of persons.

The predicate verb in a generalized-personal sentence is in the same form as in definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences. Proverbs are a striking example.

You can’t even catch a fish from a pond without difficulty.

Business before pleasure.

You never know where you will find the real word. (Paust.)

Generalized personal sentences are used in cases where it is important to name the action itself, and not the persons who perform it. Generalized-personal sentences are sentences in which the action is timeless and applies to any person or group of persons. Common in proverbs, sayings, aphorisms.

Definitely personal and indefinitely personal sentences can have a generalized meaning, that is, the action referred to in the sentence applies to all persons in general.

Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences that speak of an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the state.

A feature of the grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action ( The boat is carried ashore); condition of a person or animal ( I couldn't sleep; He is cold); state of the environment ( It's getting dark; Feels fresh); the state of affairs ( Poor staffing; Experiments cannot be postponed) etc. According to D. E. Rosenthal, impersonal sentences are characterized by “a shade of passivity and inertia.”

According to the school classification, infinitive sentences are also classified as impersonal (that is, sentences with the main predicate member expressed by an independent infinitive).

The main term can be expressed:

The 3rd person singular form of an impersonal or personal verb: It's getting light! The smell of spring through the glass (L. May);

Neuter form: You, happiness, were covered with snow, carried away centuries ago, trampled under the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even until Christmas time (A. Chekhov);

In a word No(in the past tense it corresponds to the neuter form did not have, and in the future - the 3rd person singular form - will not): And suddenly consciousness will answer me that you have never existed and never existed (N. Gumilyov).

By combining a state category word (with a modal meaning) with an infinitive (compound verbal predicate): When you know that you cannot laugh, then - then it is precisely then that this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's past seven (A. Pushkin);

Short passive participle of the neuter gender (compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); My place is not tidy!.. (A. Chekhov);

Infinitive: You will never see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how can you not please your loved one? (A. Griboyedov); The blizzard will sing and ring for a long time (S. Yesenin).

Substantive one-part sentence. The main member is expressed in the form of a noun. Substantive sentences are not just verbless, they do not even involve action. Depending on their meaning, substantive sentences are divided into:

nominative;

genitive.

nominative.

Nominative sentences affirm the existence of an object in the present tense: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy. (Blok A.A.).

Genitive sentences, in addition to beingness and the present tense, have the meaning of redundancy, enhanced by emotional overtones. Genitive sentences can be common: Gold, gold, how much evil comes through you! (Ostrovsky A.N.)

Nominal- this is one of the types of one-part sentences, the form of the main member in which is similar in expression to the subject.

The main member of nominative sentences is expressed by the nominative case form of the noun and a phrase that includes the nominative case. In principle, it is also possible to use a pronoun, usually in colloquial speech: "Here I am!" - Ariel said, floating into the living room. The use of the independent nominative case is possible in these sentences, since their meaning is a message about the being, presence, existence of an object or phenomenon. Consequently, only one grammatical tense is assumed - the present.

Types of nominative sentences

Denominal existentials state the fact of the existence of an object. The subject is expressed in the nominative case of any nominal part of speech: Mom, porridge, cat, spoon, book, bright cover...

Demonstratives point to an object. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, the demonstrative particles VOT or VON appear: Here's a sofa, lie back and relax (Gr.).

Estimated and named evaluate the subject from the speaker's point of view. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, various expressive-emotional particles appear: What a night! Here's to you, grandma, and St. George's day.

Preferably denomination express a strong desire for something. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, particles appear ONLY BY, ONLY BY, IF: Just not a test.

Incomplete is a sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure due to the omission of certain formally necessary members (major or secondary), which are clear from the context or setting even without naming.

The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, since the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.

In this regard, incomplete sentences differ from unspoken sentences, which are statements interrupted for one reason or another, for example: But wait, Kalinina, what if... No, it won’t work that way...(B. Pol.); - I am, mom. Am I... People say that she...(B. Pol.).

The correlation with complete sentences is revealed by the presence in such sentences of words that retain the grammatical functions and forms characteristic of them in the corresponding complete sentences. They are the ones that indicate the “empty” positions of the omitted members of the sentence. Incomplete sentences are especially common in colloquial styles of language; they are widely used in fiction, both in conveying dialogue and in description.

Types of Incomplete Sentences. Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational. Contextual incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context are called: in nearby sentences or in the same sentence (if it is complex).

Among the contextual proposals stand out:

Simple sentences with unnamed main or secondary members (individually or in groups). Lack of subject:

- Wait, who are you? - Kurov was surprised.

- Rostislav Sokolov, - the boy introduced himself and even bowed at the same time(B. Pol.).

Absence of predicate:

- Did you leave your wife, Mikola?

- No,she me(Shol.).

Absence of both subject and predicate:

- Does the baker Konovalov work here?

- Here!- I answered her(M.G.).

Absence of predicate and circumstances: Kalinich stood closer to nature.Khor - to people, to society(T.).

Lack of predicate and object: Who was waiting for him?Empty, uncomfortable room(B. Pol.).

Absence of a minor member of a sentence (addition, circumstance) in the presence of a definition relating to the missing member: The mother slipped the carrots to the father, but forgot to give him gloves.I handed mine to my father(S. Bar.).

Complex sentences with an unnamed main or subordinate clause.

- Well, where are your Near Mills? - What do you want? You say, not mills? - Where? - What do you mean, “where”? Here. - Where is it? -Where are we going(Cat.). The last sentence does not name the main part.

Incomplete sentences forming part of a complex sentence with an unnamed member present in another part of the complex sentence.

In a compound sentence: In one hand he held a fishing rod,and in the other - kukan with fish(Sol.). In the second part of a complex sentence, the main members present in the first part are not named.

In a complex sentence: Lopakhin jumped into the trench and,when he raised his head, saw how the leading plane, absurdly falling onto the wing, became covered in black smoke and began to fall obliquely(Shol.). In the subordinate part of the sentence when he raised his head, the subject common to the main part is not named.

In a non-union complex sentence: This is how we go:on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, and downhill - like a jog(Sol.). In the explanatory part of a complex sentence, the predicate mentioned in the explanatory part is not named.

Situational called incomplete sentences with unnamed members that are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation. For example: One day, after midnight, he knocked on Crane’s door. She pulled back the hook... -Can?- he asked in a trembling voice(M. Alekseev).

Occasionally there was a hooting sound somewhere. Apparently, not close.

- Calm down, - my neighbor said peacefully(S. Bar.). While I was waiting in line, the printing presses began to crank behind me. Only women worked for them today.

- I'm behind you!- I warned and ran to my car(S. Bar.).

Incomplete sentences are especially typical for dialogic speech, which is a combination of replicas or a unity of questions and answers. The peculiarity of dialogic sentences is determined by the fact that in oral speech, along with words, extra-linguistic factors also appear as additional components: gestures, facial expressions, situation. In such sentences, only those words are named, without which the thought becomes incomprehensible.

Among dialogic sentences, a distinction is made between sentences-replicas and sentences-answers to questions.

Reply sentences represent links in a common chain of replicas replacing each other. In a replica of a dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated, and the replicas that begin the dialogue are usually more complete in composition than the subsequent ones. For example:

- Go get a bandage.

- Will kill...

- Crawling.

- You won’t be saved anyway(New.-Pr.).

Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the issue. They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence is highlighted:

- What do you have in your bundle, eagles?

“Crayfish,” the tall one answered reluctantly.

- Wow! Where did you get them?

- Near the dam(Shol.).

There may be answers to a question that requires confirmation or denial of what was said:

- Do you have a woman?

- No way.

- And the uterus?

- Eat(New.-Pr.).

Could be answers to a question with suggested answers:

- What haven’t you tried: fishing or loving?

- First(M.G.).

And finally, answers in the form of a counter question with the meaning of the statement:

- How will you live?

- What about the head, and what about the hands?(M.G.).

- Tell me, Stepan, did you marry for love? - asked Masha.

- What kind of love do we have in our village? - Stepan answered and grinned.(Ch.).