The Earth's population is unevenly distributed - 70% of the population lives on 7% of the land. The bulk of people live within the temperate, subtropical and subequatorial climate zones.

The population density in these areas is several hundred people per 1 square kilometer, the average population density of the Earth is 40 people per square kilometer, 15% of the land is not inhabited at all.

54% of the land has a population density of less than 5 people per square kilometer - highlands, deserts, tropical rainforests, taiga.

15% of the land does not have a permanent population (Antarctica, Arctic Ocean islands, deserts and highlands).

Factors of uneven placement
- natural (weak development of territories with unfavorable natural conditions), historical (the earlier a person developed a territory, the greater its number), demographic (the higher the natural increase, the greater the number) and socio-economic (the better the territory is developed, the transport network is developed , industry, etc.).

Several of the most densely populated areas, or the “five world population clusters”:

1. East Asia (east coast of China, Japan, North Korea),
2. South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan),
3. Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
4. Western Europe,
5. Northeastern USA, southeastern Canada.

The following features can be distinguished in the distribution of the world population:

1. Population density decreases with the height of the area, i.e. The lowland plains are most densely populated.
2. The distribution of the population relative to the remoteness of the world ocean is predominantly concentrated in 200 km. The strip along the coast of seas and oceans, which makes up only 16% of the land, concentrates more than half of the world's population there.
3. As we move from the polar latitudes to the equator, the population shifts to higher zones
4. To a greater extent, the population is concentrated within the temperate south, subtropical and subequatorial climate zones, because favorable conditions for business activities
5. The distribution of the population is influenced simultaneously by two demographic processes: population reproduction and population migration.

Lecture added 03/07/2014 at 15:09:55

What is the most densely populated district of Moscow?

By population size and density. Which area is the quietest and the most crime-ridden? The most densely populated district of Moscow.

Factors influencing population distribution

Maryino District - 243,321 people live in this area
1308. Vykhino-Zhulebino - 216,386 people
1332. Yasenevo -180,652 people
1280. Otradnoye - 179,596 people
1331. South Butovo - 178,989 people

In terms of population density, the Zyablikovo district is the leader. Its population density is 29,605.0 people/sq. km.

In second place is Novokosino - 28939.9 people/sq.km, in third is Lomonosovsky district - 25440.0 people/sq.km, followed by Eastern Degunino - 25272.7 people/sq.km and Bibirevo - 24696.7 people/sq.km.

The Molzhaninovsky district has the smallest population and the lowest density - 3506 people and 133.6 people/sq. km, respectively).
There is also a small population in the districts of Vostochny - 12,348 people, Nekrasovka - 19,188 people, Kurkino - 21,314 people and Vnukovo - 23,367 people.
The lowest density is still in the areas of Metrogorodok - 1315.0 people/sq.km, Vnukovo - 1341.4 people/sq.km, Kurkino - 2698.0 people/sq.km and Severny - 2715.6 people/sq.km .km.

How to get to the Sadovod clothing market

Where are the Mosgorspravka kiosks located?

— http://www.moscow-faq.ru/all_q…

What is the operating schedule of the Moscow metro and crossings? — http://www.moscow-faq.ru/all_q…

How many native Muscovites are there in Moscow?

— http://www.moscow-faq.ru/all_q…

Dictionary of Moscow streets and metro stations - http://www.moscow-faq.ru/all_q...

If the travel ticket is blocked - http://www.moscow-faq.ru/all_q...

Vending machines with free water in the metro - http://www.moscow-faq.ru/all_q...

Distribution of population on Earth. Factors influencing population distribution. The most densely populated areas in the world.

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The average population density of the Earth today is more than 30 people/m². km. But there are huge contrasts on different continents and in different countries.

The Eastern Hemisphere has more people concentrated (86%) than the Western Hemisphere, and the Northern Hemisphere has more people compared to the Southern Hemisphere, which is home to only 10%.

In addition, the majority of the population lives in temperate, subtropical and subequatorial climate zones at altitudes up to 500 m above sea level.

The pattern of human populations around the world, including their density, is determined by a number of factors:

1) factor of natural conditions: proximity to the sea, flatness of the earth, favorable climate, fertile soil, abundance of natural resources, etc.

information: out of every 100 inhabitants of the Earth, 80 live in low-lying areas, plains,

at an altitude of up to 500 m above sea level, occupying only 28% of the land area.

2) historical factor: long-lived territories are the areas of formation of ancient countries - Egypt, Rome, Greece, China, India.

3) demographic factor: high or, conversely, low natural population growth can significantly affect the location and density of people in the regions.

4) socio-economic factors:

• employment in agriculture;

information: The development of heavy irrigated rice cultivation led to the creation of the largest populations in eastern and southern Asia.

• industry development;
• gravity to transport and trade routes.

Among the most significant populations in the modern world:

1) East Asia: includes the countries - China, Japan, North Korea, the Republic of Korea, where more than 1 billion people live.

population.

2) South Asia: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan - home to about 1 billion people.

3) Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, etc., with a population of more than 300 million.

4) European.

5) Atlantic (in the northeastern USA).

Electricity: importance, countries that stand out for absolute electricity production per capita.

Electricity is one of the leading branches of the scientific and technological revolution, when the role of electronicization and complex automation grew throughout the world.

This industry has a decisive influence not only on development, but also on the territorial distribution of industry and all productive forces of society.

The main part (I place) of the energy produced in the world is represented by thermal power plants (TPP). Their share in the total volume of electricity production is 63%. Typically, thermal power plants produce coal basins or energy consuming areas.

Leaders in production: USA, Russia, China.

The second place belongs to hydropower (hydroelectric power station - hydroelectric power station). Its share in world production is 20%, but is gradually decreasing. Today, the main potential for water lies in developing countries, which account for 65% of the world's hydroelectric power, but are still insufficient (Africa has only 5% of capacity, South America 10%).

However, the United States and Russia operate the hydroelectric dam.

The third place belongs to nuclear power plants (NPP). Their share in world production is 17% and is gradually increasing. NEK is built in more than 30 countries around the world. The United States, France, Japan, Germany and Russia talk about the absolute amount of energy produced by nuclear power plants.

Finally, alternative energy sources are becoming increasingly popular around the world:

• solar energy (the largest solar installations in the USA, France);
• wind energy (small stations have developed in almost all countries of the world, especially in the USA and Denmark);
• tidal energy (the largest tidal stations in France, Canada, USA, Russia, China);
• geothermal energy (used in Iceland, USA, Russia, Philippines, Italy, New Zealand).

Non-traditional sources include the production of synthetic fuels from coal, oil shale, oil sands and biomass.

For annual electricity production of more than 200 billion kWh.

there are only 11 countries: USA, Russia, Japan, Ukraine, Italy, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany and India.

Electricity production per capita:

1) countries are very good: Norway - more than 26 thousand kWh. - I stand in peace; Canada, Sweden, USA - up to 26 thousand kWh.

2) medium-sized countries: Russia, Australia, European countries, etc.

- up to 10 thousand kWh.

3) countries are not very good: most countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia - up to 2 thousand kWh. and less.

Identification of the main grain exporters based on statistical data.

The main vegetation industry is grains, and the most important products are wheat, corn and rice. In addition, they grow: barley, millet, sorghum, oats, rye, cream, etc.

Cereals occupy 1/2 of the total cultivated area in the world, of which 4/5 of the total gross yield is provided by three major crops:

1) wheat: mainly steppe and forest-steppe; Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, North America, Argentina, Australia, China.

The main exporters of wheat are: USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Ukraine.

2) rice: this is a typical crop of the monsoon climate, which is almost always cultivated under artificial irrigation; tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Main exporters of rice: USA, Myanmar, Thailand, India.

3) Corn: used for grains and also for silage with milk wax maturity.

The production areas largely coincide with wheat crops.

Main corn exporters: USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia, France

Ticket number 18

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the PRC.

3. Explanation of the map of the direction of the main coal cargo flows.

first

Population displacement and its causes. The influence of migration on population changes, examples of internal and external migration.

Population relocation is the movement of people from one place of residence to another.

The main reason is economic, but political, national, environmental and other reasons also influence displacement.

Migration is divided into internal and external.

External migration:

a) emigration: leaving one country for permanent residence in another country;

Immigration: entry into a country for permanent residence.

External migration arose in ancient times, continuing into the Middle Ages, especially in connection with geographical discoveries, but the greatest development of migration was in the era of capitalism.

The focus of mass emigration was Western Europe, where small producers (farmers, artisans) were collapsing and unemployment was rising.

In the period from 1815 to 1915.

from Europe, in other parts of the world, 35-40 million people moved, mainly to the USA and Canada, and some of them -. South America, Australia, New Zealand, and some African countries.

After the Second World War and the collapse of the colonial system, the geography of external migration changed dramatically.

The United States continues to be an important center for immigration and attracts mainly Latin American and Asian workers.

Western Europe has become the main region for attracting labor - from Mediterranean countries (Spain, Portugal, Italy, Yugoslavia) and from Asian countries (Turkey, India, Pakistan).

Thus, labor migration has expanded.

An important new area of ​​labor migration is developing in the Middle East, where the main “pump migration” is oil-producing countries - Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Libya; and labor suppliers remained (with the exception of the aforementioned) Arab states (Egypt, Yemen, etc.), as well as many non-Arab Asian countries (India, Pakistan, etc.).

Regarding the collapse of the USSR and the formation of new sovereign states, the number of migrations to Russia and beyond its borders has increased.

In the second half of the twentieth century, a new form of external migration, called “brain drain,” was alien to foreign scientists, engineers, doctors and other highly qualified specialists from developed and developing countries in Europe (in particular, Russia and the CIS countries) and the United States.

Internal migration (internal), their types:

a) from village to city: they have developed in all countries of the world, but have received a special dimension in the developing world.

Pokers in rural areas were looking for a better deal in the city.

This leads to “explosive” growth of the largest cities.

b) from place to place: mainly in developed countries of the world; from crowded, smoky places to suburbs and partly to rural areas.

c) from one region of the country to another region: this type of migration is associated with the development of new territories (USA, Canada, Australia, Russia, Brazil, China), the emergence of an area of ​​international disputes, military operations, etc.

d) nomadism (in developing countries of Africa, Asia).

e) “pendulum movement”: the daily movement of people from the suburbs to work in the city and beyond.

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(Testing and measuring materials from the publishing house "Wako")

Testing and measuring materials are a modern form of testing the level of knowledge of students. The authors of the publishing house "Wako" prepared KIMs for the entire geography course at school. We present to your attention some of these tests.

Their structure is similar to the Unified State Exam (three levels of difficulty in each test), which makes it possible to gradually prepare students for the modern test form of testing knowledge in the CT and the Unified State Exam.

Testing and measuring materials. Geography: 10th grade / Comp. E.A. Zhizhina. - M.: VAKO, 2012.-96 p.

Test 6.

Distribution, migration and urbanization of the world's population

Option 1

A1. Choose the correct statement.
□ 1) The Earth's population is distributed evenly.
□ 2) The average population density is 5 people per 1 km2.

□ 3) Labor-intensive agriculture is the reason for high population density.

□ 4) Population density is higher in giant countries.

A2. Identify a region with high population density.
□ 1) Central Asia
□ 2) North Africa
□ 3) Western Europe
□ 4) Australia

Select the country that has the highest average population density.
□ 1) Canada
□ 2) Belgium
□ 3) Australia
□ 4) USA

A4. Indicate the country with the largest share of immigrants in the population structure.

□ 1) Brazil
□ 2) India
□ 3) Switzerland
□ 4) Algeria

A5. Which region is characterized by “false urbanization”?
□ 1) Central Africa
□ 2) South Asia
□ 3) Latin America
□ 4) North America

Ab. Select the city that is the largest city in your region.
□ 1) Mexico City
□ 2) Delhi
□ 3) Berlin
□ 4) Brasilia

Establish a correspondence between the level of urbanization and the country for which it is typical.
1) 96% A. India
2) 30% B. Niger
3) 3)22% V.Kuwait
4) 4) 40% G. China

Name the five most populous peoples in the world.
Answer:

Option 2

A1. State the incorrect statement.

□ 1) In small states the population density is low
□ 2) 2/3 of Canada’s population lives in the southern zone near the border with the USA
□ 3) The main reason for migration is economic
□ 4) The main flow of emigrants is directed from developing countries to developed countries

A2. Indicate the region with the minimum population density.
□ 1) northeastern USA
□ 2) northern Australia
□ 3) north of India
□ 4) east of China

Select the country with the highest average population density.
□ 1)Japan
□ 2) Saudi Arabia
□ 3) Kazakhstan
□ 4) Mongolia

A4. Name a country whose population has increased significantly due to immigration.
□ 1) Türkiye
□ 2) Mexico
□ 3) Israel
□ 4) India

Indicate a city whose population exceeds 20 million people.
□ 1) New York
□ 2) Tokyo
□ 3) Beijing
□ 4) Mumbai

Ab. Identify a country that has a high rate of urbanization.
□ 1) Spain
□ 2) India
□ 3) USA
□ 4) Australia

IN 1. Select three regions that are centers of labor immigration.

1) Western Europe
2) East Asia
3) South Asia
4) Southwest Asia
5) North America
6) Eastern Europe Answer:

Why did immigrants significantly outnumber the local population in the oil-producing Gulf countries?

The distribution of the population is influenced by natural (climate, topography, soil), socio-economic (availability of jobs, living conditions), historical and environmental conditions.

Of the 145 million people of the total population of Russia, about 30 million people live in the Asian part, which occupies 2/3 of the country’s territory.

Accordingly, this part of Russia has a very low population density - 2.5 people/km2 (average 9 people/km2).

This low population density is explained by unfavorable natural and climatic conditions (cold and long winters, permafrost, difficult terrain, infertile soils, taiga and tundra landscapes), the single-industry structure of the economy (the predominance of the primary sector of the economy), and the migration outflow of the population (from the beginning of the 90s to 1960s, economic migration) and significant distance from the historical center of Russia (colonization went from west to east).

The bulk of the population is concentrated within the European part, as well as in the North Caucasus and in the southern parts of Siberia along the Trans-Siberian Railway in the zones of mixed forests, forest-steppes and steppes of Western and Eastern Siberia and in the zone of coniferous-deciduous and monsoon forests of the Far East.

All these territories form the so-called “Main settlement zone” of the Russian population. To the north of this strip, population density is low and in some areas is less than 1 person/km2. There is no permanent population on the islands of the Arctic Ocean.

Population density usually increases towards administrative centers and industrial cities, especially towards “millionaire” cities, where urban agglomerations are formed (Moscow, with a population density of more than 300 people/km2).

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The settlement system is formed under the influence of many different factors. A large group consists of natural factors that almost completely determined settlement in the first stages of its formation. With the development of the level of productive forces, the direct impact of natural factors weakened.

But this does not mean at all that with the development of society we can ignore natural conditions and say that the settlement system will be completely determined by our desires and capabilities. In any case, human adaptability is simply enhanced, but, nevertheless, the economy sets quite strict limits on the possibility of settlement in certain natural conditions. Another question is that indirect influence through resources, technology, and financing is increasing.

Among the natural factors influencing placement, we can list, first of all, climate, terrain, soil, proximity to waterways, altitude and many others.

Naturally, the presence of minerals. Among natural resources, the availability of high-quality water should be especially highlighted. That is, in total, what determines the comfort of existence and resources.

With the development of society, socio-economic or anthropogenic factors naturally became increasingly important. They are one of the defining ones today. These include the features of historical development and the level of development of society, the administrative and political structure and the current location of the economy, the development of industry, the agro-industrial complex and the transport network.

We can probably single out a strategic factor, which depends, among other things, on the geopolitical situation.

The settlement process is also influenced by the composition of the population already present in the territory. Its assessment is made on many grounds: gender, age, nationality, religious, professional, educational, family, etc. Naturally, this is closely related to ongoing demographic processes (natural increase, migration, etc.), the level of income of the population and much more.

Currently, due to the increasingly intensive use of natural resources, the importance of environmental factors is significantly expanding.

The development of society occurs through the use of the natural environment, but should not occur at the expense of its degradation, both at the global level and at the level of large urban agglomerations and local settlement systems.

Otherwise, the very existence of a person on the territory becomes simply impossible.

Strictly speaking, environmental factors can be considered as a combination of natural and socio-economic factors. However, they are especially singled out, since the prospects for the joint, non-conflict development of society and nature depend on them. It is not for nothing that the world community has adopted the concept of sustainable development, according to which any actions of humanity should be considered not only from the point of view of their benefits today, but also the prospects for the normal existence of subsequent generations.

Now, due to the intensive development of productive forces, changes in the location of production and population, factors are often divided according to the principle of the sequence (history) of their appearance.

At the same time, three groups of factors are distinguished - traditional, new and newest.

The first, traditional placement factors include those that we listed above. Another question is that the interpretation of their use may be different in different schools.

So, in its time, there was a clear division into two schools - Western and Soviet. If the Western school believed that the use of these factors should be to realize the private interests of producers, sellers and consumers.

The Soviet school believed that it was for the state.

Probably, in this case, the main thing for us is not the purpose of their use, but the fact that they significantly influence the location of production and the population. Although ultimately, the very existence of a democratic state should be aimed at ensuring the interests of the normal existence of its citizens, the prospects for existence in general.

Modern theories of placement, without denying the traditional factors of placement, in addition to them, highlight a group of new ones.

Which determine the patterns of placement, firstly, by the conditions of conflicting interests of individual, group (corporate, regional) and state. Secondly, the conditions of risk and uncertainty.

This includes infrastructure provision, labor market structuring, and environmental restrictions.

Recently, more and more people are talking about intangible or new factors of placement. Taking into account this group of location factors has been given more and more importance in the last two decades.

They are more difficult to quantify than material ones, however, their influence on the development and territorial distribution of society is very great. These include the intensity, diversity, quality of cultural activities and recreational services in the territory, the creative climate and people's attachment to their locality, the placement of innovations and telecommunications and computer systems, the development of restructured and convertible industrial and technological complexes, and much more.

To summarize, we can say that the development of settlement systems does not occur on its own, but depends on many interdependent factors.

Consequently, settlement systems should be a subsystem of the territorial system of society as a whole. Only in this case is settlement consistent with sustainable development possible.

Analysis of population distribution is an important task in population geography. Most often, it is determined by the number of inhabitants per 1 square kilometer, that is, by indicators of population density (globally it is 40 people per square kilometer).

Population density

People are distributed extremely unevenly on the planet. About 1/10 of the land is still uninhabited (Antarctica, almost all of Greenland, and so on).

According to other estimates, about half of the land has a density of less than 1 person per square kilometer; for 1/4 the density ranges from 1 to 10 people per 1 square kilometer. km and only the rest of the land has a density of more than 10 people per 1 square kilometer. On the populated part of the Earth (ecumene), the average population density is 32 people per square meter. km.

80% live in the eastern hemisphere, 90% live in the northern hemisphere, and 60% of the total population of the Earth lives in Asia.

Obviously, there is a group of countries with a very high population density - over 200 people per square kilometer. It includes countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Israel, Lebanon, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the Republic of Korea, Rwanda, El Salvador, etc.

In a number of countries, the density indicator is close to the world average - in Ireland, Iraq, Colombia, Malaysia, Morocco, Tunisia, Mexico, etc.

Some countries have lower densities than the world average - in them it is no more than 2 people per 1 km2. This group includes Mongolia, Libya, Mauritania, Namibia, Guiana, Australia, Greenland, etc.

Reasons for uneven population

The uneven distribution of population on the planet is explained by a number of factors.

• Firstly, it is the natural environment. For example, it is known that 1/2 of the world's population is concentrated in the lowlands, although they make up less than 30% of the landmass; 1/3 of the people live at a distance of no more than 50 kilometers from the sea (the area of ​​this strip is 12% of the land) - the population seems to be shifted towards the sea. This factor has probably been the leading one throughout human history, but its influence weakens with socio-economic development. And although vast areas with extreme and unfavorable natural conditions (deserts, tundras, highlands, tropical forests, etc.) are still poorly populated, natural factors alone cannot explain the expansion of ecumene areas and those huge shifts in the distribution of people who have occurred over the last century.
• Secondly, the historical factor has a fairly strong influence. This is due to the duration of the process of human settlement on Earth (about 30 - 40 thousand years).
• Thirdly, the distribution of the population is affected by the current demographic situation. Thus, in some countries the population is growing very quickly due to high natural growth.

In addition, within any country or region, no matter how small, the population density is different and varies greatly depending on the level of development of the productive forces. It follows that average population density indicators provide only an approximate idea of ​​the population and economic potential of the country.

see also

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Black Sea Straits
They are rarely talked about separately; in our minds, they act as a single whole. The Black Sea straits, we say, and this concept covers not only the straits themselves, but also the Sea of ​​Marmara, ...

The current distribution of population on the Earth is the result of a long process of its settlement and economic development. By now, almost all spaces suitable for human life have been inhabited. But the concept of “suitability” of a territory is a historical category. Some areas that in past eras, at the then existing levels of development of productive forces, were unsuitable for life, are currently being developed by humans. At the same time, there are areas that are unlikely to be used for mass settlement in the future (Antarctica, the interior of Greenland, etc.)

According to available estimates, half of all humanity lives on 1/20 of the inhabited land area.

The uneven distribution of the population on the globe is due to many factors that reflect various types of systems of connections between the natural environment and human activity.

The natural factor had a significant influence on the distribution of the population. At the gathering stage, humanity inhabited, first of all, those areas where the necessary means of subsistence could be obtained in ready-made form. It is believed that the concentration of population in some parts of the tropical zone began several thousand years ago BC. For the development of the simplest forms of economy - hunting, cattle breeding and especially agriculture - favorable combinations of solar radiation, moisture and fertile soils were extremely important. Primitive agricultural civilizations using river floods or using river waters through irrigation systems left a lasting mark in the form of large population clusters at the mouths of the Yangtze, Yellow, Nile, Mekong, Ganges, and Po rivers. The distribution of fertile soils determined the spread of agriculture in the lowlands and plains of Europe, beyond the Urals and on the North American prairies.

It is clear that vast areas with extreme natural conditions (deserts, ice expanses, tundra, highlands, tropical forests) do not create favorable conditions for human life. Most of the population is concentrated in the subequatorial and subtropical climate zones of the Earth. With the development of society, the influence of socio-economic factors on the distribution of the population has steadily increased, and dependence on nature has decreased. And the geographic environment itself (soil fertility, topography, climatic conditions, mineral and other resources) is used unequally in conditions of different social systems and different levels of development of the productive forces.

The initial phases of manufacturing production, especially textiles, glass and others, contributed to the concentration of the population in the foothills, where the abundance of water and raw materials (wool), and the use of the energy of falling water made it possible to increase labor productivity. Manufactures were the reason for the formation of many cities and the settlement of such territories as Piedmont, Burgundy, Bavaria, the Sudetenland, Appalachia, the Urals, etc. At the beginning of the 19th century. Industrial enterprises began to play a major role, especially in heavy industry, which arose in areas where iron ore and coal were available. They determined the distribution of the population in central England, Westophalia, Lorraine, Upper Silesia, and the northeastern United States.

The growth of international trade and shipping has led to the formation of large port centers and numerous smaller population centers in the coastal areas of many countries around the world.

This process deepened due to the location of many industrial enterprises operating on imported raw materials and fuel near ports (for example, in Japan). The strip located at a distance of up to 50 km from the sea is called the zone of direct coastal settlement. It is home to 29% of all people, including more than 4% of all urban residents of the world. The zone, located 50-200 km from the sea, also economically feels the daily influence of the proximity of the sea. It contains approximately 25% of the total population of the Earth.

New processes are associated with the land-ocean contact zone - development in the 20th century. recreational centers on the coasts (Mediterranean and Black Seas, Florida, California) and the tendency for wealthy people from different countries to settle in a number of areas (Riviera, Grenada, Valencia, Caribbean islands, etc.).

It should be noted the influence demographic factor to the uneven distribution of the population.

It is clear that the number and density of population is increasing most rapidly in those countries and regions where its natural growth is highest. Bangladesh is a striking example. This country with a small territory and very high population growth has the highest density - 1136 people/km 2 . If this demographic situation continues, by 2025, according to calculations, the country's population density may exceed 1000 people/km 2! Average population density in Africa in the second half of the twentieth century. increased from 7 to 30 people/km 2 .

Speaking about the uneven distribution of the population, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of additional factors: historical (duration of the period of formation of the population in a given territory), environmental; local, operating only in a certain territory.

home pattern in population distribution is that this process is determined by shifts in the development and distribution of productive forces. The higher the level of their development, the freer the process of placing the inhabitants of the planet becomes.

Russia, with 142 million people, ranks 7th in the world, behind the USA (272 million people), Indonesia (212 million people), Brazil (168 million people) and Pakistan (147 million people). The population of Russia, like other highly developed countries, remains almost unchanged, unlike less developed countries, where the population is growing rapidly. And by 2025, according to UN forecasts, Russia will already be in 10th place in the world in terms of population, behind also Indonesia (whose population may reach 203 million people by this time), Bangladesh and Mexico.

The largest countries in the world by that time will have a much larger population than now.

According to the first All-Russian census of 1897, the population within the modern borders of the Russian Federation was 67.5 million people out of 124.6 million of the total population of the empire. Before the First World War (1913), the population of Russia was already about 90 million people. Over the following decades, social upheavals several times led to a decline in the population of Russia, which is often called demographic crisis.

The first of them (1914-1922) began during the First World War and sharply worsened during the revolution, epidemic and famine of 1921-1922. Emigration from Russia has acquired a large scale. In 1920, the number of inhabitants of Russia was slightly smaller, despite that. What natural increase over the past 7 years amounted to at least 5 million people, but its total number decreased by almost 2 million, which means that the “unnatural decline” was only in 1914-1920. amounted to at least 7 million people. And the total demographic losses in Russia are estimated at 12 to 18 million people.

After the end of the civil war, the population began to grow quite rapidly. According to the 1926 correspondence, it is already 92.7 million people. The apogee of the second demographic crisis was the famine of 1933-1934. The total losses of the Russian population during this period are estimated at 5 to 6.5 million people.

The third demographic crisis occurred during the Great Patriotic War. Population in 1946 amounted to only 98 million people, and in 1940. was 110 million. Natural population growth over 6 years, including those killed at the front, was about 18 million. Human.

Post-war population growth in Russia was generally quite slow. This was largely due to resettlement in the union republics. In 1950-1960 there was an outflow of population from Russia to almost all union republics, and since the 70s. in Transcaucasia and Central Asia it was replaced by a return flow. Population explosion in Central Asia and Azerbaijan led to the “ousting” of Russians from these republics. The influx of Russian population to Ukraine, Moldova and the Baltic states continued until the second half of the 80s.

Population distribution Russia's territory over the course of many centuries (starting from the formation of the Moscow Principality) has changed towards its increasing territorial dispersion, “spreading” over a vast territory.

The historical core of the state - the Volga-Oka interfluve - was the center from which flows of people went first to the north, then to the east, to the south and to the west. This process continued during the Soviet period, which can be traced by analyzing the equidemic maps, i.e. those where the size of the districts corresponds not to the area of ​​the territory, but to the population size. Comparing the regular map with the equidemic map shows how Russia, “Asian” in territory, is “European” in population. In 1926, the share of Asian territories in the Russian population was only 13%, and in 1992 - 22%.

Within the European part of Russia, settlement of the northern territories continued during the Soviet period. Thus, the “erosion” of central Russia continued, the settlement of the northern, southern and eastern outskirts of the state by people from it.

Population concentration in large cities also led to a change in its distribution across regions: a sharp increase in some and a decrease in others.

Thus, there was an increase in territorial contrasts in the distribution of the population: areas of clusters of large cities concentrated an increasingly large share of the population, and the territories surrounding them were losing population.

A peculiarity of the distribution of the population of Russia is the presence of two types of settlement of the territory. In the Far North of Russia, which occupies 2/3 of its territory, only 1/15 of the population lives - about 10 million people. This is a zone of focal settlement: individual settlements and their groups are scattered in islands across the vast expanses of tundra and taiga. For example, in the Evenki Autonomous Okrug, the average distance between settlements is 180 km. And most of European Russia, the south of Siberia and the Far East is occupied by a zone of continuous settlement. This zone was named main settlement zone . Occupying 1/3 of the territory, it concentrates more than 93% of the population of Russia. All the largest cities in Russia, almost all manufacturing and agriculture are located here.

Population reproduction

Reproduction is a continuous, repeating process of production. Population reproduction is the process of “production of people by people”, a process of continuous change of generations. In this case, we will consider population reproduction in a narrow sense - only as a process of natural population movement.

Natural movement refers to four processes: fertility, mortality, marriage and divorce.

Table 4 - data on vital statistics

Fertility

Since the second half of the twentieth century, there has been a steady decline in the birth rate in Russia. Intrafamily regulation of childbearing is becoming widespread, becoming an integral part of people's lifestyles and becoming the main factor determining the level of fertility. The beginning of this process occurred in the post-war years and continues today, and since the beginning of the 90s, the birth rate has also been influenced by sharp changes in the political and socio-economic life of the country.

The decline in the birth rate in the 50s was greatly facilitated by the abolition of the ban on artificial termination of pregnancy in 1955. In the next decade, the dynamics of fertility rates reflected the continued transition to a new type of reproductive behavior.

Since the late 60s in Russia, the family model with 2 children has become predominant. The birth rate has decreased to a level slightly lower than necessary to ensure simple population reproduction in the future (for simple population reproduction, the total fertility rate should be 2.14 - 2.15). At the same time, the total fertility rate of the urban population was in the range of 1.7-1.9. In rural areas, the birth rate was higher: from 2.4 to 2.9 births per woman.

In general, over the years of the current decade, repeat births have decreased by 1.9 times. Currently, according to this indicator, Russia has taken the place among the countries in the world with the lowest birth rate.

On a national scale, as noted above, the birth rate has a clear tendency to decrease, which, in specific historical conditions and taking into account the strategic tasks facing Russia, cannot be regarded other than as a negative phenomenon. Now in Russia there is such a ratio of birth rates and deaths. The data is presented in the table.

Table 5- Fertility and mortality rates

	Born in 2009	2009 as a percentage of 2008	Deaths in 2009	2009 as a percentage of 2008	Number of deaths as a percentage of the number of births	Natural increase
Russian Federation
Central Federal District
Belgorod region
Bryansk region
Vladimir region
Voronezh region
Ivanovo region
Kaluga region
Kostroma region
Kursk region
Lipetsk region
Moscow region
Oryol Region
Ryazan Oblast
Smolensk region
Tambov Region
Tver region
Tula region
Yaroslavl region
Northwestern Federal District
Republic of Karelia
Komi Republic
Arhangelsk region
Nenets Aut. district
Vologda Region
Kaliningrad region
Leningrad region
Murmansk region
Novgorod region
Pskov region
Saint Petersburg
Republic of Adygea
The Republic of Dagestan
The Republic of Ingushetia
Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Republic of Kalmykia
Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
Chechen Republic
Krasnodar region
Stavropol region
Astrakhan region
Volgograd region
Rostov region
Volga Federal District
Republic of Bashkortostan
Mari El Republic
The Republic of Mordovia
Republic of Tatarstan
Udmurt republic
Chuvash Republic
Perm region
Kirov region
Nizhny Novgorod Region
Orenburg region
Penza region
Samara Region
Saratov region
Ulyanovsk region
Ural Federal District
Kurgan region
Sverdlovsk region
Tyumen region
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Chelyabinsk region
Siberian Federal District
Altai Republic
The Republic of Buryatia
Tyva Republic
The Republic of Khakassia
Altai region
Transbaikal region
Krasnoyarsk region
Irkutsk region
Kemerovo region
Novosibirsk region
Omsk region
Tomsk region
Far Eastern Federal District
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Kamchatka region
Primorsky Krai
Khabarovsk region
Amur region
Magadan Region
Sakhalin region
Jewish Autonomous Region
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Tyumen region without autonomous
Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug
Koryak Autonomous Okrug
Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) JSC
Evenki Autonomous Okrug
Ust-Ordynsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug
Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug

In the foreseeable future, it is difficult to expect a change in the reproductive behavior of Russians. In December 1992, according to a survey conducted by the State Statistics Committee of Russia, only 8% of childless spouses did not express a desire to have a child. According to the 1994 microcensus, almost a quarter (24%) of women aged 18-44 who did not have children at the time of the census did not intend to have them. Among women of this age who had one or two children, 76% and 96%, respectively, did not plan subsequent births. Thus, in a short period of time, the reproductive plans of families have noticeably adjusted towards a decrease in the number of children, although, of course, there are exceptions.

One of the negative phenomena of the emerging demographic situation is the constantly increasing number of births of children outside of a registered marriage. In 1998, 346 thousand children (27%) of the total number of births were born to unmarried women. The trend towards an increase in the number of children born outside of a registered marriage has been noted since the mid-80s, but then the number of illegitimate children did not exceed 12-13% of the total number of births.

In the last few years, due to births out of wedlock, about 300 thousand single-parent families arise annually, the children in which from the first day of birth are disadvantaged not only financially, but also damaged in their psychological well-being. Given the current trend, we can assume a significant increase in the number of families that are initially single-parent with all the ensuing economic and social consequences. The data is reflected in the diagram.

Diagram 1

To measure the birth rate in demography, a system of indicators is used. The simplest of them is-- total fertility rate, those. the number of live births per calendar year per 1000 average annual population. Most accurate-- total fertility rate (TFR), i.e. the number of live births per 1 woman on average over a lifetime.

The roughness of the total fertility rate lies in its strong dependence on the structure of the population: gender, age, marriage, ethnicity, education, etc. The total fertility rate has the advantage that its value (level) and dynamics are free from influence, at least from the influence of gender and age structures, whose distorting influence on fertility rates is especially significant.

In addition, an important advantage of the TFR is that its value can be used to assess not only the quality of the birth rate, but also the quality of reproduction of the population as a whole (though only for countries with low mortality rates). To do this, it is enough to know the “threshold” value of the TFR, corresponding to the limit of simple population reproduction or, in other words, its zero growth. This threshold, with the lowest mortality rate in the world (achieved in Japan and Sweden), corresponds to a TFR = 2.1 children on average per woman over her lifetime.

Strange as it may seem, in Russia, where the mortality rate is far from prosperous, the threshold TFR value is almost no different from the “Japanese” one and has been 2.12 in recent years. This circumstance indicates an insignificant impact of the current mortality rate on the level of population reproduction. Let's look at the dynamics of marriage and birth rates in Russia over the past few years.

Table 6 -- Dynamics of the number, marriage rate and birth rate of the Russian population in 1988-- 2005.

	Numerical population at the beginning of the year (thousand people)	Number of marriages(thousands)	Number of divorces(thousands)	Number of births(thousands)	General odds:(1) --marriage rate; (2) --divorceability; (3) --fertility.

The total fertility rate reached an all-time low of 8.3 in 1999 and then began to rise, reaching 10.2 in 2003.

Demographic specialists today quite clearly realize (even those who adhere to apologetic and Malthusian positions in relation to the mass small number of children in Russian families) that Without an active demographic pronatalist policy, the birth rate in Russia will never increase.

It seems interesting to consider the structure of the increase in the total fertility rate in the period 1999-2003. Here, a serious drawback of the general fertility rate, the dependence of its value on the characteristics of the gender and age structure, turns into its advantage, because it allows, using a simple index method, to distinguish between the role of behavioral and structural factors in the structure of the coefficient.

In general, for 1999-2005. The total fertility rate in Russia increased, as already noted, from 8.3 to 10.2%, or by 22.9%. However, decomposition of the structure of the general coefficient by factors shows that the real increase in the birth rate accounts for only 12.3%, (i.e. 53.7% of the total increase, if taken as 100%), and 10.6%, (or 46.3% of the total increase, almost half) is due to changes in the age structure of the population.

The total fertility rate also increased in the period from 1999 to 2002, from 1.171 to 1.322, or by 12.9%, i.e. almost by the same value as shown by me using the index method. The difference in results is explained by the roughness of the calculations. In 2003, the TFR decreased slightly, to 1.319 (Table 6). Whether this decline in TFR represents a resumption of the downward trend in fertility rates is unknown. It’s too early to draw conclusions. This microscopic decrease does not support any conclusions regarding trends. Let's wait a few years until new data appears in publications.

However, as regards distant prospects fertility, then there should be no doubt. The birth rate will decline unless its trends can be reversed artificially, with the help of active demographic and social policies. Fertility factors over the past at least fifty years have been quite well studied by demographers and sociologists in our country and abroad. It has been proven and shown that material living conditions play an important role, but far from the main one.

Now many politicians and other figures are making various proposals on how to increase the birth rate in the country. Almost all of them are limited exclusively to various benefits and allowances to families as a reward for having children. At the same time, the obvious fact that having few children is inherent in rich countries and rich segments of the population is completely ignored. In other words, as the standard of living of the population increases, the birth rate decreases, not increases. This fact was noticed by the great English economist Adam Smith in the 17th century, but has still not penetrated the consciousness of our social scientists.

In this regard, the data of the 1994 All-Russian Microcensus of Population are of great scientific importance, the program of which, among others, contained two questions:

About the desired number of children (how many children the women surveyed would like to have); - about the number of children they plan (i.e. how many children women are going to have in real life circumstances).

It was an experiment unique not only for censuses in our country, but throughout the world. The results were, without exaggeration, stunning.

The average desired number of children per woman was 1.91 children, (according to the responses of women aged 20-24 years - 1.74), the average planned (expected) - 1.77 children (and according to the responses of women aged 20 -24 years old - 1.47).

Let me remind you that for simple population reproduction, a birth rate of at least 2.1 children on average per woman over a lifetime is required.

Consequently, the 1994 microcensus data tells us that, firstly, the tiny difference between the average ideally desired and actually planned children, only 0.15 children, shows that even in the current really difficult life conditions Most Russian families have as many children as they wish.

Those. it's not about the conditions, but about the low reproductive needs of the majority of the Russian population. And in this respect, Russia is no different from other industrialized countries. It's time to finally notice this and stop relying on benefits and benefits.

Secondly, the average ideally desired number of children is lower than the number required at least for simple population reproduction of 2.1. Consequently, even if we imagine the impossible - an instant increase in the material living conditions of our population to the level of the most advanced countries in this regard - we still would not crawl out of the “demographic hole”.

And finally, if demographic policy is limited only benefits and benefits, not even as meager as before, the most that she can achieve is raise the birth rate from planned to desired, those. up to 1.91 children on average per woman. And we will still remain in the “hole”.

Long-term studies of fertility factors and reproductive behavior, conducted in our country and other countries around the world, have shown that the reasons for the development of mass small families lie not in the lack of goods to support several children and raise them, but in the peculiarities of industrial civilization, in which children gradually lose its usefulness for parents.

Mortality and life expectancy

From 1965 to 1980 In Russia there was a steady increase in the mortality rate of the adult population, especially men. At the same time, there was an extremely irregular dynamics of infant mortality, which in general can be characterized as a slow decline. In 1981-1984. The mortality rate stabilized, with life expectancy for men averaging 61.8 years and women 73.2 years.

The anti-alcohol campaign in the USSR that began in 1985 led to an increase in life expectancy for both men and women, which in 1986-1997 amounted to 65 years for men and 75 years for women.

Since 1988, the increase in mortality rates has resumed, reaching its peak at the height of shock therapy. The transition to a market economy in the early 90s further aggravated existing problems. The accumulation of unfavorable changes in public health over the previous decades, combined with a sharp decline in the living standards of the majority of the population in conditions of an unsatisfactory state of the social sphere and basic medicine, the inaccessibility of highly effective treatments for the majority of the population, environmental problems and an increase in crime, aggravated the mortality situation in the country.

In 1994, compared to 1991, the population mortality rate (the number of deaths per 1000 population) increased 1.3 times - from 11.4 to 15.7. In the next four years (1995-1998), mortality decreased slightly, which was apparently associated with a certain socio-economic stabilization. However, the emerging positive changes turned out to be short-term and after another sharp decline in the standard of living of the absolute majority of the population caused by the consequences of the August crisis of 1998, it was followed by a new noticeable increase (1998 - 13.6; 1999 - 14.7). Thus, in general, the 90s were marked in Russia by the highest mortality rate since the end of the Great Patriotic War.

Analyzing the reasons for this phenomenon, the head of the laboratory for systemic health research, Doctor of Medical Sciences I. Gundarov, expresses the following point of view: “The epidemic of excess mortality in Russia in the 90s is the result of spiritual values ​​that are historically and culturally alien to us. The Western type of thinking, introduced in every possible way into the consciousness of Russian people, contradicts his moral and emotional genotype, and the extinction of a nation is a specific reaction of rejection to alien spirituality.”

Noteworthy is the increase in pathologies such as hypertension, the mortality rate from which has increased 1.7 times in the last year alone. The mortality rate from tuberculosis has increased significantly - from 7.7 in 1989 to 20.0 per 100,000 thousand population in 1999. Mortality rates from respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, and neoplasms have increased.

The most pressing problem remains the high level of premature mortality. Over 10 years, it has increased by more than 100 thousand people of working age and amounts to over 520 thousand people per year. At the same time, the main causes of death for people of working age are unnatural causes - accidents, poisoning, injuries and suicides. The mortality rate of the working age population from unnatural causes is the same as it was in Russia 100 years ago. It is almost 2.5 times higher than the corresponding indicators in developed countries and 1.5 times in developing countries. Thus, more than a third of all deaths in working age (202.0 thousand people, or 39%) in 1998 were victims of accidents, poisonings and injuries (including suicides and murders).

One of the leading places in the structure of mortality of the working-age population is occupied by diseases of the circulatory system - 114.1 thousand, or 28% of the dead. Due to the increase in the number of deaths in younger and younger age groups, the average age of death from these diseases is becoming younger. For men of working age it is already below 50 years (49.5 years).

The high mortality rate of the working-age population from cardiovascular diseases, which exceeds the same figure in the European Union by 4.5 times. Premature mortality of men has negative socio-demographic consequences - the number of potential grooms is decreasing, the number of single-parent families is growing. As of January 1, 1999, 1.8 million children were registered with social protection authorities and were granted survivor's pensions.

This has created an unprecedented - more than 10 years - gap in average life expectancy between men and women.

The life expectancy of Russian men in 1998 was 61.3 years, which is 13-15 years shorter than that of the male population of developed countries, and for women - 72.9 years (shorter by 5-8 years). If the current age-sex mortality rate continues to persist, 40% of today’s young men who have reached the age of 16 will not live to see 60 years of age. The main data is presented in the table.

Table 7- statistics of causes of mortality

	January - May, 2009	Per 100 thousand people populated for 2008 as a whole
Absolute values(thousand people)	2009 as a percentage of all deaths	Per 100 thousand people	2009 as a percentage of 2008
		increase/decrease
Total deaths
including from: diseases of the circulatory system
neoplasms
external causes of death
of which from: all types of transport accidents
accidental alcohol poisoning
suicides
respiratory diseases
digestive diseases

To measure the mortality rate, as well as the birth rate, a system of indicators is used, in which the simplest indicator is crude mortality rate -- the number of deaths in a calendar year per 1000 people of the average annual population, and the best (accurate) indicator is average life expectancy at birth.

The big drawback of the general mortality rate, as well as other general rates, is its dependence on the age structure of the population, due to which this indicator often misinforms rather than informs. Professionals try not to use this indicator, at least without additional processing. On the contrary, the advantage of the average life expectancy indicator is precisely its independence from the age structure of the population.

The mortality rate among infants is also high. The reasons are indicated in the table.

Table 8- causes of infant mortality

Causes of death	Number of deaths of children under 1 year of age
Human	per 10 thousand births
Total deaths of children under 1 year of age from all causes
including from:
of which from:
intestinal infections
respiratory diseases
of which from:
flu and acute respiratory infections
pneumonia
other respiratory diseases
digestive diseases
congenital anomalies
conditions arising in the perinatal period
external reasons
other diseases

Until the mid-1960s. The average life expectancy of the population of both Russia and the USSR as a whole was growing steadily, and it seemed that this would continue in the future, especially since its value was still far from the level that could be considered maximum. However, having reached in the second half of the 1960s. values ​​of 64.32 years for men and 73.55 years for women, it began to inexorably decline both in Russia and in other union republics, as well as in a number of Eastern European countries. In Western countries and many less developed countries, life expectancy has continued and continues to rise.

In 2008, the average life expectancy of Russians was 58.82 years for men, 71.99 for women, while for the urban population it was 59.20 and 72.28, respectively, and for the rural population - 57.78 and 71.22 ( table 7).

	Whole population	Urban population	Rural population

In most Western countries, the average life expectancy of the male population exceeds 70 years, and that of the female population exceeds 80 years.

According to the annual UN Human Development Report for 2006, our country ranks 119th in terms of average life expectancy for men (out of 175), and 85th in terms of life expectancy for women (data refer to 2002).

If we take into account that, according to the criterion of the “social development index,” there are currently 55 highly developed countries in the world, this means that Russia is ahead of Russia in terms of average life expectancy for men, in addition to highly developed countries, another 64 “developing” countries. In terms of average life expectancy for women in such countries, there are also quite a few - 30.

Compared to the problem of increasing the birth rate, the problem of increasing average life expectancy is relatively simpler, since the vast majority of people with normal psyche want to have good health and live as long as possible.

At the same time, without denying the independent social importance of increasing the level of average life expectancy of the entire population, overcoming the lag of our country (shameful lag!) from the entire developed world, it is of interest to determine the actual role of mortality (average life expectancy in population reproduction.

Sex structure of the population

In the twentieth century, the sex ratio in our country was greatly deformed. This was a consequence of the devastating cataclysms that the people had to endure, and the large losses of the male population.

Immediately after the end of World War II, in 1946, women outnumbered men by 33.9%. Probably no other people in history have experienced such sexual deformation.

Then, for more than half a century, the gender structure of the Russian population continuously improved and this, perhaps, was the only demographic improvement in the country. It continued until 1995, when the number of women per 1,000 men was 1,129.

Then this ratio began to deteriorate again and at the beginning of 2002, according to current statistics, it was 1139. After 9.5 months, in October 2002, the population census showed a further deterioration in the gender structure, 1147 women per 1000 men, i.e. the number of women exceeded the number of men by 14.7% (Table 4). In Moscow, the sexual structure has improved somewhat, in St. Petersburg - on the contrary. This is undoubtedly the result of migration processes.

The gender structure of the population is influenced by three main factors:

1) sex ratio among newborns (biological constant); 2) sex differences in mortality; 3) gender differences in the intensity of population migration.

On average, more boys are born than girls, and the sex ratio among newborns is stable: 105 -106 boys per 100 girls. According to physiologists, the male body in infancy is less resilient and more boys die in the early stages of life. Further, the mortality rate changes: in developed countries, the mortality rate of men is higher due to injuries and occupational diseases, as well as alcoholism and smoking; In developing countries, female mortality is often higher as a result of early marriage, frequent childbirth, hard work, poor nutrition and unequal social status.

The sex ratio is affected by population migration if one sex predominates among migrants.

A significant impact on gender structure is exerted by the ever-increasing difference in life expectancy between men and women in the post-war period, which is especially characteristic of developed countries. The number of older women in developed countries is much higher than the number of men. The sex ratio is also influenced by historical, national, cultural, and socio-economic factors. Sexual differentiation of hired labor also has an impact.

The gender composition of the population in cities and rural areas differs significantly. In developed countries, there are usually slightly more men than women in rural areas. This is explained by the fact that in conditions of highly mechanized agriculture, the main work is performed by men, and some women of working age move to cities to work in the service sector.

According to the 2002 census, the number of men in the Russian Federation was 67,557.3 thousand people. (46.5%), women - 77,624.6 (53.5%). There were 1,149 women per 1,000 men, including 1,167 in cities.

National and religious composition of the population

According to the population census (1989), the majority of the population of Russia (88%) belongs to the peoples Indo-European language family, mainly to her Slavic group. Russians make up 82.5% of the total population of Russia (120 million people), another 4% are Ukrainians (4.4 million people) and Belarusians (1.2 million people). Russians are settled throughout the entire territory of Russia: after all, as you already know, it was the settlement of new lands by Russians that ensured the territorial growth of our state. Of the 89 regions - constituent entities of the Russian Federation - in 80 Russians make up the majority of the population.

Of the representatives of other groups of the Indo-European family, the most numerous are Germans(there were more than 800 thousand of them in 1989, but this number has already decreased significantly due to emigration to Germany) and Ossetians(there were about 400 thousand people), but their number increased due to the emigration of Ossetians from the territory of Georgia as a result of the military conflict in South Ossetia.

The next largest language family is Altai(about 12 million people), mainly the peoples of the Turkic group (11.2 million people). The largest nation in Russia after the Russians is Tatars(5.5 million people), of which 1.8 million lived in Tatarstan itself, 1.1 million in neighboring Bashkortostan, and the rest were scattered throughout the Urals, Volga region, and Siberia.

The next largest Turkic peoples are Chuvash(1.8 million people) and Bashkirs(1.3 million people), living mainly within their republics (908 thousand Chuvash and 864 thousand Bashkirs). Thus, the largest Turkic peoples are concentrated in the Ural-Volga region. Other Turkic peoples are settled in the south of Siberia (Altaians, Shors, Khakassians, Tuvans) all the way to the Far East (Yakuts).

The third area of ​​settlement is the North Caucasus: Kumyks, Nogais, Karachais, Balkars.

Along the borders with Kazakhstan, in the regions of Southern Siberia, the Urals and the Volga region, they are settled Kazakhs.

Peoples Ural-Yukaghir family, mainly of the Finno-Ugric group, they live mainly in the Ural-Volga region and in the north of the European part of Russia. The largest of these peoples is Mordovians- about 1 million. people, of whom only 1/3 live within their republic, and the rest live in other regions of the Ural-Volga region.

Peoples North Caucasian family settled in the most compact area, mainly on the territory of the republics of the North Caucasus.

The mosaic and diversity of the “ethnic map” of Russia leads to the fact that, on the one hand, a significant part of the peoples of Russia are settled outside their republics, and on the other hand, within the republics, “titular” peoples most often do not constitute the majority of the population. Of the 21 republics of Russia, only 7 have “titular” peoples who make up more than half of all residents. This is the majority of the North Caucasus republics: Dagestan (more than 80%), Chechnya and Ingushetia (in 1989 more than 70%), Kabardino-Balkaria (57%) and North Ossetia (52%), as well as Tuva (68%) and Chuvashia (68 %). The minimum values ​​are in Karelia (10%) and Khakassia (11%). Of the 10 autonomous okrugs, only in two are titular peoples making up more than half of the inhabitants - Komi-Permyak (about 60%) and Aginsky-Buryat (55%). The Khanty-Mansi (1.5%) and Yamalo-Nenets (about 6%) districts have the minimum values ​​due to the influx of new settlers in recent decades.

The dispersed distribution of many peoples, their intensive contacts with each other and especially with the Russians contributed to progress assimilation. Among the Finno-Ugric peoples, the ethnic territory of the Mordovians is the most dispersed: only 1/3 of them live on the territory of Mordovia. Among the entire population of Mordovia, Mordovians make up only about 1/3, the rest of the population is mainly Russian, a few Tatars and Chuvash. The share of the “titular” nation in

Karelia: there Karelians make up only 10% of all inhabitants. As a result, the number of Karelians and Mordovians has been declining in recent decades due to assimilation among Russians.

Russian is the native language not only for almost all Russians living in Russia (99.96%), but also for representatives of other nations. Out of 27 million The non-Russian population of Russia is 7.5 million. indicated in 1989 Russian as a native language, and another 16.4 million. people stated that they are fluent in Russian. Thus, 86.6% of the Russian population considered Russian their native language, and 97.7% were fluent in it. Russian was considered the native language by 90% of Jews living in Russia, 63% of Belarusians, 57% of Ukrainians, etc.

Confessional (religious) composition of the population Russia is characterized by the absolute predominance of Orthodoxy - more than 9/10 of all believers.

Orthodoxy is professed by the overwhelming majority of believers among the East Slavic peoples - Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia - Mordvins, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Karelians, a number of Turkic peoples - Chuvash, Khakass, Yakuts. Among the peoples of the Middle Caucasus, only Ossetians profess Orthodoxy.

The second largest religion in Russia is Islam. It is professed by Tatars, Bashkirs and almost all peoples of the North Caucasus (except Ossetians).

Buddhism has become widespread among the Mongol-speaking peoples - Buryats, Kalmyks, as well as among the Tuvans. The majority of believers among representatives of small nationalities of the North, Siberia and the Far East are officially considered Orthodox, but in most cases they also profess tribal, pagan beliefs (shamanism). The number of believing supporters There are few other religions in Russia. Recently, there has been active missionary activity by representatives of non-traditional faiths in Russia.

Population migration

Migration means relocation, relocation. Impact of resettlement on community life happening on many fronts. Migrants are mainly young people, therefore, in areas of population influx, the proportion of young people is higher than average, and therefore the proportion of the population of marriageable age is higher. Therefore, other things being equal, in areas of population influx the number of births per 1000 inhabitants is higher. And since the proportion of the elderly population here is below average, the number of deaths per 1000 inhabitants is lower. Consequently, natural growth is high. Therefore, in areas of population influx, its population is growing rapidly not only due to migration, but also due to natural growth. The opposite situation is in outflow areas. The aging of the population leads to a decrease in the proportion of young people. Therefore, the number of births per 1000 inhabitants is decreasing. An increase in the proportion of elderly people leads to an increase in the number of deaths per 1000 inhabitants, so natural growth first declines sharply and then gives way to natural decline - depopulation.

But there are areas where the population mainly comes at retirement and pre-retirement age. In Russia, this is the North Caucasus - the most naturally favorable region. For example, people who worked for a long time in the Far North, received the right to a preferential pension and saved up funds to buy a house, moved here with pleasure. Therefore, the proportion of older people in this area.

The economic significance of migrations lies in the fact that they contribute to the territorial redistribution of workers and the development of new territories. This is especially important for Russia.

The main flows of immigrants before the beginning of the 20th century. we considered earlier, in connection with the formation of the territory of Russia.

Migration flows of the Soviet period between the regions of Russia generally continued long-term trends: the settlement of the Urals, the Far East, and the European North was underway; Russian settlement of the “national outskirts” - other union republics of the USSR - continued.

But the Soviet period was also marked by enormous growth forced relocations. They existed before 1917. - for example, the settlement of exiles on the island of Sakhalin. But after the revolution their scale increased by several orders of magnitude. The first major flow of this kind was the deportation of dispossessed peasants in 1930-1932. Hundreds of thousands of them were expelled outside their regions, mostly to areas with harsh climatic conditions.

Among the voluntary migrations, it should be noted that there was a large flow of migrants to the virgin lands of the North Caucasus and the south of Western Siberia in the 50s. Russians and Ukrainians who moved to Kazakhstan made it multinational and less “Kazakh”: the number of Kazakhs in 1959 amounted to less than 1/3 of the total population of the republic. In addition to relocations between regions, a huge flow of migrants moved from rural areas to cities. The first to join it were rural residents of Central Russia, who had long been associated with cities. Later - residents of other Russian regions and even later - the population of national republics: first the North of the European part of Russia, the Urals and the Volga region, then the North Caucasus and Siberia.

Since the beginning of the 90s. The picture of internal migration in Russia has changed to the opposite. With a general decrease in migration mobility, former regions of influx of migrants have become regions of outflow, and vice versa. A strong outflow of population began from the regions of the Far North and Far East, which previously attracted them with high wages. Most of the migrants went there temporarily to earn money and then spend it in more livable areas. However, inflation has “eaten up” their savings, and the current income of the population of the North does not compensate for either living in harsh conditions or food costs. And the former regions of migration outflow, on the contrary, have become centers of attraction for migrants. This is primarily Central Russia and the Ural-Volga region. Many of those who previously left for the northern and eastern regions are returning here. Migration between cities and villages has also changed. The migration outflow from rural areas to the city has decreased. Moreover, in the early 90s. There were even relocations of city dwellers to the countryside (albeit very small in volume).

Schedule 1 Migration data

According to estimates, the number permanent population of the Russian Federation as of June 1, 2009 amounted to 141.8 million people and since the beginning of the year decreased by 57.3 thousand people, or 0.04% (as of the corresponding date of the previous year - by 119.9 thousand people, or 0.08 %).

General characteristics of the migration situation in the Russian Federation

	January-August 2009	January-August 2008
	per 10 thousand population		per 10 thousand population
Migration (total)
arrived
dropped out
migration increase
within Russia
arrived
dropped out
migration increase
international migration
arrived
dropped out
migration
with CIS member states
arrived
dropped out
migration
with foreign countries
arrived
dropped out
migration increase

In January-August 2009, the number of migrants within Russia decreased by 123.4 thousand people, or by 16.5% compared to the same period of the previous year.

The migration growth of Russia's population decreased by 0.6 thousand people, or 0.6%, which occurred as a result of a decrease in the number of those arriving in the Russian Federation registered at their place of residence (by 3.7 thousand people, or 3.2%) , including due to immigrants from the CIS member states - by 3.6 thousand people, or by 3.1%.

Along with this, there was a decrease in the number of people leaving Russia by 3.2 thousand people, or 21.1%, including to the CIS member states by 2.6 thousand people, or 25.3%.

For comparison, let’s present data on international migration.

number of arrivals	number of people leaving	Migration increase	Number of arrivals	number of people leaving	Migration increase
International migration
With CIS countries
Belarus
Kazakhstan
The Republic of Moldova
With the states of Transcaucasia
Azerbaijan
With the states of Central Asia
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
With foreign countries
Germany
Finland
other countries

1.3 Forecasting the demographic situation in the country

Based on the nature of the demographic processes of the last decade, as well as the demographic prerequisites of earlier years, it is possible to make a predictive assessment of the main trends in the development of the demographic situation in the country for the future. The forecast is based on the assumption that the changes in the reproductive behavior of the population that have occurred in Russia are irreversible, as a result of which the family model with one, less often two, children, which is typical today for most developed European countries, is spreading.

The population will decline in the next 10-15 years in the country as a whole and in the vast majority of regions. Positive migration growth does not compensate for the decrease in population due to the excess of mortality over the birth rate. Apparently, the reproductive behavior of Russian families will not undergo qualitative changes. The total fertility rate (the number of births per woman during her lifetime) will be significantly lower than that required to replace a generation of parents. In the period until 2009, we can expect some increase in the number of births. During this period, generations of women born in the late 70s and 80s, when there was an increase in the number of births, will gradually enter the age group of 20-29 years, and generations born in the second half of the 60s and early 70s will emerge. , whose numbers are lower.

In the next ten years, we should expect a decrease in the number of people under working age. The working age population will increase in the next 6-7 years. Subsequently, generations born in the 90s, when a sharp decline in the birth rate began, will begin to join this group, and numerous generations born in the post-war period will begin to emerge. In 6-7 years, the number of people of working age will begin to decline.

Already from 2010, the share of the population group older than working age will be higher than that of groups younger than working age. And in the future this gap will increase. Thus, the process of demographic aging of the population will further develop.

It is assumed that the number of children and adolescents under 16 years of age for 1999-2015. will decrease by 8.4 million people (28%), and their share in the entire population will decrease by 4.8 percentage points. Throughout most of the forecast period, generations born will be noticeably inferior to generations beyond this age group.

As the population ages, the most important problem for the country's economy will be the growing pressure on the state budget and the increased need to finance pension systems and social protection of the population. The process of population aging will affect the economy not only through pressure on the government budget, but may also entail changes in the economic behavior of the labor force. An increase in the share of older age groups in the working population may affect the ability of the workforce to perceive innovation in the world of high technology.

Changes in the age structure will also create problems for the health care system. Over the next few decades, the highest morbidity and mortality rates will occur in older age groups. In all likelihood, we should expect further gradual repatriation of the Russian and Russian-speaking population to Russia in the next 10-15 years. According to calculations, the population of Russia in the next 10-15 years will continue to decline by 0.3-0.4% per year and will amount to from 130 to 140 million people in 2015. The urban population may decrease by 5.3 million people, and the number of deaths may exceed the number of births by 9.4 million people. All population forecasts made for Russia by leading centers are pessimistic. “Russia’s demographic weakness is undeniable, and one should not have any illusions about the future change in the demographic situation for the better.”

A way out of a hopeless situation appears with the discovery of the law of “spiritual-demographic determination.” It demonstrates the possibility of powerful non-economic management of public health. Overcoming depopulation in Russia is possible in 3-4 years through non-economic regulators that have a moral and emotional nature. The structure of health measures should consist of 20% efforts to improve living standards and 80% quality of life. First of all, it is achieving social justice in society and finding the meaning of life.

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution of higher professional education

Amur State University

GOUVPO "AmSU"

Department of World Economics

TEST

by discipline

Territorial organization of the population

Peculiarities of population distribution in the world and the factors that determine them

Blagoveshchensk 2011

Introduction

1. Features of population distribution in the world

2. Factors determining the distribution of population in the world

2.1 Natural factor

2.2 Historical factor

2.3 Demographic factor

2.6 Migration (mechanical movement of population)

2.7 Racial and ethnic (national) composition of the population

2.8 Demographic (sex and age) structure of the population, labor resources, forms of settlement of people

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

Homo sapiens emerged from the ancient apes approximately 50-100 thousand years ago. This event occurred in a wide area covering central and northeastern Africa, southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe.

Little was known about the number of people in the world 200-300 years ago. It grew very slowly due to high mortality, which is explained by the low level of development of productive forces and man's great dependence on the natural environment; the population often decreased due to mass famine, frequent epidemics and wars. For example, in the middle of the 14th century. In Europe, about 15-20 million people (1/6 of the total population) died from the plague epidemic - the “Black Death”. As a result of the Crusades, the population of Europe and the Middle East lost several million people.

The rate of population growth, increasing with the improvement of production, the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, was determined by the improvement of people's living conditions and the success of medicine. As a result, the Earth's population evolved as follows (millions of people): 15 thousand years BC. e. - 3; beginning of our era - 230; 1000 - 305; 1500 - 440; 1650 - 550; 1800 - 952; 1900 - 1656.

One of the most important tasks of population geography is the analysis of its spatial distribution. People are distributed extremely unevenly on the planet. More than two-thirds of humanity is concentrated on about 8% of the land area, and 10% of it is still uninhabited (Antarctica, almost all of Greenland, etc.).

Other features of the distribution of the population on Earth are as follows: about 72% of the population lives in Eurasia - the region of origin and formation of man, 60% of the population - in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere; more than half of the people are concentrated in the lowlands (up to 200 m above sea level), although the latter make up less than 30% of the land. The population seems to be “shifted” towards the sea - almost 1/3 of the people live at a distance of no more than 50 km from the sea, this strip occupies 12% of the land. In general, in the populated part of the Earth, the average population density is 45 people per 1 sq. km. There are relatively few large areas with a relatively high population density (over 50 people per 1 sq. km):

Europe (without its northern part);

in Asia - the Indo-Gangetic Lowland, Southern India, Eastern China, the Japanese Islands, the island of Java;

in Africa - the Nile Valley and the lower reaches of the Niger;

in America - some coastal areas in the northeastern United States, Brazil and Argentina.

Among the most densely populated countries in the world are Bangladesh (930 people per 1 sq. km), the Netherlands and Belgium - 330-395 people per 1 sq. km. km, and in urban areas the population density often reaches several thousand people per 1 sq. km.

1. FEATURES OF POPULATION IN THE WORLD

Information on population size is obtained on the basis of general population censuses, which are carried out in most countries of the world at least once a decade (usually once every 10 or 5 years), as well as on the basis of current records of population movements, which are maintained by the relevant authorities (in our country - registry office, police) for civil registration of births, deaths, marriages and divorces, population movements, etc.

However, it is impossible to establish the exact population size, since in some countries censuses either have not been conducted at all, or have not been held for a long time, and current population records are poorly organized. Therefore, the total population of the world, its individual regions, countries and areas is approximate.

Throughout human history, the population has increased very slowly. This was explained by man's great dependence on nature, low levels of production, frequent wars, epidemics, and famine. Only in the 19th century. The world's population began to grow faster. Its particularly rapid growth occurred in the 20th century. If in 1850 the world population was 1 billion people, then in 1987 it surpassed the five billion mark, and in 2000 it already exceeded 6 billion people. Thus, over the past 150 years, humanity has increased its population by 6 times. According to forecasts, until 2015, the absolute annual population growth will remain at the same, very high level (approximately 90 million people), and the total population of the Earth at this point will be 7.5 billion people, by 2025 it will reach 8 billion people Such a sharp increase in the population, such a high rate of its growth, is called the “demographic explosion.”

The average population density of inhabited land is 45 people per 1 sq. km, but about half of it has a population density of less than 5 people per 1 sq. km, and 15% of its territory is completely undeveloped by people (areas with extreme natural conditions - subpolar zones, deserts, highlands).

The most populated areas (200 people per 1 sq. km and above) of the world are:

East and Southeast Asia (includes East China, North Korea, the Republic of Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines), where about 2 billion people live, and the population density in some places ( Yangtze River Valley, Japanese Islands, Java Island, etc.) exceeds 300 people per 1 sq. km;

South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) with a population of more than 1.2 billion people and concentration of the population in certain places (Ganges and Brahmaputra valleys) up to 500 people per 1 sq. km;

Western Europe (Great Britain, northern France, Germany, Benelux countries);

Eastern America (southeastern Canada and northeastern USA, West Indies islands, coastal areas of Brazil and Argentina);

Northeast Africa (Lower Nile Valley).

Among the countries of the world, Monaco (15.5 thousand people per 1 sq. km), Singapore (4.5 thousand people per 1 sq. km), Bangladesh (more than 800 people per 1 sq. km.) have the highest population density. km), the Netherlands and Belgium (320-350 people per 1 sq. km), India (300), China (125). For comparison: the average population density of the United States is 27 people. per 1 sq. km, Russia - 8.7 people, Canada and Australia - 2 people. per 1 sq. km.

In most countries of the world the population does not reach 10 million people. More than 80% of the population lives in developing countries, and they also account for the bulk of the world's labor force.

population location movement composition

2. FACTORS DETERMINING THE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN THE WORLD

The uneven distribution of population on the globe is explained by the following factors.

2.1 Natural factor

The first reason is the influence of natural factors. It is clear that vast areas with extreme natural conditions (deserts, ice expanses, tundra, highlands, tropical forests) do not create favorable conditions for human life. This can be demonstrated by the example of table 60, which clearly shows both general patterns and differences between individual regions.

The main general pattern is that 80% of all people live in lowlands and hills up to 500 m high, which occupy only 28% of the earth's land, including in Europe, Australia and Oceania, more than 90% of the total population lives in such areas, in Asia and North America - 80% or so. But, on the other hand, in Africa and South America, 43-44% of people live in areas exceeding 500 m in altitude. Such unevenness is also typical for individual countries: the most “low-lying” include, for example, the Netherlands, Poland, France, Japan , India, China, USA, and the most “exalted” are Bolivia, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Mexico, Iran, Peru. At the same time, most of the population is concentrated in the subequatorial and subtropical climate zones of the Earth.

2.2 Historical factor

The second reason is the impact of historical features of the settlement of the earth's land. After all, the distribution of population across the Earth’s territory has evolved throughout human history. The process of formation of modern humans, which began 40-30 thousand years ago, took place in South-West Asia, North-East Africa and Southern Europe. From here people then spread throughout the Old World. Between the thirtieth and tenth millennia BC, they settled North and South America, and at the end of this period, Australia. Naturally, the time of settlement to some extent could not but affect the population size.

2.3 Demographic factor

The third reason is differences in the current demographic situation. It is clear that the number and density of population is increasing most rapidly in those countries and regions where its natural growth is highest.

Bangladesh can serve as a striking example of this kind. This country with a small territory and very high natural population growth already has a population density of 970 people per 1 km 2. If the current level of birth rate and growth here continues, then, according to calculations, in 2025 the country's population density will exceed 2000 people per 1 km 2.

2.4 Socio-economic factor

The fourth reason is the impact of the socio-economic living conditions of people, their economic activities, and the level of production development. One of its manifestations may be the “attraction” of the population to the coasts of the seas and oceans, or more precisely, to the land-ocean contact zone.

The thesis about the uneven distribution of population across the globe can be concretized using many examples. One can compare in this regard the Eastern and Western Hemispheres (80 and 20% of the population, respectively), and the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (90 and 10%). It is possible to distinguish the least and most populated areas of the Earth. The first of these include almost all the highlands, most of the giant deserts of Central and South-West Asia and North Africa, and to some extent tropical forests, not to mention Antarctica and Greenland. The second group includes the historically established main population clusters in East, South and Southeast Asia, Western Europe, and the Northeast of the United States.

To characterize the distribution of the population, different indicators are used. The main one - the population density indicator - allows us to more or less clearly judge the degree of population of the territory. It determines the number of permanent residents per 1 km2.

Let's start with the average population density for all inhabited land on Earth. As one might expect, during the 20th century. - especially as a result of the population explosion - it began to increase especially rapidly. In 1900, this figure was 12 people per 1 km 2, in 1950. - 18, in 1980 - 33, in 1990 - 40, and in 2000 there were already approximately 45 people per 1 km 2.

It is also interesting to consider the differences in average population density that exist between parts of the world. Populous Asia has the highest density (130 people per 1 km 2), Europe has a very high density (105), while in other large parts of the Earth the population density is lower than the world average: in Africa about 30, in America - 20, and in Australia and Oceania - only 4 people per 1 km 2.

In educational geography, consideration of contrasts in population density within individual countries is quite widely used. The most striking examples of this kind include Egypt, China, Australia, Canada, Brazil, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan. At the same time, we should not forget about the archipelagic countries. For example, in Indonesia, the population density on the island. Java often exceeds 2000 people per 1 km 2, and in the interior of other islands it drops to 3 people per 1 km 2. It should be noted in passing that, if appropriate data are available, it is better to analyze such contrasts on the basis of comparing the density of the rural population.

Russia is an example of a country with a low average population density of less than 9 people per 1 km2. Moreover, this average hides very large internal differences. They exist between the Western and Eastern zones of the country (4/5 and 1/5 of the total population, respectively). They also exist between individual regions (population density in the Moscow region is approximately 350 people per 1 km 2, and in many regions of Siberia and the Far East - less than 1 person per 1 km 2). That is why geographers usually distinguish in Russia the Main Zone of Settlement, stretching in a gradually narrowing area through the European and Asian parts of the country. About 2/3 of all residents of the country are concentrated within this band. At the same time, Russia has vast unpopulated or very sparsely populated territories. They occupy, according to some estimates, approximately 45% of the country's total area.

The distribution of people is mainly influenced by two factors: the natural movement (reproduction) of the population and its migration (mechanical movement of the population).

2.5 Natural movement (reproduction)

Reproduction (natural movement) of the population is the most characteristic property of the population, which is studied by the science of demography. If we use the simplest definition available in its arsenal, then population reproduction should be understood as its constant renewal as a result of the processes of fertility and mortality that characterize the natural movement of the population, i.e. its increase or decrease.

Analysis of the natural movement of the population most often begins with fertility, which is understood as the frequency of births in the entire population or its individual groups. It is measured using various indicators. The most common among them is the total fertility rate, expressed by the number of live births per 1000 population; It is calculated accordingly in thousandths, or ppm (%). For example, if the total fertility rate is 15%, this means that on average 15 children are born per thousand people.

Demographers themselves believe that the total fertility rate indicator has significant shortcomings, which often distort the true picture of population reproduction. Therefore, in addition to it, many other general, specific and age coefficients are also used.

The very important issue of fertility factors has been studied by many domestic and foreign demographers. Although there is no complete unity in their views, they all agree that the factors influencing fertility can be combined into several groups.

Firstly, these are natural biological factors - for example, different times of reaching puberty in countries with hot and cold climates (this increases or shortens the duration of the fertile cycle of women).

Secondly, there are demographic factors. These include the gender structure of the population, which can be either proportional or highly deformed - with a large predominance of one of the sexes. The age structure of the population has an even greater impact on birth rates: it is clear that the greater the proportion of young people in it, the higher, so to speak, the demographic potential of society. And vice versa, the more pronounced the “aging” of the population, the lower the demographic potential. It can also be argued that the birth rate is directly dependent on the infant mortality rate. In backward countries, where the family needs children as workers, parents usually have “extra” children as a deliberate compensation for the inevitable losses among them.

Thirdly, these are socio-economic, cultural and psychological factors that play a decisive role in population reproduction. These usually include the general level of well-being, an increase in which contributes to an increase in the average life expectancy of people and, accordingly, to the “aging” of the population as a whole with the ensuing demographic consequences. In this regard, it can be noted that during periods of prolonged socio-economic crises, the birth rate usually falls sharply. Examples of this kind include the United States during the Great Depression of 1929-1933. and Russia in the 1990s.

It should also be borne in mind that a high level of well-being usually implies a high level of education. Fertility rates almost always fall when women have access to education and rise when they do not. Naturally, getting an education opens up much greater chances for her to find employment outside the home. A high level of well-being also implies a high cost of education and raising children. In economically developed countries, where there is compulsory secondary education, and child labor is also prohibited by law, the “price” of a child is now so high that it affects the decrease in the birth rate. To all these derivatives of a high level of well-being, it remains to add a system of public and private social security. If you have such support, it is not at all necessary to have many children so as not to worry about your old age.

The level of urbanization is also considered to be among the socio-economic factors influencing the dynamics of the birth rate. It has long been noted that the urban population has a lower birth rate than rural residents, whom children help with agricultural work, collecting firewood, and doing many household chores; According to some estimates, the difference in fertility among these categories of the population is approximately 1/3.

However, when analyzing this factor, it must be taken into account that it does not appear immediately after people move from the village to the city. “Urbanization, of course, operates everywhere and without fail - but too slowly,” writes the famous Russian sociologist I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada. “As a rule, a change of generation is required - and often more than one - for the existing rural stereotype of large families to be replaced by an urban one, focused on a smaller number of children.”

A clear confirmation of this conclusion is the current demographic situation in most developing countries, where the rapid growth of the urban population has not yet led to a noticeable reduction in the birth rate.

Marriage rates, divorce rates, and marital status also have a certain impact on the birth rate. In themselves, these factors are more likely to be demographic, but in fact they are at the intersection of demographic and socio-economic factors. Suffice it to recall, for example, what impact the traditions of large families, characteristic of Muslim countries, bans on secondary marriages in Hinduism, etc. have on the marriage rate, divorce rate and family structure. The same applies to the age of marriage, which in most countries is established by law - with taking into account the time of achievement of sexual, but often also socio-psychological maturity of those entering into marriage, as well as traditions, customs, etc.

The second component of the unified process of population reproduction is mortality. It is also determined through the overall mortality rate, i.e. the number of deaths per 1000 population, calculated in thousandths (ppm).

Mortality, like fertility, is fundamentally a biological phenomenon, but it is influenced by a number of non-biological factors. Therefore, mortality factors influencing its coefficient are also usually divided into natural-climatic, genetic, socio-economic, cultural, political, etc. They are often divided into endogenous, caused primarily by the aging of the human body, and exogenous, associated with external influences environment.

For thousands of years - while maintaining a traditionally high birth rate - it was mortality that was the main regulator of population reproduction. Famine, epidemics, and constant bloody wars caused such enormous damage to the population that it could “extinguish” the highest birth rate. This especially applies to wars, especially to the world wars of the 20th century. True, after their end there began a period of rapid compensatory increase in the birth rate - the so-called baby boom (from the English babyboom - an explosion of births), but this could only make up for a relatively small part of the war losses.

In the second half of the 20th century. A downward trend in the overall mortality rate has already become quite clear. It is primarily caused by:

Improving medical care;

Reduction of epidemic and infectious diseases as a result of improving both personal hygiene of people and general sanitary and hygienic living conditions;

Improved nutritional conditions resulting from increased food production and better distribution;

The general trend is towards increasing the standard of living and well-being of people.

However, many traditional causes of mortality continue to exist today. These include local wars, various kinds of revolutionary cataclysms (the “Great Leap Forward” in China in 1958-1960 alone caused about 30 million excess deaths), and diseases - especially dangerous ones like AIDS. Many researchers especially note the absolute and, even more so, the relative increase in mortality due to violent causes - as a result of the aggravation of the criminal situation and various kinds of terrorist acts. Mortality from industrial injuries, man-made accidents and disasters, and suicides has also increased.

Fertility and mortality indicators serve as the basis for calculating natural population growth, which in the most general form characterizes its reproduction. The general rate of natural population growth is the difference between the birth and death rates, and is also expressed in ppm.

It is natural growth that most fully reflects the population reproduction regime, which has three main types. First, it is expanded population reproduction, which corresponds to a stable excess of the birth rate over the death rate, ensuring constant and stable population growth. Secondly, this is a simple reproduction of the population, in which the ratio of fertility and mortality develops in such a way that it cannot ensure population growth, which is why there is a simple replacement of one generation with another. Thirdly, this is a narrowed reproduction of the population, in which the mortality rate exceeds The fertility rate and children born are not enough to quantitatively replace the generation of parents.

Of course, between the three modes; reproduction of the population, there are many different kinds of transitional regimes, which are also represented in the modern world.

2.6 Migration (mechanical movement of population)

Population migration (from the Latin migratio - relocation) is the movement of people across the borders of certain territories associated with a permanent or temporary change of place of residence. Sometimes the term “mechanical movements of the population” (as opposed to its natural movement) is also used to designate them.

Depending on which borders migrants cross - internal or external - migrations are usually divided into two large types: internal migrations and external (or international) migrations. At the same time, the term emigration is used to denote migration flows that are sent from a particular country, and immigration is used to refer to flows into a country.

International population migrations, in turn, are classified according to several different criteria (criteria, directions) that determine the nature of migration.

Firstly, based on the time criterion, they are divided into permanent and temporary. Permanent (irreturnable) migration has the goal of acquiring a new permanent place of residence in another country, usually accompanied by a change of citizenship. Among temporary migrations, the most common are seasonal ones, associated with more or less short-term (within a year) departure to another country - for work, study, treatment, etc. Seasonal migrations also include nomadism and pilgrimage to holy places. As for international tourism, there are two points of view on this matter: according to one of them, such movements of people do not belong to the category of migration, and according to the other, they represent a special type of episodic migration. Sometimes they also talk about transitional, temporary-permanent migrations - for a period of one to six years. It can be added that if previously the world was completely dominated by permanent migrations, recently the relocation of people on a temporary basis has also become very widespread.

Secondly, according to the method of implementation, international migrations are divided into voluntary and forced. Voluntary migrations predominate among them, but the role of forced ones also cannot be underestimated. Their most striking historical examples are the “transfer” from Africa to America in the 16th-19th centuries. tens of millions of black slaves, as well as the forced deportation to Germany of 9-10 million people from the countries it occupied during the Second World War.

Thirdly, in legal terms, international population migrations are divided into legal and illegal. Illegal (clandestine) migrants are people who enter another country illegally, without appropriate permission and registration. Since the second half of the 1970s. The world is experiencing a rapid increase in the number of illegal migrants. Back in the mid-1990s. illegal immigration was estimated at at least 30 million people. The interest of the host country in this case lies in the fact that it receives an additional source of the cheapest labor resources. And the sending country expects to employ at least part of its unemployed and, moreover, to receive additional income (from remittances) to the state treasury. In its most general form, the growth of illegal migration reflects the division of the modern world into rich and poor countries.

What are the reasons for external migrations? According to experts in this field of knowledge, the main reason was and remains the economic one, i.e. the natural desire of people either to find a job at all, or to get a higher-paying job. Such migrations are based on the action of certain economic laws; they are influenced by the uneven nature of global socio-economic development.

Along with economic ones, external migrations are often caused by political reasons (hence the word “political emigrant”). Examples of this kind are the emigration of almost half a million citizens, mainly intellectuals (Albert Einstein, Lion Feuchtwanger, Enrico Fermi and others) from fascist Germany and Italy, and from Francoist Spain. In the mid-1970s. After General Pinochet came to power in Chile, more than 1 million people left this country. Political emigration on a large scale also took place in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR, in Cuba, Vietnam, Cambodia and many other countries.

After the defeat of Nazi Germany, almost 10 million Germans were resettled from Eastern European countries to the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic and West Berlin. The collapse of the colonial system in the 50s and 70s. XX century led to the outflow of the white population from the former colonies to the metropolis. Most of the British returned from India, Pakistan, and a number of other possessions, the French from Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, the Italians from Libya, Ethiopia, the Portuguese from Angola and Mozambique. After the formation of the State of Israel, a significant part of the Arab Palestinians left the country. Already in the 1990s. the actual change of power in South Africa caused the emigration of the white population from this country.

Other reasons for external migration include social, family, national, racial, and religious. For example, the formation of independent India and Pakistan on the territory of former British India with the subsequent transformation of East Pakistan into the state of Bangladesh led to the resettlement of a total of 18 million people. It was carried out mainly on a religious principle: Hindus went to India, and Muslims went to Pakistan and Bangladesh.

In the modern world, labor migration undoubtedly plays a leading role, ultimately due to the search for a new place of employment outside one’s own country. The scale of labor migration is constantly increasing, contributing to the involvement of labor from an increasing number of countries in the global migration cycle. Back in 1960, the total number of labor migrants in the world only slightly exceeded 3 million, and in the mid-1990s. it has already exceeded 35 million people. Since for every migrant worker there are approximately three dependents, this number needs to be increased at least four times. In fact, it is even greater, because to it should be added seasonal migrants, front-line workers (living on one side of the state border and working on the other side), illegal emigrants, and partly refugees.

The main incentive for labor migration is the very large differences in the provision of countries with labor resources and, to an even greater extent, the differences between them in wages. Labor migrates mainly from labor-abundant countries with high unemployment and low wages to labor-scarce countries with high wages. At least 2/3 of labor migrants come from developing countries who are looking for work in developed Western countries. Usually these are workers applying for low-paid, unskilled, low-prestige, hard, and often unhealthy work.

Of course, the demographic factor also has a great influence on labor migration. As a rule, migration flows are directed from countries at one or another stage of a demographic explosion to countries experiencing a demographic crisis and depopulation or approaching them. Examples of countries with the largest negative balance of external migration include Pakistan (-2.2 million), Bangladesh (-1.3 million), the Philippines, Thailand, Iran, Mexico (-500 thousand - 1 million), and examples countries with the largest positive balance of such migrations are the USA (+4.5 million), Germany (+3 million), Canada and Australia (+600 thousand). It can be added that the share of migrant workers in the total labor force in the mid-1990s. was: in Australia - 25%, in Canada - about 20, in the USA and Germany - about 10%.

Recently, in the literature, including geographical literature, more and more attention has been paid to the study of the consequences of international migrations of the population (primarily labor), which, in turn, can be divided into positive and negative. At the same time, both consequences for countries supplying and receiving labor resources may be different.

In countries that supply labor, labor migration helps reduce unemployment and provides additional sources of foreign exchange income in the form of remittances from migrant workers to their families. After returning home, such migrants usually join the ranks of the middle class, using the money they earn to open their own business in their home country, and this, among other things, leads to the creation of new jobs. On the other hand, experience suggests that not all labor migrants, even temporary or permanent ones, return to their country. Many of them seek to hide their income. Moreover, in a foreign land, as a rule, they hardly improve their qualifications.

Countries receiving migrant workers face even more different kinds of problems. Of course, in this way they to some extent compensate for the lack of labor resources (especially in industries with low qualifications of employees) and receive some other economic benefits. However, labor migration, as a rule, only aggravates social problems.

As for such a concept as “migration policy,” it has existed for a long time, but usually referred primarily to internal migration. Recently, migration policy has increasingly been extended to international migration. Many developed countries have already introduced anti-immigration cordons and are trying to repatriate at least some of the migrants who arrived earlier. However, migration policy also provides for a number of measures for better adaptation of migrants in host countries.

2.7Racial and ethnic (national) composition of the population

Based on the characteristic features of the external appearance of people, all of humanity is usually divided into three large races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Equatorial.

Representatives of the Caucasian race, constituting 47% of the total number of inhabitants of the Earth, lived in Europe, North Africa, the Near and Middle East and India before the great geographical discoveries, and later settled throughout the world. Mongoloid people, who make up 37% of the world's population, live mainly in East and Southeast Asia. The indigenous population of America, the Indians, also belong to the Mongoloid race. Representatives of the equatorial, or Negro-Australoid, race (about 5% of the Earth's population) live mainly in Africa.

The rest of the planet's inhabitants (about 11-12%) belong to mixed and transitional racial groups, formed as a result of migrations and mixing of racial types.

Large races, in turn, are divided into so-called small races. For example, the Caucasian race is divided into northern, Baltic, Alpine and a number of other small races.

Human races are groups of people connected by a common origin and external physical characteristics (skin color, hair type, facial features, etc.), formed in the distant past under the influence of the natural environment. These traits are mainly of an adaptive nature, acquired by humans as a result of adaptation to the conditions of the natural environment.

Nations (peoples, ethnic groups) were formed as society developed, usually from representatives of several small or large races.

The characteristic features of an established nation are: common territory, language, economic life, national culture, and a sense of patriotism.

Thus, peoples (ethnic groups) are groups of people united by the historically established unity of language, territory, economic life and culture, and national identity. There are about 4 thousand peoples in the world, which can be classified according to various criteria, including size and language.

The numerous peoples (from 100 million or more people) include: Chinese - Han (representatives of the Han ethnic group live mainly in China and make up more than 95% of the population of this country), Hindustani (residents of India, make up about a quarter of the population of this country), Americans (USA), Bengalis (the main population of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal), Punjabis (mainly residents of Pakistan and the Indian state of Punjab), Biharis (residents of the Indian state of Bihar, Bangladesh, Nepal), Russians, Brazilians, Japanese, Mexicans, Javanese.

The number of most peoples is small - less than 1 million people.

The classification of peoples by language is based on the principle of their kinship, i.e., taking into account the relatedness of the origin of the language. On this basis, all peoples are united into linguistic families. There are about 20 such families in total. The most common of them is the Indo-European family, its languages ​​are spoken by almost half of all humanity. The Indo-European family includes Slavic, Romance, Germanic, Celtic, Baltic and other language groups. Sino-Tibetan, Altai, Uralic, Caucasian, Niger-Kordofanian, Semitic-Hamitic families of languages ​​are also widely spoken.

In accordance with the national composition of the population, all countries of the world are divided into single-national and multinational. In general, the world is dominated by multinational states, some of which are home to dozens and even hundreds of peoples. Representatives of such states can be India, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Iran, Russia, the USA, and most African countries. Examples of single-national states are Poland, Hungary, Germany (in Europe), Chile (in Latin America), Japan, Korea, Bangladesh (in Asia), Australia.

2.8 Demographic (sex and age) structure of the population, labor resources, forms of settlement of people

Indicators characterizing the sex and age structure of the population serve as the initial basis for predicting the future number of people, the direction of their economic use (based on the possibility of rational use of male and female labor), and the calculation of labor resources.

Sex composition, i.e. the ratio of men and women. In general, the number of men in the world is approximately 20-25 million higher than the number of women. But this happens mainly due to their predominance in China, India, and some other Asian countries. In the rest of the world and in the vast majority of countries in the world, there are fewer men than women. The largest preponderance of women is observed in Russia - by 9-10 million. Women everywhere prevail over men in older age groups.

Age composition. Each of the two types of population reproduction corresponds to its own type of age composition, i.e., the ratio of age groups. In developed countries and countries with economies in transition, there is a low proportion of children (on average 20%) and a higher proportion of older people (65 years and older). In developing countries, on the contrary, due to low life expectancy, the proportion of children is high (on average 40%) and the proportion of people of older (working age and elderly) age is low. The low proportion of people of working age has a negative impact on the economies of developing countries.

Age is the main criterion in determining labor resources, that is, the part of the population that has the physical development, mental abilities and knowledge necessary for work or, simply, capable of work (able-bodied population). In international statistics, the working population is considered to be people aged 15-64 years. In addition, the labor force includes working teenagers (up to 15 years old) and people of retirement age. In different countries, the boundaries of working age are not the same: in the USA, for both men and women it is 16-65 years; in Russia - 16-54 (inclusive) for women and 16-59 for men; in Finland, Germany, Canada, Japan and some other countries, its countdown starts at 15 years.

In general, the upper limit of working age is determined by the average life expectancy, as well as the material capabilities of the state to provide pensions to older people.

The degree of involvement of labor resources in production is evidenced by the indicator of the economically active population. The economically active population includes all persons who participate in social production and wish to participate in it, i.e., are looking for work. Thus, the economically active population includes only part of the labor force, namely, people of working age, not engaged in housework, full-time students and students, rentiers and all others who can work, but are not looking for work due to subjective and objective reasons . The economically active population makes up about half of the world's total population. However, the bulk of it falls on developing countries. Developed countries contain only 16% of the world's economically active population.

A certain part of labor resources in a given period of time turns out to be unclaimed in social production, that is, it is unemployed. The unemployment rate, which is defined as the ratio of the number of unemployed to the economically active population, varies significantly across countries. Newly industrialized countries have the lowest unemployment rates in the world - Thailand (1.4%), Singapore (1.9%), Republic of Korea (2.4%), etc.

For comparison, the unemployment rate in Japan is 4.3%, in the USA - 4.5, in the Czech Republic - 6.1, in the UK - 6.2, in Romania - 8.7, in Hungary - 9.1, in Russia - 9.3, in Poland - 10, in Germany - 10.9, in France - 11.8, in Italy - 12, in Spain - 18.8. Unemployment is even more significant in developing countries - in some of them it reaches 45-55%.

The analysis of settlement, that is, the placement of people in settlements of different types, is also of great practical importance. Nowadays, population distribution is increasingly determined by urban geography. Cities play a leading role in the economic, political and cultural life of the peoples of the world. The process of growth of cities and urban population, increasing the role of cities and urban lifestyle in the development of society is called urbanization. The main criterion for classifying settlements as urban is their population size, i.e., population size, which varies in different countries from 200 people in Denmark to 100 thousand people in China. In the USA, the initial population of the city is 2.5 thousand inhabitants, in Russia it is 12 thousand people.

According to the degree of population, cities are classified as: small - up to 20 thousand inhabitants, medium - from 20 to 100, large - from 100 to 500, large - from 500 thousand to 1 million, largest - more than 1 million people.

The population in some of the largest cities reaches 10 million or more. With the exception of Australia and Oceania, such cities exist in all regions of the world: New York and Los Angeles (USA) in North America; Mexico City (Mexico), Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires (Argentina) in Latin America; Cairo (Egypt) in Africa; Shanghai, Chongqing and Beijing (China), Seoul (Korea), Jakarta (Indonesia), Tokyo and Osaka (Japan), Bombay and Kolkata (India) in Asia; London and Paris in Europe; Moscow in the CIS.

The current stage of urbanization is characterized by the following features:

Rapid pace of development (if in 1900 about 14% of the world's population lived in cities, now it is about 50%);

Concentration of population in large cities (more than 1/3 of the inhabitants of our planet currently live in cities with a population of 100 thousand or more);

The transition from simple to group forms of urban settlement, i.e. from ordinary “point” cities to their territorial clusters - urban agglomerations (the largest agglomerations in the world are Tokyo, New York, Greater Mexico City; the population of each of them exceeds 20 million people ).

New forms of urbanization - megacities, which are the result of the merger of agglomerations within territories, neighboring areas, zones, countries. The world's largest megacities are Tokaido, which unites 20 agglomerations from Tokyo to Osaka with a population of about 60 million people; Bostwash, which unites 40 agglomerations from Boston to Washington with a population of about 50 million people; Chi-Pits, which includes 35 metropolitan areas from Chicago to Pittsburgh with a population of 35 million people; Sansan - 15 agglomerations from San Francisco to San Diego with a population of about 20 million people; English - 30 agglomerations from London to Liverpool with a population of 30 million people; Rhine - 30 agglomerations from Randstadt to Main with a population of 30 million people.

The highest level of urbanization is in the developed countries of the world (on average 73% for this group of countries). In Great Britain and Germany it exceeds 90%, in Sweden it is 88%, in Austria - 86, in France - 79, in Japan, the USA and Canada - 77%, etc.

In most developing countries, the level of urbanization is low (an average of 34% for this group of countries). In the Republic of Chad it is 6%, in Ethiopia - 16, in Nigeria - 22, in Indonesia - 22, in India - 25%.

Despite the rapid growth of cities, more than half the world's population lives in rural areas. Rural settlements include all settlements that do not meet the criteria of urban settlements. Rural settlements, like cities, are classified by size (population), functionally (agricultural, non-agricultural and mixed) and a number of other characteristics. There are two main forms of rural settlement: group and scattered. The group (village) form of settlement prevails in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe, Asia (China, Japan, etc.), the CIS, and in the vast majority of developing countries. Scattered (farms) - most common in the USA, Canada, Australia.

CONCLUSION

The population distribution on our planet is extremely uneven: more than 85% of the Earth's population is concentrated in the Eastern Hemisphere, 90% in the Northern Hemisphere, more than half of the people live in the lowlands (up to 200 m above sea level) and in coastal areas (at a distance not exceeding 200 km from the sea). An example of uneven distribution can be the nature of the distribution of people in parts of the world: 60% of the population is concentrated in Asia, about 12% in Europe, 13% in Africa, 14.0% in America (North and South), 0.6% - in Australia and Oceania (data for 2000).

Even more significant are the differences in the nature of population distribution across countries of the world. A special group is formed by countries with a population exceeding 100 million people: China (1 billion 272 million people), India (1002 million people), USA (276 million people), Indonesia (212), Brazil (170) , Pakistan (151), Russia (143), Japan (129), Bangladesh (128), Nigeria (123). The Philippines, Ethiopia, Iran, Congo (Zaire) are on the threshold of 100 million people.

The noted features of population distribution are the result of the combined influence of many factors: natural, historical, demographic, socio-economic. However, the influence of most of these factors is not decisive and weakens more and more as the productive forces develop. Countries and regions with a high level of development of productive forces are centers of gravity and concentration of the population.

The number and distribution of people are mainly influenced by two factors: the natural movement (reproduction) of the population and its migration (mechanical movement of the population).

In resolving issues related to the justification of the location of productive forces, the study of the racial and ethnic (national) composition of the population, i.e., the ratio of representatives of individual races and peoples, their location, legal status, labor skills, etc., is of great importance.

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