Ermak's discoveries. Ermak: the main secrets of the conqueror of Siberia. Pomeranian version of the origin of the chieftain
One of the most important stages formation of Russian statehood - the conquest of Siberia. The development of these lands took almost 400 years and during this time many events occurred. The first Russian conqueror of Siberia was Ermak.
Ermak Timofeevich
The exact surname of this person has not been established; it is likely that it did not exist at all - Ermak was of an ordinary family. Ermak Timofeevich was born in 1532; in those days, a patronymic or nickname was often used to name a common person. The exact origin of Ermak is not clear, but there is an assumption that he was a runaway peasant who stood out for his enormous physical strength. At first, Ermak was a chur (laborer and squire) for the Volga Cossacks.
However, in battle, the smart and brave young man quickly acquired weapons for himself, then took part in battles, and thanks to his strength and organizational skills, a few years later he became an ataman. In 1581, he commanded a flotilla of Cossacks from the Volga; there are suggestions that he fought near Pskov and Novgorod. He is rightfully considered the founder of the first marine corps, which was then called the “plow army.” There are other historical versions about the origin of Ermak, but this one is the most popular among historians.
Some are of the opinion that Ermak was of a noble family of Turkic blood, but there are many contradictory points in this version. One thing is clear - Ermak Timofeevich was popular among the military until his death, because the position of ataman was selective. Today Ermak is a historical hero of Russia, whose main merit is the annexation of Siberian lands to the Russian state.
Idea and goals of the trip
Back in 1579, the Stroganov merchants invited the Cossacks of Ermak to their Perm region to protect the lands from the raids of the Siberian Khan Kuchum. In the second half of 1581, Ermak had already formed a detachment of 540 soldiers. For a long time, the prevailing opinion was that the Stroganovs were the ideologists of the campaign, but now they are more inclined to believe that this was the idea of Ermak himself, and the merchants only financed this campaign. The goal was to find out what lands lie in the East, to make friends with local population and, if possible, defeat the khan and annex the lands under the hand of Tsar Ivan IV.
The great historian Karamzin called this detachment “a small gang of vagabonds.” Historians doubt that the campaign was organized with the approval of central authorities. Most likely, such a decision became a consensus between the authorities who wanted to acquire new lands, merchants who were concerned about their own protection from Tatar raids, and the Cossacks who dreamed of getting rich and showing off their prowess in a campaign only after the khan’s capital fell. At first, the tsar was against this campaign, about which he wrote an angry letter to the Stroganovs demanding the return of Ermak to guard the Perm lands.
Mysteries of the hike
It is widely known that the Russians first penetrated into Siberia in quite ancient times. Most definitely, the Novgorodians walked along the White Sea to the Yugorsky Shar Strait and further beyond it, into the Kara Sea, back in the 9th century. The first chronicle evidence of such voyages dates back to 1032, which in Russian historiography is considered the beginning of the history of Siberia.
The core of the detachment was made up of Cossacks from the Don, led by glorious atamans: Koltso Ivan, Mikhailov Yakov, Pan Nikita, Meshcheryak Matvey. In addition to the Russians, the detachment included a number of Lithuanians, Germans and even Tatars. Cossacks are internationalists in modern terminology; nationality did not play a role for them. They accepted into their ranks everyone who was baptized into the Orthodox faith.
But discipline in the army was strict - the ataman demanded observance of all Orthodox holidays and fasts, and did not tolerate laxity and revelry. The army was accompanied by three priests and one defrocked monk. The future conquerors of Siberia boarded eighty plow boats and set sail to meet dangers and adventures.
Crossing the "Stone"
According to some sources, the detachment set out on September 1, 1581. The Cossacks moved along the Chusovaya River until Ural mountains. At the Tagil Pass, the fighters themselves cut the road with an ax. The Cossack custom was to drag ships along the ground at passes, which turned out to be impossible due to large number boulders. Therefore, people had to carry plows up the slope. At the top of the pass, the Cossacks built Kokuy-gorod and spent the winter there. In the spring they rafted down the Tagil River.
Destruction Khanate of Siberia
The “acquaintance” of Cossacks and local Tatars took place on the territory of what is now the Sverdlovsk region. The Cossacks were fired upon by their opponents, but repelled the impending attack of the Tatar cavalry with cannons and occupied the city of Chingi-tura in the present Tyumen region. In these places, the conquerors obtained jewelry and furs, and along the way took part in many battles.
May 1582 – at the mouth of the Tura, the Cossacks fought with the troops of already six Tatar princes.
July 1582 – Battle of Tobol.
July 21, 1582 – the battle at the Babasan yurts, where Ermak stopped a cavalry army of several thousand horsemen galloping towards him with cannon volleys.
In the battle of Long Yar, the Tatars again fired at the Cossacks.
14 August 1582- the battle of Karachin town, where the Cossacks captured the rich treasury of the Murza of Karachi.
November 4, 1582– Kuchum with an army of fifteen thousand organized an ambush near the Chuvash Cape, with him were mercenary squads of Voguls and Ostyaks. At the most crucial moment, it turned out that Kuchum’s best troops went on a raid on the city of Perm. The mercenaries fled during the battle, and Kuchum was forced to retreat to the steppe.
November 1582- Ermak occupied the capital of the Khanate - the city of Kashlyk.
Historians suggest that Kuchum was of Uzbek origin. It is known for sure that he established power in Siberia using extremely cruel methods. It is not surprising that after his defeat, local peoples (Khanty) brought gifts and fish to Ermak. As the documents say, Ermak Timofeevich greeted them with “kindness and greetings” and saw them off “with honor.” Having heard about the kindness of the Russian ataman, Tatars and other nationalities began to come to him with gifts.
Mysteries of the hike
Ermak's campaign was not the first military campaign in Siberia. The very first information about the Russian military campaign in Siberia dates back to 1384, when the Novgorod detachment marched to Pechora, and further, on a northern campaign through the Urals, to the Ob.
Ermak promised to protect everyone from Kuchum and other enemies, imposing yasak on them - a mandatory tribute. The ataman took an oath from the leaders about taxes from their peoples - then it was called “wool”. After the oath, they were automatically considered subjects of the king and were not subject to any persecution. At the end of 1582, some of Ermak’s soldiers were ambushed on the lake and were completely exterminated. On February 23, 1583, the Cossacks responded to the khan by capturing his chief military leader.
Embassy in Moscow
Ermak in 1582 sent ambassadors to the king, headed by a confidant (I. Koltso). The ambassador's goal was to tell the sovereign about the complete defeat of the khan. Ivan the Terrible mercifully gave gifts to the messengers; among the gifts were two expensive chain mail for the chieftain. Following the Cossacks, Prince Bolkhovsky was sent with a squad of three hundred soldiers. The Stroganovs were ordered to choose forty the best people and join them to the squad - this procedure took a long time. The detachment reached Kashlyk in November 1584; the Cossacks did not know in advance about such a replenishment, so the necessary provisions were not prepared for the winter.
Conquest of the Voguls
In 1583, Ermak conquered Tatar villages in the Ob and Irtysh basins. The Tatars offered fierce resistance. Along the Tavda River, the Cossacks went to the land of the Vogulichs, extending the king’s power to the Sosva River. In the conquered town of Nazim, already in 1584, there was a rebellion in which all the Cossacks of Ataman N. Pan were slaughtered. In addition to the unconditional talent of a commander and strategist, Ermak acts as a subtle psychologist with an excellent understanding of people. Despite all the difficulties and difficulties of the campaign, not one of the atamans wavered, did not change their oath, and until their last breath they were Ermak’s faithful comrade-in-arms and friend.
The chronicles do not preserve the details of this battle. But, given the conditions and method of war used by the Siberian peoples, apparently, the Voguls built a fortification, which the Cossacks were forced to storm. From the Remezov Chronicle it is known that after this battle Ermak had 1060 people left - the losses of the Cossacks amounted to about 600 people.
Hungry winter
The winter period of 1584-1585 turned out to be extremely cold, the frost was about -47°C, and winds constantly blew from the north. It was impossible to hunt in the forest because of the deep snow; wolves circled in huge packs near human dwellings. All the archers of Bolkhovsky, the first governor of Siberia from the famous princely family, died of hunger along with him. They did not have time to take part in the battles with the khan. The number of Cossacks of Ataman Ermak also decreased greatly. During this period, Ermak tried not to meet with the Tatars - he took care of the weakened fighters.
Mysteries of the hike
Who needs land? So far none of Russian historians did not give a clear answer to a simple question: why Ermak began this campaign to the east, to the Siberian Khanate.
Revolt of the Murza of Karach
In the spring of 1585, one of the leaders who submitted to Ermak on the Ture River suddenly attacked the Cossacks Koltso and Mikhailov. Almost all the Cossacks died, and the rebels in their former capital blocked the Russian army. On June 12, 1585, Meshcheryak and his comrades made a bold foray and drove back the Tatar army, but the Russian losses were enormous. At this point, Ermak only had half of those who went on the hike with him survive. Of the five atamans, only two survived - Ermak and Meshcheryak.
The death of Ermak and the end of the campaign
On the night of August 3, 1585, Ataman Ermak died with fifty soldiers on the Vagai River. The Tatars attacked the sleeping camp; only a few warriors survived this skirmish, who brought terrible news to Kashlyk. Witnesses to Ermak’s death claim that he was wounded in the neck, but continued to fight.
During the battle, the ataman had to jump from one boat to another, but he was bleeding, and the royal chain mail was heavy - Ermak did not make the jump. It was impossible even for such a strong man to swim out in heavy armor - the wounded man drowned. Legend has it that a local fisherman found the body and brought it to the khan. For a month the Tatars shot arrows into the body of the defeated enemy, during which time no traces of decomposition were noticed. The surprised Tatars buried Ermak in a place of honor (in modern times this is the village of Baishevo), but behind the fence of the cemetery - he was not a Muslim.
After receiving the news of the death of their leader, the Cossacks gathered for a meeting, where it was decided to return to their native land - spending the winter in these places again would be like death. Under the leadership of Ataman Meshcheryak, on August 15, 1585, the remnants of the detachment moved in an organized manner along the Ob River to the west, home. The Tatars celebrated their victory - they did not yet know that the Russians would return in a year.
Results of the campaign
The expedition of Ermak Timofeevich established Russian power for two years. As often happened with pioneers, they paid with their lives for conquering new lands. The forces were unequal - several hundred pioneers against tens of thousands of opponents. But everything did not end with the death of Ermak and his warriors - other conquerors followed, and soon all of Siberia became a vassal of Moscow.
The conquest of Siberia often took place with “little blood”, and the personality of Ataman Ermak was overgrown with numerous legends. People composed songs about the brave hero, historians and writers wrote books, artists painted pictures, and directors made films. Ermak's military strategies and tactics were adopted by other commanders. The formation of the army, invented by the brave chieftain, was used hundreds of years later by another great commander - Alexander Suvorov.
His persistence in advancing through the territory of the Siberian Khanate is very, very reminiscent of the persistence of the doomed. Ermak simply walked along the rivers of an unfamiliar land, counting on chance and military success. According to the logic of things, the Cossacks should have laid down their heads during the campaign. But Ermak was lucky, he captured the capital of the Khanate and went down in history as a winner.
Three hundred years after the events described, the Russian artist Vasily Surikov painted a painting. This is a truly monumental picture of the battle genre. The talented artist managed to convey how great the feat of the Cossacks and their chieftain was. Surikov’s painting shows one of the battles of a small detachment of Cossacks with the huge army of the khan.
The artist managed to describe everything in such a way that the viewer understands the outcome of the battle, although the battle has just begun. Christian banners with images on them fly over the heads of the Russians. Savior Not Made by Hands. The battle is led by Ermak himself - he is at the head of his army and at first glance it is evident that the Russian commander is of remarkable strength and great courage. The enemies are presented as a faceless mass, whose strength is undermined by fear of the alien Cossacks. Ermak Timofeevich is calm and confident, with the eternal gesture of a commander he directs his warriors forward.
The air is filled with gunpowder, it seems that shots are heard, flying arrows whistle. In the background there is hand-to-hand combat, and in the central part the troops raised an icon, asking for help from higher powers. In the distance you can see the Khan's stronghold - a little more and the Tatars' resistance will be broken. The atmosphere of the picture is imbued with a feeling of imminent victory.
To put it figuratively, it is true that Ermak “cut a window” to Asia. This feat of the brave Cossacks and their talented leader has not been forgotten - almost five hundred years have passed, and the memory of them lives on among the people.
Ermak Timofeevich entered Russian history as Cossack chieftain and a man who ensured not only the opening of Siberia for the Russian people, but also the territorial growth of the Russian state. Ermak went on the expedition on the direct orders of Ivan the Terrible and encountered resistance from the Siberian Khan Kuchum. The khan rejected the offer to voluntarily join Rus', and as a result lost power and all his lands.
Ermak’s personality is surrounded by many legends, and there is no exact information about his origin and life. It is not even known when he was born - researchers give dates from 1532 to 1542. Some sources claim that Ermak was born in the Vologda or Dvina lands. Most likely, he received his nickname for working as an artel cook while sailing on a plow - in fact, “ermak” means “artel boiler” or “road tagan”. But the Turkic word “ermak” is also known, translated meaning “breakthrough”.
It is interesting that Ermak was attributed as to the Ural Cossacks, and to the Don Cossacks, and other legends say that he came from Siberian princely families. One of the eighteenth-century documents reports that Ermak’s grandfather, Afanasy Alenin, was a “posad man” in the city of Suzdal, and his father, Timofey, fleeing poverty and hunger, moved to the Urals, to the possessions of the salt industrialists Stroganovs. It was here, on the Chusovaya River, that the father of the future pioneer married and gave birth to two sons - Vasily and Rodion. Vasily Timofeevich Alenin, according to the Remizov Chronicle, was distinguished by his masculinity, intelligence, curly hair and broad shoulders. Having hired himself to the Stroganovs, he sailed plows along the Volga and Kama, but then gave up his “good trade” and gathered a small squad that took up robbery. It was then that he turned into Ataman Ermak. Even more interesting facts are contained in the ataman’s biography, published in Moscow in 1807: its pages tell that Ermak fought with the Tatars in the army of the “Cossack hetman”, got along with the hetman’s daughter and killed his son, who caught the lovers. After that, he fled to Astrakhan and on the way accosted the robbers, soon becoming their chieftain.
According to other sources, in the sixties of the century, Ermak was the ataman of the village located between the Volga and Don. In 1571, when the Crimean Khan Davlet-Girey moved his troops to Moscow, Ermak gathered a squad and participated in battles, defending the Moscow Tsar. Ermak also took part in the Livonian War - in particular, he fought in the battles of Mogilev and Orsha. He is also credited with a successful raid on the lands of the Nogais.
According to surviving information, in 1577, the Siberian Khan Kuchum sharply increased pressure on the lands that belonged to the Stroganov merchants. Then the legends begin again. According to one of them, the Stroganovs invited Ermak to protect their lands from raids, having received permission from the tsar to recruit a Cossack detachment. Moreover, permission was given not just to protect the borders, but also to conduct a raid in order to punish Khan Kuchum, whose army consisted of ten thousand soldiers. Ermak managed to recruit about five hundred and fifty people into his army, promising them rich booty in the Siberian lands. According to another version, the Stroganovs did not have any permission from the tsar and simply united their people with Ermak’s squad, sending them on a campaign. However, there is a third version of this event, according to which Ermak provided his detachment with weapons, flour and fodder, arbitrarily seizing all this from the Stroganovs’ estate.
Be that as it may, at the beginning of the summer of 1579 or 1581, Ermak’s detachment went east. On plows, the Cossacks moved along the rivers Chusovaya, Serebryanka and Zharovl, and on the rifts and between the rivers they dragged their ships. The first battle with the army of the Tatar princes took place near Tura. Ermak applied stratagem, placing straw effigies dressed in Cossack clothes in plows, and led the best warriors along the shore and struck the Tatar army from the rear. In many ways, Ermak’s victories were due to the presence of firearms, but it is difficult to deny the talent of the Cossack leader, who forced the Tatars to fight in places where it was impossible to use cavalry.
Ermak’s second battle, with Kuchum’s vassal and nephew Mamet-kul, also ended in victory. The battle took place near the town of Yurta Babasan. But decisive battle This campaign is called the battle at the mouth of the Tobol River at the end of October 1582. As a result of this battle, Ermak received a fortified town, which he turned into a fortress and from where he went to Kashlyk, the capital of the Siberian Khanate. Kuchum and Mohammed-kul did not defend their capital and, taking the most valuable things, fled to the Ishim steppe. October 26 Cossack army occupied Kashlyk, and this was the most important milestone in the development of Siberia. The peoples of Mansi, Khanty and most of the Tatar uluses, seeing the strength of the Russian army, accepted Russian citizenship, and the entire lower Ob region joined the Russian state. In 1583, all lands up to the Irtysh mouth submitted to Rus', and the Siberian Khanate ceased to exist. Having received news of this, Ivan the Terrible ordered to forgive all the criminals who went on a campaign with Ermak, and rewarded the Cossacks. Ermak himself received the title of “Prince of Siberia” from the tsar. In the same year, the royal governors arrived at Ermak with a detachment of three hundred warriors, but were unable to provide serious assistance to Ermak’s squad, which was constantly under attack by the Tatars.
Khan Kuchum was categorically not satisfied with the loss of Siberian lands, and in 1585 he opposed Ermak, finally gathering a truly powerful army. Knowing the hurricane fire of the Russian arquebuses, Kuchum did not attack the fortified settlements, but tried to lure the Cossacks to a clear place in order to use the cavalry. Having received information that the Cossacks were expecting a caravan from Bukhara, Kuchum spread a rumor that he had managed to detain the caravan leaders along with their goods. By this time, the conquerors of Siberia were running out of food, and Ermak, at the head of a detachment of one and a half hundred people, moved on plows to the upper reaches of the Irtysh. At the mouth of the Bagai River, Kuchum's warriors unexpectedly attacked the Cossacks. The date of this battle is documented: August 6, 1585.
In the battle, Ermak was wounded and ordered to retreat across the river, but he himself could not swim across it. The ataman was destroyed, judging by the chronicle, by the gift of Ivan the Terrible - a strong but heavy chain mail that pulled Ermak to the bottom. The same chronicle says that the Tatars found the body of their sworn enemy and used it as a target for several days, shooting arrows. Then he was buried - with honors, but outside the cemetery, as a non-believer. True, the authenticity of this burial is questioned by historians.
Undoubted courage, talent as a leader and, in a sense, adventurism made Ermak a national hero, and the Siberian campaign turned him into one of the most remarkable figures in Russian history. In any case, it was with his light hand that the expansion of the Russian state to the east began.
The development of Siberia is one of the most significant pages in the history of our country. Huge territories, currently making up most of modern Russia, at the beginning of the 16th century were, in fact, a “blank spot” on the geographical map. And the feat of Ataman Ermak, who conquered Siberia for Russia, became one of the most significant events in the formation of the state.
Ermak Timofeevich Alenin is one of the most little-studied personalities of this magnitude in Russian history. It is still not known for certain where and when the famous chieftain was born. According to one version, Ermak was from the banks of the Don, according to another - from the vicinity of the Chusovaya River, according to the third - his birthplace was Arkhangelsk region. The date of birth also remains unknown - historical chronicles indicate the period from 1530 to 1542.
It is almost impossible to reconstruct the biography of Ermak Timofeevich before the start of his Siberian campaign. It is not even known for certain whether the name Ermak is his own or is it still the nickname of the Cossack ataman. However, from 1581-82, that is, directly from the beginning of the Siberian campaign, the chronology of events has been restored in sufficient detail.
Siberian campaign
The Siberian Khanate, as part of the collapsed Golden Horde, coexisted in peace with the Russian state for a long time. The Tatars paid an annual tribute to the Moscow princes, but when Khan Kuchum came to power, the payments stopped, and Tatar detachments began to attack Russian settlements in the Western Urals.
It is not known for certain who was the initiator of the Siberian campaign. According to one version, Ivan the Terrible instructed the merchants Stroganov to finance the performance of a Cossack detachment into uncharted Siberian territories in order to stop Tatar raids. According to another version of events, the Stroganovs themselves decided to hire Cossacks to protect their property. However, there is another scenario: Ermak and his comrades plundered the Stroganov warehouses and invaded the territory of the Khanate for the purpose of profit.
In 1581, having sailed up the Chusovaya River on plows, the Cossacks dragged their boats to the Zheravlya River in the Ob basin and settled there for the winter. Here the first skirmishes with Tatar detachments took place. As soon as the ice melted, that is, in the spring of 1582, a detachment of Cossacks reached the Tura River, where they again defeated the troops sent to meet them. Finally, Ermak reached the Irtysh River, where a detachment of Cossacks captured main city Khanate - Siberia (now Kashlyk). Remaining in the city, Ermak begins to receive delegations from indigenous peoples - Khanty, Tatars, with promises of peace. The ataman took an oath from all those who arrived, declaring them subjects of Ivan IV the Terrible, and obliging them to pay yasak - tribute - in favor of the Russian state.
The conquest of Siberia continued in the summer of 1583. Having passed along the course of the Irtysh and Ob, Ermak captured settlements - uluses - of the peoples of Siberia, forcing the inhabitants of the towns to take an oath to the Russian Tsar. Until 1585, Ermak and the Cossacks fought with the troops of Khan Kuchum, starting numerous skirmishes along the banks of Siberian rivers.
After the capture of Siberia, Ermak sent an ambassador to Ivan the Terrible with a report on the successful annexation of the lands. In gratitude for the good news, the tsar gave gifts not only to the ambassador, but also to all the Cossacks who participated in the campaign, and to Ermak himself he donated two chain mail of excellent workmanship, one of which, according to the court chronicler, had previously belonged to the famous governor Shuisky.
Death of Ermak
The date August 6, 1585 is noted in the chronicles as the day of the death of Ermak Timofeevich. A small group of Cossacks - about 50 people - led by Ermak stopped for the night on the Irtysh, near the mouth of the Vagai River. Several detachments of the Siberian Khan Kuchum attacked the Cossacks, killing almost all of Ermak’s associates, and the ataman himself, according to the chronicler, drowned in the Irtysh while trying to swim to the plows. According to the chronicler, Ermak drowned because of the royal gift - two chain mails, which with their weight pulled him to the bottom.
U official version There is a continuation of the death of the Cossack chieftain, but these facts do not have any historical confirmation, and therefore are considered a legend. Folk tales say that a day later, a Tatar fisherman caught Ermak’s body from the river and reported his discovery to Kuchum. All the Tatar nobility came to personally verify the death of the ataman. Ermak's death caused a great celebration that lasted for several days. The Tatars had fun shooting at the Cossack's body for a week, then, taking the donated chain mail that caused his death, Ermak was buried. At the moment, historians and archaeologists are considering several areas as the supposed burial places of the ataman, but there is still no official confirmation of the authenticity of the burial.
Ermak Timofeevich - not just historical figure, this is one of the key figures in Russian folk art. Many legends and tales have been created about the ataman’s deeds, and in each of them Ermak is described as a man of exceptional courage and courage. At the same time, very little is reliably known about the personality and activities of the conqueror of Siberia, and such an obvious contradiction forces researchers again and again to turn their attention to the national hero of Russia.
ERMAK Timofeevich(between 1537 and 1540 - 1585), Russian Cossack chieftain. The campaign of 1582-85 marked the beginning of the development of Siberia by the Russian state. He died in a battle with Khan Kuchum. Hero of folk songs.
ERMAK (Ermolai) Timofeevich, nickname Tokmak (between 1537 and 1540, the village of Borok on the Northern Dvina - August 5, 1585, the bank of the Irtysh near the mouth of Vagai), Russian explorer, conqueror of Western Siberia, Cossack ataman (no later than 1571).
"Born unknown..."
Ermak's last name has not been established, but in those days, and much later, many Russians were called by their father or nickname. He was called either Ermak Timofeev or Ermolai Timofeevich Tokmak. Famine in his native land forced him peasant son, a man of remarkable physical strength, flee to the Volga to hire an old Cossack as a “chury” (a laborer in peacetime and a squire in campaigns). Soon, in battle, he got himself a weapon and from about 1562 he began to “fly” - to comprehend military affairs. Brave and intelligent, he took part in many battles, traveling the southern steppe between the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Yaik, probably visited the Don and Terek, and fought near Moscow (1571) with Devlet-Girey. Thanks to his talent as an organizer, his justice and courage, he became an ataman. In the Livonian War of 1581 he commanded a flotilla of Volga Cossacks operating along the Dnieper near Orsha and Mogilev; may have participated in operations near Pskov (1581) and Novgorod (1582).
"Siberian Capture"
At the behest of Ivan the Terrible, Ermak’s squad arrived in Cherdyn (near the mouth of the Kolva) and Sol-Kamskaya (on the Kama) to strengthen the eastern border of the Stroganov merchants. Probably in the summer of 1582 they concluded an agreement with the ataman on a campaign against the “Siberian Sultan” Kuchum, supplying them with supplies and weapons. Having led a detachment of 600 people, Ermak began a campaign into the depths of Siberia on September 1, ascended the Chusovaya River and its tributary Mezhevaya Utka, and moved to Aktai (Tobol basin). Ermak was in a hurry: only a surprise attack guaranteed success. The Ermakovites descended to the area of the present city of Turinsk, where they scattered the Khan’s vanguard. The main battle took place on October 26 on the Irtysh, at Cape Podchuvash: Ermak defeated the Tatars of Mametkul, Kuchum’s nephew, entered Kashlyk, the capital of the Siberian Khanate, 17 km from Tobolsk, and found there many valuable goods and furs. Four days later the Khanty arrived with food supplies and furs, followed by local Tatars with gifts. Ermak greeted everyone with “kindness and greetings” and, imposing a tax (yasak), promised protection from enemies. In early December, Mametkul's warriors killed a group of Cossacks fishing on Lake Abalak, near Kashlyk. Ermak overtook the Tatars and destroyed almost everyone, but Mametkul escaped.
Trip to the Ob and embassy to Moscow
To collect yasyk on the lower Irtysh in March 1583, Ermak sent a party of mounted Cossacks. They met little resistance. After the ice drift, the Cossacks descended the Irtysh on plows, under the guise of tribute, seizing valuables from riverine villages. Along the Ob, the Cossacks reached the hilly Belogorye, where the river, skirting the Siberian Uvaly, turns sharply to the north. Here they found only abandoned dwellings, and on May 29 the detachment turned back. To receive help, Ermak sent 25 Cossacks to Moscow. The embassy arrived in the capital at the end of summer. The Tsar rewarded all participants in the Siberian campaign, forgave state criminals who had sided with Ermak earlier, and promised to send 300 more archers.
Death of Ermak
The death of Ivan the Terrible disrupted many plans, and the Cossack archers reached Ermak only in the fall at the height of the uprising raised by Karachi (Kuchum’s highest adviser). Small groups of Cossacks, scattered over a vast territory, were killed, and the main forces of Ermak, together with reinforcements from Moscow, were blocked in Kashlyk on March 12, 1585. The supply of food stopped, and famine began among the Russians; many died. At the end of June, in a night raid, the Cossacks killed almost all the Tatars and captured a food train; the siege was lifted, but Ermak was left with about 300 fighters. A few weeks later he received false news about a trade caravan heading to Kashlyk. Ermak believed and in July, with 108 Cossacks, he marched to the mouth of the Vagai, defeating the Tatars there. But I didn’t find out anything about the caravan. Ermak won his second victory near the mouth of the Ishim. Soon he again received a message about a trade caravan and again hurried to the mouth of the Vagai. On a rainy night, the treacherous Kuchum unexpectedly attacked the Cossack camp and killed about 20 people, Ermak also died. 90 Cossacks escaped in plows. The death of Ataman Ermak, who was the soul of all campaigns, broke the spirit of the Cossacks and they, leaving Kashlyk on August 15, returned to Rus'.
About Ermak back in the 16th century. legends and songs were composed, and later his image inspired many writers and artists. A number of settlements, a river, and two icebreakers are named in honor of Ermak. In 1904, a monument to him was erected in Novocherkassk (sculptor V. A. Beklemishev, architect M. O. Mikeshin); his figure stands out on the monument to the 1000th anniversary of Russia in Novgorod. By the way, if you need to carry out work with a variety of metal structures, then he can help
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