The economic sector is part of the country's territory. Spheres of the economy. Construction industry professions

First, let's define what a sector of the economy is. The economy represents the economy of the country, various industries. Since a huge number of goods and services can be produced, economic entities unite with each other to produce related goods or services. Each such enterprise works with certain resources that are necessary to produce a given product or service. It works for a specific consumer who needs a given product or service. That is, it seeks to determine and take into account the characteristics of his behavior. And in the end, it uses a certain production technology. That is, an economic sector is a community of industries and enterprises that produce identical products using similar technology.

The economy consists of two spheres: material production and services. The first includes, for example, agriculture, industry, forestry, and so on. The second is education, healthcare, physical education and social security and so on.

Examples of professions

Now that we have found out what a sector of the economy is, we will give examples of professions that belong to different sectors of the economy.

• Let's remember such a profession as a livestock breeder. They call a person who breeds and raises various types of farm animals. This profession belongs to the agricultural sector.
• A pharmacist (or apothecary) is also a frequently encountered profession in our everyday life. But it already relates to the healthcare sector.
• The industry employs engineers who create new developments.
• We are all also very familiar with the profession of a teacher at a school or other educational institution. It belongs to the field of education.
• The profession of an actor belongs to the branch of culture and art.
• Environmental protection is important to our lives. Let us note the profession of a forester. It consists of protecting the forest, protecting it from diseases, sowing and planting forests, caring for them, laying forest roads, harvesting and processing forest products. It belongs to the forestry sector.

Each country runs its own economy. It is thanks to industry that the budget is replenished, the necessary goods, products, and raw materials are manufactured. The degree of development of the state largely depends on the efficiency of the national economy. The higher it is developed, the greater the economic potential of the country and, accordingly, the standard of living of its citizens. Sectors of the national economy are managed by special bodies. Often strategically important enterprises are controlled by the state.

The concept of an economic sector

All enterprises, factories, institutions that produce products or services of the same type constitute a certain industry. Very often, sectors of the economy closely interact with each other. They use materials, raw materials, and equipment from other areas of industry in their production. All sectors of the national economy can be divided into two groups. The first includes the mining industry. It is engaged in the extraction of minerals and other types of raw materials. This also includes seafood production. The second category is the manufacturing industry. This type is engaged in the processing of all kinds of raw materials and materials. The main sectors of the national economy are industry itself, agriculture, construction, and the transport system. They, in turn, are divided into other subtypes.

Economic zones of Russia

The country's territory has an uneven distribution of mineral reserves. That is why the Russian economic sectors form two large economic zones: Eastern and Western. The first unites Siberia and the Far East and is characterized by considerable reserves of resources. The Western part predominates here and does not have such a raw material base. Therefore, the economic sectors here are mainly manufacturing. 2/3 of all industrial areas are concentrated in this region.

Sectors of the national economy. Classification

Depending on the purpose of the product, industry is divided into groups “A” and “B”. The first is engaged in the production of means of production, the second - consumer products. There are also production and economic sectors that belong to the production sector:

All services and services to the population constitute the non-productive sphere:

• healthcare;
• education;
• public utilities;
• art, culture;
• finance, pensions;
• science, etc.

Gas, oil, coal industry

The country's fuel and energy complex is a very important indicator of its development and economic potential. The gas industry includes gas exploration, production, transportation and use. Producing blue fuel is relatively inexpensive. For example, the cost exceeds the cost by more than 10 times. The oil industry is engaged in the search for deposits, production and delivery of oil. Natural gas is also produced along the way. The most expensive is the coal industry. Stone, mined in mines. Such sectors of the economy require significant financial investments, as well as a large amount of human resources.

Electric power industry

The fuel and energy complex also includes the production and distribution of electrical energy. It is produced at thermal power plants, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants. Thermal stations use gas, coal, fuel oil or peat for production. When they are burned, thermal energy is converted into electrical energy. Hydroelectric power stations are built on the banks of large bodies of water. The cost of the electricity they produce is much lower. If the area does not have rivers and large fuel reserves, then nuclear power plants are built. Their operation uses significantly less fuel consumption. Another undoubted advantage is maintaining a clean environment. A new word in energy is geothermal stations. They use the internal heat of the earth (located near volcanoes).

Metallurgy

The economic sectors of many countries (including Russia) include the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. There are full-cycle metallurgy (production of cast iron, steel, rolled products) and conversion metallurgy, in which there is no cast iron. The location of this type of enterprise is influenced by the availability of raw materials and electricity. The branches of the Russian national economy that produce steel and rolled products are among the world leaders. The technology for manufacturing non-ferrous metals has a number of features. First of all, ores are mined, then they are enriched. Produces concentrate and rough metal. To give it the necessary properties and parameters, a refining operation is performed. There are production of heavy metals (nickel, lead, tin) and light metals (aluminum). Metallurgy of heavy metals is material-intensive: the production of one ton of metal requires several hundred tons of ore. Most often, such enterprises are located near sources of raw materials.

Mechanical engineering

Enterprises must take into account a number of factors: availability of raw materials and consumers, highly qualified personnel, favorable transport and geographical location. This includes the following sectors of the economy: the automobile industry, the carriage industry, the production of ships, and tractors. This category also includes instrument making, manufacturing of household appliances and electronic computers. This industry is also involved in the manufacture of parts and components.

Forestry and chemical industry enterprises

We encounter products from the timber industry every day. These include notebooks, furniture and much more. The logging sectors of the economy are engaged in the collection, processing and processing of wood. Often such enterprises are located in regions with extensive tree plantings. The woodworking industry produces wood construction parts, plywood, and furniture.

This area also includes the sawmill industry. The pulp and paper industries produce paper, cardboard, pulp, paper containers and much more. The forest chemical industry is also distinguished. It is engaged in the production of solvents, methyl alcohol, and hydrolysis production. The chemical industry includes the production of fibers, dyes, plastics, and the paint and varnish industry. This complex also includes pharmacology, production of organic synthesis substances, and household chemicals.

Agriculture branches

Agriculture is a fairly important component of the country's economy, because it provides the population with food. This category is divided into livestock farming and the cultivation of all kinds of plants (vegetables, fruits, grains and industrial crops, etc.).

Branches of agriculture that engage in animal breeding are cattle breeding (meat, dairy breeds), sheep breeding, and poultry farming. There are also farms for raising pigs, horses, fish. Beekeeping is also one of the areas of animal husbandry.

SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY, a set of enterprises, institutions, organizations that produce homogeneous products or services and satisfy homogeneous needs of people. The grouping of production units by industry is a classification of types of economic activity, reflecting the technical and economic aspects of reproduction.

The formation of modern industries is the result of a long historical process. From fishing, hunting and other activities associated with the development of natural resources at the beginning of the historical path of mankind, to modern agriculture and diversified industry, from the initial stages of the exchange of labor products to developed forms of trade, etc. In the conditions of technological progress, everything appears new areas of activity, which in the future may form into special industries (for example, computer science, biotechnology, etc.).

The classification of economic sectors used in the Russian Federation basically corresponds to the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Types of Economic Activities (ISIC) prepared by the UN. It was developed taking into account modern conditions of the country’s transition to market relations and the need to achieve comparability of indicators in the context of the development of integration processes with the international community.

All sectors of the economy are united into two large groups: industries producing goods and industries providing services. Industries producing goods (material goods) include industry, agriculture, forestry, construction and other activities in the sphere of material production. Moreover, each of the listed industries has several more stages of division.

Industry is the most important sector of the economy. It is a type of economic activity aimed at the extraction and processing of natural resources, processing of agricultural and forestry products.

The industry includes more than 15 consolidated sectors, including: electric power industry; fuel industry; ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy; chemical and petrochemical industry; mechanical engineering and metalworking; forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries; construction materials industry; glass and porcelain industry; light industry; textile industry, etc.

Each of these industries is divided into smaller sub-industries. The main feature of the classification is the homogeneity of the manufactured products, in some cases - the homogeneity of the processed raw materials (for example, oil refining enterprises belong to the oil refining industry) and the homogeneity of the technological process (for example, chemical industry enterprises).

Branches of industry do not include divisions that are part of industrial enterprises and perform functions of a non-industrial nature (medical posts, organizations of cultural and public services, etc.), as well as government bodies (ministries, their departments, etc.).

Agriculture is an industry whose main function is the reproduction of plant products, breeding and raising livestock, poultry, fish, bees, and the production of raw livestock products. This industry also includes hunting and fish farming. Agricultural services (organizations providing services for land improvement, zootechnical and veterinary services, etc.) are separated into an independent industry in the service sector.

Forestry is an industry that includes forestry, collection of wild and non-timber forest products, forestry services (logging organizations are classified as industry).

Construction includes organizations and enterprises that carry out construction and installation work, major repairs of buildings and structures, drilling and design and survey work, as well as economic management of construction, through contract and economic methods.

Industries providing services include those of public administration and serving the public and personal needs of the population (housing and communal services, banking and pensions, scientific activities, public education, medical care, art, etc.). The service sector also includes transport, communications, logistics, procurement of agricultural products and a number of other industries.

Previously, in statistical practice in the USSR, freight transport, communications servicing production, as well as trade, material and technical supplies and procurement belonged to the sphere of material production on the basis that, although new material goods are not created in these industries, the production of already developed ones is completed material goods through their storage, transportation, packaging, etc., and thereby increases the cost of products produced in industry and agriculture. It was believed that in other sectors of the service sector only redistribution and final use of national income occur.

Now, in accordance with international practice, a broader interpretation of “economic production” (i.e. the area where GDP production and national income creation occurs) is applied, which covers the production of almost all goods and services, with the exception of services provided by households for the preparation of food , keeping the home clean, etc. (due to the difficulties of accounting for them). Therefore, transport and other industries noted above are entirely related to the service sector. V. M. Bredova.

1. Solve the crossword puzzle and you will find out what economics is.

Use your textbook to complete the definition.

Economy - This is the economic activity of people.

2. Do you know the sectors of the economy? Label the pictures yourself or with the help of a textbook.

3. In addition to those listed in the textbook, there are other sectors of the economy. For example, forestry, communications, catering, housing and communal services, banking sector, consumer services. Think about and explain (verbally) what each of these industries does.

• Forestry is a branch of the economy that deals with forests: it studies forests, takes care of their reproduction, protects forests from pests and fires, and regulates the use of forests for economic purposes.
• Communications is a branch of the economy that develops and regulates means of communication: radio, television, Internet, telephony, etc.
• Public catering is a branch of the economy engaged in the production and sale of culinary products: restaurants, cafes, canteens, buffets, confectionery shops, bakeries, cafeterias, dumpling shops, etc.
• Housing and communal services is a branch of the economy that ensures the operation of engineering infrastructure in populated areas: hot and cold water supply systems; supply of heat, electricity, gas to houses; waste collection and landscaping systems.
• The banking sector is a branch of the economy that ensures the operation of banks and the country's financial system. It includes state and private banks, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and other institutions.
• Consumer services are a branch of the economy responsible for providing various services to the population: repair services (shoes, clothing, household appliances, etc.), transport services (taxi, transportation of furniture and large items), dry cleaning and laundry services, repair and decoration of apartments, hairdressing services, manicure services, rental services of bicycles, mopeds and scooters, and other services.
  

4. Our enterprising Parrot offers a task. Collect on p. 69 small collection of coins. To do this, place different coins under the page and use a simple pencil to make their prints.

5. At home, find out from adults what sectors of the economy they work in. Write it down.

My mother works as a teacher in the Education sector, and my father works as a programmer in the Information Technology sector.

6. Using the book “Encyclopedia of Travel. Countries of the World" fill out the table (according to the model given in the first line).

Additional information: message about world currencies.

Message plan:

1. What is a monetary unit and why is it needed?
2. Dollar
3. Euro
4. GBP
5. Russian ruble

The most famous monetary units of the world

Once upon a time, people knew nothing about money. They exchanged goods: milk was exchanged for eggs, flour for clothes, and meat for clay mounds. Over time, the variety of goods became so great that it became inconvenient to exchange goods and people came up with a universal means of comparing the cost of things and services - money.

Money, or monetary units, is an equivalent with which you can measure and compare the cost of any goods and services. Each country has its own monetary units: the ruble in Russia, the dollar in the USA, the crown in the Czech Republic, the lira in Italy, etc. At the same time, the monetary unit (currencies) of different countries can be exchanged among themselves at a specially established price (exchange rate) and goods from other countries can be purchased with them.

The most common currency units in the world are the US dollar, the European Euro, the British pound sterling, the Japanese Yen and the Swiss franc. These currencies are easily exchanged for any other currency in the world.

The US dollar is a fairly old currency. It became the official currency of the United States of America back in the 18th century, and before that, various coins were called dollars in many European countries. Now the dollar is the national currency of more than 20 countries, and is also considered an international means of payment.

The euro is a very young currency. The Euro became a full-fledged means of payment only in 2002. The Euro was invented specifically as a single monetary unit for the countries of the European Union. The Euro is now the official currency of 29 countries, most of these countries are members of the European Union.

The pound sterling is the national currency of the United Kingdom. This coin appeared in the 12th century and its name originally meant “pound of pure silver.” The coins were actually minted from real silver and 240 of these coins were supposed to weigh exactly a pound (about 350 grams). So counterfeit pounds sterling could be easily identified using a scale. Now the pound sterling is the most expensive currency in the world and, moreover, one of the most stable.

The Russian ruble is the official currency of our country. The ruble has almost as long a history as the English pound sterling - the ruble has been known since the 13th century. Over the many centuries of its existence, the ruble has changed both its appearance and its value many times. For example, in the 16th century, for 1 ruble you could buy a live cow or horse, in the 80s of the last century, for a ruble you could buy half a kilogram of sausage or have a great meal in the canteen, and now for 1 ruble you can only buy a box of matches, and even then not in all cities of Russia.

The ruble is used as a national currency not only in Russia, but also in some other countries: in Belarus the Belarusian ruble is used, in Moldova - the Transnistrian ruble. Now our state is striving to make the Russian ruble the same global currency as the euro dollar or pound sterling.

All sectors of the national economy are divided into two large areas: production and non-production. The existence of organizations belonging to the second group (culture, education, consumer services, management) is impossible without the successful development of enterprises of the first.

Industrial sectors: definition

Enterprises that carry out activities aimed at creating material wealth belong to this part of the national economy. Also, organizations in this group carry out their sorting, movement, etc. The exact definition of the production sector is as follows: “A set of enterprises that manufacture a material product and provide material services.”

General classification

It plays a very significant role in the development of the national economy. It is the enterprises related to it that create national income and conditions for the development of intangible production. There are the following main branches of the production sector:

• industry,
• Agriculture,
• construction,
• transport,
• trade and catering,
• logistics.

Industry

This industry includes enterprises engaged in the extraction and processing of raw materials, equipment manufacturing, energy production, consumer goods, as well as other similar organizations that are a major part of such an area as the manufacturing sector. Sectors of the economy related to industry are divided into:

All industrial enterprises are classified into two large groups:

• Extractive - mines, quarries, mines, wells.
• Processing - plants, factories, workshops.

Agriculture

This is also a very important area of ​​the state’s economy, falling under the definition of “production sector”. Branches of the economy in this area are primarily responsible for the production and partial processing of food products. They are divided into two groups: livestock farming and crop farming. The structure of the first includes enterprises engaged in:

• Cattle breeding. Raising large and small livestock makes it possible to provide the population with such important food products as meat and milk.
• Pig farming. Enterprises of this group supply lard and meat to the market.
• Fur farming. The skins of small animals are mainly used to make wearable items. A very large percentage of these products are exported.
• Poultry farming. This group supplies the market with dietary meat, eggs and feathers.

Crop production includes such sub-sectors as:

• Growing grains. This is the most important sub-sector of agriculture, the most developed in our country. Agricultural enterprises of this group of production sphere are engaged in the cultivation of wheat, rye, barley, oats, millet, etc. The degree of provision of the population with such important products as bread, flour, and cereals depends on how effectively this industry will be developed.
• Vegetable growing. This type of activity in our country is carried out mainly by small and medium-sized organizations, as well as farms.
• Fruit growing and viticulture. Developed mainly in the southern regions of the country. Agricultural enterprises of this group supply fruits and wines to the market.

Sub-sectors such as potato growing, flax growing, melon growing, etc. also belong to plant growing.

Transport

Organizations in this area of ​​the national economy are responsible for the transportation of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products. It includes the following industrial sectors: