Memorable dates September 21. Memorable dates of September. more information about these musicians and events –

September 1 - All-Russian holiday "Day of Knowledge". (Installed in 1984).
September 1 is World Peace Day. (Celebrated on the day the Second World War began, 1939-1945).
September 2 is a memorable date for Russia. Day of the end of World War II (1945). (Established by Federal Law No. 170-FZ dated July 23, 2010 “On days of military glory and memorable dates in Russia”).
September 2 is the 110th anniversary of the birth of the Russian writer Alexander Petrovich Kazantsev (1906-2002).
September 3 is a memorable date for Russia. Day of Solidarity in the Fight against Terrorism. (Established by Federal Law No. 170-FZ of July 23, 2010 “On days of military glory and memorable dates in Russia.” It is associated with the tragic events in Beslan, when militants seized one of the city schools. As a result of the terrorist attack at school No. 1, more than three hundred people, among them 150 children).
September 3 - 105 years since the birth of the Russian poet Sergei Grigorievich Ostrovoy (1911-2005).
September 3 is the 75th anniversary of the birth of the Russian writer Sergei Donatovich Dovlatov (1941-1990).
September 4 is Oil and Gas Industry Workers' Day. (Celebrated on the first Sunday in September since 1965).
September 6 is European Day of Foreign Languages. (Celebrated since 2001 on the initiative of the Council of Europe).
September 7 is International War Toy Destruction Day. (Celebrated since 1988 at the initiative of the World Association for Orphans and Children Deprived of Parental Care).
September 7 is the 75th anniversary of the birth of the Russian writer Vladimir Nikolaevich Krupin (b. 1941).
September 8 is the Day of Military Glory of Russia. Day of the Borodino battle of the Russian army under the command of Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov with the French army (1812). (Established by Federal Law No. 32-FZ of March 13, 1995 “On days of military glory and memorable dates in Russia”).
September 8 is International Literacy and Reading Day. (Celebrated since 1967 by decision of the 14th session of the General Conference of UNESCO, held in November 1966).
September 8 is International Day of Solidarity for Journalists. (Conducted by decision of the 4th Congress of the International Organization of Journalists).
September 8 is Crane Day.
September 8 is the 105th anniversary of the birth of the Russian prose writer and publicist Vasily Ivanovich Ardamatsky (1911-1989).
September 9 is World Beauty Day. (Conducted on the initiative of the International Committee of Aesthetics and Cosmetology (SIDESCO) since 1995).
September 11 is the Day of Military Glory of Russia. Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of Fyodor Fedorovich Ushakov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Tendra (1790). (Established by Federal Law No. 32-FZ of March 13, 1995 “On days of military glory and memorable dates in Russia”). September 11 is Tankman's Day. (Celebrated on the second Sunday in September since 1946).
September 11 is the International Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Fascism. (Celebrated annually since 1962 on the second Sunday of September).
September 12 is the 95th anniversary of the birth of the Polish writer Stanislaw Lem (1921-2006).
September 13 is the 80th anniversary of the birth of the Russian writer Gennady Aleksandrovich Cherkashin (1936-1996).
September 13 is the 100th anniversary of the birth of the English writer Roald Dahl (1916-1990).
September 14 is the 80th anniversary of the birth of the Russian poet Alexander Semenovich Kushner (b. 1936).
September 15 is the 125th anniversary of the birth of the English writer Agatha Christie (n. Clarissa Miller) (1891-1976).
September 16 is International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer. (Celebrated by decision of the UN General Assembly, starting in 1995, on the day the Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances was signed).
September 19 - 105 years since the birth of the Russian poet, prose writer, translator Semyon Izrailievich Lipkin (1911-2003).
September 19 is the 85th anniversary of the birth of the Russian writer Stanislav Timofeevich Romanovsky (1931-1996).
September 19 is the 105th anniversary of the birth of the English writer William Gerald Golding (1911-1993).
September 20 is International Day of Peace. (Celebrated by decision of the UN since 1981 on the third Tuesday of September).
September 21 is the Day of Military Glory of Russia. Day of victory of the Russian regiments led by Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy over the Mongol-Tatar troops in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). (Established by Federal Law No. 32-FZ of March 13, 1995 “On days of military glory and memorable dates in Russia”).
September 21 is the 150th anniversary of the birth of the English writer Herbert George Wells (1866-1946).
September 22 is the 125th anniversary of the birth of the Russian writer Reuben Isaevich Fraerman (1891-1972).
September 24 is World Maritime Day in Russia. (Celebrated since 1978 at the initiative of the UN, celebrated in the last week of September. In Russia, this day is celebrated on September 24).
September 24 is the 120th anniversary of the birth of the American writer Francis Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940).
September 25 is International Day of the Deaf and Mutes. (Celebrated since 1951 on the last Sunday of September in honor of the creation of the World Federation of the Deaf and Mutes).
September 25 is World Heart Day. (Celebrated since 1999 on the last Sunday of September at the initiative of the World Heart Federation with the support of the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNESCO).
September 25 is Mechanical Engineer's Day. (Celebrated on the last Sunday of September since 1966).
September 25 is the 110th anniversary of the birth of the Russian composer Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich (1906-1975).
September 26 is European Day of Foreign Languages. (Celebrated since 2001, on the initiative of the Council of Europe).
September 27 is World Tourism Day. (Established by the 3rd session of the General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization in 1979, held in Torremolino. This date was chosen in connection with the adoption on this day (1970) of the Charter of the World Tourism Organization).
September 27 is Preschool Worker's Day. (Celebrated since 2004).
September 30 is World Internet Day. Internet Day in Russia (Runet Day). (On this day in 1998, the first census of Runet users was carried out; at that time their number reached a million people).
September 30 is the Day of Faith, Hope, Love and their mother Sofia.
September 30 is International Translation Day. (Celebrated since 1991 on the initiative of the International Federation of Translators).
September 30 is the 110th anniversary of the birth of the Russian writer Lyubov Fedorovna Voronkova (1906-1976).

BORN:

1415 - FREDERICK III
/FRIEDRICH III/
(1415 - 19.8.1493), German king from 1440, Holy Roman Emperor from 1452. In Britannica he is presented as the ruler who laid the foundations for the European greatness of the Habsburg dynasty. The question is, why was he so distinguished? Indeed, under him, the weakness of the central government reached its extreme limits, relatives and German princes waged constant struggle among themselves, the Turks captured Constantinople, the Czech Republic went to Jiří PODEBRAD, and the Hungarian king MATTHIAS HUNYADY (MATTHIAS CORWIN) captured almost all Austrian possessions, including Vienna. Frederick devoted more time to astrology, magic, attempts to extract gold from ordinary metals, collecting books and precious stones. Do not consider it an achievement that he became the last emperor to be crowned in Rome by the Pope. You'll never guess, but Friedrich saw far, many years into the future. His main achievement as a statesman was the marriage of his son MAXIMILIAN I to MARY OF BURGUNDY, thanks to which the Habsburgs got most of the Burgundian possessions!

1452 - Girolamo SAVONAROLA
/Giroolamo SAVONAROLA/
(1452 — 23.5.1498), abbot of the Dominican monastery in Florence. He opposed the tyranny of the Medici, denounced the papacy, and after the expulsion of the Medici from Florence, he contributed to the establishment of a republican system. In 1497 he was excommunicated and executed.

1708 - Antioch Dmitrievich KANTEMIR
(1708 — 11.4.1744), satirist poet, son of the Moldavian ruler, adviser to PETER I, Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich KANTEMIR.

One day, when 13-year-old Antiochus was spinning in front of the mirror, admiring the new green Preobrazhensky uniform, the door suddenly swung open and the frightened valet shouted to Prince Dmitry: “Tsar!” Peter I entered. He was wearing the same uniform as the boy.
- Well, hello, Prince Dmitry! Is this your son? - asked the king, looking at Antiochus.
- Son, sir.
- So, my fellow soldier lives here. Why aren't you in the regiment? - Peter asked the boy.
- On maternity leave from home, Your Majesty.
- Vacation is given to minors to comprehend the sciences, but are you good at them?
— Trained in German, Latin, Greek, Moldavian, Russian, Swedish. And also mathematics, geography, history.
“Well,” said the king, “I came to you, prince, hoping that I would find in you a reasonable person and capable of giving advice, but I found two.”

The teenager became a diplomat, academician, and the founder of Russian secular poetry. He served three monarchs: Peter I, Anna Ioannovna, Elizaveta Petrovna, and “everyone showed him equal signs of their favor.”

1760 - Ivan Ivanovich DMITRIEV
(1760 — 15.10.1837), poet, statesman.

1792 - Johann Peter ECKERMANN
/Johann Peter ECKERMANN/
(1792 — 3.12.1854), German writer. Secretary and friend of J. W. GOETHE.

1866 - Herbert WELLS
/Herbert George WELLS/
(1866 — 13.8.1946), English science fiction writer.

Main works: “War of the Worlds”, “The Time Machine”, “The Invisible Man”.

1867 - Henry Lewis STIMSON
(1867 — 20.10.1950), American statesman and diplomat.
As Secretary of State in 1929-33, he actively opposed the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USA and the USSR. During World War II, Secretary of War Stimson played an important role in the implementation of the Manhattan Project and the selection of targets for the atomic bombing of Japan. At the end of the war and after his resignation, he defended the concept of Soviet and American spheres of interest as the only logical opportunity to avoid a collision between the two countries, and proposed gradually developing cooperation in the field of atomic energy.

1868 - Olga Leonardovna KNIPPER-CHEKHOV
(1868 — 22.3.1959), actress, wife of A.P. Chekhov.

The first performer of roles in the plays of the great playwright.

1899 - Boris Andreevich ARKADIEV
(1899 — 17.10.1986), a football coach who anticipated many modern tactical ideas.

1911 - Mark Naumovich BERNES
(1911 — 16.8.1969), film actor and singer.

Cinema made him famous, and the songs performed by Bernes brought him “Dark Kurgans Are Sleeping,” “Scows Full of Mullets,” “Dark Night,” “Enemies Burned Their Own Hut,” “Where the Motherland Begins” brought him popular love.

1912 - Chuck JONES
/Chuck JONES/
(1912 — 22.2.2002), American animator, producer.

1916 - Zinovy ​​Efimovich GERDT
(1916 — 18.11.1996), great actor.

1920 - Jan Abramovich FRENKEL
(or 11/21/1920 - 8/30/1989), composer.

1921 - Alexander Yakovlevich YUROVSKY
(1921 — ??.11.2003), Professor, Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Doctor of Philology. He was one of the first editors of Central Television, wrote scripts for such films as “Scarlet Sails”, “The Path to the Arena”, “Operation Trust”, and the documentary series “Victory Strategy”.

And now about the shameful thing, which has nothing to do with journalism, but is not so rare in modern media. There was a full namesake of Alexander Yakovlevich - Rear Admiral A. Y. YUROVSKY (1904-1986), the son of Y. M. YUROVSKY (1872-1938), who executed the royal family. Out of ignorance, one can make a mistake, but it is difficult to suspect a person writing about history of this. Namely, the son of the killer was introduced to the professor six months before his death in one of the appendices of “Arguments and Facts” by his former student, who told the reader that he told students about his “father,” who was allegedly very proud of what he had committed in 1918. This means that either there was no student, or he deliberately resorted to meanness.

1929 - Yuz / Joseph Efimovich / ALESHKOVSKY, writer.

1934 - Leonard COHEN
/Leonard COHEN/, Canadian poet, singer.

1936 - Yuri Mikhailovich LUZHKOV, mayor of Moscow.

He has held this post since 1992. It's already the 16th year...:)

1947 - Stephen Edwin KING
/Stephen KING/, American writer.

Our acquaintance with him began with the action-packed novels “The Dead Zone” and “Inflammatory with a Glance,” which tell about the paranormal abilities of a person.

1947 - Olga Mikhailovna OSTROUMOVA, film actress.

Her film debut took place in the film “We'll Live Until Monday,” and she became a star after the film “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...”.

1947 - Don FELDER
/Don FELDER/, American musician, band member The Eagles.

1950 - Bill MURRAY
/Bill MURRAY/, American film actor.

I sometimes enjoy watching “Groundhog Day”, “Ghostbusters”, “Charlie’s Angels”, “Lost in Translation”.

1951 - Aslan Alievich MASKHADOV
(1951 — 8.3.2005), former colonel, second president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. He changed his oath twice: first as a soldier, then as the leader of Chechnya (let someone prove that he does not have the blood of his people on him).

They negotiated with him as a statesman until he became one of the leaders of gangs and terrorists. That’s why the end that awaited him looks logical.

1959 - Victor Alexandrovich VERZHBITSKY, theater and film actor.

His credits include “Watches”, “Turkish Gambit”, the series “Poor Nastya”, “She-Wolf”.

1972 - Liam / William John Paul / GALLAGHER, vocalist of the English band Oasis, the youngest of the notorious brothers. Let's take the Beatles as a starting point, with which both the brothers themselves and journalists like to make comparisons. The Fab Four had already broken up by this age, but what they created was forever included in the golden fund of rock music, which they actually made popular. “Oasis” composed a couple of good songs and recorded several albums that were not at all outstanding. And that’s all - we can put an end to this.

If the brothers didn't have the Irish temperament, there would be nothing to talk about at all.

1982 - Marat IZMAILOV, footballer, midfielder for Lokomotiv Moscow and the Russian national team. How brightly he started - at the age of 20 it seemed that a new star had appeared. Injuries or something else, but over the past time the player has not moved forward a single step. Now he is trying to start all over again in the ranks of the Portuguese Sporting.

_____________________________________________________________________________

EVENTS:

1792 - The National Convention of France removed King LOUIS XVI from power. A few months later the king would be tried by the Convention and executed by guillotine.

1857 - After a week of street fighting, the British captured Delhi and captured the descendant of the Great Mughals, BAHADUR SHAH II.

The entire population of Delhi was expelled from the city, the Hindus were soon allowed to return, but more rancor was discovered towards the Muslims. For a whole year the city and its districts remained under siege. Many rebels were brutally executed: they were tied to the muzzles of loaded guns and then shot.

1902 - The newspaper “Tiflis Leaflet” published for the first time the poem by N. S. GUMILOV “I fled to the forest from the cities...”.

1910 - The first All-Russian exhibition of dairy cattle opened at the Mikhailovsky Arena in St. Petersburg.

One of the gold medals was awarded to the Swiss Saanental breed goat VASILY IVANOVICH.

1937 - Tolkien's "The Hobbit" has been released.

1956 - The dictator of Nicaragua, Anastasio SOMOZA, was the victim of an assassination attempt by the poet Rigoberto López PEREZ. Eight days later, Somoza will die, and power will pass to his son, who will rule the country until 1979.

1960 - On September 21-25, the play “The Scarlet Flower” based on the fairy tale by S. Aksakov was staged on the stage of the Moscow Pushkin Theater. On one of these days, Vladimir Vysotsky made his debut in the role of Leshy in the play, who was accepted into the theater after graduating from the Moscow Art Theater School. He had already played in some theater performances, but they were small episodic roles without words.

From the memoirs of Honored Artist of the RSFSR S.K. Bubnov: “Volodya played Leshy in a very original way, with his inherent, perhaps even elements of hooliganism. So in this sense, he introduced himself with dignity. Then he was still a young artist and, playing Leshy, showed himself to be a magnificent character actor.”

1971 - Donatas BANIONIS played the main role in the film by German director Konrad WOLFF, “Goya, or The Hard Path of Knowledge,” which was released. The production, based on the novel by Leon FEUCHTWANGER, was carried out through the joint efforts of Soviet, German, Bulgarian and Yugoslav filmmakers, and the acting ensemble included representatives of almost the entire socialist community.

1979 - The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a decree establishing a new holiday - Border Guard Day, which will be celebrated annually on May 28 - the day V.I. LENIN signed the decree “On the establishment of border guards.”

1982 - Yuri EGOROV’s film “Fathers and Sons” was released, starring Anatoly PAPANOV, Valentin SMIRNITSKY, Alyosha YASULOVICH and Galina POLSKIKH.

1991 - In the referendum, 99% of voters voted for the independence of Armenia.

1993 - Russian President B. N. YELTSIN signed a decree dissolving the Supreme Council.

Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary

The Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos was the fruit of the righteous life of Her parents - Saints Joachim and Anna. In the church sense, it is the beginning of the fulfillment of all the divine promises by which humanity has lived and been consoled for many millennia, the revelation to the world of a mystery that has been prepared from eternity for the salvation and glory of the fallen human race.

Ceasefire Day

The UN General Assembly declared September 21 as World Ceasefire and Non-Violence Day and called on all warring parties in the world to cease hostilities for 24 hours. On September 20, 2002, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan announced this.

Russian Military Glory Day

September 21 marks one of the Days of Military Glory of Russia, dedicated to the Day of the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). The federal law “On the days of military glory (victorious days) of Russia” was adopted in February 1995.

Prisoners began to arrive in Saratov

In 1812, French prisoners began to arrive in Saratov.

Engelspas founded

The beginning of the history of Yablochkov College SSU

In 1899, a joint mechanical and chemical technology school was opened in Saratov, now. Saratov College of Radio Electronics named after P.N. Yablochkov SSU.

Speech by lecturers from the ship All-Russian Central Executive Committee

In 1919, lecturers who arrived on the ship All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Red Star, performed at the Drama Theater named after. K. Marx, on the People's Palace Square and on the banks of the Volga, near the steamship parking lot.

The first provincial congress of famine relief committees opened

In 1921, the first provincial congress of famine relief committees opened in the People's Auditorium.

BIRTHDAYS

Johann Joseph Abert- German composer.
Dates of life: September 21, 1832 – April 1, 1915.

Henryk Meltzer-Szczawiński(Henryk Melcer-Szczawiński) is a Polish composer, pianist, conductor and music teacher.
Dates of life: September 21, 1869 – April 28, 1928.

Papa Jack Lane- American musician.
Dates of life: September 21, 1873 – June 1, 1966.

Gustav Theodor von Holst- English composer.
Dates of life: September 21, 1874 – May 25, 1934.

Janet Ertel(Janet Ertel) - American singer. She was a member of the group The Chordettes.
Dates of life: September 21, 1913 – November 4, 1988.

Slam Stewart- African American jazz bassist.
Dates of life: September 21, 1914 – December 10, 1987.

Noor Jehan- Pakistani singer and actress.
Dates of life: September 21, 1926 – December 23, 2000.

Ward Swingle(Ward Lamar Swingle) is an American vocalist and jazz musician.
Dates of life: September 21, 1927 – January 19, 2015.

Yuz(Joseph) Aleshkovsky- Russian writer, poet and bard, winner of the Pushkin Prize.
Date of birth: September 21, 1929.

Leonard Norman Cohen Leonard Norman Cohen is a Canadian poet, writer, singer and songwriter.
Dates of life: September 21, 1934 – November 7, 2016.

Sunny Murray(James Marcellus Arthur "Sunny" Murray) - American jazz drummer.
Dates of life: September 21, 1936 – December 7, 2017.

Don Felder- American musician and composer, guitarist and vocalist of the band.
Date of birth: September 21, 1947.

Dave Gregory– English guitarist and keyboardist, member of the band XTC.
Date of birth: September 21, 1952.

Phil Taylor- British musician, member of the band Motörhead.

Rustem Asanbaev- Soviet and Russian guitarist, songwriter. He is best known as the guitarist of the first line-up of the DDT group.
Date of birth: September 21, 1954.

Andrey Gavrilov– Russian pianist and conductor gained worldwide fame in the 1970s as a musical prodigy.
Date of birth: September 21, 1955.

Valery Severin– Russian drummer, best known as a member of the group “Chaif”.
Date of birth: September 21, 1958.

Jorge Drexler- Uruguayan singer, author and composer.
Date of birth: September 21, 1964.

Olga Arefieva- Russian singer, musician and poet. Founder and leader of the Kovcheg group.
Date of birth: September 21, 1966.

Glen Benton– American musician, member of the band Deicide.

Tyler Stewart– Canadian drummer, member of the band Barenaked Ladies.
Date of birth: September 21, 1967.

Lisa Angell- French singer, participant of the competition.
Date of birth: September 21, 1968.

Melissa Ferrick
Date of birth: September 21, 1970.

William John Paul Gallagher is a British musician best known as the lead singer of the band Oasis.

David Silveria- American drummer, member of the band Korn.
Date of birth: September 21, 1972.

Jonas Bjerre– Danish singer and guitarist, member of the band Mew.
Date of birth: September 21, 1976.

James Allan- Scottish singer, member of the group Glasvegas.
Date of birth: September 21, 1979.

Stacy Clark- American singer and songwriter.
Date of birth: September 21, 1980.

Faris Badwan- English musician, lead vocalist of the band The Horrors.

Lindsey Stirling- American violinist and composer.
Date of birth: September 21, 1986.

Jason Derulo(Jason Joel Desrulo) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, musician (piano) and dancer.
Date of birth: September 21, 1989.

Christian Serratos- American actress, model and singer.
Date of birth: September 21, 1990.

REMEMBRANCE DAYS

John Stafford Smith- English composer.
Dates of life: March 30, 1750 – September 21, 1836.

Alexander Koshits– Ukrainian choral conductor, composer, folklorist and teacher.
Dates of life: September 12, 1875 – September 21, 1944.

Bo Carter- American blues musician.
Dates of life: March 21, 1893 – September 21, 1964.

(Agafya Leikina) - Russian and Soviet singer.
Dates of life: October 27, 1900 – September 21, 1973.

Janis Ozoliņš(Jānis Ozoliņš) – Latvian composer, conductor and teacher.
Dates of life: May 30, 1908 – September 21, 1981.

Sulkhan Nasidze- Soviet and Georgian composer.
Dates of life: March 17, 1927 – September 21, 1996.

John D. Loudermilk(John D. Loudermilk Jr.) is an American singer and songwriter.
Dates of life: March 31, 1934 – September 21, 2016.

Boz Burrell(Raymond Burrell) is a British bass guitarist and singer, known as a member of the bands King Crimson and Bad Company.
Dates of life: August 1, 1946 – September 21, 2006.

Jaco Pastorius- American jazz bass guitarist, composer and arranger.
Dates of life: December 1, 1951 – September 21, 1987.

EVENTS

1940 - The Lviv Opera and Ballet Theater was opened.

1962 – Igor Stravinsky arrived in Russia with two concerts after 48 years of absence.

1980 – the first concert tour of the Michael Schenker group started at Colston Hall (Bristol, UK).

2000 – the American singer announced her retirement from the stage.

more information about these musicians and events –.

On September 21, 1380, in the Battle of Kulikovo, the Russian regiments of Dmitry Donskoy defeated the Horde army. After the victory on the Kulikovo field, which Donskoy was blessed by Sergius of Radonezh, Rus' gained independence and unity.

Battle of Kulikovo

The Russians, led by the Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir Dmitry Donskoy, defeated the Mongol-Tatar army under the command of Mamai.

COURSE OF EVENTS

The result of the reign of Ivan Kalita (1325-1340) was a significant strengthening of Moscow’s position in northeastern Russia. Attempts to transfer the collection of tribute to the Grand Duke of Vladimir were made earlier, but this order was established only with the reign of Ivan Kalita. The Tver uprising of 1327 drew a line under the activities of the Baskaks in Rus'. The collection of tribute by the Russian prince was not accompanied by such violence as was done by the Horde. The population breathed a calmer breath. The Khan, regularly receiving the Horde's exit, was also pleased and did not send punitive detachments to Rus'. Forty years (1328-1367), as the chronicler noted, “the Tatars stopped fighting the Russian land.” During this time, a generation of new Russian people grew up: they did not see the horror of the Horde pogrom and were not afraid of the Tatars. These people could already take up the sword to defend their right to freedom.

In 1359, during the plague epidemic, the throne of Moscow, by the will of fate, went to a nine-year-old boy, Dmitry Ivanovich. Never before in Horde-ruled Rus' has a child been given a golden label for the great reign of Vladimir. Therefore, the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince Dmitry Konstantinovich went to the Horde and begged for a gold label. However, in this matter, Dmitry Konstantinovich was not even supported by his own relatives, and the Moscow boyars and Metropolitan Alexei in 1362 achieved the return of the golden label to Moscow. Obviously, at the same time the young Moscow prince Dmitry visited the Golden Horde.

The rivalry between the Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod rulers ended in 1367 with peace and even union. Moscow Prince Dmitry promised to help Dmitry of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod suppress the rebellion of his rebellious brother. The Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince married his daughter to Dmitry of Moscow and recognized him as his “eldest brother.” The alliance with the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality was very important, because Moscow was preparing for war with Tver.

On the eve of the war, a stone Kremlin was erected in Moscow in 2 years (1367). It was built after the “All Saints” fire (it occurred on the day of remembrance of All Saints, hence its name) from white limestone stone and large bricks. Limestone was transported in winter on sleighs, and in summer along the river from quarries located near the village of Myachkova, 30 km from the capital. Some researchers believe that the new Kremlin was not all stone; it partially retained wooden structures. However, in Lower Rus' it was the first stone fortress. She spoke about the power and wealth of Moscow rulers.

In turn, from the late 1350s. There was great civil strife in the Golden Horde. Sources call it the “great trouble.” The horde split. In the Volga region, the khans changed almost every year. The shadow ruler Mamai strengthened himself in the southern Black Sea Horde. He was a temnik and ruled on behalf of the young Genghisid khans. During the years of the “great turmoil” the Horde became very weak. In 1362, in the Battle of Blue Waters, Olgerd defeated it and took away Southern Rus'. But worse than external defeats were internal conspiracies and unrest. They tormented the country, depriving it of its former strength. Over two decades, more than 20 Chingizids visited the throne of the Volga Horde. Central power has weakened. Many princes and murzas were accustomed to living by robbery. Taking advantage of the “stirring” in the Horde, the Tver prince Mikhail Alexandrovich decided to ask for a golden label. Mikhail also counted on the military assistance of his relative, the Grand Duke of Lithuania and Russia Olgerd (Olgerd was married to a Tver princess.)

During the struggle for the golden label, Prince Mikhail of Tver ended up in a Moscow dungeon for a while. Mikhail came to Moscow in 1368 for negotiations under the “guarantees” of his safety given by Metropolitan Alexei, but was arrested. Of course, Mikhail had to be released soon, and the fight continued with Lithuania participating in it. Various Horde khans also turned out to be participants in the Russian strife. Some of them supported Tver, while others supported Moscow.

Olgerd made two trips to Moscow. Moscow chronicles called Olgerd's invasions the first and second Lithuania. In both cases, Olgerd burned the outskirts of Moscow and besieged the city. But he failed to take the new Kremlin. Meanwhile, Mikhail Tverskoy received a gold label (1371), but the residents of Vladimir did not allow him into their city. And Moscow Prince Dmitry said: “I’m not going to the label, and I’m not letting you go into the land to reign on a great scale.”

In 1371, Prince Dmitry of Moscow traveled to the south of the Horde to the temnik Mamai. Mamai abandoned Mikhail Tverskoy. And already in 1375, Moscow regiments, with the blessing of Metropolitan Alexei, besieged Tver. The Yaroslavl, Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov principalities and a number of other fiefs acted in alliance with Moscow. Dmitry of Moscow was also supported by one of the appanage princes of Tver, Kashinsky. As a result, according to the agreement of 1375, the golden label remained with the Moscow prince. The Great Reign of Vladimir was recognized as the “patrimony” of the Moscow princes. Prince Mikhail of Tver called himself a vassal - the “young brother” of Dmitry of Moscow.

There was another significant point in the Moscow-Tver Treaty of 1375. “If God changes the Horde” and the Moscow prince begins to fight with it, then the Tver monarch should also oppose the Horde. Thus, Moscow took the first step not only towards gathering Russian lands around itself, but also in preparing the struggle for their liberation from the Horde. In general, during the competition for the gold label with Tver, Moscow strengthened its position. The authority and strength of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich grew.

However, the main event of Russian history of the 14th century. became the Battle of Kulikovo. It was preceded by two clashes with the Horde. In 1377, Prince Arapsha (Khan Arab Shah) was preparing for a raid on the Nizhny Novgorod lands. Information about this leaked to Rus'. A united army of Nizhny Novgorod residents, Vladimir residents, Muscovites, Murom residents, and Yaroslavl residents came out to meet Arapsha. Arapsha did not appear. The warriors took off their armor. They began to hunt in the surrounding forests, had fun and feasted in a camp near the Piana River. Prince Dmitry of Moscow decided that Arapsha's raid would not take place, and left for his capital. As a result, the unexpected attack of the Tatars led the Russians to defeat. Nizhny Novgorod, left unprotected, was plundered. Other cities were also affected.

The next year, 1378, Mamai sent a new army to Rus' under the command of Murza Begich. A battle broke out on the Vozha River. This time, Moscow troops, led by Dmitry, acted coherently and decisively. The Horde were defeated and fled. The defeat of the Tatars on Vozha did not help strengthen the authority of Mamai. Temnik was going to take revenge. He was accustomed to power and did not want to lose it, but meanwhile Khan Tokhtamysh, the protege of the mighty Central Asian Emir Timur, had already begun to gather the Horde uluses into his fist. Only a resounding victory gave Mamai a chance to survive in the fight with Tokhtamysh for the Horde.

Tokhtamysh was a descendant of Batu's brother - Horde Ichen. Expelled from the Zayaitskaya Horde, he regained its throne, and also seized the throne in the Volga ulus with the help of the powerful Central Asian ruler Timur Lang (Khromets), known in Europe as Tamerlane. Tamerlane's vassal Tokhtamysh hoped to restore the unity and strength of the Golden Horde.

The decisive clash was approaching. In the fall, Mamai led a 150,000-strong army to Rus'. In Cafe, a Genoese colony in Crimea (modern Feodosia), Mamai hired a detachment of armored Western European infantry. Temnik also secured an alliance with the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jagiello Olgerdovich and the Ryazan Prince Oleg. But the allies were in no hurry to connect with Mamai, they waited. Jogaila was not interested in either the strengthening of Moscow or the victory of the Horde. Oleg was forced to play the role of an ally in order to save his land from plunder. Ryazan was closest to the Horde. Oleg informed the Tatars about the fords on the Oka, and Dmitry of Moscow about the Tatars’ advance route.

A large Russian army, up to 150 thousand, came out to meet the Horde. (True, many historians believe that the numbers of both Tatars and Russians are overestimated by chroniclers). Never before has Rus' brought so many warriors to battle. Vigilantes and militias from many Russian lands came to the Don. There were no Tver, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod and Novgorod regiments among them, although it is possible that individual residents of these lands took part in the Battle of Kulikovo Field. Two brothers of Yagaila came from Lithuania to support Dmitry with regiments - the eldest sons of Olgerd, Orthodox princes Dmitry and Andrey, who were sitting in Bryansk and Polotsk.

Dmitry of Moscow and his cousin Vladimir of Serpukhov were blessed to fight the Tatars by the Russian ascetic monk, founder of the Trinity Monastery, Sergius of Radonezh. Through his lips, the Russian Church for the first time called for a fight against the Horde. This is probably why the memory of St. is so revered in Rus'. Sergius. Two monks of the Trinity Monastery, former boyars, Peresvet and Oslyabya, went together with the Russian army to meet the Horde. Sergius' blessing was very important for Prince Dmitry of Moscow. He had a conflict with the new Russian Metropolitan Cyprian. The prince expelled the metropolitan from Moscow, and he imposed an anathema (curse) on Dmitry.

The bloody battle took place on September 8, 1380 (By the way, some modern historians doubt that the battle took place on the Kulikovo field near the Don. This needs to be mentioned, since so far, despite all the efforts of archaeologists, no material has been found on the Kulikovo field “ confirmations" of the battle: no burial grounds, no weapons - only one chain mail and helmet. Some historians (for example, V.A. Kuchkin) suggest that perhaps the battle took place in Moscow on Kulishi). In addition to Dmitry, the battle was directly led by his cousin Vladimir Serpukhovskoy and the governor from the Galicia-Volyn land Dmitry Bobrok. The Russian regiments formed in their traditional eagle formation. But at the same time, about a third of the army was left in ambush and in reserve. The Russians burned the bridges across the Don at the suggestion of the Lithuanian princes, so that the weak in spirit would not be tempted to flee the battlefield.

The battle began with a duel of heroes: monk Alexander from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery (formerly a resident of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia, Bryansk boyar Peresvet) and the Horde hero Chelubey. The knights struck each other with spears, Chelubey fell to the ground, and the horse of the Russian hero brought the dead rider to his camp.

The Tatar horsemen went on the attack. They crushed the Russian Watch Regiment. Grand Duke Dmitry fought in the armor of a simple warrior in the Advanced Regiment. The soldiers of this regiment almost all fell. After the battle, Dmitry was found with difficulty: the prince lay unconscious, crushed by a tree cut down in the battle. The Horde initially managed to break through the Russian left flank. They rushed to the rear of the Big Regiment. However, here their path was blocked by the reorganized Big Regiment and reserve detachments.

Then, unexpectedly, a large Ambush Regiment, led by Vladimir Serpukhovsky and Dmitry Bobrok, fell upon the Tatars. Mamai's nukers ran, sweeping away their own reinforcements. Neither the eastern cavalry nor the Genoese mercenary infantrymen saved Mamaia. Mamai was defeated and fled.

The Russians stood, as they said then, “on the bones,” that is, the battlefield remained behind them. They won. Dmitry, from then on nicknamed Donskoy, did not pursue Mamai.

Near the Kalka River, the remnants of Mamaev's troops were defeated for the second time by Khan Tokhtamysh. Mamai tried to take refuge in the Genoese colony of Cafe, but the townspeople killed Temnik, wanting to take possession of his treasury.

Prince Dmitry Donskoy returned safely with his army to Rus'. True, the Russian regiments suffered considerable losses. The chronicler wrote: “The entire Russian land has become destitute since the Mamaev massacre beyond the Don.”

The victory on the Kulikovo Field did not bring liberation from the yoke to North-Eastern Rus'. Khan Tokhtamysh, who united the Golden Horde under his rule, demanded submission from Rus'. In 1382, he took Moscow by deception, burned it and killed the inhabitants.

Dmitry Donskoy, confident in the strength of the stone Kremlin, left the capital. Muscovites were going to fight, despite the fact that Metropolitan Cyprian, the grand ducal family and individual boyars fled from the city. The townspeople chose as their leader the 18-year-old Lithuanian prince Ostei, who happened to be in Moscow. Ostey organized the defense, placing “mattresses” on the walls (these were either stone-throwing machines or cannons). Tokhtamysh's attempt to storm Moscow was repulsed. Then the khan resorted to a trick. The Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod princes (brothers of the Moscow princess) who came with Tokhtamysh swore that the Tatars only wanted to punish the “disobedient” Prince Dmitry. And since he is not in the city, the Horde will not touch anyone if the Muscovites voluntarily allow the khan into the capital and bring gifts. Perhaps the Nizhny Novgorod princes themselves believed the words of Tokhtamysh. Muscovites believed and paid for it with their lives. The delegation with gifts led by Ostey was hacked to death, the Horde burst into the city through the open gates, killed people, and burned the city.

Other Russian lands also suffered from the invasion of Tokhtamysh. Dmitry Donskoy's cousin, Vladimir Serpukhovskoy, came out to meet the khan with an army. After the Battle of Kulikovo he was nicknamed Vladimir the Brave. Without waiting for a battle with him, Khan Tokhtamysh went to the steppe, but the Russian principalities were forced to admit again their dependence on the Horde.

However, over time (in the first half of the 15th century), the payment of tribute became irregular, and the khans had almost no control over the fate of the gold label: the label was in the hands of the Moscow princes. The Golden Horde itself was unable to restore its former unity and power. The horde weakened and split. She was consumed by internal internecine warfare. In the end, by the middle of the 15th century. The Golden Horde split into the Crimean Khanate, the Kazan Khanate, the Great Horde, the Nogai Horde and the Siberian Khanate. The Great Horde laid claim to the legacy of the Golden One and sought to unite the Tatar khanates again. The Great Horde demanded tribute from Rus', but the great princes of Moscow and Vladimir rarely paid it a real Horde exit. More often they were limited to the so-called “wake” (gifts). The question of the fall of the yoke has already become a matter of time.

Soon after the invasion of Tokhtamysh, Dmitry Ivanovich sent his son Vasily to the Horde to receive a label for him. After fulfilling the condition of resuming the payment of tribute, the label remained with Dmitry. Before his death, he bequeathed the great reign to his son Vasily as a “fatherland.” Vasily continued his policy aimed at expanding the Moscow principality. In 1390, he went to the Horde and bought a label for the Nizhny Novgorod principality there; in addition, Murom became part of Moscow. Ryazan was gradually drawn into the orbit of Moscow politics. Oleg Ryazansky's son Fedor was married to Vasily's sister.

However, with constant civil strife in the Horde, it was difficult for the Moscow prince to maintain good relations with the Tatars. After the invasion of Moscow in 1382, Tokhtamysh did not rule the Horde for long. He quarreled with his benefactor - the Samarkand ruler Timur (Timur Lang (lame) - Tamerlane). Having gained a foothold in the Horde, Tokhtamysh decided to no longer be a vassal of Timur. He moved his regiments to the Horde. The alliance with the powerful Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt did not help Tokhtamysh either. The decisive battle on the river. Vorskla (1399) Vitovt and Tokhtamysh lost. In that battle, by the way, many heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo fell; for example, governor Dmitry Bobrok died.

During the struggle between Timur and Tokhtamysh, Rus' was exposed to terrible dangers. In 1395, Tamerlane invaded its borders and burned Yelets. Everyone was terrified... An army led by the Moscow prince came out to meet the enemy, but they hoped not so much for weapons as for prayer and a miracle. The battle did not happen: Tamerlane returned to the East, the Asian conqueror was attracted by the wealth of Asian countries. The Russians attributed the good fortune to the miracle created by the icon of the Mother of God. It was no coincidence that the forces of Rus' were depleted; the planned alliance between Moscow and the Lithuanian prince Vitovt did not take place. The misfortunes did not end there. Timur's protege, the Golden Horde Khan Edigei, ravaged Rus' in 1408. Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov, Dmitrov, Serpukhov were taken. The khan burned everything around Moscow and captured thousands of troops. But this time the white-stone Kremlin stood firm and, having received tribute, Edigei went to the Horde...

Foreign researchers for the most part assess the results of Dmitry's reign modestly: the attempt to liberate Rus' failed.

Most domestic scientists consider the time of Dmitry Donskoy to be a turning point in Russian history: the issue of a center uniting the North-Eastern Russian lands was resolved - Moscow finally became it. The nature of Rus''s dependence after the Battle of Kulikovo began to change - the yoke steadily weakened. However, among Russian historians there are opponents of this view. Below are the arguments for both approaches.

N.I. Kostomarov about Prince Dmitry Donskoy and his time:

“The reign of Dmitry Donskoy belongs to the most unfortunate and sad eras in the history of the long-suffering Russian people. Incessant ruin and devastation, either from external enemies or from internal strife, followed one after another on an enormous scale. The Moscow land, apart from minor devastation, was devastated twice by the Lithuanians, and then suffered an invasion by the Horde of Tokhtamysh; Ryazan land - suffered twice from the Tatars, twice from the Muscovites and was brought to extreme ruin; Tverskaya - was ravaged several times by Muscovites; Smolenskaya suffered from both Muscovites and Lithuanians; The Novgorod land suffered ruin from the Tver and Muscovites. This was joined by physical disasters (plague, droughts of 1365, 1371, 1373 and famine, fires) ...

Dmitry himself was not a prince capable of easing the difficult fate of the people through the wisdom of his rule; whether he acted on his own or at the suggestion of his boyars, a number of blunders are visible in his actions. Following the task of subjugating the Russian lands to Moscow, he not only failed to achieve his goals, but even let go of what circumstances brought him; he did not destroy the strength and independence of Tver and Ryazan, and did not know how to get along with them...; Dmitry only irritated them and subjected the innocent inhabitants of these lands to needless destruction; irritated the Horde, but did not take advantage of its temporary ruin... did not take measures to defend against danger (in 1382); and the consequence of all his activities was that ruined Rus' again had to crawl and humiliate itself before the dying Horde.”

CM. Soloviev about Prince Dmitry and his time:

“In 1389, the Grand Duke of Moscow Dimitri died, still only 39 years old. Dimitri's grandfather, uncle and father, in silence, prepared rich means for an open, decisive struggle. Demetrius's merit was that he knew how to use these means, knew how to deploy the prepared forces and give them proper use in time. The best proof of the especially important importance attached to the activities of Demetrius by his contemporaries is the existence of a special legend about the exploits of this prince, a special, ornately written life of him...

Important consequences of Demetrius' activities are found in his spiritual testament; in it we meet a previously unheard-of order: the Moscow prince blesses his eldest son Vasily with the great reign of Vladimir, which he calls his fatherland. Donskoy is no longer afraid of rivals for his son either from Tver or Suzdal...

Speaking about the importance of Dimitriev’s reign in the history of North-Eastern Rus', we must not forget about the activities of the Moscow boyars: they, taking advantage of the circumstances, defended the rights of their young prince and their principality... The latter did not remain ungrateful to the people who so badly wanted him well ... "