The first policeman in the world. Where did the history of police in Russia begin? History of the police in the Russian Empire
The first Russian police actually appeared under Peter the Great. It was he who approved the term “police” in 1718. Over the 300 years of its development, this government body has changed significantly. At the beginning of the 20th century, it already had a well-functioning mechanism for maintaining public order.
How it was in Ancient Rus'
Until the 18th century, the country did not have a regular police force. To understand how the Russian police were created, you need to go back to the time when this activity was instead called “deanery.”
The term “police” itself appeared in Ancient Greece. It was a regular paramilitary authority that was responsible for maintaining public order.
In ancient Russian statehood, the same function was performed by landowners, governors, courtiers, swordsmen, and so on. In fact, the first of the main stages in the development of the Russian police can be considered the creation of princely squads. When the state was emerging, community members also helped them.
Then the law enforcement function gradually passed into the hands of the governors. They had a whole staff of employees. The trial was carried out by tiuns, and closers called the parties to the dispute. Pravetchiki were responsible for the execution of court decisions.
Criminal Code
In fact, the first Russian Criminal Code is a collection of laws “Russian Truth”, written in the 11th century. In this case, a crime was not considered a violation of laws and princely decisions, but an insult that the criminal inflicted on someone. At the dawn of the history of the police in Russia, the most important concepts were defined that became part of today's jurisprudence.
For example, it was the collection “Russian Truth” that began to consider attempted crime. This could be considered the drawing of a sword. In addition, crimes committed by a group of persons were tried separately. The collection contained the concept of necessary defense and examined its boundaries. Thus, it was illegal to kill a thief when the danger of his actions had already disappeared. There were mitigating and aggravating circumstances.
In general, the first legislation was simple. Anyone who injured someone was subjected to the same procedure, for example, cutting off a hand by hand and so on. The highest penalty, according to Russian Pravda, is the confiscation of property and the transfer of the entire family of the criminal into slavery. This punishment was intended for robbery, arson, and horse theft. The criminal could also be deprived of his life.
At that time, the history of the Russian police was in its infancy, so some laws were imperfect. For example, if a criminal was hiding, then the search for him was carried out by the victims themselves.
But since 1497, in the new Code of Laws, crime has become not an “offense”, but rather actions that cause damage to the state. Then the formation and development of the Russian police began - guards appeared on the streets of Moscow. She kept order.
By the middle of the 16th century, the Robbery Order had opened. It was he who fought crime in the Russian state. From here, detectives were dispatched to crime scenes.
Appearance of the police
City police officers were considered the lower ranks of police agencies. They had black overcoats, buttons with a double-headed eagle. Each was assigned a personal weapon. It was kept in a black holster, which was attached to the belt. This is what every ordinary employee of the imperial police looked like.
Gendarmes
The gendarmerie regiments are considered another stage in the history of the Russian police. They were introduced by Paul I. They controlled the situation in the country and carried out searches. These were territorial security agencies. For the most part they investigated political affairs.
Stages of development
The history of the police is most clearly demonstrated by examining the changes in this structure, presented by century. Every ruler of the country made minor adjustments to the already existing system.
16th century
In Moscow at that time, so-called slingshots were installed, in which there were guards. It was supported by the local population. The entire city was divided into separate areas, which were demarcated by gates. It was forbidden to walk the streets at night without light. Ioann Vasilyevich approved travel around the capital in order to maintain order.
In those years, the search for criminals was carried out by provincial elders. Until that moment, labial letters were issued to the population at their request. Such documents made it possible to carry out labial affairs independently.
In essence, the city police were the mayors. For some time, the boyars were in charge of matters related to crime. But this turned out to be ineffective. Then the Robbery Order was introduced.
17th century
During this period, the affairs that were in charge of the Robbery Order were issued. There were detachments that monitored fire and public safety. They were armed with spears, axes, and water pipes. The employees wore red and green clothes.
18 century
Peter I established the Main Police body. Initially, 4 officers and 36 lower ranks worked here. This body performed supervisory functions in the city. In addition, it was its representatives who were responsible for paving streets, draining swamps, and collecting garbage.
In 1718, Devier became chief of police. He began to command one army regiment, as well as the police chief's office. Thanks to him, lanterns and benches were installed in St. Petersburg. The fire safety service was also organized.
In 1722, the position of Chief of Police appeared in Moscow. He was responsible for public order in Moscow.
And under Anna Ioannovna, the police also became a judicial authority. She herself was involved in imposing sentences in criminal cases.
19th century
At this time, the functions of the police chief began to be performed by the zemstvo police officer. The nobles chose him. The mayors were abolished. Police departments appeared.
For the first time in Russian history, special crime detection and investigation units appeared in St. Petersburg. Detective police were introduced here in 1866.
Later, the same structure began to be used in Moscow and other cities. A criminal investigation service emerged. Already in 1907, many of the largest Russian cities had one.
20th century
Since 1903, county police guards began to spread. Thanks to Stolypin's reforms, special courses were introduced for detective chiefs. Even in Switzerland, Russian detective work was recognized as the best in the world in 1913.
However, the February Revolution thundered and it was abolished. This procedure was one of the main tasks proclaimed by V.I. Lenin.
Instead, a people's militia was introduced. In addition, they organized a workers' militia. These structures acted under the guidance of political power, and sometimes without it. The workers' militia was not connected with the city militia.
Soon conflicts began between the people's and city police. The destruction of this important state structure has begun. The NKVD began to issue resolutions to resolve this issue. The workers' militia, in essence, was an amateur organization based on voluntary squads. She couldn't fight crime. In 1918, the NKVD recognized the police as a separate state of persons who performed special duties. At the same time, he acted independently of the army.
At the moment, the police are part of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Its objectives are proclaimed by the Constitution and the Federal Law "On the Police", as well as the Regulations "On Service in the Internal Affairs Bodies". There are other documents regulating its activities.
Police- an integral part of the unified centralized system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Included in the internal affairs bodies. (Article 14 of the Regulations on the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 1, 2011 No. 248 “Issues of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation”)
The police are intended to protect the life, health, rights and freedom of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens, stateless persons; to combat crime, protect public order, property and ensure public safety.
Within the limits of its competence, management of activities police carried out by the President of the Russian Federation directly or through the Minister of Internal Affairs, heads of territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and heads of departments police. These leaders are responsible for fulfilling the duties assigned to the police.
| Russian Police | |
 |
|
| Years of existence | |
|---|---|
| A country | |
| Included in | |
| Type | paramilitary organization |
| Includes | district police officers, detectives |
| Function | protection of life, health, rights and freedom of citizens, fight against organized criminal groups, fight against economic crimes, criminal investigation, administrative offense, traffic police, fight against illegal immigration, control over drug trafficking |
| Number | |
| Part | |
| Patron | Government of the Russian Federation |
| Motto | "By serving the law, we serve the people" |
| Colors | black |
| Equipment | service weapons, military small arms, service dogs, handcuffs, police baton |
| Marks of Excellence | Since 1889, the chief of police in the district began to be called the district police officer. XX centuryIn 1903, county police guards were introduced in rural areas, initially in 46 provinces. By 1916 it extended to 50 provinces. On August 9, 1910, Minister of Internal Affairs P. A. Stolypin issued an Instruction to the ranks of detective departments, which determined their tasks and structure. Each detective department consisted of four structural divisions-desks:
By order of P. A. Stolypin, special courses were established at the Police Department for the training of heads of detective departments. At the International Congress of Criminologists held in Switzerland in 1913, the Russian detective police was recognized as the best in the world for solving crimes. After the February Revolution, by decree of the Provisional Government of March 10, 1917, the Police Department was abolished. One of Lenin’s “April Theses” to the report “On the tasks of the proletariat in this revolution” dated April 4 set the task of “eliminating the police, army, and bureaucracy.” The resolutions of the Provisional Government “On the approval of the militia” and “Temporary regulations on the militia”, issued on April 17, 1917, established the “people's militia”. The people's militia is declared to be a local executive body of state power, “under the direct authority of zemstvo and city public administrations.”
Draft police uniform of 1917. Odessa caricature Simultaneously with the state "people's militia", councils of workers' deputies organized detachments of "workers' militia" and other armed formations, which were influenced by various political forces, and sometimes even outside them. At the same time, the workers' militia was not subordinate to the city police commissars. The Council of the Petrograd People's Militia, formed on June 3 under the auspices of the Bolsheviks, came into conflict with the chief of the city police, raising political slogans in connection with the refusal to pay additionally for service in the workers' militia to workers receiving full salaries in factories. The most important state structure was destroyed. The principle of self-organization of the forces of law and order was implemented by the Bolshevik Party for some time after October 1917. The NKVD resolution “On the Workers' Militia” of October 28 (November 10), 1917 did not provide for the organizational forms of the state police apparatus. Army and police were liquidated, and their functions were transferred to the armed people. The workers' militia had the character of mass amateur organizations, formed on the basis of voluntary squads, and therefore could not stop the rampant crime. On May 10, 1918, the NKVD board adopted the order: “The police exist as a permanent staff of persons performing special duties, the organization of the police must be carried out independently of the Red Army, their functions must be strictly delimited.” Police in modern RussiaTax policeOn May 20, 1993, the Law “On Federal Tax Police Bodies” was adopted, according to which the Tax Police Department of Russia was established as the successor to the Main Directorate of Tax Investigations. Federal Law No. 200-FZ of December 17, 1995 amended the law, according to which the department was renamed the Federal Tax Police Service of the Russian Federation (FSNP of Russia). The main task of the youngest law enforcement agency at that time, vested with the right to conduct operational search, expert and investigative activities, was to combat tax crimes and offenses, as well as the fight against corruption in tax authorities. On July 1, 2003, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 11, 2003 No. 306, the Federal Tax Service of Russia was abolished without explanation. Most of the functions of the Federal Tax Service of Russia and a staff of 16 thousand units have been transferred Ministry of Internal Affairs Russia. The material base and 40 thousand staff units were transferred to the newly created State Drug Control Agency. Military policeThe idea of creating a military police appeared in 1989 and acquired particular relevance by the mid-90s of the twentieth century, when it became finally clear that control over the observance of military discipline by military commandant’s offices was insufficient and a professional police service was required. In 1996, a draft law was submitted to the State Duma, but it was not adopted. In 2005, the idea was supported by the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin, but even then things did not go beyond words. The military police were remembered again in autumn year and a year later the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation signed the corresponding directive. Military police is in the formation stage; according to plans, its number in the future will be 20 thousand people. The Law on Military Police was adopted by the State Duma on January 24, approved by the Federation Council on January 29, and signed by the President on February 4, 2014. On March 25, 2015, Vladimir Putin approved the Charter of the Military Police of the RF Armed Forces. Drug policeFederal police(failed reform Ministry of Internal Affairs Russia)For the first time they started talking about reform in autumn of the year. According to plans, police should have been divided into federal police and municipal police. Thus, according to the then deputy head of the Kremlin administration Dmitry Kozak, the constitutional right of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to independently protect public order should have been fully realized, which was impossible under the existing centralization within Ministry of Internal Affairs Russia. In addition, by the end of 2003, an agency was to be created to coordinate the work of investigative bodies Ministry of Internal Affairs Russia, FSB Russia and the tax police - Federal Investigation Service. However, the failed policy of the Minister of Internal Affairs Boris Gryzlov, in particular, the liquidation of the RUBOP, which led to unprecedented corruption in the ranks of employees Ministry of Internal Affairs Russia, ultimately forced not only to abandon the reform of the ministry, but also to make it even more centralized, which, in general, fit into the general concept of centralization of power in Russia. Over the following years, information periodically appeared about the possible implementation of reform and the creation federal police , which includes criminal police , public security police , migration police and special departments, but none of this was accomplished. Reorganization of the militia into the police (reform Ministry of Internal Affairs Russia 2011)
The second sleeve insignia of the Police with the image of the Russian flag
DPS Ford car in Tver On January 22, 2010, at a meeting of the Russian Bar Association with the participation of the head Ministry of Internal Affairs Russia R. Nurgaliev S. Stepashin stated, without revealing the essence of the innovation: “The public security police, as far as I know, will no longer exist. And probably, the creation of a professional police is an absolutely correct decision.” This time, the authorities made it clear that they seriously intended to bring the reform to completion, and also decided to involve ordinary citizens in drafting the law. On August 6, 2010, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at a meeting on reform issues Ministry of Internal Affairs Russia proposed to submit the draft law “On the Police” for general discussion on the Internet the very next day. Then, on August 6, 2010, Dmitry Medvedev proposed renaming the police to police : We need professional people, employees who perform their work efficiently, honestly and consistently. Therefore, I believe that the time has come to return to law enforcement agencies their name - police . Thus, on August 7, 2010, a new bill “On the Police” was proposed (the same bill with the names “militia” changed to “ police »). According to a survey conducted by VTsIOM on August 14-15, 2010, 63 percent of Russians believe that renaming the police into police will not change anything, and everything in the department’s work will remain the same. In general, the new bill is a continuation of the policy opposite to that pursued in the 2002 reform, that is, even greater centralization. The institutions of public security police and criminal police are abolished. Unlike the police, which are partially subordinate to the authority of the subject of the federation, police is not connected with the subject of the federation (according to the bill). About 5 million people took part in an online discussion of the bill “On the Police,” unique for Russia. As a result, the bill, compared to its original form, has undergone significant changes related to the powers of the new structure. In particular, provisions were excluded that police could freely enter the premises of citizens, land plots belonging to them, territories, land plots and premises occupied by public associations and organizations, as well as the “presumption of legality” of the police, which caused the most criticism ( “The demands of a police officer addressed to citizens and officials, and the actions taken by him are considered legal until otherwise established in the manner prescribed by law”), although according to opposition politicians, this wording was only veiled and not excluded. Despite criticism from certain sections of society and a number of opposition political parties, the bill was adopted in the first reading on December 10, 2010. The State Duma on Friday, January 28, 2011 adopted the bill “On the Police” in the final third reading. Only people spoke in favor of passing the law. 315 deputies supported the law, 130 were against it, and there were no abstentions. It was originally planned that the new law would come into force in January 2011, but officially police in Russia it was revived again on March 1, 2011. Signed the law on police. Thanks to everyone who participated in the discussion of this important document. Law is the first step towards renewal Ministry of Internal Affairs . On March 1, 2011, the police law came into force, and from January 1, 2012, all police symbols became invalid. However, despite the reform, Russian police remains an extremely bureaucratic and ineffective structure and works not for people, but for indicators - the so-called “sticks”. Therefore, she turns a blind eye to some crimes, and even fabricates others herself. The situation of the police in the Russian FederationIn modern Russia police is part of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. The tasks of this structure are regulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On the Police”, the regulation “On Service in the Internal Affairs Bodies”, other federal laws and international treaties. StructureIn the structure of internal affairs bodies, as a rule, there are the following types of divisions, on the basis of which management structures are built:
|
When and where did the first police officers appear?
Police officers are people who serve in the police force.
Police (French Police, from Greek πολιτεία, “state activity, government”) is a system of public services for maintaining public order and fighting crime.
The roots of this organization go back to ancient times. Even in the prehistoric period, the leaders of the ancient tribes depended on their squads, which maintained peace and tranquility among the people and forced them to follow certain rules. The Egyptian pharaohs did the same - they used their soldiers as police officers.
Ancient Egypt was a country with a developed police apparatus. The Egyptian rulers noticed the inadequacy of the police alone. Overt and secret police, border guards, special security detachments assigned to monitor the safety of canals and other important structures, and finally, a security service for the pharaoh and high dignitaries (bodyguards) were created.
In ancient Athens For example, there were no police, investigative agencies or bailiffs at all.
The word "policeman" is of Greek origin and was borrowed by the ancient Romans for their police service. Although plebeians in ancient Rome belonged to the free classes; at first they did not have such civil and political rights as patricians. And they had no rights to communal land. That is, they had to borrow land from the patricians, as well as draft animals, which led to massive debt slavery. The relevant law stated: an insolvent debtor becomes a slave or sells his children into slavery. This harsh law existed for centuries. It was only at the beginning of the third century BC that debt slavery was abolished and plebeians began to be allowed into power. The plebeians turned out to be very useful to the republic, and later to the empire. They performed police functions in Rome: they controlled markets, baths, aqueducts, taverns, monitored prostitutes, rowdies and thieves (if necessary, and tried them).
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0.2144...
Already at the beginning of our era, Caesar Augustus organized a police detachment in the city of Rome. It existed for 350 years. His task was to ensure that the emperor's instructions were carried out.
Somewhere between 700 and 800. AD a new idea concerning police work arose. Instead of enforcing orders against the people, the police were called upon to enforce the law and protect the people!
http://www.potomy.ru/begin/507.html
In the Middle Ages, the word “police” existed, but the concern for the economic and cultural development of the people lay with the church, communities, and workshops.
The state protected the territory only from foreign invasions and preserved internal order in those areas that were not subject to the authority of lords and communities.
Police activity correctly developed first in cities (firefighting and construction, guild system, charity for the poor). At the end of the Middle Ages, governments, following the example of cities (Polizeistädte), began to involve economic issues in their sphere of activity, in addition to ensuring zemstvo peace.
THOSE. There were police, but not in the modern sense of the word!
Police officers in the modern sense appeared in the 17th and early 18th centuries.
In France, royal power in the ordinances of the 16th and 17th centuries. By the word police they meant the protection of public safety, then regulation by the laws of the economic system (measure, weight, workshops). In Germany (the empire, and from the 17th century separate territories) the words “gute Polizei”, “Polizei” meant both security and repression of luxury and immorality. Mail and printing caused a kind of police surveillance. In the second half of the 17th century. police activity took on a harsh character (the reason was deserters, released soldiers, dashing people, gypsies, beggars, tramps, suspicious foreigners, emigrants, etc.).
Regular police began to be created in Russia under Peter I. It was at this time that the term “police”, borrowed from Western Europe, was first introduced into use. The responsibilities of the created police structures included: catching thieves, supervising people walking, stopping fights and quarrels on the streets, monitoring the implementation of building and fire safety regulations, the structure and cleanliness of the streets, the harmlessness of the life supplies being sold, preventing measurements, body kits and other deceptions in trade. etc. Peter I the Great
In 1715, in St. Petersburg, the new capital of the Russian state, a general police management body was formed - the Main Police Chief Office, which consisted of soldiers and non-commissioned officers to perform police duties. Somewhat later, in May 1718, the post of Chief of Police (head of the chancellery) was established, to which A. Devier was appointed. It is from this time that the history of the Russian police as a special institution in the system of state bodies should be calculated. Anton Manuilovich Devie r (1682 - 1745) first Chief of Police St. St. Petersburg (1718-1727 and 1744-1745)
St. Petersburg Police Chief's Office (from November 1722 - the main one) - the first central body of the regular police of Russia (1718 - 1775) Tsar (Emperor since 1721) His Majesty's own office Chief of Police General Presence Chief city magistrate judicial chamber police teams Police chief office prison with guards Fire brigade Secretaries, clerks, clerks architectural construction department CITY POLICE OFFICES (Since 1733) MAIN TASKS: Protecting public order and fighting crime. Ensuring fire safety. Supervision of landscaping, sanitation and compliance with trade rules. Maintenance, protection and employment of convicted and arrested persons. Control over the population serving police service. teams of furmans Chief of Police executioner
All police officers, upon entering the position, took an oath in which they swore to be a “faithful, kind and obedient slave” to be the king, queen and their heirs, their rights and prerogatives “to the utmost understanding, strength and ability to warn and defend both their lives in if necessary, do not spare.” After pronouncing the text of the oath, the official kissed the Gospel and the cross.
In 1733, a legislative act “On the establishment of police in cities” was issued, which became the legal basis for the construction of regular police bodies throughout the country. The normative act regulated the procedure for creating police in provinces and other cities. Police bodies in provincial cities began to be called police offices, headed by a police chief from among the officers of local garrisons. Anna Ioannovna (January 28 (February 7) 1693 - October 17 (28), 1740) - Russian empress from the Romanov dynasty.
During the reign of Catherine II, the rural zemstvo police was established (1775). The lower zemstvo courts became administrative and police institutions in the districts. Their collegial leadership presence included the zemstvo police officer, or captain-spravnik, and 2-3 zemstvo assessors from the nobles and state peasants, elected by the nobility. One of the main tasks of the police officer was to organize the protection of public order in the county. Catherine II the Great (April 21 (May 2), 1729 - November 6 (17), 1796) - Empress of All Russia (1762-1796). The period of her reign is often considered the golden age of the Russian Empire.
Deanery Charter Structure. The charter included 14 chapters and 274 articles. Content. The body of police administration in the city became the deanery council - a collegial body that included the chief of police, the mayor, bailiffs of civil and criminal cases, as well as elected citizens. The city was divided into parts and quarters according to the number of buildings. In a unit, the head of the police department was a private bailiff, in a quarter - a quarterly supervisor. All police ranks were included in the Table of Ranks. The “Charter of Deanery” introduced the position of a private broker, who controlled the hiring of labor and terms of employment. In some criminal cases, the police themselves conducted the trial. The “Deanery Charter” listed a number of similar offenses: gambling, swearing, drunkenness, and other violations of public order; actions directed against worship; bribery, unauthorized construction, etc.
On September 8, 1802, 8 ministries were formed: - military ground forces, - naval forces, - foreign affairs, - justice, - commerce, - finance, - public education - the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Manifesto of Emperor Alexander I on the establishment of ministries
Count Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey, the largest statesman in Russia in the first half of the 19th century, one of the initiators and authors of the project to create ministries, was appointed the first Minister of Internal Affairs.
Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky was appointed head of the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, who later became a famous statesman, “a luminary of the Russian bureaucracy.”
Ministry of the Interior from September 1802 to July 18, 1803 Minister of the Interior Companion to the Minister of the Interior Department of the Interior Expedition to take care of the people's food Expedition of peace and decorum Expedition of the state economy 1st department 2nd department Supplying the state with vital supplies Public buildings Zemstvo police affairs City police affairs State economy affairs People's industry Public charity expedition 1st department 2nd department Medical board The principle of general charity
The functions of the expedition are calm and orderly. 1st Department of the Zemstvo Police Case Report on Incidents. Safety regulations on dry roads and rivers. Obedience of the peasants to the legitimate authorities. Cases of temptation to faith, heresy and clarification of false rumors and letters. Information about zemstvo duties sent by peasants. The methods of carrying out these duties are known and uniform. Discouraging peasants from arbitrary demands. Conducting a general survey to allocate land to state-owned peasants and to notify land holdings. 2nd department City police cases Safety of streets and houses from fires and theft. Contents of the police team. Cleanliness and lighting. Preservation of good morals. Curbing extravagance, immeasurable luxury, cruelty. Surveillance over forbidden books, seductive spectacles, suspicious societies and people. Information about city public revenues, fees and duties. Methods of equalization in standing, in lighting, in the maintenance of bridges, and night guards. Information about the state of provincial companies and staff teams.
Political investigation bodies of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century. EMPEROR 3rd department of His Majesty's Own Chancellery Military Ministry Separate gendarmerie corps (since 1826) Gendarmerie units (since 1820) Directorates of gendarme districts (since 1836) Secret police Provincial gendarmerie departments (since 1836) City teams of gendarmes ( from 1836) Ministry of Internal Affairs “Secret Police Expedition” (1802 – 1826) “Secret Expedition in Moscow (1807 – 1826) “Special Office” (1819 – 1826) Ministry of Police (1810 – 1819) .) Office “for special matters”
Alexa ndr Dmitrievich Balashov (Balashev) (1770-1837) - Russian statesman, infantry general, adjutant general. First Minister of Police
The Ministry of Police consisted of three departments: 1) Economic Police Department; 2) Executive Police Department; 3) Medical Department; and two ministerial offices - general and special.
The largest reforms of the second half of the 19th century in Russia: - abolition of serfdom - changes in land relations - introduction of local self-government - reform of the judicial system and army The Ministry of Internal Affairs became the coordinating body for the reform.
On March 25, 1859, Alexander II approved proposals that boiled down to the unification of the city and zemstvo police under the authority of the district police officer, who, unlike the zemstvo police officer previously elected by the nobles, was appointed by the government. Alexander II city and zemstvo police
In general, the functions and rights of the police were not clearly defined by law at the end of the 19th century. Her responsibilities were very diverse. The published directory of the Ministry of Internal Affairs stated that “legislation considers police institutions as governing bodies in general, and the police officer himself as the main representative of power in the district.” “The police officer,” it was further stated, “is the direct authority of the governor.” It followed that any actions to manage the county, from building streets to compiling records of births, marriages and deaths, fell within the competence of the county police department. Police officer
The detective part of the police included a chief, four officials, 12 supervisors, a clerk with two assistants, and an archivist. Detective departments
The following persons could not be appointed to police positions: - those who were accused under trial and investigation, as well as those who had been punished for criminal acts entailing by law imprisonment or a more severe punishment; -lower ranks of the reserve, who during active service were in the penalty category; -excluded from service by court, from the ecclesiastical department for vicious behavior or from among societies by their decision; - declared insolvent debtors; -those under guardianship for extravagance.
After the reorganization of 1880, the Ministry of Internal Affairs took a leading place in the state mechanism, and its head became, in fact, the first minister of the empire, possessing a unique competence. In addition to the fight against crime, he was in charge of a significant part of the internal functions of the state.
On August 14, 1881, the Regulation “On measures to protect state security and public peace” was adopted. It gave the Minister of the Interior the ability to declare a state of enhanced or emergency security in any part of the country, which expanded the powers of the police in that area. In 1883, the Minister of Internal Affairs D. A. Tolstoy achieved an amendment to the Regulations of August 14, 1881, which gave the Minister of Internal Affairs the right to administratively expel any person “recognized as harmful to state order and public peace.” The regulation “On measures to protect state security and public peace” was constantly extended and was in force until 1917. D. A. Tolstoy
Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia during the years of reforms (1862 - 1906) Fellow Minister Ministry of Internal Affairs Main Directorate of Posts Minister Public Council Department of Internal Affairs Postal offices EXPEDITIONS Secretariat Medical Council 1st 2nd 3rd Food Rural Police State. economy Salt part City police Manufactories Fire department Duty department Prisons
The most important structural unit of the ministry was the Police Department. In 1902, it consisted of 8 office work: 1st office work dealt with the affairs of personnel, finances, correspondence with foreign states about the extradition of Russian citizens, about violations of the state border; 2nd office work – issues of organizing police institutions, developing bills of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, monitoring the precise implementation of laws on the ground, and drinking establishments; 3rd office work – monitoring of unreliable elements in Russia and abroad; The 4th office was renamed the 7th in 1902;
The 5th office compiled reports for the Special Meeting, which decided on the administrative expulsion of persons for whom there was not enough evidence to bring them to justice; 6th office work – development of the foundations of factory legislation, controlled compliance with regulations that determined the position of the Jewish population, issues of combating counterfeiting; The 7th office monitored the inquiries conducted by the provincial gendarmerie departments.
Nicholas II Alexandrovich Emperor of All Russia (October 20, 1894 - March 2, 1917), Tsar of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. From the Romanov dynasty.
The Manifesto of October 17, 1905, declaring political rights and freedoms, the establishment of the legislative State Duma led to changes in the state apparatus, and in one of its main units - the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In the fall of 1905, the Ministry of Internal Affairs created a special office for elections to the State Duma and State Council. It coordinated the activities of local authorities in preparing and conducting elections. Ilya Repin October 17, 1905
The structure of the central apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in post-reform times (late 18th - early 19th centuries) Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Denominations Police Department Special meeting Directorate for Conscription Affairs Management of a separate corps of gendarmes Department of General Affairs of the Ministry Office of the Minister of Nobility Affairs Central Statistical Committee Main Directorate for Press Affairs Main Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs Road Inspectorate Office of the Minister Central Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Economic Department Statistical Council Resettlement Department Medical Department Zemstvo Department Technical and Construction Committee Medical Council Veterinary Department Veterinary Committee Minister's Council
Structure of the detective department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1910 Head of the police department of the provincial city Head of the detective department Personal detention desk Search desk Observation desk Information and registration bureau staff 1st category - 20 people. ; 2nd category – 11 people. ; 3rd category – 8 people. ; 4th category – 6 people. Specializations of detective department employees (linear principle) 1st detachment Murders, robberies, robberies, arson Detective department specialization categories (detachments) 2nd detachment Thefts and professional thieves' organizations, horse thieves, burglars, pickpockets, shop, station, etc. gangs 3rd detachment Fraudsters, arson, deception, counterfeiting, forgery of documents, cheaters, swindlers, selling women to brothel houses “flying squad” Duty in theaters, train stations, etc.
In the pre-revolutionary period, in order to increase the efficiency of the police, on October 23, 1916, the emperor approved the “Regulations on strengthening the police in 50 provinces of the empire and on improving the official and financial situation of police officials.” According to this Regulation: “... in urban settlements, the numerical strength of police teams was determined at the rate of one policeman per 400 residents of both sexes.” In order to improve the quality of police personnel, the same act established appropriate educational qualifications for occupying positions.
February Revolution of 1917 February 23 -28, 1917 Strikes and political demonstrations in St. Petersburg develop into a general uprising against the autocracy. During the February Revolution of 1917, when the army went over to the side of the rebels, only the police remained loyal to the autocracy, for which they suffered considerable damage: “partly killed, partly displaced... police stations were destroyed, file cabinets were destroyed... "
Quite a lot of books and articles have been written about the police of pre-revolutionary Russia. But most of them describe the Russian police in the 19th - early 20th centuries, with the policemen, police officers and bailiffs familiar to us from classical Russian literature. Meanwhile, the formation of the Russian police began much earlier and its structure, governing bodies and the nature of the service in the earlier period are also very interesting.
The creation of a new type of Russian police was initiated by Peter I as part of the modernization of the country's governing bodies. Moreover, during the reign of Peter, the police meant not only the protection of public order and the fight against crime, but also any management activity in the field of security, fire protection, supervision of the behavior of subjects and their observance of religious rites. On May 27, 1718, Peter I introduced the post of Chief of Police of St. Petersburg. With his own hand, Peter also participated in the drafting of the “Points given to the St. Petersburg Chief of Police,” which prescribed his job responsibilities. In particular, Peter I included in the competence of the Chief of Police not only the supervision of maintaining order in St. Petersburg, but also the general management of the construction and arrangement of the new capital. The Chief of Police Office, created three years earlier, was transferred to the subordination of the Chief of Police General. To directly support the orders of the Chief of Police, an army infantry regiment was assigned to his disposal. Officers and lower ranks of the regiment became employees of the St. Petersburg police. In addition, the police services of the country's major cities were subordinate to the chief of police of the capital. The position of Chief of Police corresponded to class 5 of the Table of Ranks, i.e. the rank of state councilor or the rank of brigadier in the army.
Peter appointed Anton Devier, a man of interesting destiny, one of his closest favorites and associates, as the first Chief of Police of St. Petersburg. Anton Manuilovich Devier ended up in the Russian Empire, one might say, completely by accident. He was born in 1682 in Amsterdam into a poor Jewish family that moved to Holland from Portugal during the persecution of the Iberian Sephardic Jews. When Anton's father Manuel Devier died, the young man joined a Dutch ship as a cabin boy. It is quite possible that he would have spent his whole life as a sailor, perhaps he would have died in some naval battle or settled “in retirement” in one of the overseas Dutch colonies. But a chance meeting completely changed the entire future fate of the young Sephardi. When Peter I was in Holland, where he learned the maritime trade, he met a young cabin boy. In 1697, 15-year-old Devier came to Russia with Peter. For a long time he was the personal orderly of Peter I. Extremely friendly towards foreigners, especially the Dutch, Peter provided his favorite with a dizzying career in Russia, which a person from a poor Jewish family in his native Holland could not even dream of. In July 1708, Devier received the rank of captain, and in the same year he became a major and then a lieutenant colonel of the grenadier regiment. On August 3, 1711, 29-year-old Anton Devier received the rank of adjutant general. By the way, this rank was established specifically for Anton Devier and another favorite of Peter, Pavel Yaguzhinsky.
Even before his appointment as Chief of Police of the new capital, Anton Devier carried out various important assignments of Peter, for example, in 1715 he supervised the construction of the seaport in Revel. Since Peter trusted Devier very much and even supported him when Anton Manuilovich wooed Menshikov’s sister, there was nothing surprising in the appointment of the former Dutch cabin boy and then Russian officer as Chief of Police of St. Petersburg. Moreover, Devier had an idea about life in European cities, and Peter I wanted public order and governance in the new capital to meet European standards of that time.
The Chief of Police of St. Petersburg was formally subordinate to the Governor General of St. Petersburg Menshikov. But in fact, Devier was actually directly subordinate to Emperor Peter I. The positions of deputy police chief general, 4 officers and 36 lower ranks were established in the St. Petersburg police. The police of the new Russian capital were so small in the first time of their existence. A clerk and 10 clerks were responsible for the conduct of affairs in the Main Police Chief Office of St. Petersburg. The competence of the police chief's office included the protection of public order, fire protection, city improvement, drainage of swampy areas (a very urgent task for St. Petersburg at that time), and garbage collection on city streets. The police had the right to impose punishments in criminal cases, i.e. also performed the functions of a judicial authority. It is possible that if not for the death of Peter I, the development of the Russian police would have occurred at a more rapid pace, since the emperor sought to organize a police service in the country comparable to the European police of that time. It should be noted that Anton Devier, who held the post of Chief of Police of St. Petersburg, really did a lot to develop the system of policing and ensuring public safety in the Russian capital. In particular, it was at the instigation of Devier that a professional fire service was organized in the capital, also subordinate to the chief general of police.
Devier remained at the post of Chief of Police of St. Petersburg for nine years - until 1727. He participated in the investigation of the case of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and signed his death warrant. In 1725, Devier received the rank of major general, and in 1726 - lieutenant general and the title of count. Devier received the honor of becoming a count due to the fact that after the death of Peter he supported the transfer of power in the country to Catherine I. However, already in 1727 Devier fell into disgrace. Menshikov’s long-standing hostility towards the Chief of Police played a role. As you know, at one time Menshikov and Devier had a conflict over Devier’s matchmaking with the sister of Peter’s all-powerful favorite. The emperor then stood up for Devier and ordered Menshikov to marry his sister to him. After the death of Peter, Devier lost his patron, and Menshikov, who retained serious influence, continued his intrigues against him. Finally, on April 24, 1727, Devier was arrested. On May 27, 1727, he was accused of intending to eliminate Peter II from inheriting the throne, deprived of his nobility and count's title, the rank of lieutenant general, beaten with a whip and exiled to Siberia.
Peter II appointed Chief General Count Burchard Christoph von Münnich (Munich) as the new Chief of Police of St. Petersburg. Although in the common view Minich is a typical martinet, a representative of the era of military coups, in reality he was a talented and educated person, a professional military engineer. For a long time he had nothing to do with managerial or police functions at all, but was engaged exclusively in military engineering. A native of Oldenburg, Minich received a good engineering education, after which he served for twenty years in various European armies as a military engineer. Minich had the opportunity to serve as an engineering officer in the armies of France, Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Kassel and Poland, and to participate in the War of the Spanish Succession. 
Minich received the rank of colonel in the German armies, and major general in the Polish-Saxon army. In 1721, Minich was invited to Russia as a specialist in engineering. He was entrusted with the planning of the fortifications of the Kronstadt fortress. Then Minikh, who was well versed in hydraulic structures, was involved in organizing navigation on the Neva River and supervised the construction of the Baltic port and the Ladoga bypass canal. For his achievements, Minich was promoted to lieutenant general. In 1726, he received the rank of General-in-Chief, and in 1727 he was entrusted with the post of Chief of Police of St. Petersburg. Actually, this was Minich’s first appointment not directly related to engineering.
Further strengthening of the police of the Russian Empire took place in the 1730s and was associated with the creation of new police services and the expansion of police activities not only to St. Petersburg and Moscow, but also to other cities of the country. In provincial cities, the police were led by an officer with the rank of captain or lieutenant, who was subordinate to a non-commissioned officer, a corporal, ten privates and two clerical servants. This was the usual composition of the city police department at that time. Since the police at that time were still small and weak, army units were involved in performing police functions. In 1733, a decree “On the establishment of police in cities” was issued, which gave rise to the creation of police institutions throughout the Russian Empire and served as the starting point for the formation of the country’s regular police. By the way, in 1741 Anton Devier was returned from exile, and in 1744 he re-took the post of St. Petersburg Chief of Police. But the years of exile in Siberia took their toll - Devier was seriously ill and resigned in 1745 due to illness. That same year, the founder of the St. Petersburg police died at the age of 63.
In 1741, the prototype of the current units for combating offenses in the field of the consumer market and administrative legislation (BPPRiAZ) was created. This was the Trade Police, established by the Senate on the basis of the report of Police Chief General Saltykov. In particular, he concluded that it was necessary to create a special body to monitor the trade in food supplies. The trade police were supposed to set a tax on food and building materials, monitor the pricing of food and other goods, monitor the quality of products sold, be responsible for order and cleanliness in the markets, suppress illegal trade and fight tavern, supervise the observance of decency in trade establishments.
At the same time, in 1741, the status of the Chief of Police was raised from 5th to 3rd class of the Table of Ranks. Now the post of chief of police corresponded to the army rank of lieutenant general, the guards rank of colonel and the civilian rank of privy councilor. The Chief of Police was introduced into the Senate along with the presidents of the Military, Admiralty and Foreign Affairs Collegiums. However, despite the increase in the status of the Chief of Police, during the reign of Elizaveta Petrovna, many shortcomings and shortcomings remained in the organization of the country's police service.
Further modernization of the police system of the Russian Empire took place already under Catherine II. The Empress paid significant attention to issues of maintaining order in the empire, ordering the creation of a zemstvo police in addition to the city police. In the districts, lower zemstvo courts were created, which were in charge of maintaining public order. In 1782, a decision was made to create deanery boards as the main city police bodies. The deanery council included a head - the mayor, two bailiffs for criminal and civil matters, two elected controllers - ratman, elected by the townspeople for six months to carry out supervisory functions over the activities of the police authorities.
Paul I, who replaced Catherine II at the head of state, carried out further reform of the police authorities. He abolished deanery boards in Russian cities and assigned the police the functions of monitoring the activities of officials. In order to improve the work of the police, Paul I made police chiefs and commandants financially responsible for unsolved thefts of public funds. In St. Petersburg and Moscow, under Pavel, the position of chief police officer was introduced, who led the police. Subordinate to the chief police chief were private inspectors who led parts of the city, and they, in turn, were subordinate to the quarterly non-commissioned private inspectors with two quarterly commissars.
The creation of a professional police also raised the question of training personnel to occupy “officer” positions in police departments. There was no special school for training police personnel in Russia in the 18th century. However, police officers were recruited from graduates of the Land Noble Cadet Corps, opened in 1732. But most of the cadets saw themselves in the future as guards or army officers, or, in extreme cases, as civilian officials. The police service remained of little prestige, which inevitably affected the quality of personnel. The police often recruited officers who, for some reason, were forced to leave the guard, the army, and even civil administrative institutions. On the other hand, the police also became a haven for “disabled people,” as honored veterans of military service were then called, who, due to age or illness, were not capable of further service in the army or guards units. This state of affairs was widespread and it did not at all contribute to improving the functioning of public order authorities. The weakness of the police of that time is also shown by the large number of popular uprisings, the causes of which were suppressed and the Russian police were unable to fight them without the help of army units.
Loading...