By right of memory when it was written. A. T. Tvardovsky “By the right of memory”: analysis of the poem. Teacher's final words

Russian writers of the twentieth century from Bunin to Shukshin: tutorial Bykova Olga Petrovna

The history of the creation of the poem “By the right of memory.” Its ideological content

In 1987, A. Tvardovsky’s lyric poem “By the Right of Memory” was published in the magazine “Znamya” (No. 2), and then in “New World” (No. 3). In the preface to the publication, Maria Illarionovna Tvardovskaya briefly outlined the creative history of the work. The poet worked on the poem during 1963 - 1969; included in it a fragment “In the hayloft” (“Before departure”) published in Novy Mir (1969, No. 1). At first, he prepared what he had written as new chapters of the poem “Beyond the Distance, the Distance,” but then he abandoned such an intention, having become firmly convinced of the idea of leaving it as an independent work. Along with the publication, Novy Mir contains a photograph of the first page of the manuscript of the poem, prepared for publication in 1970. It does not say why “By Right of Memory” was not published. Obviously, the implication is that it simply could not have been published at that time.

In the Literaturnaya Gazeta dated March 4, 1987, in the article “Liberation,” Yevgeny Sidorov says that in the spring of 1969, Tvardovsky read a poem at the editorial office of Yunost, that is, it was prepared for publication back in the late 60s. “I remember,” writes Sidorov, “how I was struck by his (I can’t find another word) naivety: he, apparently, still hoped to publish this text... But most likely, he just wanted more people, close to literature, knew first-hand about this most painstaking work of his.”

“By Right of Memory” is written in the form of a lyrical confession. What the poet writes about is very personal, it vitally concerns his own fate. None of Tvardovsky’s previous works was so directly connected with his biography. “By Right of Memory” is a much more personal work than the lyrical poem “Beyond the Distance, the Distance.” There are no plot narrative chapters, epic paintings, there are “lessons of age” here - the results of many years of reflection, mental torment. The poet obviously feels that his strength is waning, and the most intimate things have not yet been said, so he writes a work of a confessional nature, building it in the form of a lyrical monologue. At the same time, like every great poet, the lyric in this poem goes beyond the purely personal and touches on problems of a national nature. Already the first drafts of the poem, in which the idea of the work was written down in rough form, Tvardovsky accompanied with the following note: “I felt the approach of a poetic theme, something that was not said and that I, and therefore not only me, must necessarily express. This is a living, necessary thought in my life (and where else but mine!).”

Yes, “By right of memory” does have a broad general meaning. In the programmatic introduction, the author states that the poem is addressed “to everyone with whom he was on the road, living and fallen,” swears to them the truth, writes that his duty to the fallen forces him to speak with utmost honesty and sincerity:

So that the word has double control:

Where perhaps the living will remain silent,

So they will interrupt me:

- Allow me.

In the face of bygone eras

You have no right to bend your heart, -

After all, these were paid

We pay the biggest price...

The theme of the poem “By Right of Memory” is, for the first time in our literature, Tvardovsky’s awareness of the tragedy of the excesses of the collectivization period, which became the source of suffering for millions of people. The poet protests against the taboo on this topic that was established in those years, against oblivion, and even more so the deliberate suppression of historical truth. He writes: “The lie is to our loss”:

To forget, to forget silently commanded,

They want to drown you in oblivion

Living reality. And so that the waves

They closed over her. True story - forget!

Forgetting relatives and friends

And so many destinies the way of the cross...

Tvardovsky takes the floor by right of memory: in his youth he witnessed this tragedy, it painfully affected his father and brothers, and became his personal mental pain:

No, all the old omissions

Now it’s my duty to finish speaking.

Inquisitive Komsomol daughter

Go and agree on your Glavlit;

Explain why and whose care

Classified as closed article

Of the unnamed century

Bad memory of the matter...

The poet recalls the most exciting episodes of his life and the dramatic story of his father’s fate, which was typical for a significant part of the peasantry in the late 20s and early 30s. The most precious memories are placed next to each other - farewell to youth (chapter “Before Departure”) and the most bitter and painful ones - encounters with cruel injustice (chapter “The son is not responsible for his father”). The first chapter is illuminated by rays of serene happiness: before leaving youth for the adult world of great hopes, friends spend the night in the hayloft, trying to formulate their life principles and define goals:

We were ready to go.

What could be simpler:

Don't lie.

Don't be a coward.

Be faithful to the people.

Love your native mother land,

So that for her through fire and water.

Then give your life.

The moral principles of youth are honestly and clearly formulated; at dawn, the village cockerels announced the passing of summer: “It was as if they were singing a funeral service / The end of our childish days.” The lyrical and even somewhat sentimental confession of youth, which took place “a lifetime ago,” breaks off, and a harsh monologue, filled with bitterness and sorrow, bursts in about the fate of the unjustly dispossessed toiler-father, the experiences of his son, who began to be called the “kulak son.” In this chapter of the poem, Tvardovsky again reaches the heights of his talent, he manages to “put silent pain into words,” it was written in the blood of the heart, all of it is a shock. The lines of merciless truth about the cult of Stalin, about broken destinies and broken souls, the torment of the “guilty without guilt” make a huge impression. This was a truly new word in poetry. The poet's civic, ideological and artistic position captivates. The author of the poem “By Right of Memory” was at that level of democracy and openness that would be won by literature only two decades later, and was aware of his high responsibility to society. WITH great strength the tragedy of a worker, a patriot, who by the evil will of the “arbiter of earthly destinies” was classified as “kulaks”, “enemies of the people”, is revealed. The poet remembers his father's hands:

In knots of veins and tendons,

In the arms of crooked fingers -

Those who - with a sigh - are like strangers,

Sitting down at the table, he put it on the table.

...................................................

Those hands that by their own will -

Neither straighten nor clench into a fist:

There were no individual calluses -

Solid.

Truly a fist!

No less sad were the fates of the children, who all their lives were doomed to fill out the ominous column and “always be at hand - in case / there is a shortage of class enemies.” The Stalinist formula “the son is not responsible for the father” turned out to be false:

Five short words...

But year after year

Those words faded away.

And the title of son of an enemy of the people

Already under them it became legal.

And beyond one line of the law

Fate has already equaled everyone:

Son of a fist or son of a people's commissar,

The son of an army commander or a priest...

Marked from birth

A baby of enemy blood.

And everything seemed to be missing

The land of branded sons.

The facts of A. Tvardovsky’s biography indicate that the poet wrote about this “not from hearsay, not from a book,” namely, “by right of memory” - this is also his personal pain.

Why did the relatively small poem “By Right of Memory” take so long to be created – from 1963 to 1969 – and with long breaks? Maria Illarionovna Tvardovskaya explains this by the fact that in connection with the death of his mother in 1965, he put the poem aside and wrote a cycle of poems dedicated to the memory of his mother. It seems that the long breaks were also caused by the fact that serious obstacles arose in the path of the poet’s work and the work of renewal in which he was absorbed. His letters from these years indicate that he literally could not work as a poet - he devoted all his time and all his energy to the “New World”. According to him, “tsunamis swept over the magazine,” he still had time to fight back and write explanatory notes. The poet postponed work on the poem, it seems to us, because it became more and more obvious that there was little chance of its publication.

And now the poem “speaks.” The enormous charge of renewal and hatred against the anti-democratic nature of the cult of personality contained in the poem “By Right of Memory” excited our contemporaries. The work came to us as an active participant in social restructuring and literary recovery, and immediately became involved in literary life. At the plenum of the board of the Union of Writers of the USSR (April 1987), V. Karpov, touching on the problems of modern poetry and noting that it lacked a tuning fork - “the only, incomparable voice that, as it were, prevents others from being out of tune, does not allow them to stray from the rhythm of time, calls for him,” said: “I think that A. Tvardovsky’s poem can serve as such a tuning fork... It sounded surprisingly modern in its very essence, in spirit - it has the highest citizenship, it has conscience, honor, it has the conviction of a communist . This is how a classic came to us today, our Soviet classic - and addressed us directly:

But we will continue to be as we were, -

No matter how suddenly a thunderstorm strikes, -

one of those people

that people

Without hiding my eyes,

They look into your eyes.

The poet A. Voznesensky also said at the plenum that A. Tvardovsky’s poem “By Right of Memory” “has become the tuning fork of Soviet poetry today.” “By Right of Memory” defines the “bloody theme” on a large scale, and solves it as overcoming the disease of society, as cleansing with truth. The poet decisively rejected the cowardly arguments of those who were afraid of the truth, hid the past, and were ready to deny people historical memory:

Others simply stated that

It's like we're talking about a rainy day

All these were not welcome,

Throwing shadows at us.

But everything that happened is not forgotten,

Not out of the ordinary.

One lie is to our loss

And only the truth comes to court!

Written two decades ago, these aphoristically succinct lines retain their charge in the days of renewal and sound like a relevant slogan.

Narrating a dramatic page in our history, the poem “By Right of Memory” is not only a “recall of distant pain”, its pathos is optimistic, it appeals to civic feeling, strengthens spiritual strength, and stigmatizes the remnants of fear, which taught us to “remain silent before the rampant evil.” And what poetic energy is contained in its final lines, what a confident gait these rhythms and consonances, reminiscent of Mayakovsky’s ladder, convey: “People / from those people / who, without hiding their eyes, / Look into the eyes of people.”

Tvardovsky's poem was ahead of its time. Uncompromising demands for social and spiritual renewal, restoration of the norms of democracy and openness frightened influential officials from politics and literature.

The good news is that “By Right of Memory” was restored very in time, that the poem immediately became an outstanding phenomenon of social and literary life, an active participant in the transformations.

(According to A.V. Kulinich)

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The author recalls how, in his distant youth, he and his friend lived with the cherished idea of reaching all the sciences. It seemed to friends that they didn’t care about any obstacles, since the main thing in life is not to be a coward, not to lie, to love your land, to be faithful to the people. The young people imagined how they would later return to their homeland as magnificent Moscow guests, how their parents would be proud and how the girls would swoon at the dances. No one could have guessed what fate had in store for them in the future. Now it seems to the author that those youthful dreams visited him “a lifetime ago” - he had to endure so much over the past years.

2. The son is not responsible for his father

These five words were spoken in the Kremlin hall by the “arbiter of earthly” destinies, I. Stalin. The author addresses the younger generation, for whom it is already difficult to imagine what resonance this short phrase had in society. For people of his, the author’s, generation, the line of origin on the questionnaire had a “sinister” meaning. In Stalin’s time, those who were unlucky with the count substituted their foreheads “for an indelible mark” in order to always be at hand, “in case of a shortage of class enemies.” The closest friends turned away and were afraid to say a word in defense of the “son of the enemy of the people,” who, in most cases, had not personally committed anything against the regime, but had to bear punishment for his father’s “sin.” After Stalin’s historic statement, one could thank the leader for forgiving his own father.

However, it did not occur to Stalin in time that such a “rehabilitated” son could well answer for his unjustly convicted father - the one who always worked in the sweat of his brow, and when he came home for dinner, he laid his tired working hands on the table. There were no separate calluses on these hands - they were solid.

The author hears accusations of compassion in his address, of trying to look at things “from the kulak bell tower” and “give grist to the enemy’s mill.” The author is already tired of “hearing the echo of ancient years,” because neither the bell towers nor the mills have been in the world for a long time. But the peasant himself, the “naked assistant” of the Soviet government, did not reproach it for anything, but only praised and thanked it for the “long-awaited land.” Anyone repressed sincerely believed that the unjust sentence would be immediately canceled as soon as Stalin personally “read his letter in the Kremlin” . The peasants, evicted from their homes, did not lose heart and moved into the working class. Now this honorable road was open to them: after all, the son was not responsible for his father. However, soon everything went as before. The country, it seemed, still lacked branded sons. Only war provided “the right to death and even a share of glory.” The only fear was to go missing or be captured. Then we had to follow the thunder of victory with a double brand from captivity to captivity. It is unlikely that the Motherland became happier, having gathered the army of its sons under the sky of Magadan. The Soviet people had a new god in the person of Stalin, who called “throw away your father and reject your mother”... This was especially true of the national outskirts, resettled peoples - the Crimean Tatars, etc. The author testifies that the father must answer with his head for his son , and it’s a pity that Stalin himself did not become responsible for either his son or his daughter.

3. About memory

The author believes that we must not forget the “way of the cross” of those who became “camp dust.” However, they are constantly told to “forget about this and ask with affection” in order not to embarrass the uninitiated with publicity. However, the author does not see the uninitiated around him: the whole country knew about the repressions, even if they did not personally affect a person, then most likely “in passing, in passing.” It is from the poet that he will subsequently be “required”; he will have to explain to the “inquisitive Komsomol daughter”, “why and whose tutelage brought the matter to a forgotten article in an unnamed century of bad memory.” The new generation must also know the truth about the past, since “whoever hides the past jealously is unlikely to be in harmony with the future.” The author thinks that Stalin’s incredible popularity among the people, despite all his accomplishments, was explained, among other things, by the fact that we always applauded not only him. It seemed that Lenin was always nearby - the one who did not like applause. It is no coincidence that there was a saying among the people: “If only Lenin had risen from the grave and looked at everything that had become.” The author compares such judgments with the baby talk of irresponsible people. We ourselves are to blame for everything that happened, we ourselves have to clear up the mess we brewed, “and Lenin will not stand to judge us.” If you really want to “return the former grace,” the author advises calling on the spirit of Stalin: “He was God, he can rise.” Besides " immortal life Stalin's story continues in his Chinese successor (Mao Tse Tung).

The work is primarily notable for the fact that it was a sincere attempt by a person of the older generation to comprehend the tragic pages of the country’s history associated with the repressions of the 30s and Stalin’s “cult of personality.” In his own fate (“the son of enemies of the people”), the author sees a reflection of the fate of millions of undeservedly humiliated people, he calls not to forget the people unlawfully exterminated in the camps. At the same time, the work is a typical example of the creativity of the so-called “sixties” and it reflected not only themes and “ social problems", characteristic of the leaders and - more broadly - of the generation of the sixties, but also the illusions inherent in them, in particular, about Stalin’s perversion of Lenin’s ideas, about the original loyalty of the “idea”, about the “return to Lenin”, etc.

1. Before departure

The author recalls the events of his distant youth: together with a friend, “either reading someone’s lines out loud, / Then suddenly losing the connection of speeches,” they cherished the thought of “suddenly catching up / To all the sciences.” It seemed to them that all obstacles were surmountable, and the main thing in life was “not to lie. / Don’t be a coward, be faithful to the people. / To love your native mother land.” Friends imagined how they would later return to their homeland as Moscow guests, how proud their parents would be of them, and what effect they would have on the girls’ dances. But they could not have imagined how their fate would turn upside down, how much everything would change. Now it seems to the author that “a lifetime ago” their youthful dreams visited them - they had to endure too many terrible things over the years.

2. The son is not responsible for his father

“The son is not responsible for his father” - these five words were “uttered in the Kremlin hall / by the One who for all of us was one / arbiter of earthly destinies” - Stalin. Bitter sarcasm sounds in the author’s words:

The author is trying to explain to the younger generation, who can hardly imagine what these words of the leader were for people who were “guilty without guilt.” For people of the author’s generation, the line of origin in the questionnaire had a “sinister” meaning. Those whose profile was “damaged”, who were “unlucky with the column”, during Stalin’s time, substituted their foreheads “for an indelible mark” - “the son of an enemy of the people.” This was necessary in order to “always be at hand - in case / There is a shortage of class enemies.” Their closest friends turned away from such people; they were afraid to stand up for people who were innocent of anything before the regime. The only guilt of the “sons of the enemies of the people” was that they were the children of their fathers. After Stalin’s significant statement, one could “thank / the father of nations, / That he forgave you / Your dear father.”

Stalin did not think in time that any of these unexpectedly “rehabilitated” sons could answer for their unjustly convicted father, who always worked honestly, and when he came home for dinner, he put his working hands on the table. There were “no individual calluses on his hands - / Solid. / Truly a fist!” The author is accused of being compassionate, of trying to look at things “from the kulak bell tower” and pour grist “into the enemy’s mill.” But the author says that he is tired of “hearing the echoes of ancient years: / Neither those mills nor the bell towers / A long time ago in the world.” The “hollow assistant” himself Soviet power- peasant - did not reproach him for anything new government, but only thanked for the long-awaited “country land”, believing that “the essence is not in a small inflection, / When - the Great Turning Point.” Each of the repressed firmly believed that the decision of the unjust court would be immediately canceled when Stalin personally “read his letter in the Kremlin.” The peasants evicted from their native places moved into the working class - now this path was open to them, since “the son was not responsible for the father.” But very soon everything went as before, since it seemed to someone that the country lacked “branded sons.” And only “war provided the right to death and even a share of glory / In the ranks of the fighters of the native land.” During the war, it was scary to go missing or be captured. In this case, it was necessary “from captivity to captivity - under the thunder of victory / With a double mark.” Soviet people in the person of Stalin they found a new god, who proclaimed his own commandments: “reject your father and reject your mother,” “to the detriment of love for the father of nations / Any other love,” “betray your brother / And your best friend in secret,” “bear false witness in the name of / And commit atrocities in the name of the leader,” “applaud all the sentences / Which cannot be comprehended.” This was especially true for resettled peoples - the Crimean Tatars and others. The author says that since a father must answer with his head for his son, Stalin himself should have answered for his son and daughter.

3. About memory

The author says that in no case should we forget the “way of the cross” of those who have become “camp dust,” despite the fact that they are constantly “affectionately” asking to forget about it, “so that this publicity inadvertently / does not confuse the uninitiated.” But the author does not consider himself among the “uninitiated,” and in general he believes that there are no “uninitiated” in the country. Everyone faced repression in one way or another. If this did not affect someone personally, they heard “in passing, in passing, / Not myself, / So through those who themselves.” The poet believes that it is he who will subsequently be “required”, that he is obliged to tell the “inquisitive Komsomol daughter”, “why and whose tutelage / The matter was classified as a closed article / of an unnamable century / of bad memory.” The new generation is obliged to know the truth about the past, since “whoever hides the past jealously / is unlikely to be in harmony with the future.”

The author explains Stalin’s incredible popularity among the people by the fact that “we have always applauded more than one / That father. / It always seemed that there was nearby, who had passed his earthly shift, / The one who did not like applause,” i.e. Lenin. It is no coincidence that there was a saying among the people: “If only Lenin had risen from the grave, / Looked at everything that had become.” Such judgments are akin to the baby talk of irresponsible people, the author believes.

Each of the people is to blame for what was happening in the country. And if you really want to return the “former grace,” the author advises calling on the spirit of Stalin: “He was a god, - / He can stand up.” And Stalin’s “eternal life” continues in Mao Tse Tung, his Chinese successor.

An attempt to comprehend the tragic events in A. Tvardovsky’s poem “By the Right of Memory”

Tvardovsky’s poem “By Right of Memory” is an attempt to comprehend the tragic events in the history of the homeland associated with the personality cult of Stalin and the repressions of the 1930s. In December 1963, Tvardovsky wrote: “... it seems that for the first time in a long time, I felt the approach of a poetic theme , what is not expressed and what is in me, and therefore not only me, must be expressed. This is a living, necessary thought in my life (and where else but mine!):

The author reveals a different meaning of Stalin's saying. It made it possible to simply despise immediate family ties and the resulting moral obligations. The monologue of the author of the poem accurately captures the process of blurring the connections between close people, between word and deed, between what was proclaimed from the rostrum and the real state of affairs, in particular, when after the above declaration “the title of son of an enemy of the people ... became a right.” Tvardovsky keenly grasped the confusion of concepts, moral and mental turmoil that reigned in society at the instigation of the leader.

The poem was written in a bitter time and took a long time to reach the reader. But when she got there, she turned out to be just in time and added a touch to the overall picture of the “real truth.” Tvardovsky is concerned with the issue of historical memory, because, as he wrote in the poem, “whoever hides the past jealously / Is unlikely to be in harmony with the future.” It was the theme of memory that became the main one in the poem. The poet not only revealed his mature memory, but also resolutely opposed the unconsciousness of the second half of the 1960s: in Brezhnev’s times, much was done to ensure that Stalin’s crimes were forgotten, so that knowledge about them was destroyed.

February 21, 2018

The work “By Right of Memory” truthfully tells about a difficult time. Echoes of the past are clearly heard in it, the terrible fate that the “father of nations” prepared for his children. Tvardovsky’s poem was born as an act of protest and even with its title exploded the terrible silence that covered the crimes of the Stalinist regime.

History of creation

From the time the work was written, we will begin a holistic analysis of “By Right of Memory.” It was written in 1966-1969. The author is trying to publish his creation on the pages of the New World. But the censorship persistently does not allow the poem to be published. Criticism of Stalin in these years gave way to complete oblivion and silence. Tvardovsky never saw the poem in print. The new work was conceived as an addition to the work “Beyond the Distance - the Distance.” Later it became independent. As a detailed chapter-by-chapter analysis will show, Tvardovsky’s “By Right of Memory” is a work that reflected the author’s reaction to the political situation of the 60s.

The publications of the New World acquired a clear oppositional character. In 1968, Soviet tanks appeared on the streets of Prague, and a note appeared in Tvardovsky’s notebook: “How Prague greeted us in ’45, and how it greets us in ’68.” The writer condemned this action and did not sign the letter to the Czechoslovak writers. This is an act with capital letters- civil, human. But this irritated the officials, and they literally took up arms against the magazine and the editor-in-chief. A detailed analysis will show why it was unthinkable to publish this poem in those years. “By Right of Memory” is a work that was published in the magazine “Znamya” only in 1987.

Genre and compositional features

The work has three parts, preceded by a short introduction. Many literary scholars call Tvardovsky’s work a triptych. The author himself called him the same thing during his work. The magazine "Znamya", which first published this poem, defined its genre as a lyric poem. In the final version, the "triptych" designation was dropped and titles were given to parts of the poem. This emphasizes the plot and psychological component of Tvardovsky’s work “By the Right of Memory.” The chapter-by-chapter analysis we are now looking at will show that the emotional subtext of the poem is very deep. This is confession-repentance, conversion, accusation. The integrity of the poem is given by the author himself and the monologue form of the narrative. The work opens with an introduction that expresses the writer’s life credo.

First part

Let us continue the analysis of “By Right of Memory” by Tvardovsky and consider the first chapter of the work. While working on the poem, the author decided to include here an episode of leaving his home, a fragment that appeared under the title “In the Hayloft” even before the publication of the work. This poem made up the first part of “Before Departure.”

It was written as an appeal to a friend of his youth and created an atmosphere of trust when conversations were held about the most secret things. The author accurately conveys the feelings of youth - the hopes and aspirations of young heroes. Two village youths are full of hope and are getting ready to hit the road, “abandoning our outback.” They are driven by lofty thoughts - “we lived by a cherished plan”, youthful maximalism - “a spirit unknown to doubt” and a romantic dream - “we ourselves only expected happiness.”

Second part

We will continue our chapter-by-chapter analysis of the poem “By Right of Memory” with the words that Stalin “dropped in the Kremlin hall,” and they were perceived by many people as getting rid of the “indelible mark” - “a son is not responsible for his father.” The second part of the work is called the same. The words of the “father of nations” turned out to be a deception, and Tvardovsky reflects how immoral and inhuman these words “for the guilty without guilt” are.

Repeating themselves, they acquire a completely new emotional and semantic meaning in the work “By Right of Memory.” The analysis shows that in exactly five words the author writes down the fates of peasants crippled by the “great turning point,” entire nations thrown into exile, the fates of people who had to pay doubly for the miscalculations of the “great commander.”

The third part

We continue the analysis of “By Right of Memory” by Tvardovsky. The last chapter of the poem “On Memory” conveys the author’s thoughts and motives stated in its title: “they are silently ordered to forget.” It is written in a free manner. In it, the author raises many questions: echoes of the debates that took place in the editorial office of Novy Mir, when they defended the right of literature to tell the truth. “They tell me to forget and ask me to forget - a memory under seal.” All lines of the text create a holistic view and are built on the worldview of the author, who clearly expresses his position. “Everybody knows everything; trouble with the people! Tvardovsky measures everything by the highest criteria for him - “real truth”, “truthful memory” and conscience. Key words The third part is: reality, truth, memory, pain.

As the analysis “By the Right of Memory” showed, Tvardovsky’s words tell everyone that only we are responsible for our time, and each of us is indebted to the past. No matter how bitter the truth is, and no matter how much they want to “drown it into oblivion,” everyone should know the truth in order to protect themselves from repeating terrible and criminal mistakes. Therefore, the poet measures everything by “true memory,” since without it there is no participation in life. Behind the hero of the work is a poet-citizen who teaches us high morality, mercy and citizenship. To be those people who “keep their eyes open.”

The work is a confession. It largely reflects the biography of the poet, and is considered a summation of the poet’s many years of thoughts. In the first part of the poem, the writer recalls his childhood with its bright hopes. He also remembered his friend, with whom he and he discussed the future life.

There were difficult times in the poet's life. He suffered and lived through hunger strike and war, during the time of Khrushchev. In the poem, the author pours out everything that lives and boils in his soul.

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In Memory of a Mother The pages of the series “In Memory of a Mother” are imbued with true Russia, that small native land in which the poet grew up. He always remembered him, noting his kinship with the Smolensk region. This cycle displays the completeness of Tvardovsky’s love for his mother, as for Read More......
I think that Tvardovsky’s work is associated, first of all, with the theme of war and peace, with the theme of praising the Russian soldier. Vasily Terkin became his national hero. Tvardovsky’s poems “Beyond the Distance” and “By the Right of Memory” have a completely different character, since they Read More ......
A few months before starting work on the poem “By Right of Memory,” A. T. Tvardovsky wrote: “It seems that for the first time in a long time I felt the approach of a poetic theme, something that was not said and that I, and therefore not only me, need be sure to express it. Read More......
Closing age lessons. The thought comes by itself - To everyone with whom it was along the way, Alive and fallen. A. Tvardovsky The great events that took place in our country were reflected in the work of Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky both in the form of their direct depiction and Read More ......
I lived, I was - for everything in the world I answer with my head. A. T. Tvardovsky Times are changing, we already live in a democratic state, now works that were banned for seventy long years are being published with all their might. In particular, we became aware of nowhere Read More......
The life of A. Tvardovsky occurred, perhaps, during the most tragic years in the history of the Russian people. He went through the entire war “with his people”; before his eyes, the country was overwhelmed Stalin's repressions, the poet survived the years of Khrushchev's thaw. He became one of the most significant poets who wrote Read More......
The poem “By Right of Memory” was written in the mid-70s of the 20th century. The author wrote: “It seems that for the first time in a long time I felt the approach of a poetic theme, something that has not been said and that I, and therefore not only me, must necessarily express.” In Read More......
The great events that took place in our country were reflected in the work of Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky both in the form of their direct depiction and in the form of individual experiences and reflections associated with it. In this sense, his work highest degree topical. In the late 60s, Tvardovsky writes Read More......

Summary By right of memory Tvardovsky