The midday land of Crimea in the life and work of Russian writers. "Union of Writers of the Republic of Crimea" - regional public organization of Crimea in creativity
In X The international literary festival "Chekhov's Autumn - 2019" in Yalta, which was held in Yalta from October 21 to 24, was attended by poets and writers from different countries: Russia, Ukraine, Donetsk People's Republic, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Belarus, Germany, Syria , Italy, Lebanon, Egypt, Montenegro, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Serbia, Morocco, India, Bangladesh, Czech Republic, Costa Rica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Poland, Albania and Switzerland. And all of them were united not only by the opportunity to express themselves creatively, but also by the opportunity to talk about the culture of their country and establish connections between our peoples. The festival was traditionally organized this year by the RPO “Union of Writers of the Republic of Crimea”. The festival has become the tenth since its creation and the third since the modern Russian history of the peninsula.
All four days, members of the international jury and participants enjoyed an interesting and vibrant competition program, round tables, and meetings about Chekhov’s work. The Festival was opened on October 21 by Festival President Andrei Chernov, who spoke about the importance of uniting Crimean writers with writers from other regions of Russia and abroad. Greetings from friends of the Festival were read out: Muradova G. - Permanent Representative of the Republic of Crimea to the President of the Russian Federation, Pereverzin I. - Chairman of the International Society of Writers' Unions, Boyarinov V. - Chairman of the Moscow city organization of the Union of Writers of Russia, E.I.V. . Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, Savchenko S. - deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
High International Jury consisting of: Ayman Abu-Shaar (Syrian Arab Republic) chairman of the jury, Terekhin V. (Russia, Kaluga region) deputy chairman of the jury, Doha Assi (Arab Republic of Egypt) deputy chairman of the jury, Smirnov V. (Shumilov) (Russia , Republic of Crimea), Kondryukova G. (Russia, Sevastopol), Grachev V. (Russia, Republic of Crimea), NGUYEN THI KIM HIEN (People's Republic of Vietnam), Melnikov A. (Germany), Tomskaya L. (Ukraine), Shalyugin G. (Russia, Republic of Crimea), Salikhov D. (Russia, Republic of Tatarstan), Matveeva M. (Russia, Republic of Crimea), Ryabchikov L. (Russia, Republic of Crimea), Golubev M. (Russia, Republic of Crimea), Ilaev A. (Russia, Republic of Crimea), Berlin T.(Ukraine), Popova N. (Russia, Moscow), Klossovsky I. (Russia, Republic of Crimea), Podosinnikova L. (Russia, Sevastopol).
On the first day, competitions were held: “Public Recognition”, music competitions “Take your overcoat, let’s go home!” and “Free original song”, “Love lyrics”.
Second day X The International Literary Festival "Chekhov's Autumn - 2019" was no less bright. On this day, participants had the opportunity to listen to poems dedicated to nature (in the category “Landscape Lyrics. Crimean Motifs”), works of young poets (“Poetry of the Young”), “Poems for Children”, as well as “Civil and Spiritual-Philosophical Lyrics”. On this day, a recitation competition was also held among schoolchildren on the topic “The best expert in the poetry of Vladimir Lugovsky.” In the second half of October 22, festival guests were treated to excursions to the Massandra Palace of Emperor Alexander III and to the House-Museum of A.P. Chekhov “Belaya Dacha”. In the same House-Museum, after the excursions, an Hour of interesting meetings was organized - “Round Table”, the topic of which was a discussion of the work of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov not only as an outstanding writer of his time, but also as a person who subsequently united writers and poets from all over the world under one roof.
October 24 marked the festive closing of the Festival. The results of the correspondence and in-person competitions were summed up, all the winners and prize-winners were announced and awarded, and the “Grand Prix of the Festival” was awarded.
10 laureates who participated in the competition will take diplomas and medals to their countries. competitions: “Landscape lyrics. Crimean motives » SandhuNupurMajumder(Republic of India), “Love lyrics » received a diploma and a bronze medalRubinSabrina(Republic of Bangladesh), “I love you, sea!” received a diploma and a silver medal Getmanenko Inna Vladimirovna(Ukraine, Dnepr), “CRIMEAN MUSE” (poetry ring or marathon) received a diploma and a bronze medalAlMuhaishNabeelAbdorrahmanA(Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), “Civil and spiritual-philosophical lyrics » received a diploma and a silver medal Lara Mshawrab(Republic of Lebanon), correspondence literary « Chekhov's motives" received a diploma and a bronze medal Pankhuri Sinha(Republic of India), “Writers and the public of the world about Crimea » received a diploma and a silver medal Graham Phillips(United Kingdom Great Britain), “The author of the magazine “Brega Taurida” received a diploma and a silver medal Abdulla Issa(State of Palestine), "Public Recognition" Diploma and gold medal received Mohamed Ali Rafie Mohamed(Arab Republic of Egypt), received a “Public Recognition” diploma and a gold medalSandhuNupurMajumder(Republic of India), received a diploma and a gold medal “For outstanding services to literature” Rokiah Hashim(Malaysia).
Diploma I -th degree and a gold medal of the Festival were received by:
Competition “Landscape Lyrics. Crimean motives » - Kamenshchikova Larisa Georgievna (Russia, Krasnodar region);
Competition "Love Lyrics" » - Milodan Ariolla Vladimirovna (Russia, Republic of Crimea, Yalta);
Competition "Poems for Children" » - Prudsky Alexander Nikolaevich (Russia, Republic of Crimea, Yalta);
Contest “The best expert on the poetry of Vladimir Lugovsky” - Shiyan Alexander Alexandrovich (Russia, Republic of Crimea, Yalta);
Competition “I love you, sea!” - Krylova Lyubov Andreevna (Russia, Tambov region, Tambov);
Competition "CRIMEAN MUSE" (poetry ring or marathon) - Milodan Ariolla Vladimirovna (Russia, Republic of Crimea, Yalta);
Competition "Civil and spiritual-philosophical lyrics" » - Babushkin Evgeniy Vasilievich (Russia, Republic of Crimea, Alushta);
Contest " Take your overcoat and let's go home!» -Duet Strunko Nadezhda - Mezhirova Galina (Russia, Anapa - Omsk);
Competition "Poetry of the Young" - Alex Kasper Drew (Russia, Republic of Crimea, Kerch);
Correspondence competition« Chekhov's motives" - Kuraev Mikhail Nikolaevich (Russia, St. Petersburg);
Contest“Writers and the public of the world about Crimea » - Bondarev Yuri Vasilievich (Russia, Moscow);
Correspondence competition“The author of the magazine “Brega Taurida” is Kunyaev Stanislav Yurievich (Russia, Moscow);
Competition “For the best song” - Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Strunka (Russia, Krasnodar region, Anapa);
Competition “For the best poems” Prudsky Alexander Nikolaevich (Russia, Republic of Crimea, Yalta);
Competition "Audience Award" - Alexey Yurievich Zolotarev (Russia, Moscow);
Competition “Public Recognition” - Kibireva Elena Andreevna (Russia, Kurgan region), Mohamed Ali Rafie Mohamed (Arab Republic of Egypt), NUPUR MAJUMDER SANDHU (Republic of India);
Competition "For Outstanding Services to Literature" - Rokiah Hashim (Malaysia), Ilyashevich Vladislav Nikolaevich (Republic of Estonia), Kulunchakova Biyke Iskhakovna (Russia, Republic of Dagestan);
Cup, diploma I -th degree and gold medal received:
Competition “Best LITO of the Crimean Peninsula” - Lito of science fiction writers “Club of science fiction writers of Sevastopol and the Republic of Crimea”, Chairman - Gaevsky Valery Anatolyevich Nikolaevich (Russia, Republic of Crimea);
Competition "For Outstanding Services to Literature" - Ivanov - Valery Aleksandrovich Tagansky (Russia, Moscow)
The diploma and the “Literary Olympus” award from the League of Eurasian Writers were presented to the deputy chairman of the jury, head of the Egyptian delegation Doha Assy.
The main prize of the festival - “Grand Prix of the Festival” and the gold medal was received by the wonderful poetess from the city of Yalta - Ariolla Milodan. From the chairman of the jury, Ayman Abu-Shaara (Syrian Arab Republic), Ariolla also received a special prize - a Syrian dress.
X The international literary festival "Chekhov's Autumn - 2019" in the city of Yalta thundered throughout the world. The festival was a success!
President X International Literary Festival "Chekhov's Autumn - 201" 9 "in Yalta
A. Chernov
Crimean resorts are very lucky with advertising. The best slogans for it were written by real literary geniuses. For example, Mayakovsky immortalized the Evpatoria health resorts with his “I am very sorry for those who have not been to Evpatoria.” And what is Pushkin’s worth: “The hills of Taurida, a lovely land, I visit you again, I drink greedily the air of voluptuousness, As if I hear the close voice of Long-lost happiness”...
However, the classics took away not only enthusiastic impressions from Crimea. Alexander Sergeevich, for example, squandered all his money in Crimea and caught a cold, Bulgakov got seasick on the ship, and Mayakovsky complained about mosquitoes and dirty beaches.
During the velvet season - the time when, until the beginning of the last century, the bulk of vacationers came to Crimea, the most famous Crimean holidaymakers from literature also arrived. But as it turned out, the period, which today is commonly called the Velvet Period, was previously called differently.
“Initially there were three seasons,” explains Crimean historian Andrei Malgin. “Velvet season began immediately after Easter. There are several versions of the origin of this name: both according to the material of clothing, and because at that time the nobility came to Crimea, inscribed in the velvet books. Then came the calico, the poorest season - in July-August, the Crimea was visited by people with incomes below average.
And the season from August 15 to mid-October was called silk, at this time prices rose five to six times, the richest audience came. The grapes were just ripening, and this season was also called the grape season. But over time, the silk season began to be called velvet because of the mild weather."
PUSHKIN DID NOT HAVE ENOUGH MONEY
It was in his poems that the great classic called Crimea “beautiful shores,” but in his letters - “an important and neglected side.” Having set foot on Crimean soil in August 1820 together with the Raevsky family, the poet managed to live in Gurzuf and visit Kerch, Feodosia and Bakhchisarai.
“It was not customary to relax in Gurzuf until the Duke of Richelieu built a house here in 1881, where all the traveling nobility subsequently stayed,” says Svetlana Dremlyugina, head of the department of the Pushkin Museum in Gurzuf.
The Raevskys, along with Alexander Sergeevich, who was in southern exile, spent three weeks in the same house. There was no need to pay for accommodation and food at Richelieu's. Nevertheless, Pushkin managed to save money and wrote to his brother asking him to send him money."
The poet himself wrote the following about the time spent in Gurzuf: “... I lived in Sydney, swam in the sea and ate myself on grapes. A young cypress tree grew two steps from the house; every morning I visited it and became attached to it with a feeling similar to friendship ".
21-year-old Pushkin and Nikolai Raevsky, two years younger, had fun as best they could, because at that time Gurzuf, even though it was more popular than Yalta, could not offer cultural leisure.
"They tasted wines, rode boats and horses. Once they rode from Gurzuf to Bakhchisarai in four days. On the way, Alexander Sergeevich caught a cold, but even the fever did not stop him from noticing how beautiful the legend about the “fountain of tears” was and how depressing the very condition of the khan’s wife was. residence. Later he wrote in a letter: “I walked around the palace with great annoyance at the neglect in which it was decaying, and at the semi-European alterations of some rooms,” says Svetlana Mikhailovna.
The concept of a beach holiday already existed in Pushkin’s time, but it was different from the modern one. “Sunbathing was not accepted. Light skin was in fashion. And, according to doctors, swimming was only possible until 11 am and no longer than five minutes.
There is information that Pushkin knew how to swim, and also that he and Raevsky spied on the ladies from the olive grove. Back then, swimsuits had not yet been invented and negligees were used to plunge into the water.
There were also rumors that Alexander Sergeevich in Gurzuf was inflamed with love for one of the Raevsky daughters. He really became interested, not just in one, but in all four sisters, but he did not feel love for any of them. But he was very impressed by a certain young Tatar woman from a nearby village.”
CHEKHOV: "BORED LIKE SIBERIA"
Anton Chekhov was perhaps the most famous Crimean holidaymaker. “It got to the point that scammers on the way to Yalta pretended to be him, flirted with young ladies, and Anton Pavlovich then heard rumors about his allegedly immoral behavior,” says Alla Golovacheva, a researcher at the Chekhov Museum in Yalta.
In 1888, the writer came to Crimea for the first time. His train arrives in Sevastopol. From there it was necessary to get to Yalta on horseback. “We drove either one day, stopping at the Baydarsky Gate for lunch, or two days with an overnight stay at the Baydarsky Gate,” says Irina Ganzha. “Chaises with a pair of horses to Yalta cost 7.32 rubles, a phaeton with a pair - 15 rubles, three horses - 20 rubles (the average salary of a worker at the same time was 14 rubles - approx.)."
During this visit, Anton Pavlovich visited the St. George Monastery, and later came to Feodosia, Koktebel, and Bakhchisarai. And when the doctor told him a disappointing diagnosis, Chekhov decides to move to Crimea, whose climate was considered beneficial for tuberculosis patients.
At first, Anton Pavlovich did not like Yalta; in his letters he called it a cross between something European and something bourgeois-fair: “Box-shaped hotels, in which these faces of idle rich people with a thirst for penny adventures, a perfume smell instead of the smell of cedars and the sea, pathetic, dirty pier..."
Later, Chekhov begins to call Yalta “warm Siberia” for the boredom that reigns in the town at any time of the year. During his first visits, the writer stayed in hotels, but already in 1898 he bought a small (800 fathoms) plot on the outskirts of Yalta. The land cost Chekhov 4 thousand rubles. A year later, Anton Pavlovich moved into a finished house with his mother and sister. Here he writes and communicates with visiting writers: Tolstoy, Gorky, Sulerzhitsky.
But Chekhov could not afford the usual entertainment for today’s holidaymakers. Sunbathing was not accepted, and the doctor forbade swimming.
“Having already settled in Yalta, Chekhov bought a dacha in Gurzuf (now a department of our museum) and became the owner of a piece of shore with a beach,” says Alla Golovacheva. “In his letters, he more than once mentioned that his relatives would vacation there. But the writer himself did not care for the beach "I never took advantage of it. At that time, sea bathing took place under the supervision of a physician. And he did not recommend water procedures to the writer."
BULGAKOV: "THE BEACH IN YALTA IS SPIT"
Mikhail Afanasyevich owes his first voyage to the Crimean shores to Maximilian Voloshin, who invited Bulgakov and his wife to visit Koktebel. “In June 1925, the writer and his wife Lyubov Belozerskaya boarded a train and 30 hours later got off at the Dzhankoy station, from where a train went to Feodosia seven hours later,” says Crimean literary critic Galina Kuntsevskaya.
Having reached Koktebel, the Bulgakov couple stayed with Voloshin for more than a month, having managed to join the local eccentricity - collecting semi-precious stones, which Bulgakov described as “sport, passion, quiet insanity, taking on the character of an epidemic.” But the Bulgakov couple did not take part in nudist reclining on the beach and hiking in the mountains, which Voloshin brought into fashion.
“On the way back, Mikhail Afanasyevich and his wife went on a steamship to Yalta, on which they rocked strongly, which made the writer feel unwell. In the evening they sailed from Feodosia, and early in the morning they saw Yalta and went to Chekhov’s dacha, which had already become a museum and where he dreamed of visiting Bulgakov,” explains Galina Kuntsevskaya.
In his memoirs, Mikhail Afanasyevich writes that in Yalta they had to rent an overly expensive hotel room (there were no others left) for 3 rubles. per person per day. The average salary at the same time is 58 rubles. When asked why the electricity was not on, Bulgakov heard the answer: “Resort, sir!”
And here are the lines about the Yalta beach:
"... it is covered with scraps of newsprint... and, of course, there is not an inch where you could spit without getting into someone else's trousers or bare stomach. But you really need to spit, especially for a person with tuberculosis, and tuberculosis patients in Yalta are not to be occupied That's why the beach in Yalta is spit on...
It goes without saying that at the entrance to the beach, there is a tower with a cash hole, and in this square there sits a sad female creature and tenaciously takes away ten-kopeck pieces from single citizens and dimes from members of a trade union.”
And here's more about the Yalta shopping district:
"...shops are stuck one next to the other, all wide open, everything is piled up and screaming, littered with Tatar skullcaps, peaches and cherries, cigarette holders and mesh underwear, footballs and wine bottles, perfume and suspenders, cakes. Greeks, Tatars, Russians are selling, Jews. Everything is exorbitantly expensive, everything is “resort style,” and everything is in demand.”
MAYAKOVSKY PROMOTED CRIMEA
The vociferous futurist visited Crimea six times. “It was probably genetic love,” says Galina Kuntsevskaya. “After all, his grandfather and grandmother lived in Crimea. He first came to Crimea in 1913, visiting Simferopol, Kerch and Sevastopol with performances. Then he visited Yalta and Evpatoria.”
In 1920, by decree of the Council of People's Commissars, it was decided to use Crimean dachas and palaces for the improvement of workers' health, and, starting in 1924, Mayakovsky annually comes to Crimea to speak to proletarian holidaymakers.
“He especially liked it in Yevpatoria,” says Galina Kuntsevskaya. “He usually lived in the Dulber hotel. He performed not only in concert halls. In the Thalassa sanatorium, for example, the terrace served as a stage, to which even bedridden patients were carried out on their beds.” .
In the early 20s, accommodation in Thalassa and Dulber cost from 162 to 300 rubles. (the average salary at the same time was 58 rubles.) True, Mayakovsky did not pay for accommodation, which he himself mentioned in his letters: “I received a room and board in Yalta for two weeks for reading to sanatorium patients.”
Those lines that the poet gave to the mountain about the Crimean nature (“I walk, I look out the window - flowers and the blue sky, then magnolia is in your nose, then wisteria is in your eye”), about sanatoriums (“People’s repairs have been accelerated in a huge Crimean forge"), and simply about the resort ("And it’s stupid to call it “Red Nice”, and it’s boring to call it “All-Union Health Resort”. What can our Crimea compare with? There’s nothing our Crimea can compare with!”) served as excellent advertising for Crimea.
However, Mayakovsky himself, it turns out, noticed not only good things on the peninsula. Here, for example, is what he wrote about beaches:
“Sorry, comrade, there is no place to swim: cigarette butts and bottles fell in a hail, - even a cow is not fit to lie here. And if you sit in a booth, a splinter-snake will pierce your buttock from the baths.”
The poet was also outraged by the assortment of the Evpatoria market:
"...at least a quarter of a peach! - There are no peaches. I ran around, even if I measured a mile on the meter! And my peach in the market and in the field, pouring tears on my fluffy cheeks, rots in Simferopol an hour's drive away."
And, in the end, Mayakovsky gives Crimea a damning summary: “The country of apricots, duchess and fleas, health and dysentery.”
THE UKRAINIAN DIRT DID NOT HELP
Lesya Ukrainka wrote some of her most romantic works in Crimea ("Bakhchisarai", "Iphigenia in Taurida", "Aisha and Muhammad"). But it was not a muse that forced her to come here, but a serious illness - bone tuberculosis.
According to the doctor’s instructions, the poetess came to the peninsula three times: with her mother in 1890 she vacationed in Saki, with her brother in Yevpatoria a year later, and in 1907 with her husband in Balaklava and Yalta.
“In the time of Lesya Ukrainka, treatment in the Moinak mud was a procedure that not all healthy people could endure,” says Lyudmila Dubinina, a researcher at the Evpatoria Museum of Local Lore. “A person was laid on cemented platforms and covered with clay from head to toe.
So he lay there, sweating and could not move. Then I still had to lie wrapped in a sheet. So now all this takes twenty minutes, but in those days it took more than two hours. These procedures were very difficult for Lesya Ukrainka, and she wrote in letters that they made her feel worse.”
The procedures were not only exhausting, but also expensive. A course of mud therapy in 1910 cost 45 rubles. - for ordinary people (several dozen patients were in one room) and 130 rubles. — for richer patients (the procedures took place in a separate room). But I still had to pay 5-15 rubles every day. to the attending physician. For comparison: a cow in those years also cost 5 rubles.
The poetess was also treated with water procedures, but in Evpatoria. “Resort guests went into a superstructure above the water, from which they could go down into the water. There they undressed and took a dip. Undressing is, of course, a strong word. Bathing suits were very closed: long shirts for men and short dresses for women,” says Lyudmila Dubinina.
In 1907, Lesya Ukrainka arrived with her husband in Sevastopol. But then, on the advice of doctors, the couple moves to Yalta, where the poetess is treated again and again in vain. She writes to her sister: “... here I reached such a state that I was lying in the city squares - my head was so dizzy.” Perhaps that is why Crimea is reflected in the works of Lesya Ukrainka by no means as a resort mood.
Here, for example, is what she writes about her trip to the Ai-Petri plateau: “The scorching sun shoots arrows onto the white chalk, the wind stirs up gunpowder, it’s stuffy... not a drop of water... it’s like the road to Nirvana, the land of omnipotent death... "…
A PEARL FROM EKATERINA
Crimean historian, director of the Central Museum of Taurida Andrei Malgin, explains that in 1783, when Crimea was annexed to Russia, its climate was considered unhealthy.
“Russian people were convinced that it was impossible to get anything here other than fever. Therefore, travelers came to Crimea not for a resort, but for impressions. Catherine II was the first to come here in 1787. Then she called Crimea the best pearl in her crown,” - says Andrey Vitalievich.
According to him, the peninsula began to be used as a medicinal resource in the 20s of the 19th century, when the properties of Saki mud were discovered. Saki thus became the first resort in Crimea.
“Houses here were originally built by representatives of the nobility: Vorontsov, Borozdin and the like. It was an expensive hobby. And mass pilgrimage to Crimea began in the 50s of the XIX century.
Livadia became the royal residence, after which the railway was laid and the first hotel "Russia" was built. After this, the public close to the court begins to travel to Yalta.
In the 90s, a new tariff was introduced. The railway became a state-owned enterprise, which made it possible to reduce ticket prices, and the middle class began to travel to Crimea,” says Andrey Malgin.
The routes from Moscow to Simferopol and from Simferopol to Yalta cost the same - about 12 rubles (with an average cost of work per day of 20 kopecks). It was affordable for average officials. But merchants, workers and peasants did not go to Crimea.
And it wasn't just about the money. Simply because of their outlook, it would never occur to anyone to quit their job and household to go somewhere.”
ICE CREAM WITH COFFEE IS LIKE A BOTTLE OF VODKA
At the end of the 19th century, Yalta prices were at the level of Moscow. This was especially true for hotels and restaurants attached to them. For example, in 1903, in the first-class Rossiya Hotel in the center of Yalta, prices from November to August were from 1.5 rubles. per day, and from August to November - from 3 rubles. For comparison: a zemstvo teacher received 25 rubles. per month.
At the Yalta Hotel (near the modern cable car) a room costs from 75 kopecks. up to 5 rub. per day. In the same year, in the Moscow hotel "Boyarsky Dvor" a room cost from 1.25 rubles. up to 10 rub. per day.
In the Yalta City Garden restaurant during the holiday season, a 2-course breakfast cost 75 kopecks. and served from 11 to 1 p.m. Lunches of 2 courses - 60 kopecks, of 3 - 80 kopecks, of 4 - 1 ruble, served from 13.00 to 18.00.
In Floren's confectionery, located on the Yalta embankment opposite the Mariino Hotel, in 1890 a glass of tea cost 10 kopecks, coffee - 15 kopecks, a cup of chocolate with biscuits - 25 kopecks, and a serving of ice cream - 25 kopecks. At the same time in Moscow for 40 kopecks. you could buy a bottle of vodka.
Literary journey through Crimea
The Crimean land has the amazing property of attracting creative people. The fates of many famous writers and poets are connected with Crimea, one way or another. And Crimea itself has always occupied a special place in literature. The delightful nature, turbulent history and multinational culture of this region have inspired many generations of Russian writers. Some were passing through Crimea, and for others it became part of their biography... For some it is a blessed paradise, for others it is gloomy memories of the war, for others it is a cheerful peninsula full of pleasant memories of their holiday... Many were written in Crimea wonderful works. And even more ideas were born, which, when realized, became the adornment of Russian literature.
And to make sure of this, let’s take a trip along the literary map of Crimea.
Simferopol. The capital of Crimea is certainly visited by everyone who arrives on the peninsula. Writers and poets are no exception. But a few left a noticeable mark.
A. S. Pushkin lived in Simferopol for a short time. Here, on the “shores of the cheerful Salgir,” was his last stop on a long journey across Crimea in 1820, and now a monument to the great poet has been erected in the center of the city.
Oak groves and meadows are revived,
And the peaceful ones caress the shores,
Stubborn snows do not dare to lie down.
A. S. Pushkin about Crimea
Government official P.I. Sumarokov worked in Simferopol from 1802 to 1807. We don’t know what his merits in this field are, but here he wrote a very interesting book: “The Leisure of a Crimean Judge, or the Second Journey to Taurida,” where he gave very accurate descriptions of many Crimean corners. Appreciate the beauty of the syllable: “Do you want to taste the sweet feeling in your soul? Stay on Salgir. Do you want to amuse yourself with an extraordinary spectacle? Cross the Baydars. Do you want to meet splendor? Appear in the vicinity of Yalta. Have you decided to indulge in peaceful despondency? Visit Foros. Finally, whether you are suffering from love or suffering another misfortune, then sit down on the shore of the Black Sea, and the roar of the waves will dispel your gloomy thoughts.”
And on the house where A. S. Griboyedov, who traveled through the Crimea in 1825, also lived for a short time, a memorial plaque was installed. True, in one of his letters he called Simferopol a “crappy little town,” which is explained by the gloomy mood that possessed the writer at that moment. But then he called Crimea “an amazing treasury, a natural museum that keeps the secrets of thousands of years,” which rehabilitated himself in the eyes of Crimeans.
From 1865 to 1870, official E. L. Markov worked in the field of public education in Simferopol. And he wrote the famous “Essays on Crimea: Pictures of Crimean life, nature and history,” in which he depicted with great love the nature of the peninsula, its inhabitants, history, and monuments. A slightly ironic, imaginative, rich description of the long-gone beauty of these places fascinates the reader. “My essays will resurrect in the memory of some some vivid and true pictures of Crimean life and nature; they will seduce him to recognize the living Crimea, to enjoy its originality, its beauty,” wrote Markov.
“I know the famous picturesque places of Europe and I think that it is unlikely that there will be a happier combination of the most opposite elements of the landscape in it than in the Crimea.”
The sacred spirit of history blows on these waters and this shore. Here, every stone, every ruin, every step is an event.
Whoever breathes Crimea breathes the joy of life, poetry, longevity. Hurry up to leave for Crimea, who can, who still has time...”
“People who have lived in Crimea and experienced the pleasures that Crimea alone gives, never forget it...”
E. L. Markov, “Essays on Crimea” (1902)
I. L. Selvinsky (1899-1968), an outstanding Russian poet and prose writer of the 20th century, was born in Simferopol. He was born in the house and lived in 1899-1906. now his house-museum of I. Selvinsky is open and this is the first literary museum in Simferopol. He has written a lot about Crimea, and the lines: “And if you really want happiness, you and I will go to Crimea” have become textbook.
Or this:
There are edges that remain motionless for centuries,
Buried in darkness and moss,
But there are also those where every stone
It buzzes with the voices of eras.
I. Selvinsky about Crimea
From 1918 to 1920, the outstanding Russian thinker and theologian S. N. Bulgakov, who later emigrated, taught at the Tauride Theological Seminary from 1918 to 1920 (Geroev Adzhimushkaya St., 7). This is how he wrote about Crimea:
“Here lies several layers of ancient culture, revealed before us, here our Motherland was spiritually born...”
S. N. Bulgakov about the role of Crimea in history
Evpatoria. Many literary celebrities have visited this city - A. Mitskevich, L. Ukrainka, M. A. Bulgakov, V. V. Mayakovsky, A. A. Akhmatova, N. Ostrovsky. K. Chukovsky. A. N. Tolstoy left a description of Evpatoria in the novel “Walking Through Torment.” The poet I. Selvinsky spent his youth here and studied at the local gymnasium, which now bears his name. Writer B. Balter, author of the story “Goodbye, boys!” I also studied at this gymnasium. Then a film of the same name was made based on this book. In the house where A. A. Akhmatova lived for several years, there is a stylish literary cafe with starched tablecloths, shiny cutlery and a hint of some bohemianism.
But so far the writers have not been awarded monuments, only memorial plaques have been opened in their honor. Only the monument to Ashik Omer (1621-1707), an outstanding Crimean poet of the Middle Ages, stands in Yevpatoria. Traveling around the world, he created works that were included in the treasury of world literature. In old age he returned to his native Gezlev, where he found eternal peace.
And within the walls of the house on Karaimskaya Street, the shadows of those who stayed here in the hot summer of 1825 will soon come to life. The house will turn into the Museum of Adam Mitskevich - the first outstanding poet to visit Evpatoria.
V.S. Vysotsky was also in Yevpatoria when he was filming the film “Bad good man" The poems, and then the song “Black Pea Jackets,” dedicated to the tragic Evpatoria landing at the end of 1941, were conceived by him in Evpatoria.
V.V. Mayakovsky wrote about Evpatoria simply:
I'm very sorry
those,
which
haven't been
IN EVPATORIA.
Literary traditions are strong in present-day Evpatoria. Here are the lines of Evpatoria resident Sergei Ovcharenko, a wonderful poet:
Still hovering over the land of Taurida
Free spirit of the lost tribes
And the rustle of half-mast banners
Sends us vibes through the centuries.
And a thin thread appears,
And it grows stronger so that those who once lived
Khazars, Greeks, Scythians and Sarmatians
They continue to live in our consciousness.
Saki. In the Resort Park of this town there is a monument to Lesya Ukrainka, who was here for treatment. It turned out, however, that Saki mud, alas, did not help with her illness (bone tuberculosis). There is also a monument to N.V. Gogol, who was treated here in June-July 1835 and, in his own words, “got dirty here in mineral mud.”
Bakhchisaray. This town owes its wide popularity to the Khan's Palace, or more precisely, to the Famous Fountain of Tears, which is installed there. And it was glorified by A.S. Pushkin, who visited here and wrote the poem “The Bakhchisarai Fountain”. And also A. Mitskevich and L. Ukrainka, who dedicated beautiful poetic lines to the fountain. The monument to Pushkin stands not far from the palace.
The museum of I. Gasprinsky (1851-1914) is also located in Bakhchisarai. Here you can get acquainted with the life and work of this wonderful person - a Crimean Tatar writer, educator, thinker. A monument was erected to him in the city, and he is buried in Bakhchisarai. In his articles and scientific works(“Russian Islam”, “Russian-Eastern Agreement”) reflected on the fate of Islam and national relations. And in the books “The Sun Has Risen” and “The Land of Bliss”) he raised issues of high morality, honor, and human dignity.
Bakhchisarai nature and Bakhchisarai antiquities have always made a huge impression on travelers. A.K. Tolstoy, one of the literary “fathers” of Kozma Prutkov, dedicated many poetic lines to Crimea and wrote about the cave cities of Crimea:
And the city died out. Here and there
Remains of towers along the walls,
Crooked streets, cemeteries,
Caves dug in the rocks
Long deserted dwellings,
Debris, stones, dust and ashes...
A. K. Tolstoy
Here, for example, is your humble servant about the Silver Streams Falls and its surroundings.
“It is hidden from the heat and bright rays of the sun by the thick, centuries-old greenery of huge beech trees. Here the water, murmuring musically, flows down in thin, graceful streams against the dark background of a small grotto overgrown with moss. The waterfall is very reminiscent of the original string instrument, especially on a bright sunny day. It is no coincidence that it is often called the Silver Strings waterfall. The waterfall enchants with that subtle, discreet, spiritual beauty that is so characteristic of small Crimean waterfalls.
It is worth walking just above the waterfall, along the forest river Sary-Uzen. Look at small rapids, cascades of small waterfalls, quiet pools... What a bizarre combination of stone, water, fallen leaves, moss and fallen trees! The whole picture seen, as if straight out of Japanese medieval engravings, gives rise to a feeling of subtle, but bright and pure harmony...”
Sevastopol. This glorious city is associated with the names of many writers. But we will note only those for whom Sevastopol became very important in their work.
“I had to see many cities, but I don’t know a better city than Sevastopol,” wrote K. Paustovsky, who visited Sevastopol more than once. The city is lovingly described in many of his works.
A. S. Green visited Sevastopol many times, and at the beginning of the twentieth century he even spent two years in a local prison for revolutionary activities, as a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. It is here, in Sevastopol, that the ideas of his romantic works with sea winds, high matches, scarlet sails, the invented country of Greenland and the fictional cities of Zurbagan Liss, Gel Gyu are born...
K. M. Stanyukovich (1843-1903), a famous Russian writer and marine painter, was the son of an admiral, commander of the port of Sevastopol. When the Crimean War was going on, he was only 11 years old. But for his participation in the defense of Sevastopol, he was awarded two medals. And when he became a writer, he wrote books about those events: “The Sevastopol Boy”, “Little Sailors”, “The Terrible Admiral”. Sevastopol residents always remember their writer; a library in the city is named after him.
A. Averchenko was born in Sevastopol and lived here until he was 16 years old. And from here he left his homeland forever in 1920.
From 7 to 13 years old, Anya Gorenko, the future great poetess A. A. Akhmatova, the granddaughter of Colonel A. A. Gorenko, a participant in the defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855, who had a house here, lived in Sevastopol in the summer. And then she often came here, remembering her childhood in Sevastopol:
I wish I could become a seaside girl again,
Put shoes on bare feet,
And put a crown on your braids,
And sing with an excited voice.
Everyone would look at the dark heads
Chersonesos Temple from the porch
And not knowing what comes from happiness and glory
Hearts grow hopelessly old.
A. Akhmatova
But L. N. Tolstoy glorified Sevastopol forever. The future great writer served here during the First Defense of Sevastopol, commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, where a memorial sign was erected to him. He stayed in besieged Sevastopol for exactly a year and not only fought, but also wrote his famous “Sevastopol Stories.” The brave officer and aspiring writer for the “Sevastopol epic” was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 4th degree. This is where his worldwide literary fame began.
Balaclava. This small town has been visited by so many celebrities that it would be enough to fill a large metropolis. A. Mitskevich, A. S. Griboyedov, A. K. Tolstoy, L. N. Tolstoy, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Bunin, K. Balmont, L. Ukrainka, A. Akhmatova, A. Green, M. Gorky, M. Zoshchenko, K. Paustovsky... Sun. Vishnevsky wrote the famous “Optimistic Tragedy” here. This list can be continued and it will be quite impressive.
But A.I. Kuprin became the true singer of Balaklava. The writer lived in Balaklava from 1904 to 1905. He really loved going out to sea with the fishermen, he loved this town and its inhabitants - the Greek fishermen. From his pen came a whole series of wonderful essays about Balaklava and its inhabitants - “Listrigons”. Kuprin really wanted to settle here, he even bought a plot of land to build a house, but it didn’t work out. The monument to the writer stands on the Balaklava Embankment.
Balaklava is the only city in Crimea that is unlike anyone else, its own separate world. You cannot drive through Balaklava, like through Yalta, Alupka, Alushta, and then go further. You can only come to it. There is only the sea ahead, and all around there are stone, impassable communities - there is nowhere to go further, here is the end of the world.”
S. Ya. Elpatievsky “Crimean Sketches” 1913
Yalta, Southern coast of Crimea. It just so happened that this corner of Crimea was visited by almost all the famous writers and poets who visited Crimea. This is the tradition at all times. We went mainly for rest and treatment, sometimes staying here for a long time.
In Yalta there is a museum “Culture of Yalta of the 19th - early 20th centuries”. The choice of this period of history is not accidental. It was at this time that Yalta was one of the cultural capitals of the Russian Empire - many writers, poets, artists, composers and theater figures lived here for a long time - the flower of Russian culture of that time.
But the most famous Yalta literary museum is, of course, the House-Museum of A.P. Chekhov. Everything in the house remained as it was during the life of the great writer, who lived at his Belaya Dacha for less than five years, from 1899 to 1904. Here he wrote more than a dozen works, including the plays “Three Sisters” and “ The Cherry Orchard", the famous "Crimean" story "The Lady with the Dog"...
The Yalta hotel "Tavrida" (formerly "Russia"), built in 1875, is attractive not only for its architecture. There are few hotels in Russia that could accommodate so many famous figures literature and art. In 1876, N.A. Nekrasov, who came to Yalta for medical treatment, lived in the hotel for two months. In 1894, one of the rooms in “Russia” was occupied by A.P. Chekhov. I. A. Bunin, V. V. Mayakovsky, M. A. Bulgakov and many other celebrities stayed at the hotel several times. Some of these well-known names are mentioned on a plaque mounted on the building's façade.
But no one knows where I. Brodsky stayed when he was in Yalta in 1969. But not in this hotel, his income at that time. This was clearly not allowed. But we know and remember his lines:
January in Crimea. To the Black Sea coast
winter comes as if for fun:
unable to hold on to the snow
on the blades and tips of the attack.
Restaurants are empty. They're smoking
ichthyosaurs are dirty in the roadstead,
and the aroma of rotten laurels can be heard.
“Should I pour you this abomination?” "Pour"
On the Yalta Embankment, the Isadora plane tree, which is at least 500 years old, stands out with its huge spherical crown. The famous ballerina made an appointment with Sergei Yesenin under this tree.
And on the Embankment there is a monument to the “Lady with a Dog” - the heroine (and hero) of the famous Chekhov story, the action of which takes place in Yalta.
The events of not only the story “The Lady with the Dog” unfold in Yalta. Woland brings Styopa Likhodeev to Yalta from Moscow in M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”. Kisa Vorobyaninov and Ostap Bender find themselves in Yalta in search of a chair with diamonds in the novel “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov.
And in the village of Gaspra, west of Yalta, there is the Yasnaya Polyana sanatorium, the former estate of Romantic Alexandria. Here in 1901-1902. The writer L.N. Tolstoy was visiting and improving his health. And he met with many famous people, including A.P. Chekhov, M. Gorky. The name of the health resort reminds of L.N. Tolstoy and his stay here. Many famous people have been here, and sometimes lived for a long time. For example, the outstanding Russian thinker and theologian S. N. Bulgakov, and the future author of “Lolita”, and then very young V. Nabokov, indulged in his favorite pastime in the local park - catching butterflies...
Even further west there is a village that used to have the funny name Mukhalatka. Here, closer to the mountains, was the dacha of the writer Yu. Semenov, and now his house-museum. Such famous novels as “Ordered to Survive”, “TASS is Authorized to Declare”, “Expansion”, “Burning”, “The Secret of Kutuzovsky Prospekt”, “Versions”, etc. were written in this house. Yulian Semyonov died in 1993 in Mukhalatka . The writer's ashes were scattered over the Black Sea.
Above Mukhalatka, the Shaitan-Merdven (Devil's Staircase, Turkic) trail runs through the mountains, leading to the pass of the same name. The trail starts from the old road Yalta - Sevastopol. A whole galaxy of literary celebrities passed through Shaitan-Merdvenem, leaving memories of this in their diaries, letters, literary and scientific works: A. S. Pushkin, A. S. Griboedov, V. A. Zhukovsky, I. A. Bunin, N. G. Garin-Mikhailovsky, Lesya Ukrainka, A. K. Tolstoy, V. Ya. Bryusov and many others. This is how young Pushkin described the journey through the pass: “We climbed the mountain stairs on foot, holding our Tatar horses by the tail. This amused me extremely and seemed like some kind of mysterious Eastern rite.”
And here are the lesser-known lines of Lesya Ukrainka about the Shaitan-Merdven pass (translated from Ukrainian):
Red rocks and gray mountains
They hung over us wildly and menacingly.
These are evil spirit caves, closures
Rising under the clouds.
The rocks slide down to the sea in a ridge.
They call them the Devil's stairs.
Demons descend on them, and in the spring
The roaring waters are running down.
Two or three kilometers west of Mukhalatka, the new buildings of the Melas sanatorium stand white. And in the shade of the trees hides an old building - a small, pretty Melas palace. In the middle of the 19th century. Russian poet A.K. Tolstoy lived here - one of the literary “fathers” of Kozma Prutkov, who dedicated many poetic lines to Crimea. We have already mentioned it.
A few lines about Yalta and the Southern Coast.
I hit my pocket and it doesn’t ring.
If I knock on another one, you won’t hear it. If only I'd be famous
Then I’ll go to Yalta to rest.
N. Rubtsov about Yalta
I drive
along the Southern
coast of Crimea, -
not Crimea,
and a copy
ancient paradise!
What kind of fauna
Flora
and climate!
I sing in delight
and looking around!
V. Mayakovsky
A living stream rushes down,
Like a thin veil, it shines through with fire,
Sliding from the rocks with a wedding veil
And suddenly, and foam and rain
Falling into a black pond,
Raging with crystal moisture...
I. A. Bunin about the Uchan-Su waterfall
Gurzuf. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Gurzuf was already a prestigious resort with a wealthy public. “In Gurzuv they don’t look for solitude and poetry. Huge metropolitan-type hotels, a rich restaurant, filled from morning to evening with local and casual audiences, exquisite ladies’ toilets, electric lighting and music played twice a day, give Gurzuf life a completely different character from what we see in Alupka or Miskhor” - This is what N.A. Golovkinsky wrote about Gurzuf. People from creative professions also rested alongside the wealthy audience.
Many celebrities visited Gurzuf at different times. In memory of this, busts of A. Mitskevich, L. Ukrainka, F. Chaliapin, A. Chekhov, M. Gorky, V. Mayakovsky were installed in Gurzuf Park. And Bunin and Kuprin, the artist K. Korovin, were also here. In Gurzuf, Chekhov had a small dacha on the seashore, where there is now a branch of Chekhov’s Yalta house-museum.
But Gurzuf was forever glorified by the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin. In the summer of 1820, young Alexander Pushkin, who arrived in Gurzuf with the family of General N.N. Raevsky, stayed in a house that belonged to the Duke de Richelieu. The days spent in Gurzuf left the most vivid and vivid impressions in Pushkin, to which the poet returned more than once later in poems and letters to friends. He stayed here for only three weeks, but considered this time “the happiest minutes of his life.”
The A.S. Pushkin Museum is now open in this house. Its exhibitions allow you to take a fascinating journey through those Crimean corners where young Pushkin visited. Delight with southern nature and wonderful friends resulted in many works: the poems “Prisoner of the Caucasus”, “Tavrida” and “Bakhchisarai Fountain”, a lyrical cycle of poems about Taurida. And Pushkin’s main work, “Eugene Onegin,” was also conceived here.
A cypress tree grows near the museum, which remembers Pushkin and is mentioned in his letters. Every year, on the poet’s birthday - June 6 and on the day of his death - February 10, the Pushkin Museum holds poetry festivals in Gurzuf, and in all the cities of Crimea where he visited (Kerch, Feodosia, Gurzuf, Cape Fiolent, Bakhchisarai, Simferopol), to Flowers are laid at his monuments. And we remember his immortal lines about Crimea:
Who has seen the land where the luxury of nature
Oak groves and meadows are revived,
Where the waters rustle and glisten merrily
And the peaceful ones caress the shores,
Where on the hills under the laurel vaults
Stubborn snows do not dare to lie down.
A. S. Pushkin
Alushta. In this city there is the Literary and Memorial Museum of S. N. Sergeev-Tsensky.
The museum is located in the house where the famous writer, academician S. N. Sergeev-Tsensky (1875-1958), now fairly forgotten, lived and worked from 1906 to 1958. Here, on Mount Orlina, the author’s most significant works were written - the epic “Transfiguration of Russia”, which included 12 novels, 3 stories, as well as the famous novel “The Sevastopol Strada”. The writer is buried next to the house.
There is also a museum in Alushta of the writer I. S. Shmelev, a Russian foreign writer. I. S. Shmelev (1873-1950) - lived in Alushta for four tragic years - from 1918 to 1922. In 1922, after the execution of his son, he emigrated to France, where he created many works of art, among which “Sun of the Dead” is one of the most significant artistic and documentary works about the Civil War in Russia. Quite a dark book.
There is a resort area in Alushta - Professor's Corner. Here at the foot of Mount Castel in the middle of the 19th century. One of the first to settle was M. A. Dannenberg-Slavich, an extraordinary woman, author of the first “Guide to the Crimea” (1874). Before the 1917 revolution there were prominent dachas here scientists of that time, hence the name. Many of them were good writers, for example, Professor N.A. Golovkinsky, a prominent hydrogeologist who became the author of one of the first guides to the southern coast of Crimea and a number of poems.
“The narrow, crooked streets of Alushta, which do not deserve the name of streets, were crowded along a steep slope above the Ulu-Uzen River. From a distance it seems that small houses with flat roofs and constant galleries are literally standing on top of each other.”
“This is one of the most charming corners I have ever seen. Only the best places in Switzerland and Italy can compare with it.”
Professor N.A. Golovkinsky about Alushta and the Professor’s Corner
This is how, for example, Golovkinsky described his visit to the cave and his feelings from it:
An hour later the whole cavalcade -
In front of the cave. Dark entrance
Like the opening of hell,
The souls of lost victims await.
They leave with timid steps
Down the slippery slope;
Dirt and stones underfoot
Darkness and cold in the depths...
A. Mitskevich was also in Alushta. And he wrote:
I bow with trepidation at the feet of your stronghold,
Great Chatyrdag, the mighty khan of Yayla.
Oh, the mast of the Crimean mountains! O Allah's minaret!
You ascended to the clouds into the azure deserts.
(Translation by I. A. Bunin)
Zander. In Sudak, many famous writers and poets, philosophers visited the hospitable house of Adelaide Gertsyk - M. Voloshin, the Tsvetaeva sisters, V. Ivanov, N. Berdyaev and a number of others.
The poet Osip Mandelstam was also here, who later wrote:
My soul strives there,
Beyond the foggy cape Meganom...
And here is how S. Elpatievsky describes Sudak resort customs in his “Crimean Sketches” (1913): “This year, a stern pillar with two planks rose on the beach, which indicated: “Men”, “Women”. But the pillar is more of a mental line than the real separation of sheep and goats, since both groups are at such a short distance that they can contemplate each other without arming their eyes at all, and travelers passing along the beach must carefully examine the distant mountains so as not to to see very close, prostrate on the sand, on sheets and rugs, stripped of all coverings, of male and female bodies.”
Koktebel. This village in southeastern Crimea is famous for the House-Museum of M. A. Voloshin. In Koktebel, everything is inseparable from the name of Voloshin, a famous poet, publicist, artist and great original. He left us many very accurate and artistically impeccable descriptions of various corners of Crimea, both in poetry and prose.
Thanks to Voloshin’s efforts and the charm of his personality, the remote village became one of the spiritual and cultural centers of Crimea. Koktebel still attracts creative people like a magnet.
Voloshin lived here permanently since 1917. His guests were people who constituted the color of Russian literature and art of the early 20th century. - A. Tolstoy, N. Gumilev, O. Mandelstam, A. Green, M. Bulgakov, V. Bryusov, M. Gorky, V. Veresaev, I. Erenburg, M. Zoshchenko, K. Chukovsky and many other celebrities. M. Tsvetaeva met her future husband here, S. Efron.
In Voloshin’s house, in addition to the museum, according to his will, there is also a House of Writers’ Creativity. They rested and worked here. For example, here in Koktebel V. Aksenov wrote his famous novel “The Island of Crimea”. The poet's house, with its special intellectual and spiritual atmosphere, played a big role in the formation of new generations of writers and poets.
A few lines from Voloshin.
“In no other country in Europe can you find so many landscapes, diverse in spirit and style, and so closely concentrated on a small space of land, as in Crimea...”
“Here, out of excess, individual streams of human streams flowed, froze in a quiet and hopeless harbor, deposited their silt on the shallow bottom, lay on top of each other in layers, and then mixed organically.
Cimmerians, Tauris, Scythians, Sarmatians, Pechenegs, Khazars, Polovtsians, Tatars, Slavs... - this is the alluvium of the Wild Field.
Greeks, Armenians, Romans, Venetians, Genoese - these are the commercial and cultural yeast of Pontus Euxine.”
M. Voloshin about Crimea
Many writers paid tribute to the beauty of Kara-Dag.
Here is K. Paustovsky: “...For the hundredth time I regretted that I was not born an artist. It was necessary to convey this geological poem in colors. For the thousandth time I felt the sluggishness of human speech.”
And here is Voloshin again:
Like a collapsed Gothic cathedral,
Sticking out with unruly teeth,
Like a fabulous basalt fire,
Widely blown stone flame,
From the gray haze over the sea in the distance
A wall rises... But the tale of Kara-Dag
Do not fade with a brush on paper,
Can't express it in a limited language...
Koktebel and the entire southeastern Crimea (Voloshin called it Cimmeria) is an amazing region, with discreet beauty, special charm and charm. And with its own riddles. The legend about the sea serpent that lives off the local shores still lives. In 1921, an article was published in a Feodosia newspaper stating that a “huge reptile” had appeared in the sea near Kara-Dag. A company of Red Army soldiers was sent to capture the sea serpent. When the soldiers arrived in Koktebel, they did not find the snake, but saw only a trace in the sand from a monster that had crawled into the sea. M. Voloshin sent a clipping “about the reptile” to M. Bulgakov. Perhaps she pushed the writer to create the story “Fatal Eggs”
Feodosia. This city is forever associated with the name of A. Green; the literary and memorial museum of A. S. Green was opened here. He lived in Feodosia from 1924 to 1930. Here he wrote 4 novels and more than 30 stories. Among them are the novels “The Golden Chain”, “Running on the Waves”, “Road to Nowhere”.
The museum of the remarkable romantic writer is opened in a small house with an unusual interior decoration, stylized as an old sailing ship. Museum visitors seem to be taking a fascinating journey through an imaginary country born of Green’s imagination. A. Tsvetaeva wrote about the Green Museum: “The Museum of sailing ships and schooners, where the bow of the ship protrudes from the corner, where sea lanterns and ropes and telescopes live, taking visitors with them to a map of Greenland with new capes and straits, with the cities of Hel- Gyu, Liss, Zurbagan...” And, of course, there is a model of a ship with scarlet sails.
There is also a museum of the Tsvetaev sisters in Feodosia - a tribute to the memory of the great Russian poetess Marina Tsvetaeva and her sister, the fairly famous writer Anastasia. The museum tells about the period 1913-1914, when Marina and Asya lived for several months in Feodosia, in this house - perhaps the happiest months in the tragic biography of Marina Tsvetaeva. At this time, her beloved husband and little daughter were with her. The townspeople enthusiastically received her poems at literary evenings.
Old Crimea. The modest town occupies a prominent place on the literary map of Crimea. There is a literary and art museum here, where you can learn about many famous writers and poets, whose fate was in one way or another connected with Old Crimea. In the city cemetery lies the poetess Yu. Drunina, who tragically passed away in 1991. Her grave is next to the grave of her husband, A. Kapler, a writer and screenwriter, a popular presenter of Kinopanorama in the 60s. Both loved these places very much.
The famous futurist poet and translator Grigory Petnikov lived in Old Crimea for a long time, and he is buried here. M. Bogdanovich, sisters M. and A. Tsvetaeva, M. Voloshin, B. Chichibabin, and many other poets and writers often visited the city. K. Paustovsky lived here for a long time and now the Paustovsky Museum is open here, who wrote about these regions: “Eastern Crimea... is... a special closed country, unlike all other parts of Crimea...”.
Old Crimea is a place of pilgrimage for many admirers of the work of Alexander Green. He spent the last two years of his life in Old Crimea. The writer's grave with a modest monument, crowned by a girl running along the waves, is in the city cemetery. And in the house where he found his last refuge, the A. S. Green Memorial House-Museum is now open. Everything that relates to the Old Crimean period in the life of the wonderful romantic writer is collected here.
Chickens, apple trees, white huts -
Old Crimea looks like a village.
Was he really called Solkhat?
And made the enemy tremble?
Yu. Drunina about Old Crimea
Kerch. Such writers as A. S. Pushkin, A. P. Chekhov, V. G. Korolenko, V. V. Mayakovsky, I. Severyanin, M. A. Voloshin, V. P. Aksenov, V. N. Voinovich. But the city entered Russian literature, first of all, with L. Kassil’s story about the young Kerchan hero V. Dubinin “Street of the Youngest Son.” And also the story by A. Kapler “Two out of Twenty Millions”, filmed in 1986 - “Descended from Heaven”.
Saint Luke was born in Kerch, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, former Archbishop of Simferopol and Crimea, doctor of medicine, professor, laureate of the USSR State Prize and... former political prisoner (11 years in camps).
His amazing lines:
“The pure ideas of communism and socialism, close to the Gospel teaching, have always been kindred and dear to me; but as a Christian, I never shared the methods of revolutionary action, and the revolution horrified me with the cruelty of these methods. However, I have long since reconciled with her, and her colossal achievements are very dear to me; This especially applies to the enormous rise in science and health care, to peaceful foreign policy Soviet power and the power of the Red Army, guardian of the world. Of all systems of government, I consider the Soviet system, without any doubt, the most perfect and fair.”
This is where our literary journey ends. I would like to end it with a quote from the book “Across the Crimea on Foot” by your humble servant:
“A real acquaintance with Crimea, conscious and thoughtful, intimate, if you like, happens slowly, in silence, alone with nature. Only there can you fully appreciate the spiritual beauty of the Crimean Mountains. Swim in a mountain river with ice-cold water. Spend the day in a small bay in the middle of stone chaos on a deserted sea coast. Feel the charm of a miniature waterfall, accidentally discovered in the forest. Feel the charm of a small, pretty canyon, lost among the forest. Inhale the bitter smell of herbs on the yayla. See some details of the buildings of the abandoned “cave” city. Visit the temple, which was carved into a piece of rock at the dawn of Christianity. Touch an ancient menhir, which is several thousand years old, with your hand and feel its healing vibration. Realize the connection of times in an abandoned ancient settlement... In a word, see everything that you will never see from the window of a bus or car. You can feel, see and understand this only by traveling on foot.”
And further.
“...Everyone who has visited Crimea takes with them, after parting with it, regret and slight sadness... and the hope of seeing this “midday land” again.”
Konstantina Paustovsky
Thank you for your attention.
________________________________________ _______________________________________
And this has always been the case. Once in Crimea, many of its new residents settled here, adopted the culture of the previous inhabitants and developed their own, becoming part of the Crimean ethnic conglomerate. Here are S. Elpatievsky’s observations from the book “Crimean Sketches” of 1913: “It is not the Germans, Armenians and Russians who bring their culture to Otuz, but they themselves... accept the Otuz way of life. They give up tea, switch to coffee, refuse cabbage soup and buckwheat porridge and accept katyki and “pomades”, kaurma, and masaka, and pasties, and all the endless manners... of using lamb. ...And if they drink, they switch from vodka to wine...”
Maybe the historical purpose of Crimea is to connect different peoples, cultures, states and civilizations through time? To be the place where co-living experiences are developed? Many people already have this understanding. Here, for example, are lines from a poem by the modern Crimean poetess Olga Golubeva:
My dark-skinned, blue-eyed Crimea,
We are gathered under your sail,
Fed by a steppe mare,
We drank water from the same spring,
Let's return to the pure thoughts of the past...
My dark-skinned, blue-eyed Crimea,
A wandering, vulnerable pilgrim,
The undying word guides you
Gasprinsky, Mitskevich, Tolstoy
Towards simple eternal truths...
Tour type: Auto-pedestrian route
Tour route: Old Crimea - Feodosia - Koktebel - Yalta
Tour duration: 3 days / 2 nights
Tour cost: 9600 rub. per one tour participant.
During the trip, tourists will learn about famous poets and writers who lived in Crimea. In the city of Stary Krym they will see the estate of A. Green and his resting place.
In Feodosia, travelers will get acquainted with the creativity and the House - Museum of the Tsvetaev sisters. In the village Koktebel tourists will visit the House - Museum of the artist and poet M. Voloshin. In Yalta, pilgrims will get acquainted with the Yalta House - the museum of A.P. Chekhov and its theater.
LOCATION: Russia, Crimea
ROUTE: Old Crimea - Feodosia - Koktebel - Yalta
SERVICE LEVEL: Standard
Thematic program
Thanks to the enchanting beauty of nature, Crimea has always been a source of inspiration for many figures of culture, art and literature. Some had to stay here for several months, others preferred not to part with the muse much longer and stayed for several years. They stayed as guests, at dachas, or built their own houses.
We owe everything we know about Crimea to Russian literature, Derzhavin, Pushkin, and even one of the main ideas of world literature, “war is madness,” was also born in Crimea by Leo Tolstoy during the defense of Sevastopol.
But the most literary place on the peninsula is Koktebel. Maximilian Voloshin's dacha first became a center of attraction for artists and poets of the Silver Age, and then for Soviet writers. At the end of the 19th century there was not a single fresh water well for many kilometers around. But Voloshin decided that since the profile on Karadag resembles his own, this is predestination, and builds a house. Voloshin was ahead of the brilliant Le Corbusier by fitting his house into the surrounding landscape. He also included Russian literature in it. Tsvetaeva, Gumilev, Mandelstam, Khodasevich, Bulgakov, Ostroumova-Lebedeva stayed here... In the Soviet years, more than a hundred artists and writers visited each season.
Marina Tsvetaeva came to Voloshin from Feodosia, which she said was “a fairy tale from Gauf, a piece of Constantinople.” Now we can see what she was like in the Tsvetaev Museum.
To fulfill Alexander Green's dream of owning his own home, his wife secretly sold his gift - a gold watch - and bought this house in Old Crimea. Not for long, but it extended his life.
The tour introduces guests to historical places and the work of poets and writers who lived in Crimea in different periods of time. These are such famous poets and writers: A.S. Pushkin, A. Green, A.P. Chekhov, M. Voloshin and others. Guests will visit cities and houses - museums of Russian poets and writers, where brilliant masterpieces were written that added to the collection of Russian literature.
Tour program
1 day
Meeting at the airport of Simferopol.
Trip to Old Crimea. A visit to the A. Green House Museum, getting acquainted with his romantic work and famous literary works, his resting place. 
Visit to the Old Crimean Literary House-Museum. Getting to know the works of Paustovsky. many writers. Walking tour to the Paustovsky waterfall.
Lunch at a Tatar cafe (Tatar cuisine).
Arrival in Feodosia. Visit to the art gallery of I.K. Aivazovsky, a marine painter.
Visit to the Feodosia House-Museum of A. Green. Acquaintance with literary exhibits and personal belongings of the writer.
Visit to the House-Museum of the Tsvetaev sisters. Getting to know the works of the Tsvetaev sisters in Feodosia.
Day 2
Breakfast.
Transfer to the village Koktebel. Excursion to the House - Museum of M. Voloshin. 
The excursion introduces guests to the history of the emergence of the literary and artistic society of the Russian intelligentsia in Koktebel. Pilgrims will visit the House-Museum of the artist and poet Maximilian Voloshin, hear the story of an extraordinary man who united the best half of the Russian intelligentsia. They will also visit M. Voloshin Mountain - a place of pilgrimage for artists, poets, and writers.
Walk around Koktebel.
Transfer to Yalta. Excursion along the southern coast of Crimea.
Hotel accommodation. Dinner. Free time.
Day 3
Breakfast. 
Visit to the House - Museum of A.P. Chekhov. Acquaintance with the writer’s work, his personal belongings, and the history of writing the work “The Lady with the Dog.”
A walk along the Yalta embankment, getting acquainted with the A.P. Chekhov Theater and the sculptural composition “Lady with a Dog”.
Transfer to Gurzuf.
Lunch in Gurzuf at a restaurant.
Visit to the Pushkin House Museum and excursion to Gurzuf Park (Night and Rachel fountains).
Airport transfer. Departure.
THE TOUR PRICE INCLUDES:
Accommodation, three meals a day, excursion program, transport services, medical insurance
Scientific and practical conference “Start into science”.
MBOU Brasovsky district
Lokotskaya secondary general education
named after P.A. Markova
Research
Topic: “Crimea in Russian literature”
Completed by: Arina Zyukova, 10th grade student
Head: Kulitskaya A.A.,
teacher of Russian language and literature
Elbow 2016
I.Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...….3 II.Main part. Crimea in the life, work and fate of Russian writers and poets of the 19th-20th centuries………………………..………………………………………………………………………………… ………….. 5
1. A.S. Pushkin “The luminary of the day has gone out”…………………………………………………………..…..6
2. Crimean War. “Sevastopol Stories” by L.N. Tolstoy………………………….7
3. Crimea in the works of Russian writers and poets of the 20th century…………………………..……...8
4. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………...……………….........17
III.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..…….18
References……………………………………………………………..……………19
Introduction
For my research work, I chose the topic “Crimea in Russian Literature”, since this material presents a pressing problem in the history of Crimea, and also provides important and interesting information for people who are interested in the work of Russian writers and poets. My work has collected and examined various information about the life and work of writers and poets of the 19th and early 20th centuries, who represented the long-suffering history of the peninsula in their works.
On March 18, 2014, the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin signed an interstate Treaty on the admission of Crimea and Sevastopol to the Russian Federation, according to which two new entities are formed within Russia - the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol. The agreement came into force on March 21, 2014. This event is important in modern Russian history. Crimea has a very rich destiny, rich in politics, history, and literature.
This fact interested me, and I decided to explore what role Crimea plays in Russian literature.
To trace the place Crimea occupied in the work, life and fate of Russian writers and poets, to get acquainted with works of fiction that reveal the historical past of the country, to identify the peculiarities of the authors’ style.
Explore sources of information on the topic of your research work.
Expand knowledge about the work of Russian writers and poets.
Get acquainted with the history of the Crimean Peninsula.
Cultivate interest in the history, literature, culture of Russia, pride in one’s Motherland and people.
Choose musical accompaniment for the presentation of your research work.
Get the most complete understanding of the significance of Crimea in the life, work and fate of writers and poets of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Analyze the content of poetry collections and collected works of writers of that time, and also identify a number of works that reveal the theme of Crimea.
Research methods:
Selection of material on the topic;
Processing and analysis of information sources;
Studying literature materials, textbooks on the problem under study;
Working with Internet information resources.
Hypothesis: The literary heritage left by Russian poets and writers allows modern readers to be involved in the fate of Crimea and Russia, and forms the ability to perceive and evaluate the events of today in a historical and literary context.
Main part
Crimea in the life, work and fate of Russian writers and poets
19th-20th centuries
Ancient Tauris, preserving the spirit of Greco-Roman antiquity, remembering the Baptism of Rus' and the deeds of the ancient Russian princes, beckoning with the warm sea and nature evoking romantic pathos - has long served as a place of attraction for Russian writers. People came here on vacation, on business, for interesting creative meetings, and simply for inspiration. For some prose writers and poets, Crimea became a permanent place of residence, others fought here on land and at sea during the terrible years of wars for the Fatherland, and there are those who ended their earthly journey in Crimea. For many representatives of the pre-revolutionary Russian intelligentsia, Crimea turned out to be a place of farewell to their Motherland, where they stepped onto the deck of a ship that was leaving into the unknown.
But Crimea is not only the addresses of writers, Crimea has firmly entered our Russian literature, and the images of the peninsula on the pages of classic works are sometimes no less enchanting than the Crimean landscapes in person.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799–1837)
The “first poet of Russia” spent almost a whole month in Crimea in 1820, arriving there during a trip to Novorossiya with his friend, the hero of the Patriotic War, General Nikolai Raevsky. The travelers traveled from Kerch through Feodosia - by sea to Gurzuf, and then visited Yalta, Alupka, Bakhchisaray, Simferopol. On board the brig on the way to Gurzuf, the famous poem “The daylight has gone out...” is born.
“The light of day has gone out;
The evening fog fell on the blue sea.
Make noise, make noise, obedient sail,
Worry beneath me, sullen ocean.
I see a distant shore
The lands of the midday are magical lands;
I rush there with excitement and longing,
Intoxicated with memories...
And I feel: tears were born in my eyes again;
The soul boils and freezes;
A familiar dream flies around me;
I remembered the crazy love of previous years,
And everything that I suffered, and everything that is dear to my heart,
Desires and hopes are a painful deception...”
This is the poet's first southern elegy. The birth of Pushkin's mature elegiac style is associated with it. It is interesting that in the poem for the first time the lyrical character of a contemporary appears, given through introspection. It was during the Crimean period that the poet strives to reveal the internal stimuli of behavior in connection with the motive of freedom.
Pushkin's style did not remain unchanged. He constantly improved and went from romanticism to realism, based on the tradition of Byron, Derzhavin, Zhukovsky. The peculiarity of the romantic style is that it is based on one image, and the rest help to reveal the feelings and thoughts of the individual. No less famous is Pushkin’s poem “The Fountain of Bakhchisaray”, in which a direct author’s voice is heard, returning the reader to the poet’s personal experiences:
"Having finally left the north,
Forgetting feasts for a long time,
I visited Bakhchisarai
A slumbering palace in oblivion."
This poem reveals an oriental flavor, decorated with metaphor. This style helps to feel the mysterious influence of the past. The language of the poem is rich in Old Slavonicisms, rhetorical questions and exclamations. Studying the poet’s work, I noticed that by the mid-20s, the process of transforming the romantic system of expressive forms into a realistic system was clearly revealed.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1828–1910)
A young officer of the Russian army, Leo Tolstoy, who had just been promoted to ensign from the cadets, becomes a participant in the bloody events of the Crimean War, which essentially made him a writer. He fights on the 4th bastion, defending the city of Russian glory until his forced abandonment on August 27, 1855. Tolstoy writes to his brother about the city’s defenders: “The spirit in the troops is beyond all description. During times Ancient Greece there wasn’t so much heroism.” Having seen the war from the inside, the young writer would soon become known as the author of “ Sevastopol stories" While creating Sevastopol Stories, Tolstoy found his hero and formulated his task as a writer. He gravitated towards the social knowledge of man, towards a fundamentally new image of human character, knowledge of the secrets of his soul, towards exposing the social springs of his spiritual life. The hero of the part “Sevastopol in May”, “whom I love with all the strength of my soul..., is and will be - the truth,” said the writer. It is important, in my opinion, that L.N. Tolstoy is characterized by a popular view of the history of his homeland.
Tolstoy visited Crimea for the second time in 1885, almost 30 years later, traveling with Prince S.S. Urusov, his friend, also a participant in the Sevastopol defense. Tolstoy then examined the revived Sevastopol with interest, and then went to the Urusovs in Simeiz. And finally, the last visit - in September 1901 - to the town of Gaspra, where his admirer Princess Sofya Panina invited the seriously ill writer. Tolstoy stayed in the Panin palace and recovered from his illness until July 1902. Here he worked on completing the story “Hadji Murat”. Here Chekhov and Gorky visit him. Summarizing Tolstoy's three stays in Crimea, we see that he lived on the peninsula for a total of almost two years. A.P. Chekhov, in a letter to M. Gorky, wrote about Tolstoy: “He likes Crimea terribly, it arouses joy in him, purely childish.”
Crimea in the works of Russian writers and poets of the 20th century
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1860–1904)
Crimea turned out to be inseparable from the biography of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. A native of the neighboring Azov region, he first came here in 1888 and, like many, turns out to be forever fascinated by the nature of Crimea. In 1889, he came to Yalta for a short time and worked on the story “A Boring Story.” And in 1898, an increasing lung disease forced Chekhov to think about moving to Crimea for permanent residence. He buys a plot of land with a garden here and builds a house. This is how the Yalta period of Anton Pavlovich’s biography began. Since then, the realities of Yalta life at the turn of the century have been included in the writer’s work. Perhaps Chekhov's most famous works were created here - the plays “Three Sisters”, “The Cherry Orchard”, and the story “The Lady with the Dog”. The flavor of resort life embraces the reader of this story right from the first lines: “They said that a new face had appeared on the embankment: a lady with a dog. Dmitry Dmitrich Gurov, who had lived in Yalta for two weeks and was used to it here, also became interested in new faces. Sitting in the pavilion at Vernet's, he saw a young lady, short, blonde, wearing a beret, walk along the embankment; A white spitz was running after her...” Soon after the writer’s death, through the efforts of his sister Maria Pavlovna, a memorial museum was opened in the house, which has since been considered one of the main attractions of Yalta.
Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin (1870–1938)
Apparently, Kuprin’s first visit to Crimea was connected with his reporting activities in the last decade of the 19th century. And in 1900 Kuprin came to Yalta at the invitation of A.P. Chekhov, who introduces him to the circle of writers vacationing in Crimea. In this sense, we can say that Crimea gave Kuprin a start in life as a fiction writer, introduced him into the literary life of Russia at that time. Many of the writer’s most famous works are associated with Crimea: “White Poodle”, “Garnet Bracelet”... Later, Kuprin, who traveled to many Crimean places, turned out to be most closely connected with Balaklava, where he even planned to buy a house. This is the period 1904–06, the period of creation of stories that are reminiscent of the sea and fishing. Kuprin is friends with the Black Sea fishermen, goes fishing with them, and “passes the exam” of fishing science to the famous leader of the Balaklava fishermen, Kolya Kostandi. Based on this period, the essays “Listrigons” and the story “Svetlana” with a dedication to fishermen friends are written. Crimea had a significant influence on Bunin's art. It is interesting that during this period the basic principles of the classic’s creative style were formed, his philosophy of life, nature, and man was formed, and his arsenal was enriched artistic means. The works of the Crimean period are landscape sketches and belong to the early work of the writer. Reading Bunin's works, I noticed that Crimean nature has a vertical orientation: from the secret depths of the sea to the mysterious heights of the sky. Bunin introduces a new chronological unit - a moment that lasts eternity. He strives to capture at least a small part of his life in order to prolong himself on earth.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin (1870 –1953)
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin first came to Crimea as a nineteen-year-old boy in 1889 and fell in love with these places forever. By the way, his father, Alexey Nikolaevich, was a participant in the Sevastopol defense, so the future writer had heard a lot about Crimea since childhood. In the first years of the 20th century. Bunin repeatedly comes to Yalta, where he stays with Chekhov. The Crimean pages of the writer’s biography are reflected in the novel “The Life of Arsenyev”. The poems “Uchan-Su”, “On the Seashore”, “Chatyrdag” are inspired by Crimea.
Maxim Gorky (Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov, 1868–1936)
Gorky’s first and rather serious acquaintance with Crimea, then still Alexei Peshkov, took place during his famous wanderings around Rus', which began in 1888. Gorky gets to know the life of Crimea from the inside, being hired as a loader, then a builder, then a laborer, communicating on various occasions with ordinary people. “Two Tramps”, “Taurian Chersonese”, “Crimean Sketches” were created based on these impressions. The now textbook-famous “Song of the Falcon” was born from a local legend heard from a shepherd near Alushta. Subsequently, already a writer whose fame was growing rapidly, Gorky lived in Crimea in 1901, 1902, 1905. Here he meets Chekhov, Bunin, L. Tolstoy, Korolenko, Chaliapin, Garin-Mikhailovsky, Ermolova. In 1917, Gorky lived in Koktebel with Maximilian Voloshin. The last visit of a proletarian writer to Crimea took place under Soviet rule, in 1935. The Crimean period of Gorky's work is associated with the romantic movement in literature. But in general, Gorky is considered the founder of Russian realism.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (1893–1930)
Vladimir Mayakovsky first comes to Crimea in 1913 during a creative tour of the cities southern Russia, where he, Igor Severyanin and other futurists give lectures on literature and read poetry. The poet's subsequent visits to Crimea were of the same nature: literary work, performances. Since 1925, Mayakovsky regularly visits Crimea, especially Yalta. Fascinated by cinema, he collaborated with the oldest film studio in Russia, the Yalta film studio, and here, at the sight of the steamship “Theodor Nette,” Mayakovsky conceived the idea for the famous poem “To Comrade Nette – the Steamship and the Man.” Many other poems were written here, some with characteristic titles: “Crimea”, “Sevastopol - Yalta”, “Evpatoria”, “Yalta - Novorossiysk”. Mayakovsky's work is characterized by a unique style, meter, construction of poems, reflection of real events of those years
Ivan Sergeevich Shmelev (1873–1950) 
Crimea appeared terrible in Ivan Shmelev’s tragically famous work “Sun of the Dead.” This documentary prose has forever remained a monument to the denunciation of practical Bolshevism, a monument to the so-called “Red Terror”, the execution of many innocent victims of the revolution, among whom was Shmelev’s son, a monument to the revolutionary cruelty of the new government and desecration of holy places. Ivan Shmelev survived the terrible years of 1921-22 in Crimea and left for emigration forever.
Sergei Nikolaevich Sergeev-Tsensky (1875–1958)
Sergeev-Tsensky became perhaps the longest-living Crimean writer among major Russian writers. He lived in Alushta, on the southern coast of Crimea, with short breaks for more than 60 years, experiencing two revolutions there, the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars and many events in Soviet history. He died and was buried there. At the end of the 1930s. Sergeev-Tsensky is working on a large novel, “The Sevastopol Strada,” dedicated to the first defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. Very little time will pass and the Great Patriotic War will break out and again the Crimeans and Russian sailors will have to stand up for the heroic defense of the city of Russian glory. The house of Sergeev-Tsensky was destroyed by a fascist bomb, but restored by the owner in 1946. Now in this house, on the slope of Eagle Mountain, a memorial museum for Sergeev-Tsensky has been established. Alushta, a resort town on the seashore, has attracted many writers. Here in 1927-28. Vladimir Mayakovsky spoke, A.I. visited Sergeev-Tsensky. Kuprin, Ivan Shmelev, Maxim Gorky, K.I. Chukovsky, A.S. Novikov-Priboy.
Maximilian Aleksandrovich Voloshin (1877–1932)
Maximilian Voloshin, poet and artist, can probably be called one of the most “Crimean” figures of Russian culture. Dying, he bequeathed to transfer his own house to the House of Creativity of Writers of the Literary Fund, but in fact, even during Voloshin’s lifetime, his “House of the Poet” in Koktebel, on the eastern coast of Crimea near Feodosia, became a shelter for many wonderful writers and artists of Russia. Today we cannot imagine Koktebel without the memory of Voloshin. The poet spent his childhood in Moscow, and in 1893 he and his mother Elena Ottobaldovna moved to Feodosia, where he entered the gymnasium. Subsequently, he traveled a lot throughout Russia and abroad, and in 1903, upon returning from France, mother and son began building their own house in Koktebel. Voloshin settled here during the revolution and Civil War, hiding victims of both “red” and “white” terror. In the 1920s Koktebel and its surroundings have become as attractive to ministers of muses from mainland Russia as the southern coast of Crimea used to be. With the approval of the People's Commissariat of Education, Voloshin's estate turned into a free House of Creative Workers, now Soviet culture. Maximilian Voloshin, who died on August 11, 1932 at home, was buried nearby - on Mount Kuchuk-Yanyshar, on a rocky slope his grave is marked with a flat granite slab. In 1984, the Voloshin Memorial House-Museum was opened in Koktebel, and in 2000, on the basis of the museum, the ecological, historical and cultural reserve “Cimmeria M.A.” was created. Voloshin" (Cimmeria is Voloshin’s favorite ancient Greek name for Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region). Voloshin Cimmeria is depicted in many poems by the poet-artist and on his canvases:
“Like in a small shell - the ocean
The great breath hums
How her flesh flickers and burns
Low tides and silver fog,
And her curves are repeated
In the movement and curl of the wave, -
So my whole soul is in your bays,
Oh, Cimmeria is a dark country,
Enclosed and transformed..."
Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (1892–1941)
The fate of Marina Tsvetaeva is inseparable from the creative fate of Maximilian Voloshin. Soon after they met, Marina came to Koktebel for the first time in 1911, her friendship with Max and her passion for Crimea began. After the death of Tsvetaeva’s father, Marina, her husband Sergei Efron and their little daughter Ariadna decide to change their situation and spend the winter of 1913 in Crimea. They come to Feodosia, where they rent housing on Annenskaya Street. Not far away, on Boulevard, Marina’s sister Anastasia and her son Andrei settle. As she later recalled, it was here that perhaps the happiest period passed in the long-suffering fate of her poetess sister. Voloshin came here to the sisters, and they visited him in Koktebel. After the death of Voloshin’s earthly life, Marina writes an entire book-memoir, “Living about Living,” asserting the immortality of her poet friend. “Between three deserts: sea, earth, heaven - your last before us, standing for us, with a wanderer’s staff in one, with the catch of a rainbow game in the other, with a staff to pass us by, with a rainbow to bestow us...” – writes Marina Tsvetaeva, mentally standing at the burial place of Voloshin on the slope of Mount Kuchuk-Yanyshar. In 2001, the House-Museum of Marina and Anastasia Tsvetaev was opened in Feodosia.
Alexander Green (Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky, 1880–1932)
In the same year as Voloshin, his neighbor in Cimmeria, a resident of the town of Old Crimea, the romantic writer Alexander Green, the creator of the fantasy country “Greenland”, who became famous among the youth of several generations for his books “Scarlet Sails” and “Running on the Waves,” left this world. Alexander made a long voyage as a sailor in his youth, and since then the Black Sea has entered his life and work. Already being a writer, the author of " Scarlet Sails", he moved permanently to Feodosia, where he and his wife bought a small house on Galereynaya Street. The novel “Running on the Waves” was written here. In 1930, the couple moved to the town of Stary Krym. From there, the road that Green walked to Voloshin leads through the mountains to Koktebel, now it is called Green’s path. In 1960, a museum was opened in Green's house in Old Crimea, and in 1970, Green's house in Feodosia was museumized. 
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky (1892–1968)
K. G. Paustovsky, who first came here in 1934, did not find Alexander Green in Old Crimea. The writer began to “break through the wall of silence” around Greene’s name. The second visit was in the summer of 1935, while working on the layout of the story “The Black Sea”. Paustovsky’s stay in Old Crimea was longer in 1938. Here he spent May-July with his wife Valeria Valishevskaya and adopted son Sergei. This was the time of work on the book “Tales and Stories”, published in 1939. Paustovsky called Crimea the land of “peace, reflection and poetry.” It is no coincidence that half of his works were written on Crimean soil. The novels “Romance”, “Shining Clouds”, “Smoke of the Fatherland”, the story “The Black Sea” and the autobiographical six-book “The Tale of Life” are replete with Crimean motifs. Crimean theme filled with stories “Sea Graft”, “Sailing Master”, “Breeze”, “Black Sea Sun”, “Grain of Sand”. Feodosia impressions formed the basis of the stories “Lost Day”, “Ttimid Heart”, Koktebel ones are reflected in “The Silenced Sound”, “Sineve”, “Meeting”. The story “The Black Sea” was written in 1935 in Sevastopol, and some chapters - “Mountain Dew”, “The Storyteller” - were created under the impressions of trips to Old Crimea. The chapter “The Storyteller” is dedicated to Alexander Green and the place of his last refuge in Old Crimea. It also says a lot that for his honeymoon in 1949 with Tatyana Evteeva, his last wife, with whom Paustovsky lived for twenty years, until the end of his life, he chose Old Crimea. Tatyana Alekseevna, by the way, became the prototype of the heroine of Arbuzov’s famous play “Tanya”. Paustovsky dedicated the book “Golden Rose” to her. Crimea for Paustovsky was “a land of peace, reflection and poetry.” Konstantin Georgievich wrote in the article “Memories of Crimea”: “There are corners of our land so beautiful that every visit to them evokes a feeling of happiness” and shortly before his death, in the spring of 1968: “A flying ridge of clouds stood over the Crimea, and it is not clear why this evening seemed significant to me. The motor ship thundered in the roadstead... Every little thing contained great depth.” In a house in Old Crimea, where in the 1950s. Paustovsky lived, and his memorial museum has been opened since 2006. In May 2007, a memorial plaque was unveiled at the house of the environmental monitoring station of the Karadag biological station, where K. G. Paustovsky lived in the early 1950s.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (1899–1977)
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov, who found himself on the peninsula during the last period of his life in his homeland, could not avoid Crimea. The Nabokov family fled from the advancing Red troops during the Civil War, there was some hope that the white Crimea would survive, and the writer’s father, the famous political figure Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, even became the Minister of Justice in the Crimean Regional Government in 1918. At one time, the Nabokovs found shelter in the palace of the same princess S.V. Panina in Gaspra, who in 1901-1902. hosted Leo Tolstoy. Nabokov Jr. visits Yalta, Bakhchisarai, lives briefly in Sevastopol, and visits M. Voloshin in Koktebel. From Sevastopol in the spring of 1919, on a ship with the symbolic name “Nadezhda,” the Nabokovs set sail for emigration. The poems of V.V. remind us of Crimea. Nabokov “Bakhchisarai Fountain” and “Yalta Pier”.
In 1921 in England, Nabokov wrote a memoir poem “Crimea”, beginning with the following lines:
"In spite of frantic worries
you, wild and fragrant land,
like a rose given to me by God,
sparkle in the temple of memory.
I left you in the darkness:
swinging fire signs
there was an argument in the foggy sky
above the roar of the treacherous shores.
All around on amber pillars stood ships in the bay..."
Arkady Petrovich Gaidar (Golikov, 1904–1941) 
Having first visited Crimea (Alupka) in 1924, Gaidar then repeatedly rested and worked on the peninsula. Among other things, there is a special reason for this. After all, Arkady Petrovich is one of the most popular children's writers, and not just a person who writes about children, but a friend of children who was constantly among them. And in Crimea, in 1925, the most important pioneer camp in the USSR, Artek, was opened. Gaidar arrived there with his son Timur in 1931, settled in the camp and spent whole days among the pioneers. Here he is working on the story “Distant Countries”. Artek itself became the setting for the story “Military Secret”. The main character of the story, Natka Shegalova, comes to Artek as a pioneer leader. This is how Gaidar describes her first acquaintance with the children's health resort. “In blue trousers and a T-shirt, with a towel in her hands, Natka Shegalova walked down winding paths to the beach. When she came out onto the plane tree alley, she met newcomers climbing the mountain. They walked with bundles, trunks and baskets, cheerful, dusty and tired. They held hastily selected round stones and fragile shells. Many of them have already managed to fill their mouths with sour roadside grapes. - Great, guys! Where? – Natka asked, drawing level with this noisy crowd. “The people of Leningrad!.. The people of Murmansk!..” they eagerly shouted back to her...” In 1934, the writer visited these places again, and in 1937 he lived in the Yalta House of Writers. In 1972, a memorial plaque to Arkady Gaidar was unveiled in Artek, however, it was dismantled already in the post-Soviet period, when the image of Gaidar began to be increasingly denigrated in modern Ukraine. 
Vasily Pavlovich Aksenov (1932 – 2009)
A special, to some extent prophetic, role in the history of relations between mainland Russia and Crimea was played by his worldwide famous novel“Island of Crimea” Vasily Aksenov. The novel was written in 1977 - 1979. partly right on Crimean soil, in Koktebel. However, it could only be published at that time abroad (in the American publishing house Ardis), because, although it was written in the genre of fiction, in which everything is permitted, it shocked the then Soviet literary bosses. In the novel, contrary to geographical and historical truth, Crimea is described as an island that was not surrendered by the Whites during the Civil War and turned out to be an “island of freedom” independent and separated from the Soviet state. Crimea is developing, following its own path - and developing quite harmoniously. Since the publication of the novel, it has, figuratively speaking, “shot” three times: the first time by the very fact of publication (abroad), the second time by becoming available to domestic readers in 1990, having been legally published in the USSR in the magazine “Yunost” and immediately becoming "novel of the year". And finally, for the third time, after the death of the author - in March 2014, when Crimea voted for independence in a referendum, secession from Ukraine in favor of Russia and indeed turned out to be a kind of Russian “island”. It is noteworthy that the Prime Minister of Crimea Sergei Aksenov, the namesake of Vasily Pavlovich Aksenov, became the Prime Minister of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and an active fighter for the independence of the peninsula from the “Maidan” Ukraine.
Marine writers. 
The creative destinies of a number of marine painters, those who made marine themes one of the main ones in their work, are connected with Crimea. Most of them were sailors serving in the military or merchant marine. One of the founders of this genre in Russian literature was Konstantin Mikhailovich Stanyukovich (1843–1903), born in the city of Russian glory, Sevastopol, in the family of Admiral Mikhail Nikolaevich Stanyukovich, commandant of the Sevastopol port. Eleven-year-old Kostya is a witness heroic defense Sevastopol during the Crimean War. Soon he begins his studies in the naval cadet corps, then circumnavigates the world on the Kalevala screw corvette. Later, after retiring, Stanyukovich became a professional writer. His greatest fame among the general reader was brought to him by the collection “Sea Stories,” which has been regularly republished since 1888. Soviet readers and moviegoers of the older generation were well aware of the novel “Sevastopol” and the film of the same name based on it. The author of the novel was Alexander Georgievich Malyshkin (1892–1938), served in the minesweeper brigade of the Black Sea Fleet during the revolution, and then became a professional writer. His story “Train to the South” is also dedicated to Crimea during the Civil War. Leonid Sergeevich Sobolev (1898 – 1971) started my journey naval officer in the Baltic, but later, as a marine writer, he found himself firmly connected with Crimea as the main base of the Black Sea Fleet. In 1936, he made a long trip from Sevastopol on one of the submarines. With the rank of captain 1st rank, Sobolev serves as a war correspondent and is sent to Sevastopol during the days of the heroic defense of the city in 1941, and then participates in the liberation of the city in 1944. Sobolev's stories and essays about Black Sea sailors, the residents of Sevastopol and the defenders of the city were included in the well-known collection of stories and essays “Sea Soul”.
Arkady Alekseevich Perventsev (1905–1981)
captain of the first rank, author of the novel “Sailors” about the Black Sea residents of Sevastopol, just like Sobolev, who participated in the defense of Sevastopol and in the liberation of the city of Russian glory - as a war correspondent for the newspaper “Red Star”. Let us complete our (of course, not complete) review with another example of poetic art associated with the dramatic history of Crimea. In the summer of 1920, Wrangel’s troops began attacking the Republic of Soviets from the Crimea.
Composer Samuil Yakovlevich Pokrass (1897-1939) and poet Pavel Grigorievich Gorinshtein (1895-1961) created a song (known in Russia and other countries under different names and with different lyrics). Initially its text was as follows:
White Army, Black Baron
They are preparing the royal throne for us again,
But from the taiga to the British seas
The Red Army is the strongest.
So let Red
Squeezes imperiously
Your bayonet with a calloused hand,
With a detachment of naval
Comrade Trotsky
We will be led into mortal combat!
Red Army, march, march forward!
The Revolutionary Military Council is calling us into battle.
The Red Army is the strongest!
CHORUS. We are fanning the fire of the world,
We will raze churches and prisons to the ground.
After all, from the taiga to the British seas
The Red Army is the strongest!
Conclusion:
Works of fiction created by Russian poets and writers of the 19th and early 20th centuries develop a sense of patriotism and pride in their country and form Russian citizenship. Based historical events related to the fate of Crimea.
What is Crimea for Russia?
This is a kind of history tape, a special book. And works of literature help to leaf through them and provide a wealth of material for readers of different generations.
Crimea is a region with its unique nature.
Crimea is whole family peoples and nationalities inhabiting it.
Crimea is a heroic-patriotic page military history.
Crimea is Sevastopol, now a city of Federal significance, and during the Great Patriotic War it was a hero city.
Crimea is the fate of many of the best representatives of the Russian intelligentsia, including representatives of emigration.
Crimea is a place of pilgrimage for Russian bohemia: poets, artists, composers.
Crimea is part of Russia.
We are together!
Conclusion
As a result of researching the topic, I realized that Crimea occupies a huge place in the life, work and fate of Russian writers. Wonderful prose and poetic works of Russian writers were created here, many of whom lived in Crimea for certain periods, and some of them are buried on this land. The enchanting nature of the Crimean peninsula inspired writers and poets to create, helped each of them to find their own way in literary creativity.
Getting acquainted with the work of writers and poets of the Crimean period, I became convinced that they were all looking for their own paths in literature, striving to discover new facets of the literary process, relying on Russian classical traditions, to show their face, a unique view on life and social problems.
It was useful to learn that the history of Crimea is unique. For thousands of years, waves of peoples and conquests swept across its land - the Cimmerians, Hellenes, Scythians, Romans... This story was more reflected in the life, work and fate of Russian writers and poets. Without this amazing region and its history, we would never have learned about “Sevastopol Stories” by L. N. Tolstoy, about the story “The Duel” by A. I. Bunin, we would not have been able to enjoy the wonderful poems of M. A. Voloshin, about the Crimean landscapes . Blessed Tauris forever left a deep and indelible mark on history and literature.
The goal and objectives set in the work have been achieved. In particular, the role of Crimea in the fate and work of Russian writers and poets was clarified. Project technology was effectively used to increase motivation in studying the subject, and research activities were developed and improved. Materials were summarized and analyzed, thoughts were clearly and consistently presented.
I believe that the material of this research work can be used in literature, history, etc. extracurricular activities, in preparation for the Unified State Exam.
So at our school we held a literary evening on the topic: “Crimea in Russian literature”, in the form of a literary and musical composition
Bibliography:
http://infourok. ru/ vneurochnoe- meropriyatie- krim- v- russkoy- literature-913696. html
http:// velib. com/ book/ kollektivnye_ sborniki/ krym_ v_ russkojj_ literature/
http:// biblioteki. blogs. imc. edu. ru/2014/12/08/literary-crime/
Kuntsevskaya G.N. Unique Crimea. Crimea in the fate and work of Russian writers 2011
Kuntsevskaya G.N. Blessed is Tauris. Crimea through the eyes of great Russian writers 2008
A.P.Chekhov Tales and Stories Moscow « Fiction» 1983
V.V. Mayakovsky Poems. Poems Moscow “Fiction” 1987
M. Gorky Stories Moscow “Fiction” 1983
A.I. Kuprin Stories “Moscow Worker” 1983
A.S. Pushkin Poems Moscow publishing house "Pravda" 1978
M. Tsvetaeva Poems. Poems Moscow “Soviet Russia” 1985
Loading...